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The True Cost of American Food
14 April 2016
Corn/soy landscapes,
water quality, and the
Gulf of Mexico ‘dead
zone’
R. Eugene Turner
Louisiana State University
(euturne@lsu.edu)
500 km
0.6%
58%
18%
21%
[w & w
2.4%]
*
Our watershed
• up to 22,000 km2
• 4 - 5 m nearshore to 35 - 45 m offshore
• 0.5 km nearshore to 100+ km offshore
• widespread and severe in June – September
Source: N. Rabalais, LUMCON
Extensive, Severe Low Oxygen WatersExtensive, Severe Low Oxygen Waters
TX MSLA
The	
  distribu,on	
  matches	
  the
global	
  human	
  footprint	
  in
developed	
  countries	
  and	
  is
increasing	
  in	
  developing
countries.
A	
  Global	
  Epidemic
Díaz	
  &
Rosenberg
2008
400	
  +100	
  more
of	
  concern
Why is it called the
“DEAD ZONE”
???
Brown Shrimp • Fisheries resources at risk
• Altered migration
• Reduced habitat
• Changes in food resources
• Susceptibility of early life stages
• Growth & reproduction
The Consequences
1
2
3
4
5
6
How does the bottom layer become hypoxic?
Hypoxia per unit nitrate: rising
Turner, R. E., N. N. Rabalais and D. Justic 2008. Gulf of Mexico hypoxia: Alternate states and a legacy. Environmental Science and
Technology 42: 2323 - 2327
More Silica than N:
Silica Loading from river:
diatoms as prey
Zooplankton as predators
Desirable fish
undesirable or
reduced fish stocks
O
More Silica than N:
Less Silica than N:
Silica Loading from river:
diatoms as prey
Zooplankton as predators
Desirable fish
flagellated algae as prey
Zooplankton reduced
Land use drives water quality
worldwide and also in this
watershed
Key variables: cropping
patterns, fertilizer use, tributary
size, drainage
Landscape influences
Crumpton et al. 2006
Land use and nitrate runoff
Percent crop land
Nitrate
(mg N
L-1)
Nutrients	
  Delivered	
  to	
  GoM
http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/sparrow/gulf_findings/Alexander et al. 2008 &
Impairments from nutrients are significant,
but are not the only stressor
U.S. E.P.A. 2006. Wadeable streams assessment. A collaborative survey of the nation’s streams. Office of
Research and Development, Office of Water. Washington, D.C. EPA 841-B-06-002.
www.epa.gov/owow/streamsurvey
Options

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Eugene Turner - Corn/soy systems

  • 1. The True Cost of American Food 14 April 2016 Corn/soy landscapes, water quality, and the Gulf of Mexico ‘dead zone’ R. Eugene Turner Louisiana State University (euturne@lsu.edu)
  • 2. 500 km 0.6% 58% 18% 21% [w & w 2.4%] * Our watershed
  • 3. • up to 22,000 km2 • 4 - 5 m nearshore to 35 - 45 m offshore • 0.5 km nearshore to 100+ km offshore • widespread and severe in June – September Source: N. Rabalais, LUMCON Extensive, Severe Low Oxygen WatersExtensive, Severe Low Oxygen Waters TX MSLA
  • 4. The  distribu,on  matches  the global  human  footprint  in developed  countries  and  is increasing  in  developing countries. A  Global  Epidemic Díaz  & Rosenberg 2008 400  +100  more of  concern
  • 5. Why is it called the “DEAD ZONE” ???
  • 6. Brown Shrimp • Fisheries resources at risk • Altered migration • Reduced habitat • Changes in food resources • Susceptibility of early life stages • Growth & reproduction The Consequences
  • 7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 How does the bottom layer become hypoxic?
  • 8.
  • 9. Hypoxia per unit nitrate: rising Turner, R. E., N. N. Rabalais and D. Justic 2008. Gulf of Mexico hypoxia: Alternate states and a legacy. Environmental Science and Technology 42: 2323 - 2327
  • 10. More Silica than N: Silica Loading from river: diatoms as prey Zooplankton as predators Desirable fish
  • 11. undesirable or reduced fish stocks O More Silica than N: Less Silica than N: Silica Loading from river: diatoms as prey Zooplankton as predators Desirable fish flagellated algae as prey Zooplankton reduced
  • 12. Land use drives water quality worldwide and also in this watershed Key variables: cropping patterns, fertilizer use, tributary size, drainage Landscape influences
  • 13. Crumpton et al. 2006 Land use and nitrate runoff Percent crop land Nitrate (mg N L-1)
  • 14. Nutrients  Delivered  to  GoM http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/sparrow/gulf_findings/Alexander et al. 2008 &
  • 15. Impairments from nutrients are significant, but are not the only stressor U.S. E.P.A. 2006. Wadeable streams assessment. A collaborative survey of the nation’s streams. Office of Research and Development, Office of Water. Washington, D.C. EPA 841-B-06-002. www.epa.gov/owow/streamsurvey