7. Fig. 6-2
10 m
1 m
0.1 m
1 cm
1 mm
100 µm
10 µm
1 µm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
0.1 nm Atoms
Small molecules
Lipids
Proteins
Ribosomes
Viruses
Smallest bacteria
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Most bacteria
Most plant and
animal cells
Frog egg
Chicken egg
Length of some
nerve and
muscle cells
Human height
Unaidedeye
Lightmicroscope
Electronmicroscope
17. Fig. 6-5
Homogenization
TECHNIQUE
Homogenate
Tissue
cells
1,000 g
(1,000 times the
force of gravity)
10 minDifferential centrifugation
Supernatant poured
into next tube
20,000 g
20 min
80,000 g
60 minPellet rich in
nuclei and
cellular debris
Pellet rich in
mitochondria
(and chloro-
plasts if cells
are from a plant)
Pellet rich in
“microsomes”
(pieces of plasma
membranes and
cells’ internal
membranes)
150,000 g
3 hr
Pellet rich in
ribosomes
19. Fig. 6-5b
1,000 g
(1,000 times the
force of gravity)
10 min
Supernatant poured
into next tube
20,000 g
20 min
80,000 g
60 min
150,000 g
3 hr
Pellet rich in
nuclei and
cellular debris
Pellet rich in
mitochondria
(and chloro-
plasts if cells
are from a plant)
Pellet rich in
“microsomes”
(pieces of plasma
membranes and
cells’ internal
membranes) Pellet rich in
ribosomes
TECHNIQUE (cont.)
26. Fig. 6-7
TEM of a plasma
membrane
(a)
(b) Structure of the plasma membrane
Outside of cell
Inside of
cell 0.1 µm
Hydrophilic
region
Hydrophobic
region
Hydrophilic
region
Phospholipid Proteins
Carbohydrate side chain
28. Fig. 6-8
Surface area increases while
total volume remains constant
5
1
1
6 150 750
125 1251
6 61.2
Total surface area
[Sum of the surface areas
(height × width) of all
boxes
sides × number of boxes]
Total volume
[height × width × length ×
number of boxes]
Surface-to-volume
(S-to-V) ratio
[surface area ÷ volume]
38. Fig. 6-11
Cytosol
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Free ribosomes
Bound ribosomes
Large
subunit
Small
subunit
Diagram of a ribosomeTEM showing ER and ribosomes
0.5 µm
80. Fig. 6-23
5 µm
Direction of swimming
(a) Motion of flagella
Direction of organism’s movement
Power stroke Recovery stroke
(b) Motion of cilia
15 µm
110. Fig. 6-32
Tight junction
0.5 µm
1 µm
Desmosome
Gap junction
Extracellular
matrix
0.1 µm
Plasma membranes
of adjacent cells
Space
between
cells
Gap
junctions
Desmosome
Intermediate
filaments
Tight junction
Tight junctions prevent
fluid from moving
across a layer of cells
111. Fig. 6-32a
Tight junctions prevent
fluid from moving across
a layer of cells
Tight junction
Intermediate
filaments
Desmosome
Gap
junctions
Extracellular
matrixSpace
between
cells
Plasma membranes
of adjacent cells
117. Fig. 6-UN1
Cell Component Structure Function
Houses chromosomes, made of
chromatin (DNA, the genetic
material, and proteins); contains
nucleoli, where ribosomal
subunits are made. Pores
regulate entry and exit of
materials.
Nucleus
(ER)
Concept 6.3
The eukaryotic cell’s genetic
instructions are housed in
the nucleus and carried out
by the ribosomes
Ribosome
Concept 6.4 Endoplasmic reticulum
The endomembrane system
regulates protein traffic and
performs metabolic functions
in the cell
(Nuclear
envelope)
Concept 6.5
Mitochondria and chloro-
plasts change energy from
one form to another
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Vacuole
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
Peroxisome
Two subunits made of ribo-
somal RNA and proteins; can be
free in cytosol or bound to ER
Extensive network of
membrane-bound tubules and
sacs; membrane separates
lumen from cytosol;
continuous with
the nuclear envelope.
