The Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize and provide open access to the Journal of Herpetology. The document includes an article from the journal about describing the tadpole of the frog species Odontophrynus moratoi.
Maddison D.R., Moore W., Baker M.D., Ellis T.M., Ober K.A., Cannone J.J., and Gutell R.R. (2009).
Monophyly of terrestrial adephagan beetles as indicated by three nuclear genes (Coleoptera: Carabidae and Trachypachidae).
Zoologica Scripta, 38(1):43-62.
Diversity and dispersion patterns of echinoderms in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Mi...Angelo Mark Walag
Echinoderms are fundamentally good indicators of health and status of coralline communities in marine waters. In this study, the diversity and distribution of echinoderm species were determined in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental. In total, 387 individuals were collected coming from classes Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, Asteroidea, and Ophiuroidea. The majority of individuals collected were Protoreaster nodusus, which is a good indicator of reef health while the least abundant echinoderm species was Acanthaster planci. The pattern of distribution of majority of echinoderms was a clumped distribution while the other groups followed regular/uniform distribution, which may be due to limited dispersal ability and availability and available food sources. Moderate species diversity was also observed and species were rather similar in abundance, shown by the evenness index. This suggests good marine health, even under the threat of gleaning activities, active fishing, and habitat destruction. It is recommended that follow-up studies are conducted especially regarding monitoring of echinoderm species, to further assess the health of the intertidal zone in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental.
Magpali et al (2020) Adaptive evolution of hearing genes in echolocating dolp...Letícia Magpali
Candidate poster for presentation at the I Meeting of Systematics, Biogeography and Evolution (SBE), in the category Phylogenomics and molecular evolution.
Magpali, L.; Freitas, L.; Ramos, E. K. S.; de Souza, E. M. S.; Nery, M. F.
University of Campinas / Biology Institute, Brazil
Prevelance of Lyperosomum longicauda Rudolphi, 1809 (Dicrocoeliioidae: Tremat...Innspub Net
The present findings are related to reporting of the helminth parasitic infection in the Jungle babbler, at District: Naushahro Feroze. Host species were investigated from the month of June to August, 2018. These birds are non-migratory, former friendly, earth-colored siblings inhabit but internal visceral organs consisting intensity of parasites. Total (n=16) of T. striata were captured and dissected on a weekly basis under laboratory conditions at the Department of Zoology, SALU-Khairpur. All were found with the helminth population of digenean trematode but high prevalence was found in the month of June followed by other months. During surgical examination (n=44) specimens were recovered in the gall bladder of the host, morphologically having tapered ends at terminal body point, forebody is shorter than the hind body, protrusible rounded oral suckers but ventral suckers are rounded, maximum width at the post-acetabular region, oval-shaped pharynx, short esophagus, diverticular caeca, median-shaped ovary, and oblique testes, un-equal bands of lateral Stellaria and dark brown colored eggs. These features of the worms resemble already identified as; L. longicauda hence; identified as such. This species of fluke was first time recovered from the present host and the result of the present study revealed that it is a new host record from upper Sindh.
Maddison D.R., Moore W., Baker M.D., Ellis T.M., Ober K.A., Cannone J.J., and Gutell R.R. (2009).
Monophyly of terrestrial adephagan beetles as indicated by three nuclear genes (Coleoptera: Carabidae and Trachypachidae).
Zoologica Scripta, 38(1):43-62.
Diversity and dispersion patterns of echinoderms in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Mi...Angelo Mark Walag
Echinoderms are fundamentally good indicators of health and status of coralline communities in marine waters. In this study, the diversity and distribution of echinoderm species were determined in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental. In total, 387 individuals were collected coming from classes Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, Asteroidea, and Ophiuroidea. The majority of individuals collected were Protoreaster nodusus, which is a good indicator of reef health while the least abundant echinoderm species was Acanthaster planci. The pattern of distribution of majority of echinoderms was a clumped distribution while the other groups followed regular/uniform distribution, which may be due to limited dispersal ability and availability and available food sources. Moderate species diversity was also observed and species were rather similar in abundance, shown by the evenness index. This suggests good marine health, even under the threat of gleaning activities, active fishing, and habitat destruction. It is recommended that follow-up studies are conducted especially regarding monitoring of echinoderm species, to further assess the health of the intertidal zone in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental.
Magpali et al (2020) Adaptive evolution of hearing genes in echolocating dolp...Letícia Magpali
Candidate poster for presentation at the I Meeting of Systematics, Biogeography and Evolution (SBE), in the category Phylogenomics and molecular evolution.
Magpali, L.; Freitas, L.; Ramos, E. K. S.; de Souza, E. M. S.; Nery, M. F.
