Evaluation Dataset and System for Japanese Lexical Simplification

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Tomoyuki Kajiwara, Kazuhide Yamamoto. Evaluation Dataset and System for Japanese Lexical Simplification. In Proceedings of the ACL-IJCNLP 2015 Student Research Workshop, pp.35-40. Beijing, China, July 2015.

Science

Evaluation Dataset and System
for Japanese Lexical Simpliﬁcation
Tomoyuki Kajiwara and Kazuhide Yamamoto
Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan
（Now I am studying at the Tokyo Metropolitan University）

Extensive / various forms of texts
Hitler committed terrible atrocities
during the second World War.
Hitler committed terrible cruelties
during the second World War.
Children Language Learners Elderlies
Motivation
Easily
accessible
Easily
readable and
understandable
too!

Problems in Japanese
Ø Unpublished system
•  It is diﬃcult for people who need reading
assistance to obtain simple Japanese sentences
Ø Unpublished dataset
•  It is diﬃcult for researchers and developers to
evaluate the performance of diﬀerent systems

Our works
ü Built and published
Japanese lexical simpliﬁcation system
http://www.jnlp.org/SNOW/S3
ü Built and published dataset for
evaluation of Japanese lexical simpliﬁcation
http://www.jnlp.org/SNOW/E4

Lexical Simpliﬁcation System
Substitution Generation
担う: 支える,引継ぐ,受け継ぐ,伝承する
bear: hold, wear, carry, expect
Identiﬁcation of Complex Words
担う
bear
Word Sense Disambiguation
担う: 支える, 受け継ぐ
bear: hold, carry
Synonym Ranking
1: 支える, 2: 受け継ぐ, 3: 担う
1: hold, 2: carry, 3: bear
Input
未来は若者が担う
Young people bear the future
Output
未来は若者が支える
Young people hold the future

Lexical Simpliﬁcation Dataset
1. Constructing Japanese Lexical Substitution Dataset
・Collecting Substitutions (crowdsourcing)
・Evaluating Substitutions (crowdsourcing)
2. Transforming into Lexical Simpliﬁcation Dataset
・Ranking Substitutions (crowdsourcing)
・Merging All Rankings
Sample: Young people bear the future.（未来は若者が担う）
Lexical Substitutions: carry, hold （受け継ぐ, 支える）
Rank of Simple Level: 1.hold, 2.carry, 3.bear
（1. 支える, 2. 受け継ぐ, 3. 担う）

Evaluation
Dataset Sentence Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
SemEval [1]
2012 Task1
2,010
580
(28.9%)
520
(25.9%)
560
(27.9%)
350
(17.4%)
Ours 2,330
630
(27.0%)
720
(30.9%)
500
(21.5%)
480
(20.6%)
System Precision Recall F-measure
Our Original 0.89 0.08 0.15
w/o WSD 0.84 0.71 0.77
[1] Lucia Specia, Sujay Kumar Jauhar, and Rada Mihalcea. 2012.
[1] Semeval-2012 task 1: English lexical simpliﬁcation.
[1] In Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation, pages 347‒355.

We built and published system and evaluation
dataset for Japanese lexical simpliﬁcation
http://www.jnlp.org/SNOW
Lexical Simpliﬁcation:
•  Substitutes a complex word or phrase
in a sentence with a simpler synonym
•  Supports the reading comprehension
of a wide range of readers (e.g. language learners)
Evaluation Dataset and System
for Japanese Lexical Simpliﬁcation
Tomoyuki Kajiwara and Kazuhide Yamamoto
Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan

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Evaluation Dataset and System for Japanese Lexical Simplification

1. Evaluation Dataset and System for Japanese Lexical Simpliﬁcation Tomoyuki Kajiwara and Kazuhide Yamamoto Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan （Now I am studying at the Tokyo Metropolitan University）

2. Extensive / various forms of texts Hitler committed terrible atrocities during the second World War. Hitler committed terrible cruelties during the second World War. Children Language Learners Elderlies Motivation Easily accessible Easily readable and understandable too!

3. Problems in Japanese Ø Unpublished system •  It is difficult for people who need reading assistance to obtain simple Japanese sentences Ø Unpublished dataset •  It is difficult for researchers and developers to evaluate the performance of different systems

4. Our works ü Built and published Japanese lexical simpliﬁcation system http://www.jnlp.org/SNOW/S3 ü Built and published dataset for evaluation of Japanese lexical simpliﬁcation http://www.jnlp.org/SNOW/E4

5. Lexical Simpliﬁcation System Substitution Generation 担う: 支える,引継ぐ,受け継ぐ,伝承する bear: hold, wear, carry, expect Identiﬁcation of Complex Words 担う bear Word Sense Disambiguation 担う: 支える, 受け継ぐ bear: hold, carry Synonym Ranking 1: 支える, 2: 受け継ぐ, 3: 担う 1: hold, 2: carry, 3: bear Input 未来は若者が担う Young people bear the future Output 未来は若者が支える Young people hold the future

6. Lexical Simpliﬁcation Dataset 1. Constructing Japanese Lexical Substitution Dataset ・Collecting Substitutions (crowdsourcing) ・Evaluating Substitutions (crowdsourcing) 2. Transforming into Lexical Simpliﬁcation Dataset ・Ranking Substitutions (crowdsourcing) ・Merging All Rankings Sample: Young people bear the future.（未来は若者が担う） Lexical Substitutions: carry, hold （受け継ぐ, 支える） Rank of Simple Level: 1.hold, 2.carry, 3.bear （1. 支える, 2. 受け継ぐ, 3. 担う）

7. Evaluation Dataset Sentence Noun Verb Adjective Adverb SemEval [1] 2012 Task1 2,010 580 (28.9%) 520 (25.9%) 560 (27.9%) 350 (17.4%) Ours 2,330 630 (27.0%) 720 (30.9%) 500 (21.5%) 480 (20.6%) System Precision Recall F-measure Our Original 0.89 0.08 0.15 w/o WSD 0.84 0.71 0.77 [1] Lucia Specia, Sujay Kumar Jauhar, and Rada Mihalcea. 2012. [1] Semeval-2012 task 1: English lexical simpliﬁcation. [1] In Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation, pages 347‒355.

8. We built and published system and evaluation dataset for Japanese lexical simplification http://www.jnlp.org/SNOW Lexical Simplification: •  Substitutes a complex word or phrase in a sentence with a simpler synonym •  Supports the reading comprehension of a wide range of readers (e.g. language learners) Evaluation Dataset and System for Japanese Lexical Simplification Tomoyuki Kajiwara and Kazuhide Yamamoto Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan

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