This study evaluated the effects of replacing fishmeal and soybean protein in black tiger shrimp postlarvae feed with Artemia biomass and gut weed meal. Five experimental feeds were formulated to replace 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, or 80% of fishmeal protein with Artemia biomass and 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, or 60% of soybean protein with gut weed meal, respectively. Over 45 days, shrimp fed diets containing Artemia biomass and gut weed meal showed superior growth, feed efficiency, and stress resistance compared to the control diet. Optimal shrimp performance was obtained using a diet replacing 40% fishmeal protein with Artemia biomass and 30% soybean protein with gut
Soy protein concentrate: a value- added soy product for aquafeedsCJBio3
Aquaculture is the world's fastest-growing industry in the food production sector. It is projected that aquaculture will play a major role in the global food supply by doubling and intensifying its production by 2050. Fish meal is considered as “the gold standard” ingredients for aqua feed, but its unstable price and availability might decelerate the sector expansion and hurt famer’s profits. Although plant-based ingredients can be fish meal alternatives, their high content of antinutritional factors might cause some negative effects on fish growth. However, soy protein concentrate, which provides a great source of protein with less antinutrients thanks to the aqueous alcohol extraction in its refining process, are employing widely for better cost management with stable feed quality.
The article today will provide some updates about SPC using in feed production and the benefits which it brings on fish growth performance.
This study investigated partially replacing soybean meal with moringa leaf meal in diets for fancy carp. Three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated containing 0, 20, or 50 g/kg of moringa leaf meal to replace soybean protein. Fancy carp were fed the diets for 6 weeks. The results showed that growth performance and feed utilization were similar between all diet groups, except fish fed the highest moringa leaf diet which exhibited slightly poorer growth. Protease activity and in vitro protein digestibility were not significantly different between diets. This suggests that moringa leaf meal can partially replace up to 20 g/kg of soybean protein in fancy carp diets without negatively
We investigated the effects of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) on zootechnical performance and immune response of the Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer Bloch. Experimental fish were fed with 3 diets: a local commercial diet (control), coated or not, with 2 and 3% FPH (w/w). Twelve thousand Asian Seabass juveniles (5.88±0.56 g) were divided into three groups and two replicates reared in nursery tanks (2000 L). The remaining fish were then used for grow-out experiment in floating net cages (1m x 1 m x 3 m). Zootechnical performances were assessed at both stages with following indicators: total weight gain (TWG), % relative weight gain (% RWG), % specific growth rate (% SGR), final weight (g) and final length (cm). At the end of each trial period, fish immune status was assessed through blood sampling and the measurement of Neutrophile (%), Monocyte (%), Lymphocyte (%), Macrophage (105 cell/mL), Leukocyte (103 cell/mL) and Phagocytes activity (%). At the end of the nursery trial, an immersion bacterial challenge with Vibrio parahaemolyticus (105 cells mL-1) was implemented. The results showed that dietary FPH supplementation significantly influenced the growth and immune status of Asian Seabass when compared to the control group. Fish fed FPH supplemented diet yielded higher growth rates and survival rates than non supplemented group. Fish phagocytic activity and resistance to a bacterial challenge were also improved by dietary FPH supplementation. These results may be related to the significant changes observed in fish leukocyte profiles, when fed FPH supplemented diets. Altogether, these results show the positive contribution of FPH to the sustainability of Asian seabass farming.
ADDITION OF ORGANIC WASTE ON NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS) COMMERCIAL ...IAEME Publication
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is an important commodity in the aquaculture
of freshwater fish in Indonesia, apart from its distinctive taste but also a good protein
content for fulfilling community nutrition. However, the high demand for nile tilapia is
not enough just to rely on fishermen, so it takes effort to increase the growth rate of it.
This study aimed to determine the effect of shrimp waste and coconut pulp addition to
enhance protein retention, energy retention and growth rate of nile tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus). This was an experimental study by means of completely
randomized design method. There were five treatments and four replications in each
treatment. The treatment used was the addition of shrimp waste and coconut pulp on
commercial feed. Two hundred nile tilapia were used in this study. The study was
conducted for 30 days by feeding three times a day. The research data were analyzed
using ANOVA and Duncan. Based on the results of the study, it can be seen that the
addition of 30% shrimp waste and coconut pulp flour to nile tilapia commercial feed
(Oreochromis niloticus) significantly affected the energy retention value of 12,050%,
protein retention of 21 245% and growth rate of 1.471%. Adding organic waste to
commercial fish feed can boost the growth rate of nile tilapia.
Evaluation of the Biochemical Composition of Four Marine Algae and Its Nutrit...IOSR Journals
Microalgae are utilized in aquaculture as a live feed for the crustaceans, ablone, zooplanktons, etc. The present study was aimed to examine the nutritional status of Artemia sp. nauplii enriched with four different algal sources namely Chaetoceros calcitrans, Skeletonema coastaum, Duniella salina & D. bardawil and also the amount of beta-carotene assimilated when enriched with the two green algae. Artemia sp. nauplii enriched with D. salina showed high amounts of protein and carbohydrate, whereas Artemia sp. fed with Chaetoceros calcitrans showed high amounts of lipid. The protein profile of Artemia sp. enriched with different algal sources did not show prominent differences in the polypeptide bands. However, high amount of beta-carotene was assimilated in Artemia sp. nauplii when enriched with D. salina. Hence this study showed that the microalgae D. salina can be used as a potential feed to improve the nutritional status of Artemia sp. nauplii.
Improving nutritional quality of millet (pennisetum americanum) by solid stat...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated improving the nutritional quality of millet through solid state fermentation using Aspergillus niger and the effects on growth performance of African catfish. Millet was fermented for 84 hours, which increased its protein content and reduced antinutritional phytic acid levels. Five diets with varying inclusion levels of fermented millet (0, 4, 8, 12, 16%) were fed to African catfish fingerlings over 84 days. Fingerlings fed 4% fermented millet had the highest weight gain and protein efficiency and lowest feed conversion ratio, indicating 4% inclusion supported best growth performance without adverse effects.
This study assessed the growth of Oscar fish (Astronotus ocellatus) fed Artemia nauplii enriched with different levels of Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) extracted from yeast cell walls. Over 8 weeks, 100 fish were fed one of four diets: a control with no MOS, or diets with Artemia enriched with 250, 500, or 750 mg/L of MOS. Later, diets included the fish food Biomar with 0%, 1%, 2%, or 3% yeast cell wall prebiotic. Growth was measured by weight gain, growth rate, biomass, and length. Fish fed 500 mg/L MOS and the 2-3% prebi
Replacement of Fish Meal with Fish Head Meal in the Diet on the Growth and Fe...theijes
The availability of fish head meal (FHM) as a substitute for fish meal (FM) was evaluated in lobster (initial weight: ±0.02) diets containing three levels of FHM (from 0, 25% and 50%). After 90 days, weight gain averages were g for fish fed diet in which FM was partially substituted with 100, 75, and 50 % FHM, and feed conversion ratios were 3.20, 3.05, 4.01, 3.65 and 4.46, respectively. No differences were obtained in weight gain, FCR, FE and SR for all treatments. The lobster fed diet C (50% FM : 50% FHM) was highest in FE and followed by the shrimp fed diet B (75% FM),diet A (100% FM), respectively. SR was highest in the lobster fed diet C and the lowest was found in the lobster fed diet A. This study concluded that FHM could replace FM up to 50% in the diet without compromising growth and survival rate of rock lobster juvenile.
Soy protein concentrate: a value- added soy product for aquafeedsCJBio3
Aquaculture is the world's fastest-growing industry in the food production sector. It is projected that aquaculture will play a major role in the global food supply by doubling and intensifying its production by 2050. Fish meal is considered as “the gold standard” ingredients for aqua feed, but its unstable price and availability might decelerate the sector expansion and hurt famer’s profits. Although plant-based ingredients can be fish meal alternatives, their high content of antinutritional factors might cause some negative effects on fish growth. However, soy protein concentrate, which provides a great source of protein with less antinutrients thanks to the aqueous alcohol extraction in its refining process, are employing widely for better cost management with stable feed quality.
The article today will provide some updates about SPC using in feed production and the benefits which it brings on fish growth performance.
This study investigated partially replacing soybean meal with moringa leaf meal in diets for fancy carp. Three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated containing 0, 20, or 50 g/kg of moringa leaf meal to replace soybean protein. Fancy carp were fed the diets for 6 weeks. The results showed that growth performance and feed utilization were similar between all diet groups, except fish fed the highest moringa leaf diet which exhibited slightly poorer growth. Protease activity and in vitro protein digestibility were not significantly different between diets. This suggests that moringa leaf meal can partially replace up to 20 g/kg of soybean protein in fancy carp diets without negatively
We investigated the effects of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) on zootechnical performance and immune response of the Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer Bloch. Experimental fish were fed with 3 diets: a local commercial diet (control), coated or not, with 2 and 3% FPH (w/w). Twelve thousand Asian Seabass juveniles (5.88±0.56 g) were divided into three groups and two replicates reared in nursery tanks (2000 L). The remaining fish were then used for grow-out experiment in floating net cages (1m x 1 m x 3 m). Zootechnical performances were assessed at both stages with following indicators: total weight gain (TWG), % relative weight gain (% RWG), % specific growth rate (% SGR), final weight (g) and final length (cm). At the end of each trial period, fish immune status was assessed through blood sampling and the measurement of Neutrophile (%), Monocyte (%), Lymphocyte (%), Macrophage (105 cell/mL), Leukocyte (103 cell/mL) and Phagocytes activity (%). At the end of the nursery trial, an immersion bacterial challenge with Vibrio parahaemolyticus (105 cells mL-1) was implemented. The results showed that dietary FPH supplementation significantly influenced the growth and immune status of Asian Seabass when compared to the control group. Fish fed FPH supplemented diet yielded higher growth rates and survival rates than non supplemented group. Fish phagocytic activity and resistance to a bacterial challenge were also improved by dietary FPH supplementation. These results may be related to the significant changes observed in fish leukocyte profiles, when fed FPH supplemented diets. Altogether, these results show the positive contribution of FPH to the sustainability of Asian seabass farming.
