Evidence of a Sexual Life Cycle in Sugarcane Aphid
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1) While sugarcane aphids are generally considered to reproduce via viviparity without sexual forms, some literature reports observations of oviparous adults, sexual reproduction, and eggs. 2) A sexual life cycle could help explain how sugarcane aphids rapidly shifted to infesting sorghum. 3) Historical reports describe oviparous morphs appearing after the 16th generation under average temperatures of 17.7°C and photoperiods of 11:13-10:14 hours, with eggs found on sorghum and Miscanthus plants.
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Antibiosis to SCA in Pl 550610 and SCA-Greenbug Interactions
The document summarizes research on the interactions between sugarcane aphid (SCA) and greenbug aphid (GB) on susceptible and resistant sorghum plants. It finds that:
1) A resistant sorghum variety (PI 550610) reduced the survival and development time of both SCA and GB nymphs, eliminating the developmental advantage of SCA.
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3) The research suggests plant resistance and aphid interactions can change from commens
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1) Researchers conducted field experiments across 5 states and 6 locations to determine optimal spray thresholds for protecting sorghum yield from aphid damage.
2) Results showed that economic thresholds varied by location but generally ranged from 30-135 aphids per leaf. Lower thresholds were recommended for more susceptible hybrids or under hot/dry conditions favoring aphid increase.
3) Next steps include investigating surrogate measures for estimating aphid loads, effects of plant stage and health, hybrid sensitivity, and natural enemies to refine economic thresholds.
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This document discusses sugarcane aphids on sorghum in the Texas High Plains region. It summarizes research on revised thresholds, product efficacy, host plant resistance, and chemigation methods. Key findings include that pre-existing thresholds may not work in this unique region, resistant hybrids can yield over 1,000 lbs more than susceptible varieties and reduce aphid numbers, and chemigation through irrigation is effective but not currently labeled. Next steps discussed are determining overwintering locations, evaluating early planting, and managing overwintering predators.
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This document summarizes several studies on spray systems for controlling sugarcane aphids in sorghum. Trials were conducted in Georgia, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas in 2015. The studies tested different combinations and timings of insecticide sprays including Lorsban, Transform, and Sivanto. Key findings were that Transform was effective for about 14 days, requiring a second application for season-long control. Lorsban was less effective than Transform or Sivanto as a pre-boot/boot spray. Timely application of Transform or Sivanto at pre-boot/boot through flowering was critical to avoid yield losses. Well-timed sprays controlled aphids and prevented injury but the economic feasibility
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This document outlines future work to study the effects of the insecticide Transform on natural enemies of the sorghum-sugarcane aphid. Short-term work proposed includes baseline toxicity studies of Transform on natural enemies in sorghum, including studies by Kansas State University on predators and by Oklahoma State University and USDA ARS on parasitoids. These studies aim to document the effects of Transform on adult parasitoid survival and function, and the interaction between Transform application timing and survival of immature parasitoids in host aphids. Long-term work proposed includes studying natural enemy population dynamics with and without insecticide use, and determining natural enemy thresholds in conjunction with aphid sampling.
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If sulfoxaflor is gone, what else can we use?
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This document summarizes research establishing baseline data on the susceptibility of sugarcane aphids to the insecticides Transform (sulfoxaflor) and Sivanto (flupyradifurone). Leaf dip bioassays were conducted in 2014-2015 at multiple locations. The results found sulfoxaflor to be slightly more toxic to sugarcane aphids than flupyradifurone. Toxicity levels varied regionally but were not correlated between the two insecticides. Sulfoxaflor susceptibility decreased slightly from 2014 to 2015. Continued monitoring is needed to track potential shifts in insecticide susceptibility over time.