Membranous sac of hydrolytic
enzymes (in animal cells)
Large membrane-bounded
vesicle in plants
Bounded by double
membrane;
inner membrane has
infoldings (cristae)
Typically two membranes
around fluid stroma, which
contains membranous thylakoids
stacked into grana (in plants)
Specialized metabolic
compartment bounded by a
single membrane
Protein synthesis
Smooth ER: synthesis of
lipids, metabolism of carbohy-
drates, Ca2+
storage, detoxifica-
tion of drugs and poisons
Rough ER: Aids in synthesis of
secretory and other proteins from
bound ribosomes; adds
carbohydrates to glycoproteins;
produces new membrane
Modification of proteins, carbo-
hydrates on proteins, and phos-
pholipids; synthesis of many
polysaccharides; sorting of Golgi
products, which are then
released in vesicles.
Breakdown of ingested substances,
cell macromolecules, and damaged
organelles for recycling
Digestion, storage, waste
disposal, water balance, cell
growth, and protection
Cellular respiration
Photosynthesis
Contains enzymes that transfer
hydrogen to water, producing
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a
by-product, which is converted
to water by other enzymes
in the peroxisome
Stacks of flattened
membranous
sacs; has polarity
(cis and trans
faces)
Surrounded by nuclear
envelope (double membrane)
perforated by nuclear pores.
The nuclear envelope is
continuous with the
endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
118. Fig. 6-UN1a
Cell Component Structure Function
Concept 6.3
The eukaryotic cell’s genetic
instructions are housed in
the nucleus and carried out
by the ribosomes
Nucleus Surrounded by nuclear
envelope (double membrane)
perforated by nuclear pores.
The nuclear envelope is
continuous with the
endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
(ER)
Houses chromosomes, made of
chromatin (DNA, the genetic
material, and proteins); contains
nucleoli, where ribosomal
subunits are made. Pores
regulate entry and exit os
materials.
Ribosome Two subunits made of ribo-
somal RNA and proteins; can be
free in cytosol or bound to ER
Protein synthesis
119. Fig. 6-UN1b
Cell Component Structure Function
Concept 6.4
The endomembrane system
regulates protein traffic and
performs metabolic
functions
in the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum
(Nuclear
envelope)
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Vacuole Large membrane-bounded
vesicle in plants
Membranous sac of
hydrolytic
enzymes (in animal cells)
Stacks of flattened
membranous
sacs; has polarity
(cis and trans
faces)
Extensive network of
membrane-bound tubules and
sacs; membrane separates
lumen from cytosol;
continuous with
the nuclear envelope.
Smooth ER: synthesis of
lipids, metabolism of carbohy-
drates, Ca2+
storage, detoxifica-
tion of drugs and poisons
Rough ER: Aids in sythesis of
secretory and other proteins
from bound ribosomes; adds
carbohydrates to glycoproteins;
produces new membrane
Modification of proteins, carbo-
hydrates on proteins, and phos-
pholipids; synthesis of many
polysaccharides; sorting of
Golgi products, which are then
released in vesicles.
Breakdown of ingested sub-
stances cell macromolecules,
and damaged organelles for
recycling
Digestion, storage, waste
disposal, water balance, cell
growth, and protection
120. Fig. 6-UN1c
Cell Component
Concept 6.5
Mitochondria and chloro-
plasts change energy from
one form to another
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
Peroxisome
Structure Function
Bounded by double
membrane;
inner membrane has
infoldings (cristae)
Typically two membranes
around fluid stroma, which
contains membranous thylakoids
stacked into grana (in plants)
Specialized metabolic
compartment bounded by a
single membrane
Cellular respiration
Photosynthesis
Contains enzymes that transfer
hydrogen to water, producing
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a
by-product, which is converted
to water by other enzymes
in the peroxisome
For the Discovery Video Cells, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.1 How do cellular components cooperate to help the cell function?
Figure 6.2 The size range of cells
Figure 6.3a-d Light microscopy
Figure 6.3 Light microscopy
Figure 6.3 Light microscopy
Figure 6.3 Light microscopy
Figure 6.3 Light microscopy
Figure 6.4 Electron microscopy
Figure 6.5 Cell fractionation
Figure 6.5 Cell fractionation, part 1
Figure 6.5 Cell fractionation, part 2
Figure 6.6 A prokaryotic cell
Figure 6.7 The plasma membrane
Figure 6.8 Geometric relationships between surface area and volume
Figure 6.9 Animal and plant cells—animal cell
Figure 6.9 Animal and plant cells—plant cell
Figure 6.10 The nucleus and its envelope
For the Cell Biology Video Staining of Endoplasmic Reticulum, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.11 Ribosomes
For the Cell Biology Video ER and Mitochondria in Leaf Cells, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.12 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
For the Cell Biology Video ER to Golgi Traffic, go to Animation and Video Files.
