The document discusses the evolution of intellectual property rights from ancient times to modern times. It provides an overview of key IP laws and treaties in India and compares India's IP system to China's. It also summarizes IP filing statistics globally and in India. Academia's role and challenges in promoting IP awareness are also briefly covered.

1. Evolution of Intellectual Property Rights Lalit Ambastha Director, Patentwire

2. IPR: At a Glance Patent Trademark Copyright Geographical Indication Trade Secret Industrial Design

3. Historical Background: Ancient Times Continued… Signatures on Paintings & Creations Substantial and Identifiable Patterns & particularity in Architectures, Paintings, Jewellery, Dresses etc. Rewards and monopolies granted by Emperors Stamping of Jewelers’ Initials on Jewellery made by them (Still followed by local Jewelers) Concept of Copyright came only after invention of Printing Press.

4. Modern patents originated in Europe where European sovereigns commonly awarded "letters patent" to favored inventors. The first U.S. patent laws were enacted by Congress in 1790 as part of the Constitution. The first patent was granted by the Massachusetts General Court to Samuel Winslow in 1641 for a novel method of making salt. George Washington signed the First United States Patent Grant on July 31, 1790. Patent system in India was first introduced by British Government in 1856. The Indian Patents and Designs Act, 1911, (2 of 1911) first enacted under the management of Controller of Patents with a patent term of 14 years. The Patents Act (39 of 1970) came into force on 20th April 1972 . Initially, the Patent Act, 1970, provided a term of 7 years for pharmaceutical, agro chemical and food products and 16 years for other categories. Historical Background: Modern Times

5. Current IP Laws in India Copyright Copyright Act of 1957 Customs Intellectual Property Rights (Imported Goods) Enforcement Rules, 2007 Designs The Designs Act, 2000 The Design (Amendment) Rules, 2008 Geographical Indications Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Rules, 2002 Information Technology The Information Technology Act, 2000 The Information Technology Rules, 2000 Cyber Regulations Appellate Tribunal (Procedure) Rules, 2000 Patents The Patents Act, 1970 The Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005 The Patents Rules, 2003 The Patents (Amendment) Rules, 2006 Plant Plant Varieties Protection and Farmers' Rights Act, 2001 Semiconductor and Integrated Circuits Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout Design Act 2000 Rules for the Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout Design Act 2000 Trademarks The Trade Marks Act, 1999 The Trade Marks Rules, 2002

6. Berne Convention (Literary and Artistic Works) w.e.f. April 1, 1928 Geneva Convention (Unauthorized Duplication of Phonograms) w.e.f. February 12, 1975. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) w.e.f. May 1, 1975 Nairobi Treaty (Olympic Symbol) w.e.f. October 19, 1983 Convention on Biological Diversity w.e.f. February 18, 1994 World Trade Organization (WTO) Member and Signatory to TRIPS Agreement w.e.f. January 1, 1995 Paris Convention w.e.f. December 7, 1998 Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) w.e.f. December 7, 1998 Budapest Treaty (for deposition of microorganisms) w.e.f. from December 17, 2001 India – Convention and Treaty

7. Salient Features: Indian Patent System Novelty: Invention would not be considered novel if it is used or published in India or elsewhere before the date of filing/priority. Term : The term of every patent granted is 20 years from date of filing. Publication : Except where an early request for publication has been made, every patent will be published just after 18 months from the date of filing/priority and will be open for public on payment of fee prescribed. Opposition: Provision of Pre-grant and Post-grant opposition has been introduced, where a pre-grant opposition can be filed by any person before the grant of patent, a post-grant opposition can be filed by any interested person after the grant of patent but before the expiry of 1 year. Revocation: A patent can be challenged and revoked anytime after the grant of patent on a petition of any interested person or Central Government by the Appellate Board or on a counter-claim in a suit for infringement of the patent by the High Court. Compulsory license can be granted to any interested person after the expiration of 3 years from the date of grant for non-working, unreasonable price and fail to fulfill the demand of patented invention . Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB ) has now been constituted to hear appeals against the decisions of the Controller under the Patents Act, 1970. India is now recognized as an International Searching Authority (ISA) and an International Preliminary Examining Authority (IPEA). E-filing: Facility for e-filing of for patent and trademark has been launched.

8. IPR-Statistical Review Source: IPO

9. IPR-Statistical Review Source: IPO

10. IPR-Statistical Review Source: IPO

11. IPR-Statistical Review Source: IPO

12. Patents- Sector wise Analysis In Year 2007-08, the most active sector were Chemicals, Food and Drugs (31 percent), followed by Computer, Electrical and Electronics (20 percent), and Mechanical (18 percent). Source: IPO

13. World Statistical Review In 2007, about 59.2% of world patent filings were filed in these three countries alone. Residents of Japan and the United States own approximately 47% of the 6.3 million patents in force across the world. In 2007, around 3.3 million trademark applications were filed across the world. In 2007, 20.6% and 9.2% of total trademark applications worldwide were filed at the IP offices of China and the United States of America (US), respectively. The IP office of Brazil was largely responsible for the increase in the growth of trademark registrations in 2007. The total number of applications for industrial designs is estimated at around 621,000 in 2007. The IP office of China accounted for 43.1% of total industrial design applications in 2007. China United States Japan Strong GDP & R&D Major Patent Filers Source: WIPO

14. The number of patent applications filed through the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) in 2008 was approximately 163,600. A Chinese company (Huawei Technology) topped the list of applicants with the highest number of PCT filings. Panasonic Corporation (Japan) and Philips (Netherlands) were ranked second and third. US Universities dominated the list of top PCT applicants for the university sector. The University of California filed 345 PCT applications. Tokyo, Seoul National, Imperial College and Osaka are the four non-US universities in the top 20 list. The Republic of Korea has the highest resident patent filings to R&D ratio, followed by Japan, Belarus and China. Belgium, Mexico and Singapore have a low resident patent filings to R&D ratio. China, Germany, Japan, the Republic of Korea and the US accounted for around 70% of world R&D expenditure, and these countries are the top five ranked countries for resident patent filings. PCT: World Statistical Review Source: WIPO

15. Comparison: India Vs China Reason Domestic applicants file actively in China: 62 percent in China whereas 20 percent in India; Bigger Economy in China in comparison to India; Better Infrastructure for Patent filing in China; Better IP awareness among the individuals and Universities; Easy to get a grant in China; Better enforcement of IP Laws in China.

16. Academia: Requirements & Challenges IP Awareness IP Knowledge: Realizing Ground Realities Counseling of Scientists/Scholars/Students Pre-Publication Screening Gateway IP Policy: Confidentiality and Contract Agreements IP Coordinator IP Management Cell

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