Evaluation of interaction energies and thermodynamic properties in binary mixture of reactive orange 107 dye + triton x 114 surfactant at 303.15, 313.15 & 323.15 k
Abstract It is critically important to understand the interactions between surfactant triton X-114 and reactive orange 107/water due to decolorization of waste water by surfactants. In this work, the structure of surfactant triton X-114, reactive orange 107 dyes, water, surfactant triton X-114+ reactive orange 107, surfactant triton X-114 + water and reactive orange 107dyes+water were optimized systematically at HF/6-31G level. It was found that reactive orange 107 is close to the surfactant triton X-114 structure. There exist CH--π interaction, π--π interaction n--H interaction and n--π interactions between surfactant triton X-114 and reactive orange 107 dyes. The interaction energy between surfactant triton X-114 and reactive orange 107 dyes, water is -92073.8853, 4303.4720 kJ.mole-1, showing preferential adsorption of reactive orange 107 by surfactant triton X-114,in agreement with experimental results of surfactant triton X-114 + reactive orange 107 dyes in binary mixture at 303.15, 313.15 and 323.15K. Keywords:Ab initio method, interaction energy, cloud point extraction, reactive orange 107dyes, triton X-114surfactant, thermodynamic properties
Uv radiation assisted photocatalytic transformation of azo dye direct yellow 9eSAT Journals
Abstract
Advanced oxidation process (AOP) is best for treatment of textile industries effluents (waste water). Methylene blue immobilized resin dowex-11; a photocatalyst is used for transformation of azo dyes. The mechanism of the photo transformation depends on the radiation used. Activity of catalyst remains unaffected on continuous use. The process follows pseudo first order kinetics according to Langmuir Hinshelwood model, the value of rate constant k is 1.43*10-2 min-1 and approximately 94.60% of the dye was transforms within 160 min of irradiation.
Keywords: Transformation, Direct Yellow-9, Methylene blue immobilized resin, Textile effluents; Dowex-11, Photocatalyst.
Adsorption studies of some dyes on acacia concinna powdereSAT Journals
Abstract
The low cost activated carbon from Acacia Concinna was processed by treating with 2% HCl and 2% NaOH. The treated Acacia Concinna (Shikakai powder) was then roasted to get activated carbon. The influence of parameters like pH, concentration, dose and contact time were studied on adsorption of activated carbon for Congo red, Rhodamine-B, Crysoidine, Bismark brown and Titan yellow. The adsorption capacity of activated carbon was found to be 97, 98, 95, 98 and 96% respectively at pH 2 and contact time 24-48 hrs for all the dyes. The effect of concentration indicated that, as concentration increases adsorption decreases, hence increase in dose amount increases the adsorption. The data obtained through batch adsorption study was applied for Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R) isotherms. The curve was linear for all the three isotherms and correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.92, 0.970 and 0.977 respectively indicating that the developed model was favourable.
Keywords: Adsorption, Acacia Concinna, dyes, isotherms, XRD.
Plasma treatment is used to modify and improve the surface conditions of various materials. The use of plasma technology on plastic and composite carbon substrates enables these heat-sensitive materials to be successfully coated with ultraviolet (UV) curable powder coatings.
STUDIES ON TREATMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE EFFLUENTS BY POLYMER MATERIALS M...EDITOR IJCRCPS
In the present study, sorption technique was used to achieve the optimum recovery of the pharmaceutical waste from effluents.
The modified urea formaldehyde resin was prepared and mixed with inorganic adsorbent at various proportions. The removal
capabilities of pharmaceutical waste by the prepared composite materials were investigated. Different factors affecting the uptake
such as contact time, pH value and aqueous volume to resin weight ratio have been investigated. The reaction mechanisms and
the optimum conditions for the treatment were deduced in the light of the obtained results.
Keywords: Sorption technique, Pharmaceutical waste, Different factors.
Uv radiation assisted photocatalytic transformation of azo dye direct yellow 9eSAT Journals
Abstract
Advanced oxidation process (AOP) is best for treatment of textile industries effluents (waste water). Methylene blue immobilized resin dowex-11; a photocatalyst is used for transformation of azo dyes. The mechanism of the photo transformation depends on the radiation used. Activity of catalyst remains unaffected on continuous use. The process follows pseudo first order kinetics according to Langmuir Hinshelwood model, the value of rate constant k is 1.43*10-2 min-1 and approximately 94.60% of the dye was transforms within 160 min of irradiation.
Keywords: Transformation, Direct Yellow-9, Methylene blue immobilized resin, Textile effluents; Dowex-11, Photocatalyst.
Adsorption studies of some dyes on acacia concinna powdereSAT Journals
Abstract
The low cost activated carbon from Acacia Concinna was processed by treating with 2% HCl and 2% NaOH. The treated Acacia Concinna (Shikakai powder) was then roasted to get activated carbon. The influence of parameters like pH, concentration, dose and contact time were studied on adsorption of activated carbon for Congo red, Rhodamine-B, Crysoidine, Bismark brown and Titan yellow. The adsorption capacity of activated carbon was found to be 97, 98, 95, 98 and 96% respectively at pH 2 and contact time 24-48 hrs for all the dyes. The effect of concentration indicated that, as concentration increases adsorption decreases, hence increase in dose amount increases the adsorption. The data obtained through batch adsorption study was applied for Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R) isotherms. The curve was linear for all the three isotherms and correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.92, 0.970 and 0.977 respectively indicating that the developed model was favourable.
Keywords: Adsorption, Acacia Concinna, dyes, isotherms, XRD.
Plasma treatment is used to modify and improve the surface conditions of various materials. The use of plasma technology on plastic and composite carbon substrates enables these heat-sensitive materials to be successfully coated with ultraviolet (UV) curable powder coatings.
STUDIES ON TREATMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE EFFLUENTS BY POLYMER MATERIALS M...EDITOR IJCRCPS
In the present study, sorption technique was used to achieve the optimum recovery of the pharmaceutical waste from effluents.
The modified urea formaldehyde resin was prepared and mixed with inorganic adsorbent at various proportions. The removal
capabilities of pharmaceutical waste by the prepared composite materials were investigated. Different factors affecting the uptake
such as contact time, pH value and aqueous volume to resin weight ratio have been investigated. The reaction mechanisms and
the optimum conditions for the treatment were deduced in the light of the obtained results.
Keywords: Sorption technique, Pharmaceutical waste, Different factors.
Optimizing the Reverse Osmosis Process Parameters by Maximizing Recovery by T...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this study, the effects of Operating Pressure, Potential Hydrogen, Oxidation Reduction Potential and Anti Scaling Agent on multi responses like Permeate, COD, Total Solids, Conductivity and Hardness in the Reverse Osmosis Process were experimentally investigated on RO 8100 ST8 PT44 400Wl machine. The settings of RO parameters were determined by using Taguchi’s experimental design method. Orthogonal arrays of Taguchi, the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) are employed to find the optimal levels and to analyze the effect of the RO parameters. Results show that potential of hydrogen, operating pressure, oxidation reduction potential and anti scaling agent are the four Parameters that influence the Permit more effectively and COD, Total Solids, Conductivity and Hardness respectively. Improvement in recovery of RO process is achieved with optimize setting. Finally, the ranges for best RO conditions are proposed for ZLD process.
Comparative Study for Adsorptive Removal of Coralene Blue BGFS Dye from Aqueo...IJERA Editor
Textile industries represent biggest impact on the environment due to high water consumption and waste water discharge as government control water pollution by setting strength regulation for waste water discharge, removal of color from waste water becomes more and more essential and attractive. Adsorption technology is very efficient in treatment of textile effluent. In this paper comparison of adsorption phenomena of textile dye Anthraquinone blue onto two different adsorbents MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 amorphous powder has been studied for removal of said dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorption of Anthraquinone blue on adsorbents occurs by studying the effects of adsorbent amount, dye concentration, contact time and pH of solution. All results found that MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 provide a fairly high dye adsorption capacity, which combined with their fulfilment of pollution control board’s standards, lack of pollution, lower environmental hazard and low-cost makes them promising for future applications. The present work also provides information on optimum value of different operating parameter for dye removal by two adsorbent.
An investigation on the potential of extracting natural dyes from beetroot an...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Today, owing to the environmental and health drawbacks associated with synthetics dyes, stringent standards are imposed by many countries including Mauritius. Following this issue, great enthusiasm is evoked in the rival of natural colourants which are nowadays gaining popularity due to their green approach. Two well-known, readily available and low cost natural dyes bearing plants in Mauritius namely beetroot (Beta Vulgaris) and turmeric (Curcuma Longa) were opted in this study. A comparative study between the extraction of betalains and curcuminoids from the two plants were systematically evaluated between conventional magnetic stirring (MS) and novel microwave assisted extraction techniques (MAE). The optimum operating conditions to yield maximum hues from the two plant species were 50 % aqueous ethanol, agitation speed of 160 rpm, microwave power of 320 W, particle sizes of 0.45 mm and a solid to solvent ratio (SSR) of 1/35. Under the optimised conditions, the results demonstrated that the extraction yields for MAE were higher and more efficient than the conventional one. Consequently, for MS extraction of beetroot and turmeric, the maximum yields recovered were 69.55 % and 48.00 %, whilst the yield for MAE extraction rose to 89.64 % and 79.73 % respectively. Using the experimental data, this research also explored Peleg’s and Elovich’s kinetic models of dyes extraction.
