Ethical violation redesign
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This study tested untested skin care lotions and creams on prison inmates over 30 days with repeated sunlamp exposures, developing a "patchwork" effect on their skin. It violated ethics by not allowing inmates to opt out, offering money that could coerce participation, and not testing products on animals first. The study should not have been conducted due to risks of harming vulnerable inmates. The data should not be used as consent was not informed. It brought criticism on researchers and negatively impacted research. Guidelines were later proposed to better protect prisoner subjects.
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Ethics powerpoint
This study tested untested skin care lotions and creams on prison inmates over 30 days with repeated sunlamp exposures, developing a "patchwork" effect on their skin. It violated ethics by not allowing inmates to opt out or exercise free choice, and by offering payment that could coerce participation despite risks. The products were not tested first for safety. While the general public may have benefited from the knowledge, the data should not be used as the risks to inmates were unethical. It brought criticism on researchers and shed negative light on research. Guidelines were later proposed to better protect prisoner subjects.
Lesson 5- Human Experimentation
The document discusses guidelines for ethical human experimentation and research. It addresses key considerations like informed consent, minimizing harms, and ensuring experimental and control groups are comparable. Randomized controlled trials that compare outcomes between those receiving the treatment and a control group are identified as the best way to reliably test a medical intervention. Informed consent, voluntary participation, potential risks and benefits, and the right to withdraw must be respected. The welfare of research participants should be the top priority through careful experiment design and oversight.
Methods in psychology
This document discusses various methods used in psychology, including the scientific method, descriptive methods like observation and case studies, surveys, experiments, and correlations. It provides details on how each method works, such as the steps of the scientific method and experiments, and discusses advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches.
20 clinical trials
- Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are required to establish drug safety and efficacy before approval and distribution. Rules were established after Thalidomide caused birth defects in Europe.
- RCTs involve experimental and control groups, and aim to determine if experimental drugs are more effective than placebos or standard treatments. They undergo three phases to test safety, efficacy, and compare outcomes.
- Ethical issues include when it is justified to recruit subjects, the well-being of control groups, and whether trials should be stopped early if results are promising or continued to statistical significance. Balancing individual and societal interests is complex.
The Symptoms and Stress Experienced By Medical Students in Anatomy Dissection...
The Symptoms and Stress Experienced By Medical Students in Anatomy Dissection...MaYloizeNicoleBramid
A study conducted in Nigeria examined the stress levels of medical students exposed to cadaver dissection for the first time. Many students reported feelings of curiosity, nervousness, and excitement but some also felt frightened, shocked, or cried. Common physical symptoms included palpitations, nausea, and difficulty breathing. According to the results, the smell of the environment and sight of the cadaver were most often cited as causing symptoms. To cope, students focused on their task, prayed, joked with friends, or relaxed. The majority were able to cope positively by engaging in other activities. The study recommends informing students beforehand to help them prepare and make the experience less stressful.Guideline to Clinical Exam Medicine and Allied
The document provides instructions for a medical student examination involving a long case, short cases, and objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs), outlining the format, time limits, passing scores, materials required, and content to be evaluated for each section including history taking, physical examination, differential diagnosis, and management plan. Key examination stations are also listed that will involve assessments of specific body systems, procedures, radiology, and patient interactions. Scoring details are provided showing the total marks possible is 300.
Pranesh Chakraborty (CHEO): panCanadian Newborn Screening Guidelines
Pranesh Chakraborty (CHEO): panCanadian Newborn Screening GuidelinesCanadian Organization for Rare Disorders
This document discusses guidelines for pan-Canadian newborn screening. It defines screening as applying tests to asymptomatic populations to identify those who need further investigation or treatment for better outcomes. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptomatic patients to confirm or rule out disease. The document outlines elements of an effective screening system, including education, testing, follow-up, data management, and governance. It discusses the use of dried blood spot samples, and notes work by a federal-provincial-territorial group to establish consensus on minimum screening panels and policies around sample storage and secondary use.Experimental epidemiology 2nd b sc Nursing
Experimental epidemiology involves deliberately manipulating suspected causal factors in an experimental group while making no changes to a control group, then comparing outcomes. It can be conducted on animals or humans. The aims are to provide scientific proof of causes to allow disease modification or control, and to evaluate health service effectiveness. It differs from cohort studies in that the investigator has direct control over conditions. Randomized controlled trials randomly assign participants to experimental or control groups to reduce bias when testing new treatments. Animal studies are useful but not all human diseases can be reproduced in animals. Human experiments are still needed to investigate disease causes and evaluate prevention and treatment measures.