ADDITION OF ORGANIC WASTE ON NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS) COMMERCIAL ...IAEME Publication
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is an important commodity in the aquaculture
of freshwater fish in Indonesia, apart from its distinctive taste but also a good protein
content for fulfilling community nutrition. However, the high demand for nile tilapia is
not enough just to rely on fishermen, so it takes effort to increase the growth rate of it.
This study aimed to determine the effect of shrimp waste and coconut pulp addition to
enhance protein retention, energy retention and growth rate of nile tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus). This was an experimental study by means of completely
randomized design method. There were five treatments and four replications in each
treatment. The treatment used was the addition of shrimp waste and coconut pulp on
commercial feed. Two hundred nile tilapia were used in this study. The study was
conducted for 30 days by feeding three times a day. The research data were analyzed
using ANOVA and Duncan. Based on the results of the study, it can be seen that the
addition of 30% shrimp waste and coconut pulp flour to nile tilapia commercial feed
(Oreochromis niloticus) significantly affected the energy retention value of 12,050%,
protein retention of 21 245% and growth rate of 1.471%. Adding organic waste to
commercial fish feed can boost the growth rate of nile tilapia.
Evaluation of the Biochemical Composition of Four Marine Algae and Its Nutrit...IOSR Journals
Microalgae are utilized in aquaculture as a live feed for the crustaceans, ablone, zooplanktons, etc. The present study was aimed to examine the nutritional status of Artemia sp. nauplii enriched with four different algal sources namely Chaetoceros calcitrans, Skeletonema coastaum, Duniella salina & D. bardawil and also the amount of beta-carotene assimilated when enriched with the two green algae. Artemia sp. nauplii enriched with D. salina showed high amounts of protein and carbohydrate, whereas Artemia sp. fed with Chaetoceros calcitrans showed high amounts of lipid. The protein profile of Artemia sp. enriched with different algal sources did not show prominent differences in the polypeptide bands. However, high amount of beta-carotene was assimilated in Artemia sp. nauplii when enriched with D. salina. Hence this study showed that the microalgae D. salina can be used as a potential feed to improve the nutritional status of Artemia sp. nauplii.
Improving nutritional quality of millet (pennisetum americanum) by solid stat...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated improving the nutritional quality of millet through solid state fermentation using Aspergillus niger and the effects on growth performance of African catfish. Millet was fermented for 84 hours, which increased its protein content and reduced antinutritional phytic acid levels. Five diets with varying inclusion levels of fermented millet (0, 4, 8, 12, 16%) were fed to African catfish fingerlings over 84 days. Fingerlings fed 4% fermented millet had the highest weight gain and protein efficiency and lowest feed conversion ratio, indicating 4% inclusion supported best growth performance without adverse effects.
This study assessed the growth of Oscar fish (Astronotus ocellatus) fed Artemia nauplii enriched with different levels of Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) extracted from yeast cell walls. Over 8 weeks, 100 fish were fed one of four diets: a control with no MOS, or diets with Artemia enriched with 250, 500, or 750 mg/L of MOS. Later, diets included the fish food Biomar with 0%, 1%, 2%, or 3% yeast cell wall prebiotic. Growth was measured by weight gain, growth rate, biomass, and length. Fish fed 500 mg/L MOS and the 2-3% prebi
Replacement of Fish Meal with Fish Head Meal in the Diet on the Growth and Fe...theijes
The availability of fish head meal (FHM) as a substitute for fish meal (FM) was evaluated in lobster (initial weight: ±0.02) diets containing three levels of FHM (from 0, 25% and 50%). After 90 days, weight gain averages were g for fish fed diet in which FM was partially substituted with 100, 75, and 50 % FHM, and feed conversion ratios were 3.20, 3.05, 4.01, 3.65 and 4.46, respectively. No differences were obtained in weight gain, FCR, FE and SR for all treatments. The lobster fed diet C (50% FM : 50% FHM) was highest in FE and followed by the shrimp fed diet B (75% FM),diet A (100% FM), respectively. SR was highest in the lobster fed diet C and the lowest was found in the lobster fed diet A. This study concluded that FHM could replace FM up to 50% in the diet without compromising growth and survival rate of rock lobster juvenile.
Evaluation of nutritional and toxicological effects of treculia africana (dec...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the nutritional and toxicological effects of supplementing diets for Clarias gariepinus (African catfish) fingerlings with flour made from seeds of the Treculia africana tree. 150 catfish were fed 5 experimental diets containing varying amounts (0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%) of T. africana seed flour replacing groundnut cake for 42 days. Results showed no significant differences in protein efficiency, feed intake, or survival among the control and experimental fish. Packed cell volume was highest in fish fed the 45% replacement diet. Histological analysis found no tissue lesions in fish fed the experimental diets, indicating T. africana
Achieving factual sustainability in fish farming needs the addition of most of the fish meal exploited as feed stuffs. The current experiment described two feeding trials, that resulted in the complete replacement of fish meal in the fingerling of Tilapia mossambicus. The initial trial was accompanied with three stages of fish meal replacement (50, 75 and 100% of dietary protein) viz., one level of soy protein and two levels of Lactat ® Probiotic (0 (or) 0.3% of the diet). Since probiotic has been reported to promote gut health, it was incorporated inorder to examine the growth enhancement and whether it would ease high levels of fish meal replacement in T. mossambicus. Lipids were provided by Cod liver oil. The better weight gain was observed in the treatments 50/50+ of fish meal replacement and 0/100+ of fish meal replacement. The optimum Specific Growth Rate, Food Conversion Ratio and Survival were also observed in 50/50+ fish meal replacement and 0/100+ fish meal replacement. The higher serum Acetyl Choline, Leucocytes, and Erythrocyte were observed in 50/50+ and 0/100 + than the other diets. The Lysozyme activity was higher in 0/100+ and 50/50+ than the other diets.
In the Second feeding trial, fish meal was replaced by various carbohydrate sources on the growth performance and hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities of the fingerlings of T. mossambicus. Five experimental diets were formulated to contain glucose, sucrose, maltose, dextrin, corn starch and control were maintained separately. The results indicated that the better weight gain, SGR, FCR and survival were also better in starch, dextrin and sucrose diet fed fish. There were significant differences in the total plasma, glucose and triglyceride concentration in fish fed with different carbohydrate sources. Plasma total protein, red blood cell, leucocytes and hemoglobin were significantly affected by various carbohydrate sources. The activities of glucose 6-Phosphate dehydrogenase, (G6PD), 6- Phospho fructokinase (PFK) and fructose 1, 6 – bisphosphatase (FBase) were significantly affected by these carbohydrate sources. While this two feeding trail indicated that the 50/50+ and 0/100+ of soy flour replacement with fish meal showed the optimum growth performance and in carbohydrate sources the corn starch, dextrose, and sucrose showed the better growth for tilapia fingerlings.
Performance of commercial attractants in shrimp feedsAlberto Nunes
A recent study in Brazil tested the efficacy of nine commercial feeding attractants for Litopenaeus vannamei. Condensed fish-soluble protein, an amino acid complex with digested bivalve mollusk, and whole squid protein hydrolysate stimulated the highest feeding responses. Dried vegetable mass was least preferred by the shrimp, while squid liver meal and dried fish solubles could be categorized as medium-performance feeding stimulants.
This document discusses minerals as essential micronutrients for fish and the importance of sustainable intensification of aquaculture. It notes that aquaculture is increasingly important to meet the growing global demand for seafood. Recirculating aquaculture systems are becoming more viable alternatives to conventional flow-through systems due to improved water use efficiency and disease management. However, further research is needed to understand how fish perform nutritionally in terms of growth and mineral utilization in these systems. The document also discusses how aquaculture feeds have reduced the inclusion of fishmeal and fish oil from wild fisheries to be more sustainable, but that feeds still determine productivity and nutrient retention efficiency which can be improved.
This study evaluated the effects of different dietary taurine levels on the growth, feed utilization, body composition, and amino acid profiles of Nile tilapia larvae. Larvae were fed diets with 0, 5, 10, or 15 g/kg of taurine for 60 days. Growth rates and feed efficiency improved with increasing taurine up to 10 g/kg but decreased at 15 g/kg. Maximum larval performance occurred at around 9.7 g/kg taurine. Higher taurine led to lower survival. Body protein increased and moisture/ash decreased with up to 10 g/kg taurine but decreased further at 15 g/kg. Lipids were unaffected. Several amino acids
Evaluation of house fly (Musca domestica) maggot meal and termite (Macroterme...Premier Publishers
A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of the combination of maggot and termite meal with Coppens commercial feed on the growth performance, food utilization and survival of the African catfish (C. gariepinus). A total of 150 fingerlings were stocked in fifteen glass aquaria, 10 each in triplicate. Fish in aquarium A1, A2 and A3 were fed maggot meal (100 %-MM), B1, B2 and B3 with termite meal (100 % - TM), C1, C2 and C3 with equal combination of maggot meal and Coppens feed (50:50), D1, D2, and D3 with equal combination of termite meal and Coppens feed (50:50) and E1, E2 and E3 with Coppens feed (100 %). Growth performance including length gain, weight gain, growth rate, specific growth rate and mean growth rate and food utilization indices including food consumed (g), food conversion ratio and food conversion ratio showed significant variation (P<0.05) in fish fed Coppens feed compared to other treatments. Physico-chemical parameters and ammonia (mg/l) were within the acceptable range for optimal growth of freshwater fishes. Although Coppens was the best result for growth and food utilization, the combination of maggot/termite meal with Coppens as supplementary feed will reduce the cost of fish production exposing farmers to a higher profit margin. In conclusion, feeding fish with only termite meal or maggot meal can lead to poor growth because these insect meals do not provide all the nutrients required for optimal growth in fish. However, maggot meal and termite meal should be used as only as a supplementary food in fish culture or as a replacement for highly priced fishmeal in fish feed formulation because they are rich in protein.