Keywords: Beetroot, Turmeric, Magnetic stirring, Microwave, Extraction
Synthesis of Faujasite Zeolite (Z) For Adsorption of Cationic Dye from Textil...IJMREMJournal
The synthesis of Faujasite Zeolite from Locally available Erusu Kaolin clay sourced in Nigeria has been
attempted using standard procedures which have proven sufficient upon slight modifications and reported in
literature. The zeolite was characterized with Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transformed infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffractometer and BET surface area analyzer. Forthwith, Adsorption of the
hazardous cationic dye malachite green (MG) on the synthesized zeolite was investigated. Batch process
variables for the adsorption of MG by Zeolite were determined. The mechanisms involved in the adsorption of
MG by the sorbent were explored using isotherms models. The maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity was
found to be 108.26 mg/g at 30˚C. It is noteworthy that the adsorption of MG was reduced (about 45%) at low
pH (4) compared to that at high pH (12). Furthermore, among the other parameters affecting adsorption, a high
MG adsorption capacity (about 54%) was observed at a maximum initial MG dye concentration of 200 mg/L
compared to that at lower initial MG dye concentration (25 mg/L), indicating the dependency of sorption on the
initial adsorbate concentration (CO) in the solution. The MG adsorption data indicate multilayer adsorption
because the data were fit better by the Freundlich model (R2 >0.99) than by the Langmuir model. Surface
diffusion was found to be a possible mechanism for the adsorption of MG by Zeolite. The study shed light on the
potential of synthesized kaolinite derivative “Zeolite” as an efficient sorbent for cationic dye cleanup in
wastewater treatment.
Kinetics and Thermodynamic Studies of Adsorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueo...IOSRJAC
:In the present study, Paliurus spina-christi Mill. Frutis and Seeds (PSCFS) was used as an adsorbent for the investigation of the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of methyleneblue (MB) from aqueous solution at various temperatures and concentrations. Six kinetic models, the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intra-particle diffusion, Elovich, Bangham and Avrami equations were used to predict the adsorption rate constants. It was found that the kinetics of the adsorption of MB onto PSCFS at different operating conditions was the best described by the pseudo-second-order model. The rate parameters of the other kinetic models for adsorption were also evaluated and compared to identify the adsorption mechanisms. The equilibrium constants were used to calculate thermodynamic parameters, such as the change of free energy, enthalpy and entropy. Thermodynamic analysis showed that adsorption was favourable and spontaneous, endothermic physical adsorption and increased disorder and randomness at the solid-solution interface of MB onto PSCFS
Extraction of Natural Dyes from Forest Trees and their Application in Textilesijsrd.com
The environment - friendly natural dyes are recently enjoying resurgence in popularity because of the concern with the carcinogenic, mutagenic and sensitizing characteristics of many synthetic dyes. Showing concern towards the nature and to avoid pollution of our environment two forest plants Bixa orellana and Caesalpinia sappan were selected as natural dye sources. In this study, from the bark of C. sappan, seeds of B. orellana and combination of B. orellana and C. sappan, the dyes were extracted. The phytochemical compounds present in the extracts were analyzed as carotenoids in B. orellana and anthocyanin, phenolic acids, flavonoids in C. sappan using TLC. The extracts were then applied to cotton fabric using various natural and chemical mordants which were then tested for their color fastness against rubbing and washing to know the efficiency of the dye. This study will help in improving the natural dye resources and replace them with synthetic dyes, consequently leading to a safe environment.
PARAMETRIC OPTIMISATION OF GENERATED WASTE PLASTIC FUEL PARAMETERS WITH THE H...IAEME Publication
In the modern world the responses has changes quickly due to the need of person and requirements. As we know that the consumption of plastic & polythene are increases day by day which is a serious issue of the time concerning to environmental effect. Over a 100 million tones of plastics are produced annually worldwide, and the used products have become a common feature at over flowing bins and landfills. Because Plastics have woven their way into our daily lives and now pose a tremendous threat to the environment For minimizing hazardous effect of this on environment so many steps has been taken by the scientist and research has going on in the support of that i am going to introduce a technique of pyrolysis by the help of which we can convert the plastic and polythene waste in a useful fuel.
Ninhydrin Based Visible Spectrophotometric Determination of GemigliptinRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple method is described to determine the amount of gemigliptin in bulk and tablet formulation by visible spectrophotometry. Basis of the proposed method is the reaction of the primary amine present on gemigliptin with ninhydrin in alkaline pH (alkaline borate buffer) medium to produce a purple color (Ruhemann’s purple) which has maximum absorption at 558 nm. The method was validated as per the current ICH guidelines. The obtained regression equation (y = 0.0148x+0.0011) in the range of 5-30 μg mL-1 has a good correlation coefficient (> 0.999). As the method does not require any separation, it is rapid and simple. The recovery levels of the drug were in the range of 99.73 – 99.96. This method is a green method as it no organic solvents were employed
Dynamic and Equilibrium Studies on the sorption of Basic dye (Basic Brown 4) ...madlovescience
Dynamic and Equilibrium Studies on the sorption of Basic dye (Basic Brown 4) onto Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes Prepared from Renewable Carbon Precursors
Microbial community analysis in anaerobic palm oil mill effluent (pome) waste...eSAT Journals
Microorganisms play a key role in wastewater bio-treatment processes and understanding the microbial community structure is of great importance to improve treatment performance. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to monitor succession of the microbial community and thus predominant bands were sequenced to reveal the microbial community composition inside palm oil mill effluent (POME) wastewater.DNA bands from DGGE gels were excised with a sterile blade and placed in 1.5 ml eppendorf tube containing 50 μl deionized water (ddH2O). Tubes were incubated overnight at 4C to elute the DNA. Eluted DNA was purified using QIAquick gel extraction kits (QIAGEN, Inc., Valencia, CA) and was frozen and thawed three times.Microbial DNA successfully excised and purified from DGGE was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Five micro liters of the supernatant were used as a template to re-amplify the DNA using 16s rDNA primers,341f (with no GC-clamp) (5'- cct-acg-gga-ggc-agc-ag-3') and reverse(r) primers 907r (5'-ccc-cgt-caa-ttc-att-tga-gtt-t-3'). Amplification was repeated referring to the steps in ‘PCR amplification of 16s rDNA’. PCR products from agarose gels were cut and purified using QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN, Inc., Valencia, CA), which were similar to the purification steps after recovery of DNA from DGGE, and sequenced in both directions with the same primers (with no GC-clamp) as used in PCR. Moreover, start-up is an important step in establishing proper community structure in all kinds of biological treatment processes. In anaerobic POME wastewater, 6 sequences of Firmicutes, 5 sequence of Proteobacterium and 2 sequences of Bacteroidetes were found through denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) results. Sequence closely related to Rummeliibacillus suwonensis strain G20 was detected grows at band BE10, BE11, BE12, BE15, BE16, BE17 and BE18. Meanwhile BE25 and BE26 were found at band after treatment process done.Rummeliibacillus suwonensis is an aerobic, Gram-positive, rod shaped, round-spore-forming bacteria which were isolated from aerobic condition. Keywords: Palm oil mill effluent (POME), anaerobic POME, Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and microbial community.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Visible light solar photocatalytic degradation of pulp and paper wastewater u...eSAT Journals
Abstract
With the growing number of industries there are large volumes of wastewater generated every day. Pulp and paper mills are highly polluting as they release effluents containing organic pollutants, and high levels of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Even though well-established processes exist to treat these effluents, there are only a few processes which are energy efficient. Conventional treatment methods are not effective for the degradation of toxic organic pollutants, hence other treatment techniques are necessary. One of the recent developments in this field is the Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP). Solar photocatalysis is a type of AOP which utilises UV light to activate semiconductor photocatalyst in order to produce highly reactive radical species. TiO2 is a widely used catalyst for this purpose, to oxidise or reduce the organic pollutants in industrial wastewater. However, photocatalysis using visible light has been receiving increased attention hence, modification of TiO2 is necessary for its enhanced response to visible light. There are many methods for modifying TiO2, such as doping and photo-sensitisation. This study focusses on the modification of TiO2 using the method of dye-sensitisation (photo-sensitisation) with the dyes rhodamine B and methylene blue. Solar photocatalytic experiments were carried out for the degradation of pulp and paper wastewater, at different conditions like varying catalyst loading (500mg, 600mg, 750mg and 1000mg of catalyst for 300ml of aqueous wastewater) and effluent concentration (20ml, 25ml, 30ml and 35ml of wastewater). Preliminary tests were done to determine the best conditions for photocatalytic degradation, and these were applied for final tests. Keywords - Solar Photocatalysis, Visible Light, Dye Sensitisation, Pulp and paper, Methylene blue, Rhodamine B, TiO2 catalyst.