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This document summarizes research on the impact of different adjuvants on the efficacy of Transform and Sivanto for controlling sugarcane aphids. The research involved field trials in multiple states comparing the insecticides alone and with various adjuvants. The results showed that adjuvants did not significantly improve control of sugarcane aphids compared to the insecticides alone. Yield was also not significantly increased by any treatment. The document concludes that adjuvants did not enhance control in these trials and makes suggestions for future research such as comparing aerial and ground applications.
Combination of Harvest Aids with Insecticides
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- Field trials showed that sodium chlorate significantly reduced aphid populations on flag leaves within 3 days, while glyphosate did not. Applying an insecticide with a harvest aid further reduced aphid numbers and no aphids remained after 13 days.
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Evidence of a Sexual Life Cycle in Sugarcane Aphid
- 1. Evidence of a Sexual Life Cycle in Sugarcane Aphid Gregory Bryan Wilson Dr. David L. Kerns Louisiana State University Sorghum – Sugarcane Aphid Research Exchange Meeting New Orleans, LA January 7 – 8, 2016
- 2. Introduction 1. In the United States, SCA are generally considered to be obligate anholocyclic, as no sexual forms have been observed and reported. However, 1. Reported observations of oviparous adults, sexual reproduction, and eggs do exist. 2. A sexual cycle could help explain the rapid host shift away from sugarcane.
- 3. Background Historically reported as • Aphis sacchari - 1897 - ~ 1970 • Longiunguis sacchari - ~1910 - ~ 1980 • Melanaphis sacchari - ~1980 to present In 1974, Chaudhuri and Banerjee officially synonymized both L. sacchari and A. sacchari as Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) which unified the nomenclature. Roy Chaudhuri, D.N., Banerjee, C., 1974. A study of the genus Melanaphis (Homoptera: Aphididae) with descriptions of new taxa from India. Orient. Insects 8, 365–389.
- 4. Anholocyclic Species Viviparous females (winged and wingless) Viviparous females (usually overwinter as apterae or nymphs)
- 5. Anholocyclic Overwintering Historical OW hosts: • Miscanthus sacchariflorous • Andropogon spp. • Pennisetum spp. • Panicum spp. In U.S., theorized to OW as viviparous morph on Johnson grass, possibly on: • whole plants in tropical zone • rhizomatous tissue or host surviving winter in temperate zone
- 6. Initial Testing Rhizomatous tissue no-choice test for sorghum isolates • 10 day survey • 3-4 in Johnson grass rhizome • 1 leaf blade with ~50 aphids • After 3 days no aphids survived • Needs further testing
- 7. Holocyclic Literature 1. Wang, Y.S., 1961. Studies on the sorghum aphid, Aphis sacchari Zehntner. Acta Entomol. Sin. 10, 363–380. 2. Yadava, R.L., 1966. Oviparity in sugarcane aphid, Longiunguis sacchari Zehnt. (Aphidae: Homoptera). Curr. Sci. 1, 18. 3. Setokuchi, O., 1975. Ecology of Longiunguis sacchari (Zehntner) (Aphididae) infesting sorghums. II. Observations on the oviposition. Proc. Assoc. Plant Prot., Kyushu 21, 8–10. 4. David S.K., Sandhu G.S., 1976. New oviparous morph of Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) on sorghum. Entomologist's Record, 88(1):28-29.
- 8. Composite Key Learnings • Oviparae appear after 16th generation (Wang) • Found Nov – Dec and Feb – Mar. • Between 30º – 41º latitude • Oviparous morphs were numerous and conspicuous • Average temperature 17.7º C • Photoperiod 11:13 – 10:14 • Eggs found on Sorghum bicolor (Sorghum vulgare) and Miscanthus sacchariflourus • 3-5 eggs per clutch (Setokuchi)
- 9. Thank you Questions? Feel free to contact Greg Wilson at gbwilson@agcenter.lsu.edu
Editor's Notes
- Wang, Y.S., 1961. China Yadava, R.L., 1966. Mongolia Setokuchi, O., 1975. Japan David SK, Sandhu GS, 1976. India