Evidence based practice is Integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values.
Advantages: QUALITY OF CLINICAL PRACTICE IMPROVES BY INCORPORATING LATEST EFFECTIVE CLINICAL TECHNIQUES INTO PATIENT CARE.
Dental practitioner should try to adopt quality evidences in dental practice, accept evidence based new practices and letting go existing theories.
Evidence collected should be combined with clinical experience and patient preferences. Positive environment with advancement in science can help facilitate evidence based change in future.
Module 2 of the Oral Health Tutorial, a production of UT HSC Libraries.
This module focuses on evidence-based dental health. View this tutorial to learn how to define evidence-based dental public health, learn effective retrieval strategy, be able to critique the literature and apply it to public health dental practice.
This tutorial is copyright Lara Sapp and Julie Gaines.
This ppt will help dentists in taking Evidence Based decision in daily practice and will also help researchers to categorized result of research on the basis of hierarchy of Evidence Based Dentistry
Caries risk assessment and management in infant, children and adolescent
Introduction
Definition
Changing Paradigms for Dealing with Dental Caries
Advantages
Caries Balance/Imbalance
Risk Indicators
Caries Risk Assessment Methods
Caries Questionnaire in combination with Clinical Observations
AAPD's Caries-risk Assessment Form
The Cariogram Model
Caries Assessment and Risk Evaluation (CARE) test
Caries management by risk assessment (CAMBRA)
Traffic Light Matrix (TLM).
Caries management protocol for infants and children
Conclusion
References
Module 2 of the Oral Health Tutorial, a production of UT HSC Libraries.
This module focuses on evidence-based dental health. View this tutorial to learn how to define evidence-based dental public health, learn effective retrieval strategy, be able to critique the literature and apply it to public health dental practice.
This tutorial is copyright Lara Sapp and Julie Gaines.
This ppt will help dentists in taking Evidence Based decision in daily practice and will also help researchers to categorized result of research on the basis of hierarchy of Evidence Based Dentistry
Caries risk assessment and management in infant, children and adolescent
Introduction
Definition
Changing Paradigms for Dealing with Dental Caries
Advantages
Caries Balance/Imbalance
Risk Indicators
Caries Risk Assessment Methods
Caries Questionnaire in combination with Clinical Observations
AAPD's Caries-risk Assessment Form
The Cariogram Model
Caries Assessment and Risk Evaluation (CARE) test
Caries management by risk assessment (CAMBRA)
Traffic Light Matrix (TLM).
Caries management protocol for infants and children
Conclusion
References
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This seminar includes features of the normal periodontium seen in children along with various gingival and periodontal diseases seen in children with updated classifications along with clinical features and treatment modalities and a note on clinical assessment of oral cleanliness and periodontal diseases
CPITN INDEX (Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs)Jeban Sahu
Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIMS, BBSR-24
INTRODUCTION
CPITN was introduced by JUKKA AINAMO , DAVID BARMES , GORGE BEAGRIE , TERRY CUTRESS , JEAN MARTIN and JENNIFER SARDO-INFIRRI for Joint working committee of the WHO and FDI in 1982 .
Developed primarily to survey and evaluate periodontal treatment needs rather than determining past and present periodontal status i.e. recession of the gingival margin and alveolar bone .
SCOPE AND PURPOSE
PROCEDURE
SEXTANT
INDEX TEETH
INSTRUMENTS USED
CPITN PROBE
Introduced by WHO in 1978.
Weight: 5gms
Working force: 20-25 gms.
Designed for 2 purposes :
1. Measurement of pocket depth
2. Detection of Sub-gingival calculus
PROBING PROCEDURE
EXAMINATION PROCEDURE
CALCULATION OF CPITN
COMMUNITY PERIODONTAL INDEX (CPI)
This index is modification of CPITN.
SUMMARY
CPITN is a screening procedure for identifying actual and potential problems posed by periodontal diseases both in the community and in the individual, introduced in 1982.
The CPITN records the common treatable conditions namely,
- periodontal pockets
- gingival inflammation
- dental calculus
- other plaque retentive factors
CPITN PROBE (introduced by WHO in 1978) is used to measure of pocket depth & detect sub-gingival calculus.