Optimizing the Reverse Osmosis Process Parameters by Maximizing Recovery by T...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this study, the effects of Operating Pressure, Potential Hydrogen, Oxidation Reduction Potential and Anti Scaling Agent on multi responses like Permeate, COD, Total Solids, Conductivity and Hardness in the Reverse Osmosis Process were experimentally investigated on RO 8100 ST8 PT44 400Wl machine. The settings of RO parameters were determined by using Taguchi’s experimental design method. Orthogonal arrays of Taguchi, the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) are employed to find the optimal levels and to analyze the effect of the RO parameters. Results show that potential of hydrogen, operating pressure, oxidation reduction potential and anti scaling agent are the four Parameters that influence the Permit more effectively and COD, Total Solids, Conductivity and Hardness respectively. Improvement in recovery of RO process is achieved with optimize setting. Finally, the ranges for best RO conditions are proposed for ZLD process.
Comparative Study for Adsorptive Removal of Coralene Blue BGFS Dye from Aqueo...IJERA Editor
Textile industries represent biggest impact on the environment due to high water consumption and waste water discharge as government control water pollution by setting strength regulation for waste water discharge, removal of color from waste water becomes more and more essential and attractive. Adsorption technology is very efficient in treatment of textile effluent. In this paper comparison of adsorption phenomena of textile dye Anthraquinone blue onto two different adsorbents MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 amorphous powder has been studied for removal of said dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorption of Anthraquinone blue on adsorbents occurs by studying the effects of adsorbent amount, dye concentration, contact time and pH of solution. All results found that MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 provide a fairly high dye adsorption capacity, which combined with their fulfilment of pollution control board’s standards, lack of pollution, lower environmental hazard and low-cost makes them promising for future applications. The present work also provides information on optimum value of different operating parameter for dye removal by two adsorbent.
An investigation on the potential of extracting natural dyes from beetroot an...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Today, owing to the environmental and health drawbacks associated with synthetics dyes, stringent standards are imposed by many countries including Mauritius. Following this issue, great enthusiasm is evoked in the rival of natural colourants which are nowadays gaining popularity due to their green approach. Two well-known, readily available and low cost natural dyes bearing plants in Mauritius namely beetroot (Beta Vulgaris) and turmeric (Curcuma Longa) were opted in this study. A comparative study between the extraction of betalains and curcuminoids from the two plants were systematically evaluated between conventional magnetic stirring (MS) and novel microwave assisted extraction techniques (MAE). The optimum operating conditions to yield maximum hues from the two plant species were 50 % aqueous ethanol, agitation speed of 160 rpm, microwave power of 320 W, particle sizes of 0.45 mm and a solid to solvent ratio (SSR) of 1/35. Under the optimised conditions, the results demonstrated that the extraction yields for MAE were higher and more efficient than the conventional one. Consequently, for MS extraction of beetroot and turmeric, the maximum yields recovered were 69.55 % and 48.00 %, whilst the yield for MAE extraction rose to 89.64 % and 79.73 % respectively. Using the experimental data, this research also explored Peleg’s and Elovich’s kinetic models of dyes extraction.
Keywords: Beetroot, Turmeric, Magnetic stirring, Microwave, Extraction
Synthesis of Faujasite Zeolite (Z) For Adsorption of Cationic Dye from Textil...IJMREMJournal
The synthesis of Faujasite Zeolite from Locally available Erusu Kaolin clay sourced in Nigeria has been
attempted using standard procedures which have proven sufficient upon slight modifications and reported in
literature. The zeolite was characterized with Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transformed infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffractometer and BET surface area analyzer. Forthwith, Adsorption of the
hazardous cationic dye malachite green (MG) on the synthesized zeolite was investigated. Batch process
variables for the adsorption of MG by Zeolite were determined. The mechanisms involved in the adsorption of
MG by the sorbent were explored using isotherms models. The maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity was
found to be 108.26 mg/g at 30˚C. It is noteworthy that the adsorption of MG was reduced (about 45%) at low
pH (4) compared to that at high pH (12). Furthermore, among the other parameters affecting adsorption, a high
MG adsorption capacity (about 54%) was observed at a maximum initial MG dye concentration of 200 mg/L
compared to that at lower initial MG dye concentration (25 mg/L), indicating the dependency of sorption on the
initial adsorbate concentration (CO) in the solution. The MG adsorption data indicate multilayer adsorption
because the data were fit better by the Freundlich model (R2 >0.99) than by the Langmuir model. Surface
diffusion was found to be a possible mechanism for the adsorption of MG by Zeolite. The study shed light on the
potential of synthesized kaolinite derivative “Zeolite” as an efficient sorbent for cationic dye cleanup in
wastewater treatment.
Kinetics and Thermodynamic Studies of Adsorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueo...IOSRJAC
:In the present study, Paliurus spina-christi Mill. Frutis and Seeds (PSCFS) was used as an adsorbent for the investigation of the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of methyleneblue (MB) from aqueous solution at various temperatures and concentrations. Six kinetic models, the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intra-particle diffusion, Elovich, Bangham and Avrami equations were used to predict the adsorption rate constants. It was found that the kinetics of the adsorption of MB onto PSCFS at different operating conditions was the best described by the pseudo-second-order model. The rate parameters of the other kinetic models for adsorption were also evaluated and compared to identify the adsorption mechanisms. The equilibrium constants were used to calculate thermodynamic parameters, such as the change of free energy, enthalpy and entropy. Thermodynamic analysis showed that adsorption was favourable and spontaneous, endothermic physical adsorption and increased disorder and randomness at the solid-solution interface of MB onto PSCFS
Extraction of Natural Dyes from Forest Trees and their Application in Textilesijsrd.com
The environment - friendly natural dyes are recently enjoying resurgence in popularity because of the concern with the carcinogenic, mutagenic and sensitizing characteristics of many synthetic dyes. Showing concern towards the nature and to avoid pollution of our environment two forest plants Bixa orellana and Caesalpinia sappan were selected as natural dye sources. In this study, from the bark of C. sappan, seeds of B. orellana and combination of B. orellana and C. sappan, the dyes were extracted. The phytochemical compounds present in the extracts were analyzed as carotenoids in B. orellana and anthocyanin, phenolic acids, flavonoids in C. sappan using TLC. The extracts were then applied to cotton fabric using various natural and chemical mordants which were then tested for their color fastness against rubbing and washing to know the efficiency of the dye. This study will help in improving the natural dye resources and replace them with synthetic dyes, consequently leading to a safe environment.
PARAMETRIC OPTIMISATION OF GENERATED WASTE PLASTIC FUEL PARAMETERS WITH THE H...IAEME Publication
In the modern world the responses has changes quickly due to the need of person and requirements. As we know that the consumption of plastic & polythene are increases day by day which is a serious issue of the time concerning to environmental effect. Over a 100 million tones of plastics are produced annually worldwide, and the used products have become a common feature at over flowing bins and landfills. Because Plastics have woven their way into our daily lives and now pose a tremendous threat to the environment For minimizing hazardous effect of this on environment so many steps has been taken by the scientist and research has going on in the support of that i am going to introduce a technique of pyrolysis by the help of which we can convert the plastic and polythene waste in a useful fuel.