Performance by Layer upon Substitution of Soybean Meal with Mung Bean Protein...Premier Publishers
This study assessed the effects of substituting soybean meal with mung bean protein concentrate (MBPC) in layer diets. 180 laying hens were fed one of 9 experimental diets containing 0-100% substitution of soybean meal with either 70% or 75% CP MBPC over 4 periods. Results showed that egg production, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio were not significantly different for the first 3 periods but egg production was significantly lower in the 4th period for diets with higher MBPC substitution levels. It was concluded that MBPC can substitute up to 25% of soybean meal without negatively impacting performance or economic benefit returns.
The Latin names of some aquatic species can have fascinatingly obscure meanings that provide anyone in need of a hobby with hours of joyful investigation and speculation. The channel catfish is, alas, not one of them: Ictalurus punctatus simply means ‘spotty catfish’, and the briefest glance at one will tell you why.
Feeding rate requirements for Schilbe intermedius (Rüppel, 1832) fingerlings ...Innspub Net
The control of the breeding of Schilbe intermedius in captivity, passes by the determination of its nutritional requirements. The present study aims therefore to determine the optimal feed ration of the fingerlings of S. intermedius. The experiment was carried out in circular basins during 28 days. After their capture in natural environment, their transfer in controlled area and their acclimatization to the artificial food used (coppens: protein 45%.), the fingerlings used (average weight: 3.12±0.83g) were subjected to four feed rations (2, 5, 8 and
11% of the biomass) tested in triplicate each one. Thus, the lowest rate of survival (64.00±1.15%) was recorded for
the fingerlings’lot subjected to the ration of 8% where the pH is more acid (5.29).The final average weight (4.63±0.00g), the specific growth rate (1.19±0.08%/day) and the food effectiveness (0.53±0.00) obtained with the ration of 11% were the highest. These values are significantly different (P< 0.05) than those obtained with the ration of 2%.The best consumption index was registered with the ration of 2%. According to the model of Brett, the maximum and optimal daily rations of S. intermedius fingerlings were estimated to 4.6 % and 8.5 % respectively. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-6-december-2015-ijaar/
GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF AFRICAN CATFISH (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS) FED MILLET WASTE.pptxIorheesaviour
GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF AFRICAN CATFISH (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS) FED MILLET WASTE. THE STUDY INVESTIGATE THE USE OF MILLET WATSE OBTAINED FROM RESIDUE OF WET GRINDED MILLET IN THE DIET OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS . THE STUDY IS CONDUCTED IN MAKURDI BENUE STATE NIGERIAN.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of Pallisentis nagpurensis infection on protein and free amino acid metabolism in two commercially important fish species, Catla catla and Labeo rohita. The study found that total protein content and free amino acid levels increased in the liver and intestine tissues of both infected fish species compared to normal uninfected fish. This suggests the parasitic infection altered the protein metabolism of the fish, likely to support tissue repair mechanisms in response to the parasite invasion. Overall, the study demonstrates that P. nagpurensis infection biochemically impacts the host fish by changing their protein and amino acid metabolism.
Effect of Replacement of Sweet Orange (Citrus Sinensis) Peel Meal with Maize ...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effect of replacing maize offal with graded levels of sweet orange peel meal (SOPM) in diets for West African Dwarf goats. Sixteen goats were fed one of four diets containing 0%, 12.5%, 25%, or 50% SOPM for 84 days. Results showed no significant differences in nutrient digestibility or intake among the diets, except for ether extract intake which was lower for the 50% SOPM diet. The study concluded that SOPM can replace up to 50% of maize offal in goat diets without negatively impacting nutrient digestibility or intake.
Influence of feeding administration of brood-stock on breeding performance of...AbdullaAlAsif1
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of three different formulated feeds with varying protein and lipid levels on the breeding performance of common carp. Brood fish were fed one of three experimental diets for 120 days. Diet 2, containing 28.60% protein and 11.06% lipid, resulted in the highest gonadosomatic index, fecundity, fertilization rate, hatching rate, and lowest larval deformity compared to the other diets. The results indicate that Diet 2, with 28.60% protein and 11.06% lipid, provides the optimal nutrition to support better breeding performance in common carp.
Sponsor Day on animal feeding: Fish nutrition and final product quality. Sus...Irta
Global aquaculture production has grown rapidly due to the availability of affordable aquafeeds. China is the largest producer, accounting for over 60% of global aquaculture. Total aquafeed production has increased over 10-fold since 1995 and is expected to reach 50 million tonnes by 2015 and 70 million tonnes by 2020. While fishmeal and fish oil remain important aquafeed ingredients, several EU-funded projects from 2001-2010 demonstrated that they can be partially or fully replaced by plant ingredients in the diets of species like salmon, sea bream, and sea bass without negatively impacting growth. Further research is still needed to fully understand long-term effects of alternative ingredients on animal health and metabolism.
Effect of organic and inorganic fertilisers on natural food composition and p...Sebastian Mosha
ABSTRACT
In recent times, the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus has gained popularity in the aquaculture sector of Tanzania. However, many aquaculture farmers face the challenge of unreliable supply of seed due to difculties of reproducing in captivity and high larvae mortality. This study was conducted to determine the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on natural food composition and performance of African
catfish fry produced under artificial propagation. A completely randomized and factorial experimental design were adopted with three replication for a one week and two months period of time, respectively. Plankton abundance and diversity, growth performance and survival rate of African catfish fry were
determined. One way and two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to determine differencies between treatments (p<0.05). Post-hoc analysis was done where significant differences existed between treatments using Tukey’s Test. Results indicated that phytoplankton abundance and diversity were signifcantly higher (p<0.05) in di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizer applied tanks compared to chicken manure and no fertilizer. Zooplankton diversity was also higher in tanks applied with chicken manure in comparison with other treatments. Growth performance was higher in fertilized tanks compared to unfertilized tanks at low stocking density (5fry/m2). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in fry survival rates between chicken manure and DAP fertilized
treatments across stocking densities. Water quality parameters were within the optimum ranges.
Nutritive Value of the Carcass of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchel...IOSRJAVS
The experiment on African catfish Clarias gariepinus fingerlings 3.55±0.01g average weight and 4.09±0.05cm average length, was to know the effect of feeding frequencies on the nutritive value on the carcass, the were fed with commercial feed (Coppens) of 58% crude protein level at 5% body weight, once (at 11:00 am), twice (9:00am and 4:00pm), thrice (9:00am, 1:00pm and 4:00pm), and four times (9:00am, 11:00am, 1:00pm and 4:00pm), daily to satiation for 14 weeks. The Mean Feed Consumption show that Treatment D had the highest total feed consumption of 54.10g, while the lowest feed consumption value of 43.20g was noted Treatment A which was the fish fed once per day. The mean proximate composition of the fish carcass show that crude protein was highest in Treatment D with 62.78±0.22, while Treatment A had the least with 54.72±0.02. Moisture content show that Treatment C had the highest with 11.86±0.14, while Treatment A had the least with 7.80±0.01. Ash content show that Treatment A had the highest with 6.90±0.22, while Treatment D had 1.08±0.63, which was the least. Crude lipid show that Treatment B had the highest with 11.78±0.17, while Treatment C had the least, with 9.24±0.33. The study suggests that body the composition of African catfish fingerlings is affected by the frequency of feeding.The results on feed utilization suggests that C. gariepinus fingerlings should be fed at four times per day for maximum growth and better survival
Effects of dietary thyme essential oil on hemato-immunological indices, intes...Inacio Mateus Assane
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil (TVEO) is a herbal medicine with one of the highest levels of antimicrobial activity. Although TVEO has been broadly used in poultry and swine production due to its immunostimulatory and growth-promoting characteristics, the effects of TVEO on fish are poorly characterized. In this study, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) were fed 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1% TVEO for 15 days. Subsequently, blood parameters, intestinal morphology, and the population of Bacillus bacteria in the intestine were evaluated. The numbers of lymphocytes (p < 0.05) and leukocytes (p < 0.05) significantly increased in the blood of the fish fed the highest dose of TVEO. Based on the normal behavior of the fish and the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, which were not altered (p > 0.05), this study concluded that the diets were safe and showed no negative or toxic effects. Even at doses as high as 1%, TVEO did not alter the population of beneficial Bacillus bacteria in the gut. In conclusion, supplementation with TVEO stimulated the cellular components of the non-specific immune response of Nile tilapia without causing deleterious effects or altering the population of important intestinal bacteria.
ADDITION OF CURCUMA (CURCUMA XANTHORRHIZA) AS AN ANTIOXIDANT ON AFRICAN CATFI...IAEME Publication
African catfish cultivation using a high stock solid system can cause increased
stress and disease susceptibility to African catfish. Thus, it is necessary to use natural
ingredients of antioxidants as a substitute for chemicals or antibiotics to avoid
resistance. This study aimed to determine the effect of curcuma flour addition on
increasing leukocyte counts, leukocyte differential and survival rate as parameters of
African catfish cultivation success. This study was an experimental study, by the
completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and each treatment received 5
replications so there were 20 experimental units. The variables observed were doses
of curcuma flour, total leukocytes, differential leukocytes and the survival levels of
African catfish.The results of this study indicated that the addition of curcuma flour in
African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) feed formulation were quite effective to influence
the increase in leukocyte counts and differential leukocytes in African catfish bodies,
although the survival rate was still lower than control (without curcuma).The addition
of curcuma (Clarias gariepinus) flour in catfish feed formulation could increase
leukocyte counts, leukocyte differential and the survival levels of African catfish to
obtain maximum results. The most effective dose of curcuma flour was by mixing 4%
curcuma flour in 100% formulation feed.