COMMUNITY PERIODONTAL INDEX (CPI) is the modification of CPITN which includes measurement of “loss of attachment”
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
. Evidence-based dentistry (EBD) is the integration and interpretation of the available current research evidence, combined with personal experience. It allows dentists, as well as academics researchers, to keep update of the new developments and to make decisions that should improve their clinical practice.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This seminar includes features of the normal periodontium seen in children along with various gingival and periodontal diseases seen in children with updated classifications along with clinical features and treatment modalities and a note on clinical assessment of oral cleanliness and periodontal diseases
CPITN INDEX (Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs)Jeban Sahu
Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIMS, BBSR-24
INTRODUCTION
CPITN was introduced by JUKKA AINAMO , DAVID BARMES , GORGE BEAGRIE , TERRY CUTRESS , JEAN MARTIN and JENNIFER SARDO-INFIRRI for Joint working committee of the WHO and FDI in 1982 .
Developed primarily to survey and evaluate periodontal treatment needs rather than determining past and present periodontal status i.e. recession of the gingival margin and alveolar bone .
SCOPE AND PURPOSE
PROCEDURE
SEXTANT
INDEX TEETH
INSTRUMENTS USED
CPITN PROBE
Introduced by WHO in 1978.
Weight: 5gms
Working force: 20-25 gms.
Designed for 2 purposes :
1. Measurement of pocket depth
2. Detection of Sub-gingival calculus
PROBING PROCEDURE
EXAMINATION PROCEDURE
CALCULATION OF CPITN
COMMUNITY PERIODONTAL INDEX (CPI)
This index is modification of CPITN.
SUMMARY
CPITN is a screening procedure for identifying actual and potential problems posed by periodontal diseases both in the community and in the individual, introduced in 1982.
The CPITN records the common treatable conditions namely,
- periodontal pockets
- gingival inflammation
- dental calculus
- other plaque retentive factors
CPITN PROBE (introduced by WHO in 1978) is used to measure of pocket depth & detect sub-gingival calculus.
COMMUNITY PERIODONTAL INDEX (CPI) is the modification of CPITN which includes measurement of “loss of attachment”
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
. Evidence-based dentistry (EBD) is the integration and interpretation of the available current research evidence, combined with personal experience. It allows dentists, as well as academics researchers, to keep update of the new developments and to make decisions that should improve their clinical practice.
THE NEED FOR EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
STEPS OF EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
PICOT FORMAT IN EBP
RATING SYSTEM FOR THE HIERARCHY OF EVIDENCE: QUANTITATIVE QUESTIONS
ELEMENTS OF EVIDENCE-BASED ARTICLES
INTEGRATE THE EVIDENCE
EVALUATE THE OUTCOMES OF THE PRACTICE DECISION OR CHANGE
COMMUNICATE THE OUTCOMES OF THE EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE DECISION
SUSTAIN KNOWLEDGE USE
NURSING RESEARCH
TRANSLATION RESEARCH
5 PHASES OF TRANSLATION RESEARCH
OUTCOMES RESEARCH
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
NURSING AND THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH
TYPES OF RESEARCH
TYPES OF RESEARCH APPROACH
RESEARCH PROCESS
RIGHTS OF HUMAN SUBJECT
COMPARISON OF STEPS OF THE NURSING PROCESS WITH THE RESEARCH PROCESS
Performance Improvement
Performance Improvement Programs
EXAMPLES OF PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT MODELS
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EBP, RESEARCH, AND PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES AMONG EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE, RESEARCH, AND PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT
KEY ELEMENTS
evidence based practice is best for the people working with patients
ebp should be used by the heath care provider.
ebp based upon clinical experties
best research evidence
patient preference and values
Evidence- based periodontology is a bridge from all the available literature to clinical practice. It is a tool which can be used for decision making from available evidence during clinical practice.It should be scientifically sound and patient focussed.
Evidence-Based Medicine - Overview
- How to be a good doctor - A step in Health promotion
- By Ibrahim A. Abdelhaleem - Zagazig Medical Research Society (ZMRS)
Classification of chemical antiplaque agents
1. FIRST GENERATION AGENTS
Poor substantivity and thus used 4-6 times daily.