Ninhydrin Based Visible Spectrophotometric Determination of GemigliptinRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple method is described to determine the amount of gemigliptin in bulk and tablet formulation by visible spectrophotometry. Basis of the proposed method is the reaction of the primary amine present on gemigliptin with ninhydrin in alkaline pH (alkaline borate buffer) medium to produce a purple color (Ruhemann’s purple) which has maximum absorption at 558 nm. The method was validated as per the current ICH guidelines. The obtained regression equation (y = 0.0148x+0.0011) in the range of 5-30 μg mL-1 has a good correlation coefficient (> 0.999). As the method does not require any separation, it is rapid and simple. The recovery levels of the drug were in the range of 99.73 – 99.96. This method is a green method as it no organic solvents were employed
Dynamic and Equilibrium Studies on the sorption of Basic dye (Basic Brown 4) ...madlovescience
Dynamic and Equilibrium Studies on the sorption of Basic dye (Basic Brown 4) onto Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes Prepared from Renewable Carbon Precursors
Similar to Evaluation of interaction energies and thermodynamic properties in binary mixture of reactive orange 107 dye + triton x 114 surfactant at 303.15, 313.15 & 323.15 k
Microbial community analysis in anaerobic palm oil mill effluent (pome) waste...eSAT Journals
Microorganisms play a key role in wastewater bio-treatment processes and understanding the microbial community structure is of great importance to improve treatment performance. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to monitor succession of the microbial community and thus predominant bands were sequenced to reveal the microbial community composition inside palm oil mill effluent (POME) wastewater.DNA bands from DGGE gels were excised with a sterile blade and placed in 1.5 ml eppendorf tube containing 50 μl deionized water (ddH2O). Tubes were incubated overnight at 4C to elute the DNA. Eluted DNA was purified using QIAquick gel extraction kits (QIAGEN, Inc., Valencia, CA) and was frozen and thawed three times.Microbial DNA successfully excised and purified from DGGE was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Five micro liters of the supernatant were used as a template to re-amplify the DNA using 16s rDNA primers,341f (with no GC-clamp) (5'- cct-acg-gga-ggc-agc-ag-3') and reverse(r) primers 907r (5'-ccc-cgt-caa-ttc-att-tga-gtt-t-3'). Amplification was repeated referring to the steps in ‘PCR amplification of 16s rDNA’. PCR products from agarose gels were cut and purified using QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN, Inc., Valencia, CA), which were similar to the purification steps after recovery of DNA from DGGE, and sequenced in both directions with the same primers (with no GC-clamp) as used in PCR. Moreover, start-up is an important step in establishing proper community structure in all kinds of biological treatment processes. In anaerobic POME wastewater, 6 sequences of Firmicutes, 5 sequence of Proteobacterium and 2 sequences of Bacteroidetes were found through denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) results. Sequence closely related to Rummeliibacillus suwonensis strain G20 was detected grows at band BE10, BE11, BE12, BE15, BE16, BE17 and BE18. Meanwhile BE25 and BE26 were found at band after treatment process done.Rummeliibacillus suwonensis is an aerobic, Gram-positive, rod shaped, round-spore-forming bacteria which were isolated from aerobic condition. Keywords: Palm oil mill effluent (POME), anaerobic POME, Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and microbial community.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Visible light solar photocatalytic degradation of pulp and paper wastewater u...eSAT Journals
Abstract
With the growing number of industries there are large volumes of wastewater generated every day. Pulp and paper mills are highly polluting as they release effluents containing organic pollutants, and high levels of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Even though well-established processes exist to treat these effluents, there are only a few processes which are energy efficient. Conventional treatment methods are not effective for the degradation of toxic organic pollutants, hence other treatment techniques are necessary. One of the recent developments in this field is the Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP). Solar photocatalysis is a type of AOP which utilises UV light to activate semiconductor photocatalyst in order to produce highly reactive radical species. TiO2 is a widely used catalyst for this purpose, to oxidise or reduce the organic pollutants in industrial wastewater. However, photocatalysis using visible light has been receiving increased attention hence, modification of TiO2 is necessary for its enhanced response to visible light. There are many methods for modifying TiO2, such as doping and photo-sensitisation. This study focusses on the modification of TiO2 using the method of dye-sensitisation (photo-sensitisation) with the dyes rhodamine B and methylene blue. Solar photocatalytic experiments were carried out for the degradation of pulp and paper wastewater, at different conditions like varying catalyst loading (500mg, 600mg, 750mg and 1000mg of catalyst for 300ml of aqueous wastewater) and effluent concentration (20ml, 25ml, 30ml and 35ml of wastewater). Preliminary tests were done to determine the best conditions for photocatalytic degradation, and these were applied for final tests. Keywords - Solar Photocatalysis, Visible Light, Dye Sensitisation, Pulp and paper, Methylene blue, Rhodamine B, TiO2 catalyst.
Feasibility study on treatment plan of scouring wastewater in the printing an...eSAT Journals
Abstract
With the rapid development of printing and dyeing industry, the total emissions of printing and dyeing wastewater growing day by day, the components are more and more complex. At present, comprehensive treatment method to sewage treatment is used primarily in printing and dyeing wastewater. This not only increases the area, but also increases the processing cost. In this article, scouring wastewater in the printing and dyeing wastewater is treated separately. Meanwhile, compared the two kinds of processing methods in terms of economy and technology,demonstrated the feasibility of scouring wastewater treated separately, provided theoretical basis for diversified treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater.
Keywords: Comprehensive treatment, economic comparison, feasibility study, individual treatment, printing and dyeing wastewater, scouring wastewater.
Investigation of molecular interaction of amino acids in aqueous n propanol s...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The physical properties that has been investigated are, density (ρ),viscosity (η), and ultrasonic velocity (U) of L-valine, L- leucine and L-glutamine in aqueous n-propanol solution (0%-30%) in steps of 10% at 308.15K have been measured. The derived acoustical parameters namely adiabatic compressibility (β), apparent molal compressibility (ϕK), apparent molal volume (ϕV), limiting apparent molal compressibility(ϕ°K), limiting apparent molal volume(ϕ°V) and their constants (sk, sv), transfer adiabatic compressibility (Δϕ°K), transfer volume(Δϕ°V) , and viscosity B-coefficient are calculated using the experimental data. The change that has been observed in the parameter with respect to molality of the solute has been interpreted in terms of ion-ion and ion- solvent interactions.
Key words: Molecular interaction, solute-solvent interaction, ion-ion interaction, ion-solvent interaction.
Optimization of ZLD in Distillery Industry by Reverse Osmosis Process for Pre...ijceronline
In this study, the effects of Operating Pressure, Potential Hydrogen, Oxidation Reduction Potential and Anti Scaling Agent on multi responses like Permeate, COD, Total Solids, Conductivity and Hardness in the Reverse Osmosis Process were experimentally investigated on RO 8100 ST8 PT44 400Wl machine. The settings of RO parameters were determined by using Taguchi’s experimental design method. Orthogonal arrays of Taguchi, the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) are employed to find the optimal levels and to analyze the effect of the RO parameters. Results show that potential of hydrogen, operating pressure, oxidation reduction potential and anti scaling agent are the four Parameters that influence the Permit more effectively and COD, Total Solids, Conductivity and Hardness respectively. Finally, the ranges for best RO conditions are proposed for ZLD process.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Modeling a well stimulation process using the meor techniqueeSAT Journals
Abstract Microbial enhanced oil recovery remains the most environmental friendly, cost effective recovery technique in oil production, particularly for wellbore stimulation. This research investigates the effects of microbial growth rate, microbial and nutrient concentrations for well stimulation purposes. A representative model incorporating microbial concentration, its growth rate and skin factor is developed, validated and discussed. An explicit formulation which poses a solution to the equation for the model is used to describe the reservoir pressure responses. It is observed through plots of reservoir pressure against reference distances that flow and production rates improved as a result of an improved BHP when the microbial parameters were incorporated to the fluid transport equation at same injection rates and same reservoir parameters. The trend followed by the pressure profile plots correlates with that expected of a well stimulation pressure profile. Keywords: Well Stimulation, MEOR, Permeability, MEOR stimulation
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Thermodynamic behavior of tetrahydrofuron in p dioxane, methylcyclohexane and...eSAT Journals
Abstract The liquid state is intermediate in its properties of solid and gas. There are many attempt to develop a theory of liquid state are based on simple consideration of molecular behaving like hard sphere having attractive forces as perturbative forces. The equation of state for Lenard Jones fluid has been derived in the formation an expression for work, obtained from partition function through perturbation approach and found faithful reproduction of ultrasonic velocity and density data , theoretically at the given temperature. It has been applied to the binary liquid mixtures of tetrahydrofuron in p-dioxane methylcyclohexane and cyclohexanol. There is a close agreement with experimental values. The thermodynamic picture build up in this formulation could be considered as a good representation of molecular cluster in liquid state. Keywords: Ultrasonic velocity, tetrahydrofuron, p-dioxane, methylcyclohexane, cyclohexanol, adiabatic compressibility, molar volume
Prediction of recovery energy from ultimate analysis of waste generation in ...IJECEIAES
Refuse derived fuel (RDF) is an environmentally friendly renewable fuel developed to reduce waste generation. RDF can consist of various kinds of waste such as paper and gardens. One of the critical parameters is the chemical element and calorific value. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential for waste reduction and the relationship of ultimate longevity in RDF to the calorific value. This study's paper and garden waste mixture were P0 (100% paper), P25 (75% paper and 25% garden), P50 (50% paper and 50% garden), P75 (25% paper and 75% garden), and P100 (100% garden). The calorific value of the mixture can reach 3.6-5.2 kWh/kg. Simultaneously the relationship of ultimate elements nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and ash affects the heating value of RDF. Sampling the application in Depok City can reduce waste by 6.67%, with the potential for electrical energy from paper and garden wastes of 358,903.8 kWh and 48,681 kWh, respectively. This shows that this energy waste can supply 0.1% of the total daily electricity demand in Depok City.