This research proposal aims to study the effects of different inclusion levels of alkali-treated pito mash on the hematological response of broilers. The researcher will feed broilers four different diets with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% inclusion levels of alkali-treated pito mash. Data on growth parameters, blood parameters, and economic costs and returns will be collected and analyzed. The results are intended to identify optimal inclusion levels of alkali-treated pito mash in broiler feed to improve performance while reducing costs.
Evaluation of nutritional and toxicological effects of treculia africana (dec...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the nutritional and toxicological effects of supplementing diets for Clarias gariepinus (African catfish) fingerlings with flour made from seeds of the Treculia africana tree. 150 catfish were fed 5 experimental diets containing varying amounts (0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%) of T. africana seed flour replacing groundnut cake for 42 days. Results showed no significant differences in protein efficiency, feed intake, or survival among the control and experimental fish. Packed cell volume was highest in fish fed the 45% replacement diet. Histological analysis found no tissue lesions in fish fed the experimental diets, indicating T. africana
Achieving factual sustainability in fish farming needs the addition of most of the fish meal exploited as feed stuffs. The current experiment described two feeding trials, that resulted in the complete replacement of fish meal in the fingerling of Tilapia mossambicus. The initial trial was accompanied with three stages of fish meal replacement (50, 75 and 100% of dietary protein) viz., one level of soy protein and two levels of Lactat ® Probiotic (0 (or) 0.3% of the diet). Since probiotic has been reported to promote gut health, it was incorporated inorder to examine the growth enhancement and whether it would ease high levels of fish meal replacement in T. mossambicus. Lipids were provided by Cod liver oil. The better weight gain was observed in the treatments 50/50+ of fish meal replacement and 0/100+ of fish meal replacement. The optimum Specific Growth Rate, Food Conversion Ratio and Survival were also observed in 50/50+ fish meal replacement and 0/100+ fish meal replacement. The higher serum Acetyl Choline, Leucocytes, and Erythrocyte were observed in 50/50+ and 0/100 + than the other diets. The Lysozyme activity was higher in 0/100+ and 50/50+ than the other diets.
In the Second feeding trial, fish meal was replaced by various carbohydrate sources on the growth performance and hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities of the fingerlings of T. mossambicus. Five experimental diets were formulated to contain glucose, sucrose, maltose, dextrin, corn starch and control were maintained separately. The results indicated that the better weight gain, SGR, FCR and survival were also better in starch, dextrin and sucrose diet fed fish. There were significant differences in the total plasma, glucose and triglyceride concentration in fish fed with different carbohydrate sources. Plasma total protein, red blood cell, leucocytes and hemoglobin were significantly affected by various carbohydrate sources. The activities of glucose 6-Phosphate dehydrogenase, (G6PD), 6- Phospho fructokinase (PFK) and fructose 1, 6 – bisphosphatase (FBase) were significantly affected by these carbohydrate sources. While this two feeding trail indicated that the 50/50+ and 0/100+ of soy flour replacement with fish meal showed the optimum growth performance and in carbohydrate sources the corn starch, dextrose, and sucrose showed the better growth for tilapia fingerlings.
Performance of commercial attractants in shrimp feedsAlberto Nunes
A recent study in Brazil tested the efficacy of nine commercial feeding attractants for Litopenaeus vannamei. Condensed fish-soluble protein, an amino acid complex with digested bivalve mollusk, and whole squid protein hydrolysate stimulated the highest feeding responses. Dried vegetable mass was least preferred by the shrimp, while squid liver meal and dried fish solubles could be categorized as medium-performance feeding stimulants.
This document discusses minerals as essential micronutrients for fish and the importance of sustainable intensification of aquaculture. It notes that aquaculture is increasingly important to meet the growing global demand for seafood. Recirculating aquaculture systems are becoming more viable alternatives to conventional flow-through systems due to improved water use efficiency and disease management. However, further research is needed to understand how fish perform nutritionally in terms of growth and mineral utilization in these systems. The document also discusses how aquaculture feeds have reduced the inclusion of fishmeal and fish oil from wild fisheries to be more sustainable, but that feeds still determine productivity and nutrient retention efficiency which can be improved.
This study evaluated the effects of different dietary taurine levels on the growth, feed utilization, body composition, and amino acid profiles of Nile tilapia larvae. Larvae were fed diets with 0, 5, 10, or 15 g/kg of taurine for 60 days. Growth rates and feed efficiency improved with increasing taurine up to 10 g/kg but decreased at 15 g/kg. Maximum larval performance occurred at around 9.7 g/kg taurine. Higher taurine led to lower survival. Body protein increased and moisture/ash decreased with up to 10 g/kg taurine but decreased further at 15 g/kg. Lipids were unaffected. Several amino acids
Evaluation of house fly (Musca domestica) maggot meal and termite (Macroterme...Premier Publishers
A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of the combination of maggot and termite meal with Coppens commercial feed on the growth performance, food utilization and survival of the African catfish (C. gariepinus). A total of 150 fingerlings were stocked in fifteen glass aquaria, 10 each in triplicate. Fish in aquarium A1, A2 and A3 were fed maggot meal (100 %-MM), B1, B2 and B3 with termite meal (100 % - TM), C1, C2 and C3 with equal combination of maggot meal and Coppens feed (50:50), D1, D2, and D3 with equal combination of termite meal and Coppens feed (50:50) and E1, E2 and E3 with Coppens feed (100 %). Growth performance including length gain, weight gain, growth rate, specific growth rate and mean growth rate and food utilization indices including food consumed (g), food conversion ratio and food conversion ratio showed significant variation (P<0.05) in fish fed Coppens feed compared to other treatments. Physico-chemical parameters and ammonia (mg/l) were within the acceptable range for optimal growth of freshwater fishes. Although Coppens was the best result for growth and food utilization, the combination of maggot/termite meal with Coppens as supplementary feed will reduce the cost of fish production exposing farmers to a higher profit margin. In conclusion, feeding fish with only termite meal or maggot meal can lead to poor growth because these insect meals do not provide all the nutrients required for optimal growth in fish. However, maggot meal and termite meal should be used as only as a supplementary food in fish culture or as a replacement for highly priced fishmeal in fish feed formulation because they are rich in protein.
Performance by Layer upon Substitution of Soybean Meal with Mung Bean Protein...Premier Publishers
This study assessed the effects of substituting soybean meal with mung bean protein concentrate (MBPC) in layer diets. 180 laying hens were fed one of 9 experimental diets containing 0-100% substitution of soybean meal with either 70% or 75% CP MBPC over 4 periods. Results showed that egg production, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio were not significantly different for the first 3 periods but egg production was significantly lower in the 4th period for diets with higher MBPC substitution levels. It was concluded that MBPC can substitute up to 25% of soybean meal without negatively impacting performance or economic benefit returns.
The Latin names of some aquatic species can have fascinatingly obscure meanings that provide anyone in need of a hobby with hours of joyful investigation and speculation. The channel catfish is, alas, not one of them: Ictalurus punctatus simply means ‘spotty catfish’, and the briefest glance at one will tell you why.
Feeding rate requirements for Schilbe intermedius (Rüppel, 1832) fingerlings ...Innspub Net
The control of the breeding of Schilbe intermedius in captivity, passes by the determination of its nutritional requirements. The present study aims therefore to determine the optimal feed ration of the fingerlings of S. intermedius. The experiment was carried out in circular basins during 28 days. After their capture in natural environment, their transfer in controlled area and their acclimatization to the artificial food used (coppens: protein 45%.), the fingerlings used (average weight: 3.12±0.83g) were subjected to four feed rations (2, 5, 8 and
11% of the biomass) tested in triplicate each one. Thus, the lowest rate of survival (64.00±1.15%) was recorded for
the fingerlings’lot subjected to the ration of 8% where the pH is more acid (5.29).The final average weight (4.63±0.00g), the specific growth rate (1.19±0.08%/day) and the food effectiveness (0.53±0.00) obtained with the ration of 11% were the highest. These values are significantly different (P< 0.05) than those obtained with the ration of 2%.The best consumption index was registered with the ration of 2%. According to the model of Brett, the maximum and optimal daily rations of S. intermedius fingerlings were estimated to 4.6 % and 8.5 % respectively. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-6-december-2015-ijaar/
GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF AFRICAN CATFISH (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS) FED MILLET WASTE.pptxIorheesaviour
GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF AFRICAN CATFISH (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS) FED MILLET WASTE. THE STUDY INVESTIGATE THE USE OF MILLET WATSE OBTAINED FROM RESIDUE OF WET GRINDED MILLET IN THE DIET OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS . THE STUDY IS CONDUCTED IN MAKURDI BENUE STATE NIGERIAN.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of Pallisentis nagpurensis infection on protein and free amino acid metabolism in two commercially important fish species, Catla catla and Labeo rohita. The study found that total protein content and free amino acid levels increased in the liver and intestine tissues of both infected fish species compared to normal uninfected fish. This suggests the parasitic infection altered the protein metabolism of the fish, likely to support tissue repair mechanisms in response to the parasite invasion. Overall, the study demonstrates that P. nagpurensis infection biochemically impacts the host fish by changing their protein and amino acid metabolism.
Effect of Replacement of Sweet Orange (Citrus Sinensis) Peel Meal with Maize ...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effect of replacing maize offal with graded levels of sweet orange peel meal (SOPM) in diets for West African Dwarf goats. Sixteen goats were fed one of four diets containing 0%, 12.5%, 25%, or 50% SOPM for 84 days. Results showed no significant differences in nutrient digestibility or intake among the diets, except for ether extract intake which was lower for the 50% SOPM diet. The study concluded that SOPM can replace up to 50% of maize offal in goat diets without negatively impacting nutrient digestibility or intake.
Influence of feeding administration of brood-stock on breeding performance of...AbdullaAlAsif1
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of three different formulated feeds with varying protein and lipid levels on the breeding performance of common carp. Brood fish were fed one of three experimental diets for 120 days. Diet 2, containing 28.60% protein and 11.06% lipid, resulted in the highest gonadosomatic index, fecundity, fertilization rate, hatching rate, and lowest larval deformity compared to the other diets. The results indicate that Diet 2, with 28.60% protein and 11.06% lipid, provides the optimal nutrition to support better breeding performance in common carp.