Reduces plaque score by 20-50%
Examples:
Antibiotics like Penicillin, Erythromycin, Metronidazole
2. SECOND GENERATION AGENTS
Reduce plaque score by 70-90%
Used twice daily
Example: Bisbiguanides, Chlorhexidine, Alexidine
3. THIRD GENERATION AGENTS
Effective against specific periodontal pathogens
Example: Delmopinol
II. Vehicles for delivery of chemical agents
a. Toothpastes
b. Sprays
c. Irrigators
d. Chewing gums
e. Mouthwashes (Listerine, Chlorhexidine, Triclosan, Fluorides, Hydrogen peroxides, Povidone iodine)
Analgesic is a drug that relieves pain by acting on the CNS or on the peripheral pain mechanism without altering consciousness
Opioid analgesics
Non Opioid analgesics (NSAIDs)
NSAIDs are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. These are not only pain killers but also are anti-inflammatory drugs that are widely used in dentistry. These are weaker analgesics, also called nonnarcotic or aspirin-like or antipyretic analgesics. They do not depress CNS, do not produce physical dependence, and have no abuse liability. They act primarily on peripheral pain mechanisms.
It is a naturally occurring, semi-synthetic, or synthetic type of anti-infective agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of selective microorganisms, generally at low concentrations.
These drugs are used extensively in dentistry for two main reasons: to prevent an infection (chemoprophylaxis) and in the treatment of an infection. Their use in the management of periodontal diseases is often as an adjunct to conventional treatment.
INDICATIONS IN PERIODONTAL DISEASES
1. Patients who do not respond to conventional mechanical periodontal therapy
2. Patients with Aggressive periodontitis and other types of early-onset periodontitis
3. Patients with acute or recurrent periodontal infection
(Periodontal abscess, NUG / NUP, Peri-implantitis, Pericoronitis) associated with/without systemic manifestation)
4. Prophylaxis for medically compromised patients, endocarditis
Soft deposit that form the biofilm on teeth. Plaque is defined as structured, resilient, yellow grayish colored substance that adheres tenaciously to intra oral hard surfaces including restorations. The term plaque is derived from French word, meaning ‘to form a coverage’.Marginal plaque – cause gingivitis.
Supragingival plaque and tooth-associated subgingival plaque – cause calculus formation and root caries. Tissue-associated subgingival plaque- cause tissue destruction in periodontitis.
Cementum is the mineralized dental tissue covering the anatomical root of teeth. It begins at the cervical portion of the tooth at the cementoenamel junction till the apex. It is one of the four tissues that support the tooth in the jaw (the periodontium).
The primary function- Provides attachment to collagen fibres of the periodontal ligament. It therefore is a highly responsive tissue maintaining the integrity of the root, helping to maintain the tooth in its functional position in the mouth, and being involved in tooth repair and regeneration.
Recent advances in periodontal diagnosisPerio Files
First generation:- Conventional probes.
Second generation:- Pressure controlled visual measurement recording probes
Third generation:-Pressure controlled electronic probes with direct computer data capture.
Fourth generation : Aim at recording sequential probing positions along the gingival sulcus.
Fifth generation : Ultrasonic device attached to the 4th generation probe.
Hormonal changes in female patients and periodontal diseasesPerio Files
Hormonal fluctuations and gingival changes in female patient occurs during Puberty, Menstruation, Pregnancy, Menopause,
Oral Contraceptives, Osteoporosis.
NEED FOR ASSESSMENT: To identify high-risk stages of female patients in prior so that preventive and treatment procedures can be tailored
During pregnancy, women undergo certain hormonal and physiological changes that can affect their mouths.
EFFECT OF PREGNANCY ON PERIODONTAL TISSUES
PREGNANCY GINGIVITIS
EFFECT OF PERIODONTITIS ON PREGNANCY
PRETERM LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (PLBW) INFANTS
PREECLAMPSIA
Oral-systemic link has been termed Periodontal Medicine. Significance: Periodontal disease is preventable and readily treatable, thus providing many new opportunities for preventing and improving several systemic diseases.