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Ethics powerpoint
This study tested untested skin care lotions and creams on prison inmates over 30 days with repeated sunlamp exposures, developing a "patchwork" effect on their skin. It violated ethics by not allowing inmates to opt out or exercise free choice, and by offering payment that could coerce participation despite risks. The products were not tested first for safety. While the general public may have benefited from the knowledge, the data should not be used as the risks to inmates were unethical. It brought criticism on researchers and shed negative light on research. Guidelines were later proposed to better protect prisoner subjects.
Lesson 5- Human Experimentation
The document discusses guidelines for ethical human experimentation and research. It addresses key considerations like informed consent, minimizing harms, and ensuring experimental and control groups are comparable. Randomized controlled trials that compare outcomes between those receiving the treatment and a control group are identified as the best way to reliably test a medical intervention. Informed consent, voluntary participation, potential risks and benefits, and the right to withdraw must be respected. The welfare of research participants should be the top priority through careful experiment design and oversight.
Methods in psychology
This document discusses various methods used in psychology, including the scientific method, descriptive methods like observation and case studies, surveys, experiments, and correlations. It provides details on how each method works, such as the steps of the scientific method and experiments, and discusses advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches.
20 clinical trials
- Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are required to establish drug safety and efficacy before approval and distribution. Rules were established after Thalidomide caused birth defects in Europe.
- RCTs involve experimental and control groups, and aim to determine if experimental drugs are more effective than placebos or standard treatments. They undergo three phases to test safety, efficacy, and compare outcomes.
- Ethical issues include when it is justified to recruit subjects, the well-being of control groups, and whether trials should be stopped early if results are promising or continued to statistical significance. Balancing individual and societal interests is complex.
The Symptoms and Stress Experienced By Medical Students in Anatomy Dissection...
The Symptoms and Stress Experienced By Medical Students in Anatomy Dissection...MaYloizeNicoleBramid
A study conducted in Nigeria examined the stress levels of medical students exposed to cadaver dissection for the first time. Many students reported feelings of curiosity, nervousness, and excitement but some also felt frightened, shocked, or cried. Common physical symptoms included palpitations, nausea, and difficulty breathing. According to the results, the smell of the environment and sight of the cadaver were most often cited as causing symptoms. To cope, students focused on their task, prayed, joked with friends, or relaxed. The majority were able to cope positively by engaging in other activities. The study recommends informing students beforehand to help them prepare and make the experience less stressful.Guideline to Clinical Exam Medicine and Allied
The document provides instructions for a medical student examination involving a long case, short cases, and objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs), outlining the format, time limits, passing scores, materials required, and content to be evaluated for each section including history taking, physical examination, differential diagnosis, and management plan. Key examination stations are also listed that will involve assessments of specific body systems, procedures, radiology, and patient interactions. Scoring details are provided showing the total marks possible is 300.
Pranesh Chakraborty (CHEO): panCanadian Newborn Screening Guidelines
Pranesh Chakraborty (CHEO): panCanadian Newborn Screening GuidelinesCanadian Organization for Rare Disorders
This document discusses guidelines for pan-Canadian newborn screening. It defines screening as applying tests to asymptomatic populations to identify those who need further investigation or treatment for better outcomes. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptomatic patients to confirm or rule out disease. The document outlines elements of an effective screening system, including education, testing, follow-up, data management, and governance. It discusses the use of dried blood spot samples, and notes work by a federal-provincial-territorial group to establish consensus on minimum screening panels and policies around sample storage and secondary use.Experimental epidemiology 2nd b sc Nursing
Experimental epidemiology involves deliberately manipulating suspected causal factors in an experimental group while making no changes to a control group, then comparing outcomes. It can be conducted on animals or humans. The aims are to provide scientific proof of causes to allow disease modification or control, and to evaluate health service effectiveness. It differs from cohort studies in that the investigator has direct control over conditions. Randomized controlled trials randomly assign participants to experimental or control groups to reduce bias when testing new treatments. Animal studies are useful but not all human diseases can be reproduced in animals. Human experiments are still needed to investigate disease causes and evaluate prevention and treatment measures.