Sponsor Day on animal feeding: Fish nutrition and final product quality. Sus...Irta
Global aquaculture production has grown rapidly due to the availability of affordable aquafeeds. China is the largest producer, accounting for over 60% of global aquaculture. Total aquafeed production has increased over 10-fold since 1995 and is expected to reach 50 million tonnes by 2015 and 70 million tonnes by 2020. While fishmeal and fish oil remain important aquafeed ingredients, several EU-funded projects from 2001-2010 demonstrated that they can be partially or fully replaced by plant ingredients in the diets of species like salmon, sea bream, and sea bass without negatively impacting growth. Further research is still needed to fully understand long-term effects of alternative ingredients on animal health and metabolism.
Effect of organic and inorganic fertilisers on natural food composition and p...Sebastian Mosha
ABSTRACT
In recent times, the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus has gained popularity in the aquaculture sector of Tanzania. However, many aquaculture farmers face the challenge of unreliable supply of seed due to difculties of reproducing in captivity and high larvae mortality. This study was conducted to determine the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on natural food composition and performance of African
catfish fry produced under artificial propagation. A completely randomized and factorial experimental design were adopted with three replication for a one week and two months period of time, respectively. Plankton abundance and diversity, growth performance and survival rate of African catfish fry were
determined. One way and two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to determine differencies between treatments (p<0.05). Post-hoc analysis was done where significant differences existed between treatments using Tukey’s Test. Results indicated that phytoplankton abundance and diversity were signifcantly higher (p<0.05) in di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizer applied tanks compared to chicken manure and no fertilizer. Zooplankton diversity was also higher in tanks applied with chicken manure in comparison with other treatments. Growth performance was higher in fertilized tanks compared to unfertilized tanks at low stocking density (5fry/m2). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in fry survival rates between chicken manure and DAP fertilized
treatments across stocking densities. Water quality parameters were within the optimum ranges.
Nutritive Value of the Carcass of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchel...IOSRJAVS
The experiment on African catfish Clarias gariepinus fingerlings 3.55±0.01g average weight and 4.09±0.05cm average length, was to know the effect of feeding frequencies on the nutritive value on the carcass, the were fed with commercial feed (Coppens) of 58% crude protein level at 5% body weight, once (at 11:00 am), twice (9:00am and 4:00pm), thrice (9:00am, 1:00pm and 4:00pm), and four times (9:00am, 11:00am, 1:00pm and 4:00pm), daily to satiation for 14 weeks. The Mean Feed Consumption show that Treatment D had the highest total feed consumption of 54.10g, while the lowest feed consumption value of 43.20g was noted Treatment A which was the fish fed once per day. The mean proximate composition of the fish carcass show that crude protein was highest in Treatment D with 62.78±0.22, while Treatment A had the least with 54.72±0.02. Moisture content show that Treatment C had the highest with 11.86±0.14, while Treatment A had the least with 7.80±0.01. Ash content show that Treatment A had the highest with 6.90±0.22, while Treatment D had 1.08±0.63, which was the least. Crude lipid show that Treatment B had the highest with 11.78±0.17, while Treatment C had the least, with 9.24±0.33. The study suggests that body the composition of African catfish fingerlings is affected by the frequency of feeding.The results on feed utilization suggests that C. gariepinus fingerlings should be fed at four times per day for maximum growth and better survival
Effects of dietary thyme essential oil on hemato-immunological indices, intes...Inacio Mateus Assane
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil (TVEO) is a herbal medicine with one of the highest levels of antimicrobial activity. Although TVEO has been broadly used in poultry and swine production due to its immunostimulatory and growth-promoting characteristics, the effects of TVEO on fish are poorly characterized. In this study, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) were fed 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1% TVEO for 15 days. Subsequently, blood parameters, intestinal morphology, and the population of Bacillus bacteria in the intestine were evaluated. The numbers of lymphocytes (p < 0.05) and leukocytes (p < 0.05) significantly increased in the blood of the fish fed the highest dose of TVEO. Based on the normal behavior of the fish and the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, which were not altered (p > 0.05), this study concluded that the diets were safe and showed no negative or toxic effects. Even at doses as high as 1%, TVEO did not alter the population of beneficial Bacillus bacteria in the gut. In conclusion, supplementation with TVEO stimulated the cellular components of the non-specific immune response of Nile tilapia without causing deleterious effects or altering the population of important intestinal bacteria.
ADDITION OF CURCUMA (CURCUMA XANTHORRHIZA) AS AN ANTIOXIDANT ON AFRICAN CATFI...IAEME Publication
African catfish cultivation using a high stock solid system can cause increased
stress and disease susceptibility to African catfish. Thus, it is necessary to use natural
ingredients of antioxidants as a substitute for chemicals or antibiotics to avoid
resistance. This study aimed to determine the effect of curcuma flour addition on
increasing leukocyte counts, leukocyte differential and survival rate as parameters of
African catfish cultivation success. This study was an experimental study, by the
completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and each treatment received 5
replications so there were 20 experimental units. The variables observed were doses
of curcuma flour, total leukocytes, differential leukocytes and the survival levels of
African catfish.The results of this study indicated that the addition of curcuma flour in
African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) feed formulation were quite effective to influence
the increase in leukocyte counts and differential leukocytes in African catfish bodies,
although the survival rate was still lower than control (without curcuma).The addition
of curcuma (Clarias gariepinus) flour in catfish feed formulation could increase
leukocyte counts, leukocyte differential and the survival levels of African catfish to
obtain maximum results. The most effective dose of curcuma flour was by mixing 4%
curcuma flour in 100% formulation feed.
This research proposal aims to study the effects of different inclusion levels of alkali-treated pito mash on the hematological response of broilers. The researcher will feed broilers four different diets with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% inclusion levels of alkali-treated pito mash. Data on growth parameters, blood parameters, and economic costs and returns will be collected and analyzed. The results are intended to identify optimal inclusion levels of alkali-treated pito mash in broiler feed to improve performance while reducing costs.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...
1-s2.0-S1687428522000735-main.pdf
1. Evaluating Artemia biomass and gut weed (Ulva intestinalis) meal as a
dietary protein source for black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon)
postlarvae
Nguyen Thi Ngoc Anh a,⇑
, Huynh Thanh Toi b
, Nguyen Van Hoa a
a
Department of Coastal Aquaculture, College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Xuan Khanh Ward, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho 900000, Viet Nam
b
Department of Applied Hydrobiology, College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Xuan Khanh Ward, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho 900000, Viet Nam
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 18 May 2022
Revised 1 November 2022
Accepted 6 November 2022
Available online 17 November 2022
Keywords:
Black tiger shrimp
Artemia biomass
Gut weed
Growth
Feed efficiency
Stress resistance
a b s t r a c t
A 45-day feeding trial was conducted to assess the influence of Artemia (Artemia franciscana Vinh Chau)
biomass and gut weed (Ulva intestinalis) meal as replacement protein sources for fishmeal (FM) and soy-
bean (SB) protein on the performance of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) postlarvae (PL). The con-
trol diet did not include Artemia biomass or gut weed meal, and the experimental feeds were formulated
to replace 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of the FM protein with Artemia biomass meal, combined with the
replacement of 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60% of SB protein with gut weed meal. All the experimental feeds were
similar in crude protein (40%) and lipid (7%) content, with three replicates per treatment. Shrimp PL with
an average weight of 0.019 ± 0.001 g and length of 1.17 ± 0.02 cm were reared at a salinity of 10 ppt. The
results showed that the survival of the shrimp was not significantly influenced by the feeding treatments
(P > 0.05) and ranged from 81.1% to 86.7%. Interestingly, the growth rates in terms of the weight, feed
efficiency, and resistance to formalin shock of the shrimp that were fed Artemia biomass and gut weed
meal were superior to those that received the control feed. The study findings demonstrated that
Artemia biomass combined with gut weed meal can replace up to 80% FM protein and 60% SB protein
in the P. monodon PL diet. Notably, optimal shrimp performance was obtained using a 40% Artemia bio-
mass and 30% gut weed protein replacement diet.
Ó 2022 National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries. Hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access
article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Introduction
The high cost of shrimp feed has led to a search for inexpensive
or local alternative protein sources, such as seaweeds, aquatic
plants, and fishery and aquaculture by-products, which could
decrease the need for imported aquafeed ingredients (Boyd,
2015; Ayisi et al., 2017). Among the alternative animal protein
sources, Artemia biomass (adult Artemia) has an excellent nutri-
tional composition, which included 50 to 60% protein, abundant
essential amino acids (EAAs), and unsaturated fatty acids. There-
fore, it is an ideal ingredient for replacing fishmeal (FM) protein
in shrimp feeds (Castro et al., 2009; Hoa et al., 2020;
Zadehmohseni et al., 2020). Artemia biomass by-products from
Artemia cyst culture ponds could be harvested at a rate of 0.2 to
0.3 tons/ha after the completion of the production cycle in the
coastal region of the Mekong delta of Vietnam (Hoa et al., 2020).
The genus Ulva (synonym: Enteromorpha), a green seaweed
(Chlorophyta), is commonly found along ocean coasts and in brack-
ish waters (Messyasz & Rybak, 2009). Gut weed (Ulva intestinalis)
grows naturally in brackish water areas of the Mekong Delta in
Vietnam (Anh et al., 2013) and produces high biomass. Numerous
studies reported that Ulva is a good source of protein (Haroon et al.,
2018), EAAs, fatty acids, minerals, pigments, and bioactive com-
pounds (Aguilera-Morales et al., 2005) and is useful in direct feed
or as an ingredient in the diets of shrimp and fish (Madibana
et al., 2017; Haroon et al., 2018; Anh et al., 2020).