University of Campinas / Biology Institute, Brazil
Prevelance of Lyperosomum longicauda Rudolphi, 1809 (Dicrocoeliioidae: Tremat...Innspub Net
The present findings are related to reporting of the helminth parasitic infection in the Jungle babbler, at District: Naushahro Feroze. Host species were investigated from the month of June to August, 2018. These birds are non-migratory, former friendly, earth-colored siblings inhabit but internal visceral organs consisting intensity of parasites. Total (n=16) of T. striata were captured and dissected on a weekly basis under laboratory conditions at the Department of Zoology, SALU-Khairpur. All were found with the helminth population of digenean trematode but high prevalence was found in the month of June followed by other months. During surgical examination (n=44) specimens were recovered in the gall bladder of the host, morphologically having tapered ends at terminal body point, forebody is shorter than the hind body, protrusible rounded oral suckers but ventral suckers are rounded, maximum width at the post-acetabular region, oval-shaped pharynx, short esophagus, diverticular caeca, median-shaped ovary, and oblique testes, un-equal bands of lateral Stellaria and dark brown colored eggs. These features of the worms resemble already identified as; L. longicauda hence; identified as such. This species of fluke was first time recovered from the present host and the result of the present study revealed that it is a new host record from upper Sindh.
A ray of hope in the darkness: What we have learned from Yangtze giant soft-s...AbdullaAlAsif1
The Swinhoe's softshell turtle, Rafetus swinhoei (Gray, 1873),) is one of the world's largest freshwater turtles, and possibly the most endangered turtle species on the planet (Stanford et al., 2018). It has an overall length of over 100 cm and a width of up to 70 cm, and it can easily weigh up to 70–100 kg, maximum weight was recorded at 169 kg (Solimine, 2013; Trong, 2018). Despite its enormous size and unusual look, this species is incredibly secretive and only comes to the surface to breathe, preferring to remain submerged deep down. For this species, there is very little ecological information, and the remaining distribution is unclear. This could explain why it's so difficult to positively identify and confirm occurrences of this species in the wild (Trong, 2018). If we look back to the history and biogeography of this species, it can be found that the existential records were documented in the historical literature of the Chinese and Vietnamese dynasties. This species was once thought to only live along the Red River in China and Vietnam, as well as the lower Yangtze River floodplain in China, but its current population size is estimated to be just one wild individual of undetermined sex and a solitary captivity male in Suzhou Zoo, China. Although recent thorough searches in Yunnan, China, and Vietnam failed to confirm the presence of more wild specimens, some sightings were reported until around a decade ago (Stanford et al., 2018), giving hope that more individuals may yet exist in Vietnam.
Rapid Impact Assessment of Climatic and Physio-graphic Changes on Flagship G...Arvinder Singh
‘NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MAN AND ENVIRONMENT’October 15 – 16, 2012
Organized by
Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala (Pb.) – 147 002, India
Snapper shrimp is a symbiotic organism usually hidden under the rocks, sponges and pen shells in the seagrass and coral habitats. The relationship study within snapper shrimp and pen shell was conducted from Merambong shoal, one of the biggest seagrass beds in peninsular Malaysia. A total of 40 individual pen shells were collected randomly and four species of pen shells were identified. 40 Anchistus custoides were found inhabiting symbiotically in the mantle cavity of the pen shell as solitary males and females and heterosexual pairs. Pen shell, Pinna bicolour and Atrina vexillum recorded the highest average SH 217.79±53.15 mm, SV 2.62±1.36 dm3 and SH 164.10-224.78 mm with the SV 1.18±0.43 dm3, respectively compared to the other species. The size of Anchistus custoides ranged from 15.00 to 20.00 mm in length and it was determined to be female due to the presence of eggs in the pleopods. The length of the cephalothorax and its length were highly related (rs=0.563, p≤0.01, N=40) and found wider in females. A little difference in size between the left and right chela in males of identical length was noticed, although the left chela is much bigger than the right. The significant relationship (rs=0.450, p≤0.01, N=40) between the pen shell length and shrimp (male-female) length revealed that the size of the shell is important to be hosted the snapper shrimp in the shell cavity.
Diversity of hymenopteran parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) associated w...arboreo.net
This research evaluated the diversity of hymenopteran
parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) at different
reforestation sites of Tectona grandis. Insects were collected with Malaise traps from October 2009 to September 2010.
One collected a total of 414 Chalcididae specimens
distributed in 3 genera and 16 species. Brachymeria and
Conura were the most representative genera with 14 species.
The site bordered by pasture vegetation presented a higher
number of collected specimens when compared to the other sites. Brachymeria pandora and Ceyxia ventrispinosa
occurred as super dominant, super abundant, super frequent and constant species.