For the Cell Biology Video Golgi Complex in 3D, go to Animation and Video Files.
For the Cell Biology Video Secretion From the Golgi, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.13 The Golgi apparatus
For the Cell Biology Video Phagocytosis in Action, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.14a Lysosomes
Figure 6.14a Lysosome—phagocytosis
Figure 6.14b Lysosomes—autophagy
Figure 6.15 The plant cell vacuole
Figure 6.16 Review: relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system
Figure 6.16 Review: relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system
Figure 6.16 Review: relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system
For the Cell Biology Video ER and Mitochondria in Leaf Cells, go to Animation and Video Files.
For the Cell Biology Video Mitochondria in 3D, go to Animation and Video Files.
For the Cell Biology Video Chloroplast Movement, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.17 The mitochondrion, site of cellular respiration
Figure 6.18 The chloroplast, site of photosynthesis
Figure 6.19 A peroxisome
For the Cell Biology Video The Cytoskeleton in a Neuron Growth Cone, go to Animation and Video Files
For the Cell Biology Video Cytoskeletal Protein Dynamics, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.20 The cytoskeleton
Figure 6.21 Motor proteins and the cytoskeleton
For the Cell Biology Video Actin Network in Crawling Cells, go to Animation and Video Files.
For the Cell Biology Video Actin Visualization in Dendrites, go to Animation and Video Files.
Table 6-1
Table 6-1a
Table 6-1b
Table 6-1c
For the Cell Biology Video Transport Along Microtubules, go to Animation and Video Files.
For the Cell Biology Video Movement of Organelles in Vivo, go to Animation and Video Files.
For the Cell Biology Video Movement of Organelles in Vitro, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.22 Centrosome containing a pair of centrioles
Figure 6.23a A comparison of the beating of flagella and cilia—motion of flagella
Figure 6.24 Ultrastructure of a eukaryotic flagellum or motile cilium
For the Cell Biology Video Motion of Isolated Flagellum, go to Animation and Video Files.
For the Cell Biology Video Flagellum Movement in Swimming Sperm, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.25 How dynein “walking” moves flagella and cilia
Figure 6.25a How dynein “walking” moves flagella and cilia
Figure 6.25b, c How dynein “walking” moves flagella and cilia
Figure 6.26 A structural role of microfilaments
Figure 6.27 Microfilaments and motility
Figure 6.27a Microfilaments and motility
Figure 6.27b,c Microfilaments and motility
For the Cell Biology Video Interphase Microtubule Dynamics, go to Animation and Video Files.
For the Cell Biology Video Microtubule Sliding in Flagellum Movement, go to Animation and Video Files.
For the Cell Biology Video Microtubule Dynamics, go to Animation and Video Files.
For the Cell Biology Video Ciliary Motion, go to Animation and Video Files.
For the Cell Biology Video E-cadherin Expression, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.28 Plant cell walls
Figure 6.29 What role do microtubules play in orienting deposition of cellulose in cell walls?
For the Cell Biology Video Cartoon Model of a Collagen Triple Helix, go to Animation and Video Files.
For the Cell Biology Video Staining of the Extracellular Matrix, go to Animation and Video Files.
For the Cell Biology Video Fibronectin Fibrils, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.30 Extracellular matrix (ECM) of an animal cell, part 1
Figure 6.30 Extracellular matrix (ECM) of an animal cell, part 1
Figure 6.30 Extracellular matrix (ECM) of an animal cell, part 2
Figure 6.31 Plasmodesmata between plant cells
Figure 6.32 Intercellular junctions in animal tissues
Figure 6.32 Intercellular junctions in animal tissues—tight junctions
Figure 6.32 Intercellular junctions in animal tissues—tight junctions
Figure 6.32 Intercellular junctions in animal tissues—desmosomes junctions
Figure 6.32 Intercellular junctions in animal tissues—gap junctions