In practice, establishing the high-quality rearing of postlarval
(PL) shrimp during the nursery phase is one of the most essential
biosecurity aspects to improve the early culture stages and con-
tribute to an effective shrimp farming grow-out phase
(Rodríguez-Olague et al., 2021). Specifically, the shrimp PL stage
requires a highly nutritious diet during nursery rearing that
employs high-quality, cost-effective marine ingredients (Ayisi
et al., 2017). Moreover, evaluating the effects of feeding trials on
the performance of PL shrimp includes not only their survival
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2022.11.003
1687-4285/Ó 2022 National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries. Hosting by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer review under responsibility of National Institute of Oceanography and
Fisheries.
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ntnanh@ctu.edu.vn (N. Thi Ngoc Anh).
Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 49 (2023) 97–103
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research
journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com/locate/ejar
2. and growth but also their quality through a stress test (Anh et al.,
2018; Mirzaeia et al., 2021). Among the stress test methods, the
assessment of resistance to formalin shock has proven to be an
effective tool for evaluating the quality of penaeid PL. This method
is the most widely used approach in commercial hatcheries since it
is a simple, inexpensive procedure that produces rapid results
(Mirzaeia et al., 2021).
In the present study, we investigated the utilization of local
ingredients from coastal areas in shrimp feed, such as the replace-
ment of FM protein with Artemia biomass or the replacement of
soybean (SB) protein with gut weed (U. intestinalis) in the diet of
black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) PL (Anh et al., 2020). We also
evaluated the possibility of combining the replacement of FM and
SB meal protein in the diet for this species as part of a research pro-
ject to identify the influence on the growth, feed efficiency, and
stress resistance of shrimp PL. These results could encourage the
utilization of by-products from local aquaculture operations, which
would reduce feed costs and increase profitability for shrimp
farmers.
Materials and methods
Source of experimental shrimp, ingredients, formulation, and diet
preparation
Black tiger shrimp PL12 were purchased from a commercial
hatchery in the Bac Lieu province, Vietnam and stocked in a 2 m3
tank for 3 days to allow them to adapt to the experimental salinity
(from 20 to 10 ppt). The Artemia (Artemia franciscana Vinh Chau)
biomass by-product from the Artemia cyst production in the Bac
Lieu province was obtained at the termination of the cycle and
dried under natural sunlight for 1 day. Gut weed was collected dur-
ing semi-intensive shrimp farming (during the resting phase
between two runs) in the Bac Lieu province. Thin layers of gut
weed were air-dried in the shade for 3 days. Both dried products
were then ground into a powder and stored at 15 °C for later
use. The Kien Giang FM that was used was a commercially avail-
able product manufactured by the Kien Giang Fish Meal Limited
Company in the Kien Giang province. The other components con-
sisted of SB meal, cassava powder, squid oil, lecithin, rice bran,
gelatin, and premixed vitamins and were provided by aquaculture
ingredient dealers. The proximate composition of the feed compo-
nents was examined prior to formulating the experimental diet
(Table 1). The amino acid (AA) profiles of the FM, Artemia meal,
SB meal, and gut weed meal included in the experimental diets
were determined (Table 2).
Five experimental feeds were created to be approximately isoli-
pidic, isonitrogenous, and isoenergetic (40% dietary protein and 7%
lipid) using SOLVER software in Microsoft Excel 2010 (Table 3). The
test feeds were created using various particle sizes (500, 700, and
1000 lm) for shrimp PL at various growth stages and kept in boxes
at 15 °C for later use.
Biochemical analysis
The AOAC 950.46 method was used to determine the following
approximate composition parameters of the dietary ingredients
and experimental feeds: moisture, crude protein, total lipid, fiber,
and ash. The nitrogen-free extract (NFE) was calculated on dry
matter by subtracting the proportions of crude protein, lipids,
crude fiber, and ash from 100%. The AA composition of the FM,
Artemia meal, SB meal, and gut weed meal was determined using
Ref. TCVN 8764:2012. All the samples were analyzed by the
National Agro-Forestry-Fisheries Quality Assurance Department-
Branch 6, Can Tho City, Vietnam.
Experimental design and tank management
Five experimental feeds were developed. The control feed did
not contain Artemia biomass or gut weed meal. The other four
feeds were formulated by replacing 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of
the FM protein with Artemia biomass (A) meal combined with
the replacement of 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60% of SB protein with gut
weed (E) meal. The treatments were abbreviated as follows:
20A + 15E, 40A + 30E, 60A + 45E, and 80A + 60E.
The experiment was conducted for 45 days at the experimental
hatchery of the College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho
University, Vietnam. The treatments were randomly assigned to
culture tanks, with triplicates for each treatment. The 150 L tank
contained 120 L of seawater at a salinity of 10 ppt, and the tanks
received constant aeration to maintain the dissolved oxygen levels
between 5 and 6 mg/L. A natural photoperiod was maintained dur-
ing the experiment. Feeding trays were placed in each tank to man-
age the feed residue for each feeding.
Sixty shrimp PL with an average weight of 0.019 ± 0.001 g and
length of 1.17 ± 0.02 cm were distributed into each tank. Feeding
was performed four times per day (at 6:00 h, 11:00 h, 16:00 h,
and 21:00 h) at an initial feeding rate of approximately 15% of
the body weight daily, and the feed rations were regulated every
day by observing the amount of feed that remained on the feeding
tray. A water volume exchange (approximately 50%) was con-
ducted every week.
Water quality evaluation
The temperature and pH in the rearing tanks were measured
daily at 7:00 h and 14:00 h using a Thermo pH meter (YSI 60 Model
pH meter, HANNA instruments, Mauritius). The alkalinity was
recorded weekly using test kits (Sera, Germany). The total ammo-
nia nitrogen (TAN) and NO2
–
were determined weekly using a HI-
83303 Aquaculture Photometer kit. Samplings were conducted
prior to the water exchange to maintain an appropriate level for
the normal development of the experimental shrimp. The parame-
ters were as follows: the mean daily water temperature and pH
ranged from 26.0 to 27.2 °C and 7.9 to 8.2, respectively; the aver-
age alkalinity ranged from 102 and 105 mg CaCO3/L; and the aver-
Table 1
Proximate composition (dry matter, g/kg) of the ingredients used for the formulation of experimental diets.
Ingredient Moisture Protein Lipid Ash Fiber NFE*
Fishmeal 110.8 581.4 91.7 213.6 5.6 107.7
Soybean meal 104.3 443.2 22.3 82.5 12.7 439.3
Artemia meal 87.2 584.5 103.5 197.1 3.7 110.2
Gut weed meal 61.9 254.4 21.6 241.7 21.4 460.9
Rice bran 98.6 85.2 81.5 213.2 23.3 596.8
Cassava powder 108.7 51.4 17.7 6.9 8.7 915.3
*NFE: nitrogen free extract.
N. Thi Ngoc Anh, H. Thanh Toi and N. Van Hoa Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 49 (2023) 97–103
98
3. age TAN and NO2
–
levels ranged from 0.38 to 0.54 mg/L and 0.78 to
1.07 mg/L, respectively.
Shrimp performance
The initial body weight of 40 randomly sampled from the con-
ditioning tank, individual shrimp PL was determined using a
0.001 g accuracy balance, and the total body length of the shrimp
was measured from the tip of the rostrum to the tip of the telson
using a caliper. The final individual weight and total length of
the shrimp were recorded, and counted to determine the survival
at the termination of the feeding trial. The growth performance
of the experimental shrimp, such as the daily weight gain
(DWG), specific growth rate (SGRW), total feed intake (FI), feed con-
version ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and survival was
computed as follows:
DWG (g/day) = (final weight - initial weight)/Days of culture.
SGRW (%/day) = (final weight - initial weight)/Days of culture 100.
FI (g/ind) = Total feed supply (DW)/
½ðInitialnumberofshrimp þ FinalnumberofshrimpÞ=2:
FCR = Feed intake (dry weight)/Weight gain (wet weight).
PER = Weight gain/protein intake.
Survival (%) = Final number of shrimp/Initial number of shrimp 100.
The quality of the shrimp was investigated after 45 days of the
feeding trial by evaluating how well the shrimp responded to for-
malin shock, according to the procedure described by Anh et al.
(2018). Specifically, fifteen experimental shrimp were randomly
collected from each rearing tank and placed in a 10 L glass flask
containing a 250 ppm formalin solution at ambient temperature,
with slight aeration and salinity of 10 ppt. The deceased shrimp
were observed every 10 min for a total of 60 min. The cumulative
mortality index (CMI) was determined by summing all of the
deceased animals that occurred during the observation period.
Table 2
Amino acid profiles (dry matter, g/kg) of fishmeal, Artemia meal, soybean meal, and gut weed meal used in the experimental diets.
Amino acid profiles Kien Giang fishmeal Artemia biomass meal Soybean meal Gut weed meal
Total essential amino acids 232.8 346.4 165.7 97.1
Arginine 31.2 48.2 29.4 11.4
Histidine 13.3 27.4 10.2 7.2
Isoleucine 21.4 86.1 17.4 9.7
Leucine 30.7 31.2 26.4 12.2
Lysine 41.3 44.3 27.3 11.6
Methionine 17.8 16.2 4.9 5.3
Phenylalanine 19.8 25.4 18.7 12.1
Threonine 24.4 19.5 14.1 14.1
Valine 32.9 63.9 17.3 13.5
Total non-Essential amino acids 286.7 207.9 186.7 114.5
Alanine 64.6 23.6 18.4 16.2
Aspartic acid 43.2 26.8 42.2 16.9
Cysteine 4.9 6.3 3.2 3.8
Glycine 35.7 23.4 18.6 18.5
Glutamic acid 74.3 78.2 51.1 31.1
Proline 24.1 25.1 21.8 9.7
Serine 22.5 9.2 17.9 9.4
Tyrosine 17.4 15.3 13.5 8.9
Total amino acids 519.5 554.3 352.4 211.6
Table 3
Formulation (dry matter, g/kg) and proximate composition of the five experimental diets.