FOCAL INFECTION: Localized or Generalized infection caused by dissemination of microorganisms or toxic products from focus of infection.
FOCUS OF INFECTION Confined area that
(1) contains pathogenic microorganisms
(2) can occur anywhere in body
Diseases/Conditions affected by periodontitis
A PREGNANCY, PREECLAMPSIA
B ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASES, STROKE
C DIABETES MELLITUS
D PNEUMONIA, COPD
E OSTEOPOROSIS
F CANCER
G ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
H. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
*Increase in size of gingiva. Lead to false pockets.
*Difficulties associated with it are:
Difficulty in plaque control; Aesthetic concerns; Affect mastication
Interfere with speech
*TREATMENT:
Gingivectomy is the treatment of choice to remove false pockets.
In case of true pockets (osseous defects), gingivectomy with Flap surgery is done. First Gingivectomy is done. After that flap is raised and osseous surgery is performed (either osteotomy or regenerative depending upon the type of defect). Gingivectomy is done by scalpel or electro cautery/lasers (to minimize bleeding). Gingivectomy can be done only where at least 3mm of keratinized gingiva remains after completion of surgery. So it is contraindicated in patients with lack of sufficient keratinized gingiva
*REASONS OF RECURRENCE:
Responsible factors: Residual local irritation; and systemic or hereditary conditions causing noninflammatory gingival hyperplasia.
Recurrence of chronic inflammatory enlargements immediately after treatment indicates that all irritants have not been removed. Contributory local conditions like food impaction and overhanging margins of restorations are commonly overlooked.
If the enlargement recurs after healing is complete and normal contour is attained, inadequate plaque control by the patient is the most common cause.
All about gingivitis
*definition
*classification
*Signs and Symptoms: Increased GCF, Gingival Bleeding, Color change, Consistency, Surface texture (STIPPLING), Position of Gingiva, Gingival Contour, Size.
Treatment consisits of scaling and root planing. The more inflamed a gingival unit appears clinically, the better the chances of therapeutic measures resulting in a return to normal gingival health
2017 classification of periodontal and periimpalnt diseasesPerio Files
In World Workshop 2017, American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) and European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) with expert participants updated the 1999 classification of Periodontal Diseases.
Since 1999, new evidences have emerged regarding environmental and systemic risk factors, prompting the experts to develop new classification.
All furcation defects need to be classified and their possible prognosis should be defined. The treatment of the furcation defects should be carried out accordingly. Treatment include
Osteoplasty, Odontoplasty, Tunnel preparation, Root resection, Hemisection
A brief description of all topics to recent advances,SDD, host modulation and diabetes, host modulation in smokers, chemically modified tetracyclines, bisphosphonates
It restore alveolar bone to the level existing at the time of surgery or slightly more apical to this level. Aim is to achieve positive bony architecture.
STEPS INCLUDE:
1.VERTICAL GROOVING
2. RADICULAR BLENDING
3. FLATTENING INTERPROXIMAL BONE
4. GRADUALIZING MARGINAL BONE
PREFERRED TREATMENT FOR ONE WALLED PERIODONTAL BONE DEFECTS (HEMISEPTUM)
The future of dentistry and periodontics lies in regeneration. The goals of periodontal therapy lies in not only the arrest of periodontal disease progression but also regeneration of the lost periodontal structures. This presentation provides a review of the current understanding of the regeneration of the periodontium and the procedures involved to restore the periodontal tissues around the teeth.
This topic include all the drugs that are locally applied in periodontal pocket so that their levels in GCF should be more than blood.
Advantages:
Can attain higher concentrations at base of pocket
Can use drugs that are not suitable for systemic administration
Patient compliance is not required
Alternative for patients predisposed to adverse drug reactions from systemic administration.
Reduced risk for drug resistant microbe development
Lower total drug dose
INDICATIONS:
As an adjunct to mechanical therapy in pockets of 5 mm or greater depth
In patients who are systemically compromised & cannot undergo periodontal flap surgery
Localized recurrent pockets with supportive periodontal therapy
In refractory periodontitis (that is resistant to treatment)
Inflammation and Immunity in periodontitis pptPerio Files
Local destruction of periodontium occurs mostly by activation of immune and inflammatory response, initiated by plaque. First innate immune response is activated followed by specific immune response.