Base Line Data of Diversity of Family-Carabidae in pench Tiger Reserve (East)...dbpublications
Present study was conducted during the year 2012 - 2014 dealing with the exploration of beetle diversity from Pench Tiger Reserve (PTR), M. S. This is the first base line data created for PTR. Beetles were collected by routine methods, later identified up to species with standard key characters. Carabids are environmental indicators and their status affects ecological function. Twelve species of family –Carabidae are reported under nine genera belonging to seven sub- families. These sub-families are Licininae, Paussinae, Harpalinae, Scaritinae , Siagoninae, Anthiinae
and Panagaeinae and the species are Brachinus, Pheropsophus, Chlaenius, C. tricolor, C. velutinus, C. bioculatus, C. scapularis, Scarites, Eudema tomentosus, Siagona, Anthia sexguttata, and Pterostichus.
Puffer fish belonging to the family tetraodontidae are usually distributed in the shallow waters. During investigation in stations viz. Marina Park, Chidiyatapu and Burmanullah, around Andaman, five species from genus Arothron and two from Canthigaster have been recorded and were mostly found to prefer coral reefs and rock crevices, with the exception of Arothron immaculatus, which was found to be present in the open waters and it confined to sandy bottom substrate with patches of sea grasses around them. These fishes were found to be most diverse and abundant in Chidiyatapu with the Margelef’s Richness Index of 2.49, Shannon-Wiener index of 1.05 and Pielou’s evenness index of 0.96. Biometric analysis results demonstrate that they have shown an isometric growth. The individuals collected were mostly lying in the length group of 120-160 mm. Gut content analysis of A. Immaculatus reveals that the fish feed mainly on molluscs and sea urchin and the other food items were shrimps, crabs, sponges, micro algae, foraminiferans etc. gastro-somatic index, hepato-somatic index and gonado-somatic indices were also calculated to throw light upon the feeding behavior and reproductive maturity of the fishes. Most of the individuals were found to be in the developing stage of maturity.
Referencia a publicación del Blgo. Jaime Salas, Jefe de Sección de Procesos de Manejo de Cuencas y MicroCuencas. Los murciélagos de las tierras bajas tropicales de Ecuador Occidental. PUBLICACIONES ESPECIALES. Museo de la Universidad Texas Tech. Número 57. 2010. Esta publicacion es el resultado de las colecciones realizadas durante las expediciones Sowell 2001 y 2004 al occidente del pais y de un trabajo minusioso tanto en el museo como en el laboratorio. Este trabajo es una contribucion util para el conocimiento y conservacion de nuestra fauna y que sirva de motivacion para la investigacion cientifica continue en nuestro lindo Ecuador.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
1. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to
Journal of Herpetology.
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Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles
Tadpole of Odontophrynus moratoi (Anura, Leptodactylidae)
Author(s): Denise de C. Rossa-Feres and Jorge Jim
Source: Journal of Herpetology, Vol. 30, No. 4 (Dec., 1996), pp. 536-539
Published by: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles
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2. SHORTER COMMUNICATIONSSHORTER COMMUNICATIONS
in spite of the vulnerability of such assemblages to
human predation. This observation agrees with ob-
servations made on Hispaniolan snakes that suggests
opportunistic predation by boas on ubiquitous prey
species (Henderson et al., 1987).
Acknowledgments.-The members of the Sociedad
Espeleologica de Puerto Rico and the Sociedad Av-
ance Espeleologico have been very kind in guiding
me to caves and assisting with field work. Robert W.
Henderson and two anonymous reviewers helped to
improve the manuscript. Juan Fernandez, EdgarViz-
quez, Francisco Marcano,Jose Quifiones, and Manuel
Gonzaez assisted with field work. The office of
C.E.C.I.A.at Inter American University of Puerto Rico,
Bayam6n Campus provided logistic and some eco-
nomic support. The Department of Natural Resources
of Puerto Rico granted the permit to capture bats.
Ivonne Rivera kindly typed the manuscript. Brenda
Valentin proof-read the manuscript and MariaQuiles
helped with the figure.
LrERATURECrrED
EWEL,J.J.,ANDJ.L. WHITMORE.1973. The Ecological
Life zones of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Is-
lands. Forest Serv. Reserch Pap. ITF-8,USDA.
GRANT, C. 1932. Notes on the boas of Puerto Rico
and Mona. J.Dept. Agic. Puerto Rico. 16:327-329.
.1933. Notes on Epicratesinornatus (Rein-
hardt). Copeia 1933:224-225.
HARDY,J. D. 1957. Batpredation by the Cuban boa,
EpicratesanguliferBibron. Copeia 1957:151-152.
HENDERSON,R. W. 1993. Foraging and diet in West
Indian Corallusenydris(Serpentes:Boidae). J. Her-
petol. 27:24-28.
, T.A. NOESKE-HALLIN,J.A. OTTENWALDER,AND
A. SCHWARTZ.1987. On the diet of the boa Epi-
cratesstriatuson Hispaniola, with notes on E.fordi
and E.gracilis.Amphibia-Reptilia 8:251-258.