Ingredients Control 20A + 15E 40A + 30E 60A + 45E 80A + 60E
Fishmeal 445.0 356.1 266.9 178.0 88.9
Artemia biomass meal 0 88.5 177.1 265.6 354.2
Soybean meal 291.9 248.2 204.4 160.6 116.6
E. intestinalis meal 0 76.3 152.6 228.6 305.1
Rice bran 38.0 78.8 93.5 80.0 46.9
Cassava powder 168.5 99.3 56.7 39.3 36.8
Squid oil 5.8 3.9 1.9 1.5 3.3
Soybean oil 5.8 3.9 1.9 1.5 3.3
Lecithin 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
Premix-vitamin1
20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
Gelatin 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
Proximate composition (g/kg of dry matter)
Dry matter 895.4 890.3 889.2 896.2 889.6
Protein 406.8 400.4 399.7 400.3 399.2
Lipid 69.8 70.7 71.1 69.7 69.4
Ash 142.8 156.4 164.6 179.8 189.7
Fiber 29.2 27.8 31.2 32.4 32.9
NFE 351.3 344.7 333.4 317.8 308.9
Calcium 21.7 25.1 24.9 26.1 26.3
Phosphorus 13.2 11.2 11.9 13.4 13.8
Gross energy (kgcal/g) 4.43 4.38 4.33 4.25 4.21
N. Thi Ngoc Anh, H. Thanh Toi and N. Van Hoa Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 49 (2023) 97–103
99
4. CMI = Nx1 + Nx2 + Nx3 + . . .Nx6, where N is the number of
deceased individuals at time x1, x2, x3 . . . x6.
Statistical analyses
The homogeneity of variance was assessed using Levene’s test,
and the percentage data were transformed to arcsine prior to con-
ducting the statistical analyses. A one-way ANOVA was used to
compare variations in the feed treatments. The Duncan post hoc
test in one-way ANOVA was applied to identify significant differ-
ences among the feed treatments at a value of P 0.05 (SPSS for
Windows, Version 16.0).
Results
Survival, growth rate, and feed efficiency of the shrimp
The survival and growth rate of the shrimp that were adminis-
tered the experimental feeds at day 45 are presented in Table 4.
The results show that the average shrimp survival ranged from
81.1% to 86.7%, and no statistical difference (P 0.05) was observed
among the feeding treatments. Similarly, the final lengths of the
shrimp, which ranged from 4.52 to 4.57 cm, were not influenced
by the test feeds (P 0.05). The average final weights of the shrimp
ranged from 0.97 to 1.08 g, which were equivalent to a DWG of
0.0211 to 0.0235 g/day and an SGRW of 8.62 to 8.85%/day. The
growth rate of the shrimp in the control group was lower than that
of the other groups; however, a significant difference (P 0.05) was
only observed for the 20A + 15E and 40A + 30E groups. When the
four FM and SB protein substitution groups were compared, a ten-
dency for the growth rate of the shrimp to decrease with increasing
inclusion of Artemia biomass and gut weed protein was observed
(the 60A + 45E and 80A + 60E treatments); however, no statistical
differences (P 0.05) were observed.
No significant differences (P 0.05) were observed among the
test feeds regarding the total feed intake (FI) of the shrimp, which
varied from 1.29 to 1.32 g/shrimp. The average feed conversion
ratio (FCR) ranged from 1.22 to 1.37, which corresponded to a pro-
tein efficiency ratio (PER) of 2.06 to 1.79. The control feed showed
the highest FCR and lowest PER values and differed considerably
(P 0.05) compared to the other feed treatments. Furthermore,
among the substitution feed treatments, the 40A + 30E group
showed the best FCR and PER but was not statistically different
(P 0.05) from the 20A + 15E group (Table 5).
Stress resistance of the shrimp that were administered the
experimental feeds
Fig. 1 shows the cumulative mortality index (CMI) of the shrimp
that were subjected to formalin stress. It was observed that the
stress index of the shrimp that received the control feed was signif-
icantly higher (P 0.05) than those that received the feeds contain-
ing Artemia biomass and gut weed protein. This indicates that the
shrimp that were administered the control treatment were more
susceptible to formalin shock than those that were administered
the other treatments. Although the CMI value of the shrimp in
the 40A + 30E group was lower than that of the shrimp in the
20A + 15E, 60A + 45E, and 80A + 60E groups, no significant differ-
ence (P 0.05) was observed.
Discussion
Effects of dietary FM and SB protein replacement on the survival,
growth, and feed efficiency of the shrimp
The new approach in this study is the use of a combination of
Artemia biomass and dried marine algae as substitutes for fishmeal
and soybean.
The new approach in this study is the use of a combination of
Artemia biomass and dried marine algae as substitutes for fishmeal
and soybean. Most previous studies focused solely on replacing FM
protein with other animal or plant protein sources or using plant
protein sources to replace SB protein in the practical diet for fish
and crustaceans.
Early studies evaluated the inclusion of seaweed as a feed ingre-
dient in shrimp and prawn diets. For example, Da Silva and Barbosa
(2009) revealed that the use of red seaweed (Hypnea cervicornis
and Cryptonemia crenulata) powder in the diet of Litopenaeus van-
namei shrimp at 13%, 26%, and 36% had no significant influence
on the survival and growth rate of the shrimp. According to
Serrano et al. (2015), replacing 15% of the SB protein with Ulva lac-
tuca powder resulted in a similar growth rate; however, shrimp
that were administered with a 30% SB protein replacement feed
showed a significantly slower growth rate than those that received
the control feed. The authors observed no statistical differences
among the feed treatments in terms of survival, feed intake, FCR,
PER, protein and lipid deposition, and body composition. In a study
on the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, the incorpo-
ration of 5% of gut weed meal into the diet resulted in an improve-
ment in the growth rate, yield, and feed efficiency (Mondal et al.,
2014). Furthermore, prawns that were fed a formulated feed con-
taining 30% gut weed showed noticeably enhanced survival,
growth, and feed efficiency compared with prawns that were fed
commercial feed (Ghosh Mitra, 2015). When FM protein was
substituted with green seaweed (Cladophora sp.) protein for P.
monodon PL, the growth rates, FCR, and PER of the shrimp that
ingested feed with 10%, 20%, or 30% substitution levels were better
or equivalent to that of the shrimp that consumed the control feed
(Anh et al., 2018). The dietary supplementation of Caulerpa sp.
powder at 4% for whiteleg shrimp improved their growth and feed
efficiency after 30 days of culture (Nasmia et al., 2022).
Additionally, other studies assessed the use of Artemia biomass
as a protein source or as a feed ingredient in crustacean diets.
Naegel and Rodriguez-Astudillo (2004) observed that L. vannamei
PL that were fed dried Artemia biomass meal showed a more rapid
growth rate than those that were administered three commercial
Table 4
Survival and growth rate of P. monodon postlarvae fed different experimental diets for 45 days.
Treatment Control 20A + 15E 40A + 30E 60A + 45E 80A + 60E
Survival (%) 84.4 ± 5.1 83.3 ± 5.8 86.7 ± 3.3 81.1 ± 5.1 82.2 ± 3.8
Initial length (cm) 1.17 ± 0.02 1.17 ± 0.02 1.17 ± 0.02 1.17 ± 0.02 1.17 ± 0.02
Final length (cm) 4.52 ± 0.06 4.56 ± 0.07 4.57 ± 0.04 4.54 ± 0.05 4.53 ± 0.06
Initial weight (g) 0.019 ± 0.001 0.019 ± 0.001 0.019 ± 0.001 0.019 ± 0.001 0.019 ± 0.001
Final weight (g) 0.97 ± 0.04a
1.07 ± 0.03b
1.08 ± 0.06b
1.03 ± 0.03ab
1.04 ± 0.03ab
DWG (g/day) 0.021 ± 0.001a
0.023 ± 0.001b
0.024 ± 0.002b
0.023 ± 0.002ab
0.023 ± 0.002ab
SGR (%/day) 8.62 ± 0.10a
8.83 ± 0.06b
8.85 ± 0.11b
8.76 ± 0.05ab
8.78 ± 0.06b
Data are mean ± SD (n = 3), and means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P 0.05).
N. Thi Ngoc Anh, H. Thanh Toi and N. Van Hoa Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 49 (2023) 97–103
100
5. feeds and the crustacean meals. Similarly, during the rearing of lar-
val P. monodon, supplementation with 50% commercial feed and
50% Artemia-based feed resulted in a significantly larger PL15 size
and equivalent survival rates compared to those that were admin-
istered commercial feed alone (Anh et al., 2011). For PL of the
freshwater prawn, M. rosenbergii, the replacement of different
rations of dietary FM protein with dried or frozen Artemia meal
(25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) showed a gradual improvement in the
growth performance of the prawns (as the proportion of Artemia
protein in the diet increased), and the survival was noticeably
higher than that of the prawns that consumed feed without the
addition of Artemia meal (Anh et al., 2009). In a P. monodon PL nurs-
ery, various levels of dietary FM protein were substituted for dried
Artemia meal (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%). The feeding treatments
showed no effect on the shrimp survival, while the growth rate
steadily increased with increasing Artemia protein inclusion, and
the FCR progressively improved at higher substitution levels com-
pared to those in the FM control diet (Anh et al., 2020).