Useful for BDS and MDS students
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
3. INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION
2. NEED FOR EVIDENCE BASED DECISION MAKING
3. ADVANTAGES
4. SKILLS REQUIRED
ASKING QUESTIONS
COMPUTERIZED RESEARCH
4. APPRAISING THE EVIDENCE
APPLY RESULTS
EVALUATING THE OUTCOMES
5. DIFFICULTIES FACED AND SOLUTIONS
5. INTRODUCTION
• Pioneered in 1980 at MC MASTER UNIVERSITY,
ONTARIO CANADA
• EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE (EBM) defined as
Integration of best research evidence with
clinical expertise and patient values.
6. DIFFERENCE
Evidence based decision
making
Depends on
Scientific evidence from
electronic databases
Clinical experience
Patient Preferences
Patient Clinical
Circumstances
Traditional decision
making
Depends on
Unsystematic Individual
experience
Information got by
consulting authorities
Pathophysiologic
Rationale
8. EVIDENCE BASED
DENTISTRY
• According to American Dental Association (ADA)
Evidence based dentistry defined as “an approach to
oral health care that requires judicious integration of
systemic assessments of clinically relevant scientific
evidence, relating to the patient’s oral and medicine
expertise and patient’s treatment needs and
preferences’’
9. NEED FOR EVIDENCE-BASED
DECISION MAKING
1. VARIATION IN PRACTICE PATTERNS:
occurs due to delay in adopting current research
techniques and discontinuing the old ineffective
techniques. This might occur due to lack of
knowledge about new researches. Evidence
based approach help to inform the clinician
regarding latest researches and new treatment
modalities.
10. 2. DIFFICULTY FACED BY CLINICIANS IN
ASSIMILATING SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
INTO THEIR PRACTICE- as new
researches are being published in large
number of journals that are difficult for a
clinician to read and implement. Thus a
method is required to easily incorporate
scientific evidence into clinical practice.
11. ADVANTAGES OF EVIDENCE
BASED APPROACH
QUALITY OF CLINICAL PRACTICE IMPROVES
BY INCORPORATING LATEST EFFECTIVE
CLINICAL TECHNIQUES INTO PATIENT CARE
13. OTHER ADVANTAGES
Advancement in dentistry like cosmetic bonding,
role of genetics in periodontitis, medical
therapeutics for treating various periodontal
diseases
14. SKILLS NEEDED TO APPLY EVIDENCE BASED
DECISION –MAKING PROCESS
1. Convert problems into questions
2. Conduct Computerized search
3. Critically appraise the evidence (Clinical
applicability)
4. Apply results in clinical practice
5. Evaluate Outcomes
15. 1. ASKING QUESTIONS
The PICO process
It includes four parts
P- Patient problem or population
I - Intervention
C- Comparison
O- Outcomes
16. ASKING QUESTIONS
Example
P- Patient problem – Dental implant being placed
I - Intervention- to provide antibiotic prophylaxis
C- Comparison- no antibiotic prophylaxis before
placing implants
O- Outcomes- less complications by providing
antibiotic prophylaxis, increasing the success of
implant
18. Computerized search
TRADITIONAL SOURCES INCLUDES- Journals,
Books, Colleagues
DATA SOURCE (COMPUTERIZED SEARCH) –
Electronic database eg MEDLINE free data base
available from PubMed (Online Journals)
19. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the best methodology of finding
evidences on therapeutic interventions
Highest level is SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (SR) and METAANALYSIS using
two or more RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (SR)– Critical analysis of all related studies about a
specific problem. It provide high quality summary of randomized controlled
trials and provide easy, quick access to recent evidence on these
interventions.
META ANALYSIS- Statistical technique used along with Systematic review.
It consists of combining statistical analysis of various studies into one
analysis.