LILLYWHITE,H. B., AND R. W. HENDERSON. 1993. Be-
havioral and functional ecology of arborealsnakes.
In R. A. Seigel and J. T. Collins (eds.), Snakes:
Ecology and Behavior,pp. 1-48. McGraw-Hill,New
York.
PEREZ-RIVERA,R.A., AND M. J.VELEZ,JR. 1978. Notas
sobre algunas culebras de Puerto Rico. Science-
Ciencia 6:68-73.
REAGAN,D. P. 1984. Ecology of the Puerto Rican boa
(Epicratesinornatus)in the Luquillo mountains of
Puerto Rico. Carib. J. Sci. 20:119-126.
RIVERO,J.A. 1978. Los anfibios y reptiles de Puerto
Rico. Editorial Universitaria, Rio Piedras.
RODRIGUEZ-DURAN,A. 1995. Metabolic rates and
thermal conductance in four species of neotropical
bats roosting in hot-caves. Comp. Biochem. Phys-
iol. 110A:347-355.
, AND A. R. LEWIS.1985. Seasonal predation
by Merlins on soothy mustached bats in western
Puerto Rico. Biotropica 17:71.
, AND . 1987. Patterns of population
size, diet, and activity time for a multispecies as-
semblage of bats at a cave in Puerto Rico. Carib.
J. Sci. 23:352-360.
RODRfGUEZ,G., AND D. P. REAGAN. 1984. Bat pre-
dation by the Puerto Rico boa (Epicratesinornatus).
Copeia 1984:219-220.
in spite of the vulnerability of such assemblages to
human predation. This observation agrees with ob-
servations made on Hispaniolan snakes that suggests
opportunistic predation by boas on ubiquitous prey
species (Henderson et al., 1987).
Acknowledgments.-The members of the Sociedad
Espeleologica de Puerto Rico and the Sociedad Av-
ance Espeleologico have been very kind in guiding
me to caves and assisting with field work. Robert W.
Henderson and two anonymous reviewers helped to
improve the manuscript. Juan Fernandez, EdgarViz-
quez, Francisco Marcano,Jose Quifiones, and Manuel
Gonzaez assisted with field work. The office of
C.E.C.I.A.at Inter American University of Puerto Rico,
Bayam6n Campus provided logistic and some eco-
nomic support. The Department of Natural Resources
of Puerto Rico granted the permit to capture bats.
Ivonne Rivera kindly typed the manuscript. Brenda
Valentin proof-read the manuscript and MariaQuiles
helped with the figure.
LrERATURECrrED
EWEL,J.J.,ANDJ.L. WHITMORE.1973. The Ecological
Life zones of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Is-
lands. Forest Serv. Reserch Pap. ITF-8,USDA.
GRANT, C. 1932. Notes on the boas of Puerto Rico
and Mona. J.Dept. Agic. Puerto Rico. 16:327-329.
.1933. Notes on Epicratesinornatus (Rein-
hardt). Copeia 1933:224-225.
HARDY,J. D. 1957. Batpredation by the Cuban boa,
EpicratesanguliferBibron. Copeia 1957:151-152.
HENDERSON,R. W. 1993. Foraging and diet in West
Indian Corallusenydris(Serpentes:Boidae). J. Her-
petol. 27:24-28.
, T.A. NOESKE-HALLIN,J.A. OTTENWALDER,AND
A. SCHWARTZ.1987. On the diet of the boa Epi-
cratesstriatuson Hispaniola, with notes on E.fordi
and E.gracilis.Amphibia-Reptilia 8:251-258.
LILLYWHITE,H. B., AND R. W. HENDERSON. 1993. Be-
havioral and functional ecology of arborealsnakes.
In R. A. Seigel and J. T. Collins (eds.), Snakes:
Ecology and Behavior,pp. 1-48. McGraw-Hill,New
York.
PEREZ-RIVERA,R.A., AND M. J.VELEZ,JR. 1978. Notas
sobre algunas culebras de Puerto Rico. Science-
Ciencia 6:68-73.
REAGAN,D. P. 1984. Ecology of the Puerto Rican boa
(Epicratesinornatus)in the Luquillo mountains of
Puerto Rico. Carib. J. Sci. 20:119-126.
RIVERO,J.A. 1978. Los anfibios y reptiles de Puerto
Rico. Editorial Universitaria, Rio Piedras.
RODRIGUEZ-DURAN,A. 1995. Metabolic rates and
thermal conductance in four species of neotropical
bats roosting in hot-caves. Comp. Biochem. Phys-
iol. 110A:347-355.
, AND A. R. LEWIS.1985. Seasonal predation
by Merlins on soothy mustached bats in western
Puerto Rico. Biotropica 17:71.