Synthesis, Evaluation, Modeling and Simulation of Nano-Pore NAA Zeolite Membr...antjjournal
ABSTRACT
Zeolite membranes have uniform and molecular-sized pores that separate molecules based on the differences in the molecules’ adsorption and diffusion properties. Strong electrostatic interaction between ionic sites and water molecules (due to its highly polar nature) makes the zeolite NaA membrane very hydrophilic. Zeolite NaA membranes are thus well suited for the separation of liquid-phase mixtures by
pervaporation. In this study, experiments were conducted with various Ethanol–water mixtures (1–20 wt. %) at 25 °C. Total flux for Ethanol–water mixtures was found to vary from 0.331 to 0.229 kg/m2 .h with increasing Ethanol concentration from 1 to 20 wt.%. Ionic sites of the NaA zeolite matrix play a very important role in water transport through the membrane. These sites act both as water sorption and transport sites. Surface diffusion of water occurs in an activated fashion through these sites. The precise Nano-porous structure of the zeolite cage helps in a partial molecular sieving of the large solvent
molecules leading to high separation factors. A comparison between experimental flux and calculated flux using Stephan Maxwell (S.M.) correlation was made and a linear trend was found to exist for water flux through the membrane with Ethanol concentration. A comprehensive model also was proposed for the Ethanol/water pervaporation (PV) by Finite Element Method (FEM). The 2D model was masterfully capable of predicting water concentration distribution within both the membrane and the feed side of the pervaporation membrane module.
KEYWORDS
Nano pores; Pervaporation; Ethanol separation; Zeolite NaA membrane; FEM simulation
Similar to Evaluation of interaction energies and thermodynamic properties in binary mixture of reactive orange 107 dye + triton x 114 surfactant at 303.15, 313.15 & 323.15 k (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
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Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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Evaluation of interaction energies and thermodynamic properties in binary mixture of reactive orange 107 dye + triton x 114 surfactant at 303.15, 313.15 & 323.15 k
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 442
EVALUATION OF INTERACTION ENERGIES AND THERMODYNAMIC
PROPERTIES IN BINARY MIXTURE OF REACTIVE ORANGE 107 DYE
+ TRITON X-114 SURFACTANT AT 303.15, 313.15 & 323.15K: AB INITIO
METHOD AND EXPERIMENT
Appusamy Arunagiri1
, Komal Priya2
, Duraimurugan Alias Saravanan3
, Ponnusamy Kalaichelvi4
,
Ramalingam Anantharaj5
1, 2, 3, 4
Department of Chemical Engineering,National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli,
Tiruchirappalli, 620015Tamilnadu, India.
5
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya,
50603Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, anantharaj@um.edu.my
Abstract
It is critically important to understand the interactions between surfactant triton X-114 and reactive orange 107/water due to
decolorization of waste water by surfactants. In this work, the structure of surfactant triton X-114, reactive orange 107 dyes, water,
surfactant triton X-114+ reactive orange 107, surfactant triton X-114 + water and reactive orange 107dyes+water were optimized
systematically at HF/6-31G level. It was found that reactive orange 107 is close to the surfactant triton X-114 structure. There exist
CH--π interaction, π--π interaction n--H interaction and n--π interactions between surfactant triton X-114 and reactive orange 107
dyes. The interaction energy between surfactant triton X-114 and reactive orange 107 dyes, water is -92073.8853, 4303.4720 kJ.mole-
1
, showing preferential adsorption of reactive orange 107 by surfactant triton X-114,in agreement with experimental results of
surfactant triton X-114 + reactive orange 107 dyes in binary mixture at 303.15, 313.15 and 323.15K.
Keywords:Ab initio method, interaction energy, cloud point extraction, reactive orange 107dyes, triton X-114surfactant,
thermodynamic properties
---------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Textile industries consume large amount of water and dyes for
the wet processing of textiles, especially for coloring cotton,
wool, silk and polyamide textiles. After wet processing, the
colored effluents discharged from these industries are not
found to be environmentally friendly and economically viable
due to very low concentration of dyes present in these
effluents. The presence of very low concentration of dyes in
effluent discharged from these industries is highly visible and
undesirable due to their chemical structure which causes
higher thermal stability, low reactivity. In addition, dyes are
highly resistant to fading when exposed to light, water,
organic and inorganic solvents. Dyes have a synthetic origin
and complex aromatic molecular structures and therefore it
possess more stable and difficult to biodegradation, but it’s
highly soluble in water. Dyes have also been considered to be
responsible for changing properties of waste water, and thus
the waste water has high COD, large amount of suspended
solids, largely fluctuating pH,high temperature,
unboundcolorants, dye impurities, auxiliaries and surfactants.
Thus, they affect dyeing process efficiency, decolorization and
degradedyeing waste water. Dyes in waste water have
carcinogenic, mutagenic and bactericide properties [1-5].
According to the directive of ecological and toxicological
association of dyes and organic pigments manufactures view,
the removal of dyes from colored effluent is not an easy task
but it is essential to protect the environment and minimize the
teratogenic human health effect. On the other hand, the
environmental protection agency proposed limit required less
than 5 ppm of dye content in waste water from 1500 p.m. by
2015 or near the future [6-8]. So far, various methods have
been employed in wastewater treatment plant but they are
inefficient for such depth removal of dyes. The various
methods are adsorption, oxidation, coagulation, flocculation,
chemical degradation, ozonation, enzymatic,catalyst,
surfactant, photo degradation and combination of
physiochemical and biological treatment. Therefore, the
development of new technologies is of particular interest in
providing environmentally friendly solution for dyes-free
clean water. But it is a very serious challenge to the textile
industry.
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Cloud point extraction (CPE) as an extraction method has
been extensively used in the separation and purification
process because of mild operating condition and very
straightforward processes [9]. CAE process can be easily
overcome the disadvantages of the above conventional method
for decolorization of degradation of wastewater plants. At a
certain temperature, aqueous solution of a nonionic surfactant
becomes turbid. With further increase of temperature, solution
separates into two phases such as surfactant rich phase and an
aqueous phase.Surfactant rich phase has small volume
compared to the solution and so- called coacervate phase,
whereas the aqueous rich phase containing surfactant
concentration slightly above the critical micelle concentration
(CMC) [10]. This temperature is known as cloud point
temperature (CPT) of the surfactant. The cloud point is strictly
defined as a particular surfactant concentration (e.g., 1wt %)
due to phase boundary between two phases which is fairly
independent of concentration.The cloud point is generally
quite close to the lower consulate solution temperature. At the
cloud point temperature, the solute present in aqueous solution
of nonionic surfactant is distributed between two phases [11].
This phenomenon is known as cloud pointextraction (CPE)
[12,13].
The process efficiency depends on the surfactant types and
chemical structure because there are several physical and
chemical interactions involved in the formation of a complex
between surfactant and dyes at a cloud point temperature [14-
16].On the other hand there is some possibility for structural
orientation between similar aromatic ring structure of
surfactant and dyes such as CH--π interaction,π--π interaction,
n--π interaction [17-20]. Apart from these interactions, the
charge -- charge interaction and hydrogen bond with neutral
molecule interaction can also play important role in the
separation of dyes from waste water [21]. In order to
understand the reactivityof dyes with surfactant, the molecular
identification of structure and hetero atom in the structure and
their interaction energy are strongly needed to be clarified. But
the molecular level analyses of dyes and surfactant have not
been reported on elsewhere. It is well known that the
thermodynamic properties could be explained very clearly
about the interaction between two compounds such as excess
molar volume [22] and deviation of refractive index, viscosity
and surface tension [23-25].
Recently, ab initio molecular orbital calculation has become a
powerful tool for studying intermolecular interactions and
structural orientation. The intermolecular interaction and
structural orientation can give detailed information about the
ability, feasibility and efficiency of the process, in order to
minimize the experimental cost and have chosen potential
candidate for the particular separation process. Since the
interactions energy control the structural assemblies and their
properties in the mixture. Further, the removal of trace amount
of reactive dyes from aqueous solution by current
conventional method is not effective because of its chemical
and physical resistant to the process. However the presence of
heteroatoms in the aromatic structure of reactive orange 107,
these species are involved in a great variety of chemical and
physical interactions in the decolourization and recovery
process using active absorbent, surfactant and catalyst. It is
believed that a deep knowledge of these interactions can be of
fundamental importance to understanding the intrinsic nature
of the microscopic forces that regulate the phase equilibrium
in waste water treatment.So far as we know, there are no
published quantum chemistry studies on the interaction
between complex formed between triton X-114 surfactant and
reactive orange 107 dye and /or water molecules using ab
initio methods with 6-31G* basis set.
The aim of the present work is to study the interaction energy
of the complex formed between surfactant triton X-114 +
water, surfactant triton X-114 + reactive orange 107dyes and
reactive orange 107 dyes + water system using ab initio
methods with 6-31G* basis set.To make the comparison and
understand the behavior of interaction parameters in the above
complex systems have been studied through cloud point
extraction (CPA) process.Density, viscosity and refractive
index of pure and mixture of surfactant triton X-114, reactive
orange 107 dyes and water were measured at 303.15, 313.15
and 323.15K. From the measureddata,the thermodynamic
properties of these binary systems were calculated.It is very
easy to understand the behavior of surfactant triton X-114 with
reactive orange 107 dyes andwater molecules at different
temperatures. In addition, the molecular aggregation in binary
mixture can also be analyzed.
