2. Outline
Introduction
The Ecosystem Perspective -
Basic Ecological Principles
Environmental Principles
Ensuring Environmental Sustainability
Sustainable Development Paradigm
Social, Economic and Ecological Perspectives
3. SD and Climate Change
Sustainable
development
policies
Climate
change
Sustainable
development
Climate
change
policies
Alternative development pathways
Sectoral environment/ economic policies
Institutional/managerial changes
Innovation/ technological change
Avoided climate change damage
Ancillary benefits/costs
Spillovers/trade effects
Innovation/technological change
Two-way linkages between climate change and sustainable development. Source: Swart et.al (2003)
4.
5. The State of Environment
• One of 17 mega-diverse countries in the
world
Containing two-thirds of the earth’s biodiversity
70-80% of the world’s endangered species
6. The State of Environment
• 4th in the World in bird endemism
• 5th in the World in mammal endemism
• 5th in the World in number of plant species
• 8th in the World in reptile endemism
7. The State of Environment
Puerto Princesa Subterranean River
National Park
Mayon Volcano
Candidates for
the
NEW 7
WONDERS OF
THE WORLD
Chocolate Hills Tubbataha Reef
8. The State of Environment
Verde Island Passage Marine Corridor
Center of the center of marine shorefish diversity
in the world
(Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion)
9. The State of Environment
Philippine Water Resources
Water Supply = 146.0 Bcu.m
Water Consumption = 40.9 Bcu.m
Consumption Ratio = 28.0%
10. The State of Environment
• One of the hottest ‘hot
spots’ in habitat destruction
11. The State of Environment
• Massive loss of forest cover which is now
down to only about 18% of our total land area
• Only about 800,000 hectares of virgin forest
left
12. The State of Environment
• Threatened and endangered species (increasing in about
9.7% annually)
• Only 5% of our coral reefs remain in excellent condition
• 30-50% of our seagrass beds were lost in the last 50 years
• Only 112,400 hectares of mangroves left (decline from
450,000 ha in 1918)
13. The State of Environment
• The degradation of coastal and marine
ecosystem has affected fish production
• Catch per municipal fisherman significantly went
down from about 1500 kg per year in 1987 to
about 1100 kg per year in 1996 and declining
14. The State of Environment
• Groundwater levels going down by 5-10 meters for the last
several decades that led to saline intrusion and ground
subsidence
• Sixteen major rivers, five in Metro Manila, are biologically-dead
during summer months due to pollution
• 48% of water pollution is caused by household waste,
compounded by the lack of an adequate sewerage system
15. The State of Environment
• TSP levels above the standards by as
much as 200% causing adverse health
impacts
16. The State of Environment
• In 2000, 76M Filipinos generated over 10 million tons of
municipal solid wastes.
• In 2007, waste generated was 12.45 million tons.
• On 2012, waste projection is pegged at 14 million tons
17. The State of Environment
VAST MINERAL RESOURCES
Mineral Land Distribution
(As % of Total Philippine Land Area)
30% or 9 Million
Hectares
High-Potential
Low-Medium Potential
70%
Only 1.4% being
exploited
Land Area: 30 million Hectares
19. THE NEED FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
•PRESENTLY
– Alarming rate of environmental
degradation
– Adverse environmental issues and
problems
– Bring havoc and poses a very
serious problem
20. Climate change Ozone depletion
Deforestation and desertification Water scarcity (freshwater)
Losses of soil Reduction of biodiversity
Land, atmosphere and ocean
pollution
Scarcity of natural resources and
energy
Food security Depletion of biological resources
Overpopulation Residue production
Accelerating trends of urbanization Development of megacities
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS –
DO WE KNOW THEM ALL?
21. PHILOSOPHY
“For humankind to SURVIVE and IMPROVE its
QUALITY OF LIFE, it is ABSOLUTELY
NECESSARY for Everyone to become Aware of
and Understand Humanity’s Relation to the
Environment.
Develop Values and Attitudes of
Conservation and Social Justice, and
Act, Alone or in Groups, in such Ways as
to Correct or Prevent Environmental
Problems” .
TO SAVE MANKIND, EVERYONE SHOULD
BE ACTIVELY ENGAGED IN
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
22. • Finiteness of Resources
–Ours is a Finite Earth
–Ang Kalikasan ay may
Hangganan
23. The natural resources needed
to maintain the lifestyle of
one person in the United
States are equal to what is
required by 200 to 300 Asians.
Imagine what would happen if
the same North American
lifestyle were to be extended
to people everywhere.
34. CONCEPT OF
INTERDEPENDENCE
• The structure and function of ecological
systems are interrelated with socio-economic
systems.
SOCIOECONOMIC SYSTEM
ECOLOGICAL
SYSTEM