, AND . 1987. Patterns of population
size, diet, and activity time for a multispecies as-
semblage of bats at a cave in Puerto Rico. Carib.
J. Sci. 23:352-360.
RODRfGUEZ,G., AND D. P. REAGAN. 1984. Bat pre-
dation by the Puerto Rico boa (Epicratesinornatus).
Copeia 1984:219-220.
SILVA-TABOADA,G. 1979. Los murcielagos de Cuba.
Acad. de Ciencias de Cuba, La Habana, Cuba.
SWANEPOEL,P., AND H. H. GENOWAY. 1983. Brachy-
phyllacavernarum.Mammalian species account No.
205, pp. 1-6. The Am. Soc. of Mammalogists.
TUTTLE,M. D. 1974. An improved trap for bats. J.
Mammal. 55:475-477.
Accepted: 7 July 1996.
Journalof Herpetology,Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 536-539, 1996
Copyright 1996 Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles
Tadpole of Odontophrynus moratoi
(Anura, Leptodactylidae)
DENISE DE C. ROSSA-FERES,1 AND JORGE JIM,2
'DepartamentodeZoologia,UniversidadeEstadualPaulis-
ta,CaixaPostal136,CEP15054-000,SdoJosedoRioPreto,
Sao Paulo, Brasil.E-mail:denise@condor.polo.ibilce.unesp.
Br,and2DepartamentodeZoologia,UniversidadeEstadual
Paulista,CEP18618-000, Botucatu,SaoPaulo,Brasil.
The genera ProceratophrysMiranda-Ribeiro, 1920,
and OdontophrynusReinhardt and Luetken, 1862 (Tel-
matobiinae, Odontophrynini), are closely related and
differ mainly by osteological characteristics (Lynch,
1971). Odontophrynusmoratoi,the smallest species in
the genus, shows features intermediate between the
genera Proceratophrysand Odontophrynus;however, it
has been placed in the genus Odontophrynusbecause
diagnostic features of the latter genus predominate
(Jim and Caramaschi, 1980).
Twelve species are currently known in Procerato-
phrys and eight in Odontophrynus(Frost, 1985; Wey-
goldt and Peixoto, 1985; Cei, 1987; Giaretta and Sa-
zima, 1993). Tadpoles of six species of Proceratophrys
(Peixoto et al., 1984; Giaretta and Sazima, 1993) and
seven of Odontophrynus(Caramaschi, 1979; Cei, 1987)
have been described. Herein we describe the tadpole
of 0. moratoiand provide comments concerning its
current generic allocation.
The use of morphological characters primarily fol-
low Altig and Johnston (1986; 1989)and Johnston and
Altig (1986). The analysis of Odontophrynustadpoles
was based on original and subsequent descriptions
(Cei, 1980 and 1987) and drawings, and reinterpreted
according to Johnston and Altig (1986). Tadpoles of
six species of Proceratophrysand of 0. americanusand
0. carvalhoiwere borrowed from the Jorge Jim col-
lection, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Es-
tadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (JJ),Eugenio Iz-
ecksohn collection, Universidade Federal Rural do
Rio de Janeiro, RJ,Brazil (EI)and Museu de Hist6ria
Natural, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Cam-
pinas, SP, Brazil (ZUEC) (Leviton et al., 1985). Mea-
surements were made with an ocular grid at 10x
SILVA-TABOADA,G. 1979. Los murcielagos de Cuba.
Acad. de Ciencias de Cuba, La Habana, Cuba.
SWANEPOEL,P., AND H. H. GENOWAY. 1983. Brachy-
phyllacavernarum.Mammalian species account No.
205, pp. 1-6. The Am. Soc. of Mammalogists.
TUTTLE,M. D. 1974. An improved trap for bats. J.
Mammal. 55:475-477.
Accepted: 7 July 1996.
Journalof Herpetology,Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 536-539, 1996
Copyright 1996 Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles
Tadpole of Odontophrynus moratoi
(Anura, Leptodactylidae)
DENISE DE C. ROSSA-FERES,1 AND JORGE JIM,2
'DepartamentodeZoologia,UniversidadeEstadualPaulis-
ta,CaixaPostal136,CEP15054-000,SdoJosedoRioPreto,
Sao Paulo, Brasil.E-mail:denise@condor.polo.ibilce.unesp.
Br,and2DepartamentodeZoologia,UniversidadeEstadual
Paulista,CEP18618-000, Botucatu,SaoPaulo,Brasil.
The genera ProceratophrysMiranda-Ribeiro, 1920,
and OdontophrynusReinhardt and Luetken, 1862 (Tel-
matobiinae, Odontophrynini), are closely related and
differ mainly by osteological characteristics (Lynch,
1971). Odontophrynusmoratoi,the smallest species in
the genus, shows features intermediate between the
genera Proceratophrysand Odontophrynus;however, it
has been placed in the genus Odontophrynusbecause
diagnostic features of the latter genus predominate
(Jim and Caramaschi, 1980).