2. COMPUTATIONAL DETAILS
MOLDEN visualization package [26] has been used to prepare
the chemical structure of triton X-114 surfactant (Figure 1),
reactive orange 107 dyes(Figure 2) and water. The complex
system of Triton X -114 surfactant with reactive orange
107dyes (Figure 3), Triton X -114 surfactant with water
molecules and reactive orange 107 with water molecules were
drawn using dummy atom initially. After geometry
optimization, the complex system does not have dummy atom
which is making a barrier between these two molecules at gas
phase studies. These similar concepts have been used earlier
by Meng et. al. [27] and Turnet et.all,[28] for ab initio
calculations.
Quantum chemical calculations were performed using Hartee
Fock (HF) theory with 6-31G* basis set. The geometry
optimizations were carried out using HF/6-31G* level of
theory. At the same level of theory, the fundamental
vibrational frequency calculations were carried out to ensure
the true minima. The total electronic energies for triton X-114
surfactant, reactive orange 107dyes, water and their complex
were corrected with the basis set superposition error using
Boys-Bernardi counterpoise techniques [29]. All theoretical
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calculations were performed using the Gaussian03 software
package [30].
3. EXPERIMENTAL
Triton X-114 surfactant, purchased from Sigma Life Sciences,
India, was used as nonionic surfactant. It is highly pure and
water-soluble liquid. Triton X-114 contains approximately 8 -
9 ethoxy units per molecule (density at 298.15K is 1.058 g.
ml-1, Mol. Wt.: 537, λmax: 223nm), and is abbreviated as
surfactant triton X-114 (Figure 1). The critical micelle
concentration (CMC) of surfactant triton X-114 is 2.1×10−4M
at 298.15K and cloud point temperature is 298.15K[31].
Reactive Orange 107dye (Mol.Wt:566.49, density: 1.7 g/ml,
λmax: 411 nm) purchased from Nuchem chemicals,
Ahmedabad, India was used as solute (Figure 2). JASCO UV-
Vis spectrophotometer was used for recording
absorptionspectra and absorbance measurements using 1 cm
glass cells and it was calibrated.The calibration curve for
reactive orange 107 dyes is shown in Figure 4.
50 ml aqueous micellar solutions were prepared with different
concentrations of solute and surfactant. The concentration of
reactive orange dye used was 25 ppm. Surfactant triton X-114
concentration was varied from 0.01 M to 0.1 M. In various
literatures lower concentrations of surfactant were used, here
we increased the concentration of surfactant up to 0.1 M for
more efficient results. Solutions were heated above
CPT(298.15K) at three different temperatures 303.15K,
313.15K, and 323.15K. The temperature above the cloud point
temperatureof surfactant triton X-114 was taken for efficient
cloud point extraction to take place. The solution separated
into two phases above cloud point temperature. The volume of
surfactant-rich phase and dilute phase were noted down. Then
the concentration of reactive orange 107 dyes in dilute phase
was determined by UV- Spectrophotometer.The viscosity of
the separated phases was measured through Brookfield
Viscometer LVDVII+PRO and the refractive index was
measured by Deep Vision Refractometer(Guru Nanak
Instruments, New Delhi). The refractometer was calibrated
using water.For the measurement of density, 5 ml specific
gravity bottles were used.
4 .RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The quantum chemical calculation and experiments were
conducted using reactive orange 107 deys as a model anionic
dye components and non-ionic surfactant triton-X 114. There
are different kinds of interaction can exist between dye and
surfactant / water molecules.It should be discussed in order to
understand the physical, chemical and structural interaction.
Dye solubilization results from the following interactions [32]:
Dye is included into the polyoxyethylene exterior of
micelles by hydrophilic interactions.
Hydrophobic interactions result in absorption of dye
into the hydrophobic core of surfactant micelles.
In non-ionic surfactants with the same hydrophobic group, as
the ethylene oxide chain length decreases which cause
micellize size increases whereasthe dye hydrophobicity
decreases that cause solubilization tendency decreases.
The possible physical and chemical interaction between
surfactant triton X-114 and reactive orange 107 dyes in the
mixture such as van der Waals interactions between alkyl
chains, hydrogen bond interaction with neutral molecules,
charge-charge interaction, n(O,N,S)--H interaction, CH-π
interaction,π--π interaction, n(O,N,S)--π interactions [17-20].
There are certain interactions between water and surfactant
molecules which affect the micellization of surfactant
molecules and solubilizaton of dye [33].
(i) Steric and electrostatic interactions between
surfactant hydrophilic moieties and water,
(ii) Conformational effects associated with hydrocarbon-
chain packing in the micellar core,
(iii) Curvature-dependent interfacial effects at the
micellar core-water interface, and
(iv) Hydrophobic interactions between surfactant
hydrocarbon chains and water.
4.1 Structure and Interaction Energy
Reactive orange 107 dyes are having two aromatic rings and
several functional groups. The functional group in reactive
orange 107 dyes is classified into two categories such as
chromofore and auxochromoe. The chromofore configurations
are represented by the azo group (-N=N-), ethylene group
(=C=C=), methine group (-CH=), carbonyl group (=C=O),
carbon-nitrogen (=C=NH), carbon-sulfur (=C=S), Nitro (-
NO2;-NO-OH), nitrozo (-N=O; =N-OH). These groups are
having highly electron acceptor which is indicating that the
groups of molecule looking for a rich electron center of the
atom in the chemical structure whereas the color of individual
dye is strongly depends on the presence of chromogene-
chromophore groups in their structures. Therefore, the reactive
orange 107 has a golden yellow color. The auxochrome
groups are ionizable groups which are responsible for the
dyeing capacity in the textile material and other materials. The
usual auxochrome groups are amines (-NH2), carboxyl (-
COOH), sulphonate (-SO3H), and hydroxyl (-OH). These
groups of molecules are having electron deficiency of the
atom in their molecular structure. Thus, the group of
molecules is existing low reactivity and high thermal and
chemical stability to deep conventional process such as
adsorption, precipitation, chemical degradation, photo
degradation, etc. The optimized structure of surfactant triton
X-114, reactive orange 107dyes and surfactant triton X-114 +
reactive orange 107 is given in Figure 1 to Figure 3.
The surfactant triton X-114 is consisting of the aromatic ring,
carbon, and hydrogen and oxygen atom in their chemical
structure. The total hydrogen atom in the surfactant triton X-
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114 is 50 which is higher than reactive orange 107 dyes
whereas the electronegative atom and ions such as nitrogen,
oxygen, sulfuratom and sodium ions located in the reactive
orange is 19 (4 nitrogen, 3 sulfur, 10 oxygen and 2 sodium
ions) which cause the rate of decolourization, degradability
and recovery of dyes from aqueous solution. However, these
electronegative atom and ions are playing significant role in
the formation of a bond between active surfactant, namely,
triton X-114 and reactive orange 107 dyes. Further, there are
several possible electron donor sites as available in the
surfactant to have hydrogen interaction with the neighboring
molecules like reactive orange 107 dyes. Furthermore the
surfactant triton X-114 and reactive orange 107 dyesare
having similar aromatic ring structure at the center of their
structures.It can be influenced on the effective structural
orientation between those two similar molecules via π--π
stacking and CH--π interaction and no (N, S, O) --π interaction
[17-20].
The total electronic energy of surfactant triton X-114, reactive
orange 107 dyes, water and their complex structures have been
studied using ab initio method and the results are presented in
Table 1.The total electronic energy of reactive orange is -
8131907.327 kJ.mole-1 (Table 1) whereas the surfactant has -
2022439.464 kJ.mole-1 (Table 1) and -199505.7064 kJ.mole-1
(Table 1) for water molecules. The total electronic energy of
surfactant triton X-114 is less than reactive orange 107 dyes
whereas higher than that of water molecules. It can be
explained that the removal of reactive orange 107 dyes from
water molecules required higher degree of adsorbent or
catalyst than that of reactive orange 107 dyes. The reactive
orange 107 dyes have more electron deficiency of atom
located in their molecular structure as well as unsaturated
bond orderwhich cause reactivity and stability of the
molecules in the complex systems.
From the total electronic energy values of individual
molecules such as reactive orange 107 dyes, surfactant triton
X-114, water, surfactant triton X-114+reactive orange 107
dyes, surfactant triton X-114+ water and reactive orange 107
dyes + water have been calculated and it’s given in Table 1.