The history of medical ethics in research and its relation to clinical practice
This document discusses the history of medical ethics in research and its relation to clinical practice. It covers several topics including the importance of research and ethics, premodern versus modern research, examples of unethical research, the development of ethics codes, and the application of research ethics to clinical medicine. Key points addressed are the benefits of research for improving health and helping patients and communities, as well as the need to prevent exploitation and protect subjects.
Case control study
Case-control studies are observational studies, where two groups determine the level of exposure to a risk or a disease, by identifying a group of individuals with disease and for purpose of comparison, a group of people without the disease.
The use of RCT for Pharmacoepidemiology
This document summarizes the key points in critically evaluating randomized controlled trials (RCTs). It notes that RCTs compare an intervention group that receives active treatment to a control group that receives an inactive treatment. Randomization is used to ensure groups are similar and reduce bias from other factors. When possible, double blinding and intention-to-treat analysis are important. It also discusses evaluating the appropriateness of comparison groups, measuring and adjusting for prognostic factors, and consistency of results across analyses.
Analytic upto surviellance
This document discusses different types of epidemiological study designs including analytic, observational, and interventional studies. It provides details on cohort and case-control study designs, including how to select cases and controls, measure exposures and outcomes, analyze results, and consider advantages and limitations. It also defines various measures of mortality such as crude death rate, age-specific mortality rate, and case fatality rate.
Conflicts of interest
A conflict of interest arises whenever there is any potential bias that could affect a researcher’s work. Avoid post-publication headaches by disclosing all conflicts of interest upfront.
History of clinical trials
Clinical trials have a long history dating back to Avicenna in the 11th century who established principles for testing drug effectiveness. Modern clinical trials involve extensive pre-clinical testing followed by 4 phases of human trials. Phase I trials in healthy volunteers establish safety. Phase II trials in patients provide preliminary efficacy and safety data. Phase III trials involve thousands of patients to confirm efficacy and monitor side effects. Phase IV occurs after approval to further monitor long-term safety. Randomization, blinding, and use of control groups aim to reduce bias in trial design and interpretation of results.
Screening test (basic concepts)
Diagnostic, screening tests, differences and applications and their characteristics, four pillars of screening tests, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and accuracy
Screening of Diseases
This document provides information on epidemiology and screening tests. It discusses the concepts of screening, principles of screening, differences between screening and diagnostic tests, uses and indications for screening tests, types of screening, limitations and analysis of screening tests including validity measures like sensitivity and specificity. The learning outcomes are to understand these concepts and calculate validity measures to evaluate screening tests.
Lecture 22 hellman and hellman on research ethics and the tuskegee syphilis...
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was a clinical study conducted between 1932-1972 by the U.S. Public Health Service to observe the natural progression of untreated syphilis in rural Black men in Alabama. Researchers did not provide effective treatment even after penicillin became the standard treatment in 1947. The study violated ethical standards through deception of the participants and denial of treatment, reflecting the racism of the time. It demonstrated the harm that can result when medical research priorities conflict with patient well-being.
Screening
Application of a test or a procedure to large number of population who have no symptoms of a particular disease for the purpose of determining their likelihood of having the disease.
Advance concepts in screening
The document discusses concepts in screening tests including definitions, principles of screening according to WHO, types of results from screening tests, criteria for successful screening tests, and calculations of sensitivity and specificity. It also covers sequential and parallel screening tests, the receiver operating characteristic curve and how it is used to evaluate tests, and methods for determining the optimal cutoff point for a screening test including using Youden's index and minimizing costs.