Twelve species are currently known in Procerato-
phrys and eight in Odontophrynus(Frost, 1985; Wey-
goldt and Peixoto, 1985; Cei, 1987; Giaretta and Sa-
zima, 1993). Tadpoles of six species of Proceratophrys
(Peixoto et al., 1984; Giaretta and Sazima, 1993) and
seven of Odontophrynus(Caramaschi, 1979; Cei, 1987)
have been described. Herein we describe the tadpole
of 0. moratoiand provide comments concerning its
current generic allocation.
The use of morphological characters primarily fol-
low Altig and Johnston (1986; 1989)and Johnston and
Altig (1986). The analysis of Odontophrynustadpoles
was based on original and subsequent descriptions
(Cei, 1980 and 1987) and drawings, and reinterpreted
according to Johnston and Altig (1986). Tadpoles of
six species of Proceratophrysand of 0. americanusand
0. carvalhoiwere borrowed from the Jorge Jim col-
lection, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Es-
tadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (JJ),Eugenio Iz-
ecksohn collection, Universidade Federal Rural do
Rio de Janeiro, RJ,Brazil (EI)and Museu de Hist6ria
Natural, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Cam-
pinas, SP, Brazil (ZUEC) (Leviton et al., 1985). Mea-
surements were made with an ocular grid at 10x
* Send correspondence to D. C. Rossa-Feres.* Send correspondence to D. C. Rossa-Feres.
536536
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3. SHORTERCOMMUNICATIONS
I 5
5 mm
1
FIG.1. Odontophrynusmoratoitadpole at stage 37 of Gosner (1960), (A) Dorsal view, (B) Lateral view.
magnification, except for the total, body, and tail
lengths, which were measured with a caliper. Mouth
parts were cleared in 4% potassium hydroxide and
prepared on temporary slides with lactic acid. Mouth
parts were drawn with aid of a phase contrast light
microscope. Odontophrynusmoratoi tadpoles are de-
posited in the JJCollection.
OdontophrynusmoratoiJim and Caramaschi, 1980
(tadpole)
SpecimensExamined.-JJ 6943 to JJ6973:112 tadpoles
obtained by the authors from small, shallow streams
in Rubiao Junior, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil (ap-
proximately 22?53'S,4830'W), between February 1983
and January 1984.
Measurementsin mm.-Mean + SD (range) of nine
specimens at developmental stage 37 (Gosner, 1960):
total length 31.7 ? 2.35 (28.4-35.4); body length 13.3
? 1.0 (12.0-15.0); tail length 18.3 + 1.68 (15.4-20.6);
maximum body height 6.3 + 0.26 (6.0-6.8); maximum
body width 7.4 + 0.63 (6.6-8.3); eye diameter 1.7 ?
0.12 (1.6-2.0); nostril diameter 0.2 ? 0.08 (0.1-0.3);
interorbital distance 1.54 + 0.12 (1.3-1.7); internarial
distance 1.5 ? 0.13 (1.3-1.7); eye-nostril distance 0.7
? 0.07 (0.6-0.8); eye-snout distance 1.9 ? 0.29 (1.5-
2.5); dorsal fin depth 2.2 ? 0.25 (1.8-2.7).
Description.-Body elliptical in dorsal view (Fig. 1A),
depressed/globular in lateral view (Fig. 1B); snout
rounded; eyes large, dorsal, laterally directed; nostrils
dorsal, small and rounded, aperture level with body
surface, internal border slightly elevated; spiracle sin-
istral, on medium third of body, short, without free
edge; spiracle tube fused to body wall, with elliptical
opening directed posterodorsally; vent tube dextral,
attached to ventral fin entire length.
Oral disc ventral, emarginate laterally, with single
row of marginal papillae, except on upper ridge (Fig.
2A); inframarginal papillae absent; papillae large,
conical, with rounded tips; labial teeth black, slightly
curved toward mouth, often with five to six cusps,
with slightly divergent tips (Figs. 2Band 2C);distance
between adjacent teeth about one-half width of a sin-
gle tooth; tooth row formula 2(2)/3(1); innermost up-
per row interrupted medially by a gap approximately
one-third length of outermost upper row; innermost
lower row interrupted medially by approximately a
three-tooth gap; outermost lower row approximately
two-thirds adjacent tooth row. Jawsheaths heavy, ser-
rated, entirely black; upper sheath slightly convex;
lower sheath U-shaped; serrations triangular, point-
ed; serration density approximately 29/mm, a single
serration 3.7 Am wide.
Tail with maximum depth slightly shallower than
body, tip rounded; caudal musculature heavy, deeper
than dorsal fin as faras approximately one-half length
of tail; dorsal fin deeper than ventral fin; ventral fin
rectilineal.