20. Levels of various studies (DECREASE
AS MOVE DOWNWARDS)
Metaanalysis,
Systematic
review
Randomized
controlled trials
Cohort studies
Case control study
Case reports
Editorials
Animal research
In vitro (test tube) research (LEAST
EFFECTIVE EVIDENCE)
21. SOURCES OF EVIDENCE
Primary sources- Original research publications that
have not been synthesized. eg. RCTs
Secondary sources- Synthesized publications from the
primary literature. These include SRs and Metaanalysis,
evidence based reviews and clinical practice guidelines
and protocols.
Biomedical databases as MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE,
HealthSTAR and CINALH provide both primary and
secondary sources.
23. Because of growing numbers of dental journal and
new studies, it is difficult for a clinician to stay current
with dental literature. To overcome this, Evidence
based journals and Cochrane Library Databases
are being designed to help busy practitioners. Such
journals publish summaries of Systematic Reviews
and relevant research articles in easy formats.
24. EVIDENCE BASED JOURNALS
Examples are- JOURNAL OF EVIDENCE BASED DENTAL
PRACTICE and EVIDENCE BASED DENTISTRY
Such journals provide easy to read summaries of SRs
and original researches (1-2 page abstract with expert
commentary providing most relevant information).
25. COCHRANE GROUP
Cochrane group contain Systematic Reviews based
on international standards and update their reviews
every 2-4years with new evidences. Abstracts of all
Systematic Reviews can be assessed free of cost
from Cochrane Database of Systematic
Reviews(COCH) in Cochrane Library Databases
26. 3. APPRAISING THE EVIDENCE
Critical appraisal is assessing quality of published
papers in order to sort out the relevant or valid
papers from irrelevant ones.
International evidence based groups have
developed appraisal forms and checklists to
determine validity of systematic review or study
through series of Yes/No questions
27. SOME EXAMPLES OF PROPOSED
CRITICAL ANALYSIS GUIDES
To improve reporting of Systematic reviews: PRISMA(PREFERRED
REPORTING ITEMS FOR SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND
METAANALYSIS)
To improve reporting of Randomized controlled trial:
CONSORT(CONSOLIDATED STANDARDS OF REPORTING TRIALS)
To improve reporting of Systematic reviews, Randomized
controlled trial and other studies: CASP(CRITICAL APPRAISAL
SKILLS PROGRAM)
28. These help the authors to have complete and
transparent reporting of systematic reviews,
metaanalysis and other types of studies. Many
journals are instructing authors to adhere to
these guides before conducting and publishing
them. They described them the preferred way
to present ABSTRACT, INTRODUCTION,
METHOD, RESULT, DISCUSSION
29. APPRAISAL CAN HELP THE CLINICIAN TO
ASSESS:
Validity
Clinical importance
Clinical relevance
30. 4. Apply results in clinical
practice
There are a number of well documented delays
between clinical practice and the available
research evidence.
The practitioner needs to decide whether the
specific patient is similar enough to those in the
research to use the findings. There may also be
barriers regarding the materials or equipments
availability and cost factors.
31. The decision to act on evidence should be
based on the evidence, the relevance to patient,
willingness of patient to receive that treatment,
and the practitioners ability (skills) to provide the
treatment. So its a carefully considered
decision
32. 5. EVALUATE THE OUTCOMES
The final step of the evidence-based
approach is self-evaluation.
A few examples are shown below:
Question
• Am I asking correct clinical questions?
• Are they well/properly structured?
33. Finding
• Am I searching for correct evidences?
• Do I know what the best sources are?
• Am I finding evidences?
34. Appraisal
• Am I critically assessing the available
evidence?
Act
• Am I using evidence I find and
reviewing/appraising it in my practice?
35. DIFFICULTIES FACED
AND SOLUTIONS
Searching the evidences and critically
appraising/evaluating them are the most
difficult thing being faced by dental
practitioners.
Nowadays online tutorials are quiet
helpful in improving database searching
skills
37. Dental practitioner should try to adopt quality
evidences in dental practice, accept evidence
based new practices and letting go existing
theories
38. Evidence collected should be combined with
clinical experience and patient preferences
Treatment
Research
Evidence
Clinical
Experiences
Patient
preferences
39. • Change is a slow process
• Clinical studies should be conducted with clear
patient benefits
• Current dental students should be provided training
for implementing evidence based practice
• Positive environment with advancement in science
can help facilitate evidence based change in future.