The results of the present study showed that, in terms of the
weight and feed efficiency, the growth rate of the shrimp was
higher in the Artemia-gut weed-based feeds than in the control
feeds that did not contain Artemia and gut weed meal. The growth
of the shrimp improved significantly when the test feeds included
Artemia meal at rates of 20% and 40% as a replacement for FM pro-
tein, combined with gut weed meal at rates of 15% and 30% as a
replacement for SB protein (the 20A + 15E and 40A + 30E treat-
ments, Table 4). Notably, the 40A + 30E diet (the replacement of
40% of Artemia protein with FM protein, combined with the
replacement of SB protein with 30% of gut weed protein) showed
the best FCR (1.22) and PER (2.06) values (Table 5), indicating that
this feed combination provided the optimum nutrition for P. mon-
odon PL. Additionally, a comparison of the four experimental feeds
used in this trial showed a tendency for the shrimp performance to
decrease when higher levels of Artemia biomass and gut weed pro-
tein were included in the diet (the 60A + 45E and 80A + 60E treat-
ments). Anh et al. (2009) demonstrated that an increase in the
amount of Artemia protein in the diet resulted in more rapid prawn
growth, while a separate study by Anh et al. (2020) showed that P.
monodon PL that ingested feeds containing the replacement of 45%
and 60% SB meal protein with gut weed protein showed poor per-
formance compared with those that were administered 15% and
30% gut weed feeds. Similarly, Qiu et al. (2018) revealed that white
leg shrimp that received formulated feeds with 19.0% and 25.4%
Ulva sp. as a dietary replacement for FM showed a considerably
lower growth rate and higher FCR than shrimp that consumed feed
containing 12.7% Ulva. The authors theorized that the poor shrimp
performance at higher Ulva levels in the formulated feed may have
been due to low nutrient digestibility and excessive mineral levels.
The effect of the nutritional profiles of the Artemia biomass and gut
weed meal included in the test feeds on the performance of the
shrimp, which is discussed further in the section on stress resis-
tance below.
Effects of dietary FM and SB protein replacement on the stress
resistance of the shrimp
In this trial, the impact of the feeding treatments on the forma-
lin stress test followed the same trend as the growth rate, with the
shrimp that ingested feed containing Artemia and gut weed meal
showing greater formalin tolerance than the shrimp that con-
sumed the control feed. The shrimp that were fed the 40% FM pro-
tein replacement with the Artemia protein combined with the 30%
SB protein replacement with the gut weed protein showed the
lowest CMI of all the groups. This finding is in accordance with pre-
vious studies that reported that low levels of seaweed meal in for-
mulated feed improved shrimp growth, feed efficiency, disease
resistance, and stress tolerance (Elizondo-Reyna et al., 2016; Qiu
et al., 2018). Similarly, Anh et al. (2018) observed that replacing
10% and 20% of FM protein in the P. monodon PL diet with green
seaweed (Cladophora sp.) significantly increased the growth, feed
efficiency, and tolerance to formalin shock.
From a nutritional viewpoint, Artemia biomass has excellent
nutritional composition due to its high protein content (50–60%),
which is rich in EAAs, and its lipid content (8–12%), which is high
in unsaturated fatty acids (Castro et al., 2009; Zadehmohseni et al.,
2020). Artemia biomass can be utilized as a direct feed or as a com-
ponent in formulated feeds for aquaculture species in larviculture
and nursery rearing (Anh et al., 2009; Castro et al., 2009;
Zadehmohseni et al., 2020). Furthermore, gut weed has a high pro-
tein content (Haroon et al., 2018) and high levels of essential AAs
and unsaturated fatty acids (Aguilera-Morales et al., 2005), as well
as high protein digestibility, making it a suitable feed for fish and
shrimp (Aguilera-Morales et al., 2005; Haroon et al., 2018). Addi-
tionally, green seaweeds, including Ulva, are rich in chlorophyll a,
b-carotene, lutein, astaxanthin, antheraxanthin, zeaxanthin, and
neoxanthin; these natural compounds benefit species with a high
tolerance for a stressful environment (Sirbu et al., 2019;
Eismanna et al., 2020). These natural compounds show excellent
antioxidant activity and, when green seaweeds are incorporated
into aquafeeds, benefit species with a high tolerance to stressful
environments (Cruz-Suárez et al., 2008; Morais et al., 2020).
According to Miki (1991), astaxanthin plays a crucial role in the
cellular antioxidant function of animals because it contains various
Table 5
Feed efficiency of P. monodon postlarvae fed different experimental diets over 45 days.
Treatment Control 20A + 15E 40A + 30E 60A + 45E 80A + 60E
FI (g/shrimp) 1.30 ± 0.04 1.31 ± 0.04 1.29 ± 0.02 1.32 ± 0.04 1.31 ± 0.03
FCR 1.37 ± 0.03a
1.25 ± 0.02bc
1.22 ± 0.05b
1.30 ± 0.02c
1.29 ± 0.01c
PER 1.79 ± 0.04a
1.99 ± 0.05bc
2.06 ± 0.08c
1.92 ± 0.04b
1.95 ± 0.02b
FI: Feed intake, FCR: Feed conversion ratio, PER: Protein efficiency ratio.
Data are mean ± SD (n = 3), and means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P 0.05).
Fig. 1. Cumulative mortality index of P. monodon PL fed experimental diets after
60 min of exposure to 250 ppm formalin solution. Each bar indicates the average
value and standard deviation. Data with different superscripts indicate statistical
differences (P 0.05) among treatments.
N. Thi Ngoc Anh, H. Thanh Toi and N. Van Hoa Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 49 (2023) 97–103
101
6. antioxidants and free radical scavengers, inhibits lipid peroxida-
tion, and reduces oxidative stress induced by environmental fac-
tors. Therefore, the addition of astaxanthin to the diet of shrimp
has been commonly applied to support and regulate the immune
system, enhancing the immune response and stress resistance
against ammonia stress (Pan et al., 2003), hypoxia stress (Chien
and Shiau 2005), and salinity stress (Flores et al., 2007). A recent
study (Zhao et al., 2022) reported that the dietary supplementation
of astaxanthin in L. vannamei shrimp (between 80 and 160 mg/kg)
enhanced the growth performance, feed efficiency, and coloration
as well as the antioxidant ability of the shrimp after hypoxia and
ammonia stress.
The observed differences in the performance of the shrimp
could be attributed to variations in the nutritional profiles of the
dietary ingredients utilized in the present feeding trial. The slower
growth and low-stress resistance of the control group compared
with the groups that were fed an Artemia-gut weed-based diet
are most likely due to the feed quality. For example, the Artemia
biomass meal showed higher levels of EAAs and total AAs (364.4
and 554.3 g/kg dry matter, respectively) than the FM (232.8 and
519.5 g/kg dry matter for the EAAs and total AAs, respectively). Iso-
leucine was the most dominant EAA in the Artemia biomass meal,
followed by valine, arginine, and lysine, all of which were at higher
levels in the Artemia biomass meal than in the FM. All the AAs were
at a higher level in the Artemia biomass meal except for methion-
ine, which showed a lower level in Artemia biomass meal than in
the FM. In contrast, the gut weed meal showed lower levels of EAAs
and total AAs (97.1 and 211.6 g/kg of dry matter, respectively) than
the SB meal (165.7 and 352.4 g/kg of dry matter, respectively);
however, the gut weed meal showed a slightly higher methionine
level (Table 2). Consequently, the Artemia meal was incorporated
into the formulated feed, which was rich in essential nutrients
and may have compensated for the EAA deficit in the gut weed
meal, resulting in improved shrimp performance compared to ani-
mals that were administered the control feed.
A previous study revealed that minerals play various physiolog-
ical roles in crustaceans, including acid-base balance and osmoreg-
ulation. Among the key minerals, calcium (Ca) and magnesium
(Mg) are crucial for molting and shell formation (Davis Gatlin
III, 1996). Regarding marine crustaceans, excessive mineral intake,
whether dietary or environmental, can be toxic, whereas a mineral
deficiency can affect immunity, rendering the animals more vul-
nerable to disease and stressful conditions (Piedad-Pascual, 1989;
Davis Gatlin III, 1996). The minerals that have been most exten-
sively studied are calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), and issues with
soft-shelling in P. monodon have been linked to these two minerals
(Piedad-Pascual, 1989). High levels of P supplementation (2.0–
2.5%) in the P. monodon diet have been shown to reduce the growth
rate and enhance the FCR (Ambasankar et al., 2006). A similar find-
ing was obtained by Truong et al. (2020), who demonstrated that
shrimp growth was adversely impacted by the addition of
macro-minerals such as potassium (K) or Ca + P to the diet. More-
over, the authors showed that shrimp survival was negatively
impacted by Ca + P and zinc (Zn). The previously mentioned factors
may explain why, in the present study, the shrimp that were fed
higher levels of the tested feed ingredients showed lower growth
rates, feed efficiency, and resistance to formalin shock compared
with those that were administered lower levels of the tested
ingredients.
According to Fox et al. (2006), shrimp consume dietary protein
to sustain a steady supply of EAAs for their normal growth, such as
methionine, arginine, threonine, tryptophan, histidine, isoleucine,
leucine, lysine, valine, and phenylalanine. As a result, EAAs must
be included in shrimp feed in appropriate quantities and of suit-
able quality to obtain a well-balanced diet. Due to the low EAA
content in plant protein, it has been suggested that plant meal
could be used in shrimp diets at a low (5%) or high (75%) ratio
depending on the plant source and cultured species, whereas ani-
mal meal can be incorporated into the diet of shrimp from 15% to
100% (Ayisi et al., 2017).
Conclusions
The growth rate, feed efficiency, and stress resistance of shrimp
that were administered feed containing the replacement of 40% of
FM protein with Artemia biomass meal (177.1 g/kg) and 30% of SB
protein with gut weed meal (152.6 g/kg) resulted in the optimal
performance, suggesting that these proportions of substituted
ingredients in the shrimp feed were the most effective. The
Artemia-gut weed-based feed offers excellent prospects for the uti-
lization of locally available Artemia biomass and gut weed and
reduces the requirement for FM and SB meal in aquafeed, con-
tributing to sustainable aquaculture production.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
This study was granted by the Can Tho University, Vietnam for the
scientific research programs. The authors appreciate Tran Huu Le
and Tran Nguyen Hai Nam for their help in collecting Artemia bio-
mass and gut weed. Special thanks to Duong Hoang Anh and Ta
Xuan Duy for their assistance with conducting experiments.
Ethical approval
The ethical committee of the College of Aquaculture Fisheries,
Can Tho University, Vietnam, approved animal care in this feeding
trial. This study was conducted for aquaculture purpose.
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