In life, body reddish brown with few silver-gray
dots dorsally and laterally; a rectangular dark spot on
origin of dorsal fin; venter transparent;tail light brown
with few sparse dark spots in dorsal view; caudal
musculature with small dark dots, forming a thin dark
stripe on proximal one-third of tail; fins transparent
with few small dark dots. In formalin, body yellowish
brown, transparent laterally and ventrally; tail cream
on the proximal one-third, rest transparent; fins trans-
parent with sparse dark spots.
537
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4. SHORTERCOMMUNICATIONS
1mm
/r * * /
^^ .
'
220pm
2 c
FIG.2. Odontophrynusmoratoitadpole, (A) Oral disc, (B) Lateralview of tooth of upper lip, (C) Dorsal view
of the apical region of a lower labial tooth, showing the cusps.
TABLE1. Comparative features distinguishing tadpoles of the tribe Odontophrynini. Data for tadpoles are
from Altig and Johnston (1986), Cei (1987), and original drawings. Measurements in mm. Abbreviations: D
= depth, Depr/Glob = depressed/globular, str/pool = streamlets or pools, str'mount = stream mountains.
Body Toothrow Body D dorsal D tail/
Species length formula shape fin/body body Habitat
0. achalensis 76 (28) 2 (2)/3 (1) ? 0.44 1.31 ?
O. americanus 75 (?) 2 (2)/3 (1) Globular 0.36 0.92 pool
O. barrioi 67 (38) 2 (2)/3 (1) Globular 0.47 1.13 pool
0. carvalhoi 49 (36) 2/3 (1) Globular 0.39 0.95 pool
O. cultripes 40 (35) 2 (2)/3 Globular 0.37 1.02 pool
0. lavillai 56 (37) 2 (2)/3 (1) Depr/Glob ? 1.4 str/pool
0. occidentalis 58 (37) 2 (2)/3 (1) Globular 0.29 1.0 pool
0. moratoi 32 (37) 2 (2)/3 (1) Depr/Glob 0.35 0.90 streamlet
P. appendiculata 33 (36) 2/3 (1) Depr/Glob 0.34 0.96 streamlet
P. boiei 31 (34) 2 (2)/3 (1) Depr/Glob 0.33 0.96 str/pool
P. laticeps 31 (36) 2 (2)/3 (1) Depr/Glob 0.37 1.12 streamlet
P. moehringi 24 (29) 2 (2)/3 (1) Depressed 0.32 0.82 str'mount
P. palustris 36 (37) 2 (2)/3 (1) Globular 0.35 0.97 streamlet
P. precrenulata 31 (34) 2 (2)/3 (1) Depr/Glob 0.37 0.95 streamlet
538
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5. SHORTERCOMMUNICATIONS
Tadpoles in stage 41 (Gosner, 1960) exhibited warts
forming arches between the eyes and nostrils. The
inner metatarsal ridge is absent, and the metatarsal
tubercle is large with a free margin.
Habitat.-Tadpoles were collected at the type lo-
cality and a nearby site. The climate is tropical with
two seasons: the wet season extends from October to
March, and the dry season from April to September.
The type locality has a shallow, slow-moving stream
forming a swampy area where shrubs, trees, and
grasses are plentiful. The other site has a moist, sandy
substrate, crossed by many small, shallow streams
formed by springs. The area is covered by grasses and
some shrubs and small trees. At both sites the tadpoles
occurred in shady areas around the trees.
Discussion.-The tadpoles of the genera Odonto-
phrynusand Proceratophrysresemble each other close-
ly, with several features in common: tooth row for-
mula (2(2)/3(1) or 2/3(1)), aperture shape of the nos-
trils reniform or rounded, spiracle opening sinistral,
and marginal oral papillae occur in a single row with
a wide dorsal gap. The features that distinguish tad-
poles of these two genera may be related to habitat:
tadpoles of Odontophrynusoccur in pools, whereas
those of Proceratophrysoccur in streams or streamlets.
Thus, tadpoles of Odontophrynushave globular bodies
and deeper dorsal fins, whereas those of Procerato-
phrys have more depressed bodies and slender fins.
Moreover, total length of tadpoles of Odontophrynus
is greater than Proceratophrys(Table 1).
The tadpoles of 0. moratoi may be distinguished
from those of other species of Odontophrynus(0. achal-
ensis, 0. americanus,0. barrioi,0. carvalhoi,0. cultripes,
O. lavillai, and 0. occidentalis)by the following fea-
tures: depressed/globular body, tail slightly convex,
dorsal fin shallower, light brown color, and occur-
rence in streams. These same features indicate resem-
blance of the tadpoles of 0. moratoito those in the
genus Proceratophrys(Table 1).