The interaction energy of the complex system can be defined
as the difference between the total electronic energy of
mixture and total electronic energy of individual molecules
which can give the information about the strength of hydrogen
bond formation between two or more compounds in the
mixture. The interaction energy can be calculated according to
the following equation 1, 2 and 3.
tan an tanSurfac t Dyes Surfact t Dyes Surfac t DyesIE TE TE TE
(1)
tan an tanSurfac t Water Surfact t Water Surfac t WaterIE TE TE TE
(2)
Dyes Water Dyes Water Dyes WaterIE TE TE TE
(3)
Where, IE and TE are the interaction energy and total
electronic energy of the molecules and their cluster. The
interaction energy of the complex formed between surfactant
triton X-114 and reactive orange 107 dyes have -
92073.8853kJ.mole-1 (Table 1) whereas 4303.4720 kJ.mole-1
(Table 1) for surfactant triton X-114 + water,
4203.10926kJ.mole-1 (Table 1) for reactive orange 107 dyes +
water systems. The interaction energy between surfactant
triton X-114 + reactive orange 107 dyes show smaller values
with negative sign than that of reactive orange 107 dyes
+water and surfactant triton X-114+water systems due to the
presence of appreciable level of physical, chemical and
structural interaction between surfactant and dyes. It is
observed that surfactant triton X-114 has high potential to
separate reactive orange 107 dyes from aqueous solution
because these two molecules have several possible physical,
chemical and structural interactions such asCH--π
interaction,π--π interaction, n (S,N,O)--π interaction , S--H
interaction, N--H interaction, O--H interaction, hydrogen bond
interaction with neutral molecules and charge--charge
interaction[17-20]. Further, the charge--charge interaction is
the dominant interaction in the attraction and that the
interaction of surfactant triton X-114 with reactive orange 107
dyescomplex have smallervalues than that of surfactant triton
X-114 + water complex and reactive orange 107 dyes + water.
The surfactant triton X-114 is not close to water molecules,
resulting in immiscible with each other. It can be easily
observed that the interaction energy is inversely proportional
to distance between two interacting molecules. However the
conventional hydrogen bonds have strong directionality and
therefore, hydrogen bonds play important roles in controlling
the structure of molecular assemblies and their properties.
4.2 Effect of Surfactant Concentration and
Temperature on Refractive Index
Refractive index is related to the polarizability of molecules in
binary mixture. They can provide clear information aboutthe
interactionbetween those two molecules.In order to study the
effect of interactions with increasing alkyl chain length, the
refractive index of pure and mixture were measured (Table 2).
It was noted that there is chemical resistance offered which
cause familiar physical and chemical interactions [34] due to
the deficiency of the hydrogen atom.Figure 5 shows the
variation of refractive index with surfactant concentration 0.01
M to 0.1 M intwo differentphases. For aqueous phase,
refractive index is constant with increasing surfactant
concentration at 25ppm of dye concentration. The aqueous
phase mainly consists of water, whereas dye and surfactant are
present in negligible amount. The aqueous phase has the same
refractive index of water at room temperature i.e. 1.332 with
increasing surfactant concentration. The constituents of
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coacervate phase are same as aqueous phase but the presentof
water is in negligible. In Figure 5, the refractive index
increases with surfactant concentration. The increase in
surfactant concentration causes more solubilization of dye
which increases the dye concentration in the coacervate phase.
This shows the refractive index of the phase is dependent upon
the composition of the phase and the amount of constituent
present.
The refractive index of the aqueous phase is same as water
1.332, even at different temperatures (Table 2). It is noted that
the amount of water influences on the refractive index of the
aqueous phase as well as the concentration of the dye and
surfactant has negligible. The refractive index is increased
with the increase in temperature (Table 2). As temperature
increases, the CMC value of surfactant decreases and that
causes increased dye solubilization. Water molecules are
dehydrated with increase in temperature in the coacervate
phase. Polar interaction between water and surfactant
molecule decreases whereas the hydrophobic interaction of
surfactant with dye increases with increase in temperature.
Due to decrease in the amount of water and increase in the
amount of dye in coacervate phase the refractive index
increases (Table 2). Thus, the refractive index of binary
mixture depends on the amount of dye and water present in the
coacervate phase.
4.3 Effect of Surfactant Concentration and
Temperature on Density
Reactive Orange is an anionic dye. The density of the mixtures
is very strongly affected by the nature of the anion. Density is
related to the compactness of the structure of molecules. The
density in dilute phase is almost constantly with the increase
in surfactant concentration (Table 3) whereas the coacervate
phase density increases with increase in surfactant
concentration due to the presence of physical and chemical
interaction. Reactive orange 107 dyesare present more in
coacervate phase than dilute phase. Therefore there is a big
difference in the values of the density of dilute and coacervate
phase and also to increase in surfactant concentration.Density
of dilute phase decreases with increase in temperature due to
the presence of water and thus reduces the strength of
hydrogen in the mixture (Table 3). At lower concentrations of
surfactant, there is not much effect of temperature but as
surfactant concentration increases the density decreases with
increase in temperature (Table 3). This can be explained that
thehydrogen bonding is more temperature dependent than
compositions. At lower temperature, there is more hydrogen
bonding interaction between water and surfactant molecules
but at higher temperatures there is a dissociation of water
molecules from the surfactant molecules. So, the amount of
water increases in dilute phase of higher surfactant
concentration therefore resulting in a decrease in
density.Density of coacervate phase increases with increase in
temperature. For temperature 303 and 323 K there is gradual
increase in density with increase in surfactant concentration
but for 313 K there is a rapid increase in density in surfactant
concentration (Table 3). The density of coacervate phase
increases with temperature because there is a dehydration of
water molecules from surfactant molecules present in
coacervate phase. The decrease in water content with
temperature causes the density to increase with temperature.
4.4 Effect of Surfactant Concentration and
Temperature on Viscosity
Viscosity is an important parameter in molecular interaction
studies. It has a strong effect on the rate of mass transport
within the solution. The viscosity of water is 0.8903 CP at 298
K. The identities of the anion and the cation which composes
the mixture have a huge effect on the viscosity of the liquid
mixture. Viscosity is also affected by the Van der Waals force
interaction. The interaction increases with ions exhibiting long
alkyl chains or a higher degree of branching. With respect to
the anionic species, higher basicity, size and relative capacity
to form H-bonds leads to more viscous mixtures. The viscosity
is almost constant with an increase in surfactant concentration
for dilute phase (Table 4). There is much amount of water
present in dilute phase so the viscosity of dilute phase lies
around that of water.
The viscosity increases with increase in surfactant
concentration in coacervate phase (Table 4). This is due to the
anionic nature of more dye solubilized with increasing
surfactant concentration. With the increase in surfactant
concentration, micelle concentration also increases due to
which more dye is solubilized. As the more dye is solubilized
in surfactant, van der wall interaction between dye and
surfactant increases. As already mentioned viscosity is
affected by increased van der Waal interaction therefore
viscosity is increased.There is no significant variation with
temperature in coacertvate phase (Table 4). The viscosity of
dilute phase is almost in between 0.75 and 0.89 mPa.S-1 .
This shows that the viscosity of dilute phase is depended
strongly on water content and weakly on temperature. The
viscosity increases with increase in temperature and decreases
with water content. As temperature is increased the
dehydration of surfactant molecules results in decreased
content of water in coacervate phase. As content of water
decreases with temperature the viscosity of the coacervate
phase increases as it leads to more solubilization of dye with
increasing temperature. With increase in temperature
hydrophobicity of surfactant molecules increases which leads
to more interaction of dye with the hydrophobic part. Water
interacts with the hydrophilic part of TX-114 through dipole-
dipole interactions. As temperature increases hydrophilic
nature of surfactant is reduced which results in dehydration of
water molecules. A small quantity of water causes a great
viscosity decrease. Thus this figure shows the great variations
of viscosity depend on the water content at all the studied
temperature (Table 4).
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4.5 Effect of Temperature and Concentration on
Excess Molar Volume (VE)
The excess molar volume depends on the composition and
temperature and is of great importance in understanding the
nature of molecular aggregation that exists in the mixture. The
excess molar volume is calculated by the following formula:
E
3 3
i i i i
i 1 i 1mix i
x M x M
V
(4)
Where xi (i =1, 2,3) is the mole fractions of dye (Reactive
Orange), surfactant (TX-114) and water respectively. Mi, (i
=1, 2, 3) is the molecular weights of dye, surfactant and water
respectively. �i (i =1, 2, 3) is the density of the mixture (dye +
surfactant +water).
VE is the result of contribution from several opposing effects
which is divided into three types – physical, chemical and
structural effect [29]. Physical effects are due to non-specific
physical interactions such as dispersion force due to breaking
of dipoles or weak dipole-dipole interaction and van der Waals
interaction between alkyl chains. Chemical effect includes
charge – charge interaction, H-bond interaction, and donor-
acceptor complex forming interactions,CH--π interaction, π--π
interaction n(O,S,N)--H interaction and n(S,O,N)--π
interaction [17-20].Structural effect isgeometrical fitting of the
component molecules into each other’s structure and due to
the difference in molar and three volumes.Physical effects
make a positive contribution to VE, chemical and structural
effects make a negative contribution. Negative VE values
indicate that the chemical contributions are dominant. The
chemical or specific intermolecular interactions result in a
volume decrease, and these include charge transfer type forces
and other complex forming interactions. The structural
contributions are mostly negative and arise especially from
interstitial accommodation and changes of free volume.
Values of VE nearly zero, implies that the interactions
between unlike molecules are very similar to the
intramolecular interactions.
Figure 6 implies that the negative values of excess molar
volume are due to the dominant chemical effects than the
other effects in cloud point extraction. VEdecreases with
increase in temperature and surfactant concentration. At
higher temperature the chemical effects decreases and the
interaction between the like and unlike molecules are almost
similar i.e VE approaches zero, so there is very less interaction
between dye and surfactant and extraction of dye is inefficient.
So up to a certain value of temperature there is an effective
extraction of dye by surfactant and above a certain
temperature solubilization of dye decreases. As surfactant
concentration is increasing there is increase in excess molar
volume which shows increasing chemical and structural effect
with increasing surfactant concentration. So, the more dye is
solubilized with increasing surfactant concentration (Table 5).
CONCLUSIONS
A systematic study on the relative surfactant triton X-114,
reactive orange 107 dyes, water and its cluster total electronic
energy and thereby interaction energy for complex formed
betweensurfactant triton X-114+reactive orange 107 dyes,
surfactant triton X-114+reactive orange 107 and reactive
orange 107+water were performed in this work using ab initio
methods with 6-31G* basis set. The results on the complex
systems relative interaction were interpreted in terms of
influence of structure of both surfactant triton X-114 and
reactive orange 107 dyes, deficiency of hydrogen atom in the
reactive orange 107 dyes, the presence of electronegative atom
in the aromatic structure of reactive orange 107 dyes and some
other phytochemical interactions such as charge – charge
interaction, H-bond interaction, and donor-acceptor complex
forming interactions, van der Waals interaction between alkyl
chain, CH--π interaction, π--π interaction n(O,S,N)--H
interaction and n(S,O,N)--π interaction. To identify the
possible molecular interaction in the mixture of the above
systems experiment was carried out at different temperature
and different concentration of surfactant.In order to measure
the density, refractive index and viscosity of pure and mixedat
303.15, 313.15 and 323.15K and calculated their excess molar
properties. There is no significant concentration effect in
dilute phase of mixture properties whereas in coacervate phase
shows reliable influenced by the concentration of surfactant. It
is noted that density is strongly depends on temperature as
well as concentration of surfactant and the viscosity is
dependent on water or moisture content than temperature. It is
also observed that the surfactant triton X-114 and reactive
orange 107 dyes have mutual molecular interaction and
therefore they exhibit negative deviations while increasing
temperature the deviation has been changed drastically due to
minimize the effect of hydrogen bonds in the mixture.
Moreover, itis concluded that there is a strong possibility
toremovetraces of dyes from aqueous solution without
additional equipment requirements. But the structure
assemblies and their propertyrelationships are essential factors
to enhance the process efficiency.
NOMENCLATURE
CPE Cloud point extraction
IE Interaction energy
TE Total electronic energy
xi Mole fraction of component i
Mi Molecular weight of component i
𝝆i Density of component i
𝝆mix Density of mixture
VE Excess molar volume
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The work is partially supported by Tamil Nadu State Council
for Science and Technology (TNSCST/S&T
project/VR/ES/2009-2010). The authors wish to thank
Taminadu State Council Science and Technology for their
financial support.
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Table1: The total electronic energy and Interaction energies between triton X-114, reactive orange 107 and their complex using ab
initio method with 6-31G* basis set.
S.No Name Total energy
(kJ.mole-1
)
Interaction energy
(kJ.mole-1
)
1 Dyes:
Reactive orange 107 (RO107)
-8131907.327 -
2 Surfactant:
Triton X-114 (TX-114)
-2022439.464 -
3 Water -199505.7064 -
4 RO107+Water -8327209.924 4203.109259
5 TX-114+Water -2217641.698 4303.472023
6 TX-114+RO107 -10246420.68 -92073.88529
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Table 2: Experimental Refractive index values for dilute and coacervate phase as a function of temperature and surfactant
concentration.
Surfactant
Concentration
(M)
Temperature (K)
303.15K 313.15K 323.15K
Dilute Coacervate Dilute Coacervate Dilute Coacervate
0.01 1.332 1.3580 1.332 1.3605 1.332 1.3530
0.02 1.332 1.3560 1.332 1.3630 1.332 1.3560
0.03 1.332 1.3585 1.332 1.3640 1.332 1.3588
0.04 1.332 1.3595 1.332 1.3660 1.332 1.3610
0.05 1.332 1.3610 1.332 1.3665 1.332 1.3625
0.06 1.332 1.3610 1.332 1.3690 1.332 1.3670
0.07 1.332 1.3680 1.332 1.3685 1.332 1.3695
0.08 1.332 1.3680 1.332 1.3695 1.332 1.3745
0.09 1.332 1.3610 1.332 1.3700 1.332 1.3750
0.1 1.332 1.3610 1.332 1.3710 1.332 1.3780
Table 3: Experimental Density values in g/cc for dilute and coacervate phase as a function of temperature and surfactant
concentration.
Surfactant
Concentration
(M)
Temperature (K)
303.15 313.15 323.15
Dilute Coacervate Dilute Coacervate Dilute Coacervate
0.01 1.000032 - 1.000030 - 1.000022 -
0.02 1.000073 - 1.000142 - 1.000037 -
0.03 1.000163 - 1.000196 - 1.000000 -
0.04 1.000254 - 1.000175 - 1.000251 -
0.05 1.000456 1.013099 1.000182 - 1.000222 -
0.06 1.000417 1.014066 1.000222 1.012756 1.000235 1.017372
0.07 1.000472 1.014194 1.000378 1.015736 1.000273 1.017889
0.08 1.000636 1.013592 1.000449 1.018362 1.000354 1.019479
0.09 1.000626 1.014833 1.000525 1.019535 1.000317 1.019904
0.1 1.000707 1.015070 1.000527 1.020131 1.000396 1.019183
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Table 4: Experimental Viscosity values in mPa/s for dilute and coacervate phase as a function of temperature and surfactant
concentration.
Surfactant
Concentration
(M)
Temperature (K)
303.15 313.15 323.15
Dilute Coacervate Dilute Coacervate Dilute Coacervate
0.01 0.74 - 0.820 - 0.840 -
0.02 0.74 - 0.820 - 0.860 -
0.03 0.7 - 0.820 - 0.860 -
0.04 0.74 - 0.840 - 0.860 -
0.05 0.8 - 0.840 - 0.880 -
0.06 0.78 122.7 0.840 - 0.880 155.700
0.07 0.82 123.9 0.860 135.900 0.880 173.600
0.08 0.84 126.9 0.860 148.800 0.900 181.800
0.09 0.84 127.9 0.860 161.100 0.900 174.600
0.1 0.84 129.8 0.880 161.100 0.900 171.900
Table 5: Experimental Excess molar values in mPa/s for dilute and coacervate phase as a function of temperature and surfactant
concentration.
Surfactant
Concentration(M)
Temperature (K)
303.15 313.15 323.15
0.01 -0.00057 -0.00054 -0.00038
0.02 -0.00129 -0.00254 -0.00066
0.03 -0.00292 -0.00351 0.00456
0.04 -0.00456 -0.00314 -0.00450
0.05 -0.00476 -0.00476 -0.00398
0.06 -0.00749 -0.00398 -0.00422
0.07 -0.00628 -0.00628 -0.00491
0.08 -0.01143 -0.00807 -0.00637
0.09 -0.01126 -0.00943 -0.00570
0.1 -0.01271 -0.00947 -0.00711
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Figure 1: Optimized structure of surfactant triton X-114 structure; octyl phenol polyethylene glycol ether;Cloud Pointtemperature:
298.15K; Density at 298.15K: 1.052 gmL-1
; max (visible): 223nm; molecular weight: 537g.mol-1
.
Figure2: Optimized structure of reactive orange 107 dyes; class: diazo; reactive group: vinyl sulphone; Density at 298.15K: 1.7g.mL-
1
; max (visible): 411nm; molecular weight: 566.49gmol-1
.
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Figure 3: Optimized structure of complex formed between surfactant triton X-114+ reactive orange 104 dyes using HF/6-31G*
level.
Figure 4:Calibration curve for Reactive Orange 107 dye
y = 0.022x + 0.011
R² = 0.998
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Absorbance
Concentration of Reactive Orange (ppm)
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Figure 5: Variation of refractive index with TX-114 concentration for dilute and coacervate phase at 25ppm Reactive Orange
concentration and at 313 K temperature
Figure 6: Variation of excess molar volume with temperature and surfactant concentration at 25ppm reactive orange concentration.
1.330
1.335
1.340
1.345
1.350
1.355
1.360
1.365
1.370
1.375
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10
RefractiveIndex
Concentration of TX-114 (M)
dilute phase
coac. phase
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
(-ve)Excessmolarvolume,VE,cm3mol-1
Concentration of TX-114 (M)
303 K
313 K
323 K