Jim and Caramaschi (1980) suggested that tadpoles
would aid in the resolution of the generic allocation
of Odontophrynusmoratoi.The tadpole morphology de-
scribed herein supports the suggestion of Jim and
Caramaschi (1980) that this species belongs to the
genus Proceratophrys.More detailed studies about
morphology of adults and vocalizations should be
undertaken before any generic reallocations are made,
however.
Acknowledgments.-We thank E. Izecksohn and I.
Sazima for loaning material under their responsibil-
ity. I. Sazima, C.F.B. Haddad, and J. Pombal, Jr., crit-
ically read the manuscript and made helpful sugges-
tions.
LITERATURECITED
ALTIG,R., ANDG. F. JOHNSTON.1986. Major char-
acteristics of free-living anuran tadpoles. Smith-
sonian Herpetological Information Service 67:1-
75.
, AND . 1989. Guilds of anuran larvae:
Relationships among developmental modes, mor-
phologies, and habitats. Herp. Monogr. 3:81-109.
CARAMASCHI,U. 1979. O girino de Odontophrynus
carvalhoiSavage and Cei, 1965 (Amphibia, Anura,
Ceratophrydidae). Rev. Brasil. Biol. 39:169-171.
CEI,J.M. 1980. Amphibians of Argentina. Monitore
zool. ital. (N.S) Monogr. 2.
. 1987. Additional notes to "Amphibians of
Argentina": an update, 1980-1986. Monitore Zool.
Ital. (N.S.) 21:209-272.
FROST,D. R. (ed.). 1985. Amphibian Species of the
World. Allen Press and the Association of System-
atics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas.
GIARETTA,A. A., ANDI. SAZIMA.1993. Nova especie
de ProceratophrysMir. Rib. do sul de Minas Gerais,
Brasil (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae). Rev.
Brasil. Biol. 53:13-19.
GOSNER,K. L. 1960. A simplified table for staging
anuran embryos and larvae with notes on iden-
tification. Herpetologica 16:183-190.
JIM,J.,ANDU. CARAMASCHI.1980. Uma nova especie
de Odontophrynusda regiao de Botucatu, Sao Paulo,
Brasil(Amphibia, Anura). Rev. Brasil. Biol. 40:357-
360.
JOHNSTON,G. F., ANDR. ALTIG.1986. Identification
characteristics of anuran tadpoles. Herpetol. Re-
view 17:36-37.
LEVITON,A. E., R. H. GIBBS,JR.,E. HEAL,ANDC. E.
DAWSON. 1985. Standards in herpetology and
ichthyology: Part I. Standard symbolic codes for
institutional resource collections in herpetology
and ichthyology. Copeia 1985:802-832.
LYNCH,J. D. 1971. Evolutionary relationships, os-
teology, and zoogeography of leptodactyloid frogs.
Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Kansas, Misc. Publ. 53:1-
238.
PEIXOTO,O. L., C. A. DACRUZ,E. IZECKSOHN,ANDS.
P. CARVALHOESILVA.1984. Notas sobre o girino
de Proceratophrysprecrenulata(Amphibia, Anura,
Leptodactylidae). Arq. Univ. Fed. Rur. Rio de J.,
Itaguai, 7:83-86.
WEYGOLDT,P., ANDO. L. PEIXOTO.1985. A new spe-
cies of horned toad (Proceratophrys)from Espirito
Santo, Brazil. Senckenbergiana Biol. 66:1-8.
Accepted: 7 July 1996.
APPENDIX1
Material Examined.-Odontophrynus americanus:(JJ
6974 and JJ6975) 640 tadpoles, Pardinho, State of Sao
Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, July and October, 1971.
0. carvalhoi:(JJ 4393) 8 tadpoles, Maracas, State of
Bahia, Northeastern Brazil, January 19, 1978. Procer-
atophrysappendiculata:Teres6polis, State of Rio de Ja-
neiro, Southeastern Brazil: (EI 5582) 20 tadpoles, No-
vember 29,1978; (EI5583) 21 tadpoles, March 17,1979.
P. boiei:Teres6polis, State of Rio de Janiero, South-
eastern Brazil: (EI 5512) 4 tadpoles, January 18, 1978;
(EI 5513) 4 tadpoles, December 29, 1977. P. laticeps:
(El 5613) 36 tadpoles, Linhares, State of Espirito Santo,
Southeastern Brazil, January 19, 1980. P. moehringi(EI
7364), 3 tadpoles, Santa Tereza, State of Espirito Santo,
Southeastern Brazil,August 10, 1981.P.palustris(ZUEC
09195) 4 tadpoles, Morro do Ferro, PQcos de Caldas,
State of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil, summer
1988. P. precrenulata(El 7363) 3 tadpoles, Domingos
Martins, State of Espirito Santo, Southeastern Brazil,
August, 1983.
539
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