Pediatric internship
An intern at Clemson-Seneca Pediatrics (CSP) describes a typical day. The intern arrives at 8am to prepare exam rooms and record temperatures. Patients are brought back for history, vitals, and any labs. Exams, shots, and charting are completed. The intern assists with vaccines and projects throughout the day. The fast-paced environment provided valuable hands-on learning experience and introduced the intern to a potential career in pediatrics.
Experimental Studies
This document discusses experimental studies, specifically randomized controlled trials (RCTs). It describes the key components of RCTs, including developing a protocol, selecting and randomizing study populations, implementing interventions, follow-up, and outcome assessment. The document outlines advantages and limitations of RCTs compared to other experimental study designs. It also discusses various types of RCTs, such as clinical trials, preventive trials, and risk factor trials. Finally, it describes the phases of clinical trials and objectives at each phase.
Screening
This document discusses criteria for screening tests and how to evaluate their accuracy. An effective screening test can rapidly sort individuals who likely have a disease from those who likely do not. Key factors in evaluating a screening test include its sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. Sensitivity refers to a test's ability to correctly identify those with the disease, while specificity refers to correctly identifying those without the disease.
Case control study (Review of an Article)
This case-control study examined the relationship between alcohol consumption and risk of stroke. It compared 364 cases of acute stroke to 364 matched controls without stroke. The study found that lifelong abstainers from alcohol had over twice the odds of stroke compared to those who had consumed alcohol regularly. Current heavy drinkers also showed an increased risk of stroke. Moderate alcohol consumption was not found to increase stroke risk and may have a protective effect against cerebrovascular disease.
Human Experimentation23
Human experimentation has a long history dating back to ancient times. Notable events include the unethical human experiments conducted by Nazi Germany during World War II which led to the development of the Nuremberg Code in 1946. The code established standards for human experimentation including requiring voluntary consent. There are ongoing debates around the ethics of experimentation and whether the potential benefits to society through medical advances justify exposing human subjects to risks. Different types of experiments, such as those involving placebos, fetuses, children, prisoners and blind/double-blind designs, each raise additional complex issues around informed consent and protecting vulnerable populations.
Screenig of diseases
Screening tests are used to identify diseases in apparently healthy populations. They are less accurate than diagnostic tests but can identify diseases at earlier stages. An ideal screening test is both highly sensitive, correctly identifying all cases of a disease, and highly specific, correctly identifying all non-cases. However, in practice, no single test achieves both high sensitivity and specificity. Multiple screening tests may be used together to improve accuracy. The effectiveness of screening programs is evaluated based on metrics like sensitivity, specificity, and rates of false positives and negatives.
Bias, confounding and fallacies in epidemiology
This document discusses three major threats to internal validity in epidemiology: bias, confounding, and fallacies. It focuses on defining and providing examples of bias, specifically selection bias and information bias. Selection bias can occur when comparison groups are not representative of the target populations due to factors like non-random selection or differential loss to follow up. Information bias, also called misclassification bias, results from errors in measuring exposures or outcomes, which can be differential or non-differential. Methods to control for biases like blinding subjects and using multiple questions are also outlined.
Ethics powerpoint 4
This study tested untested skin care lotions and creams on prison inmates over 30 days with repeated sunlamp exposures, developing a "patchwork" effect on their skin. It violated ethics by not allowing inmates to opt out or ensuring their safety. The data should not be used as prisoners could not give informed consent. Guidelines were proposed to better protect vulnerable populations in future research.
Family downton abbey
The document summarizes key aspects of family life as portrayed in the TV show Downton Abbey, set in early 1900s England. It describes the relationships, roles, and dynamics within the aristocratic family and between the family and their servants. Strict social hierarchies, traditions, and gender norms shaped all interactions. Family members provided for one another physically and emotionally, while servants received care and employment in exchange for their dedicated service to the household. Conflict most often arose between the two eldest sisters due to competition over suitors and parental attention.
The Practica Group "Scandal"
The document analyzes relationships, roles, rules, and rituals within families portrayed in the TV show Scandal. It discusses the relationships between main characters Olivia Pope, President Fitzgerald Grant, Cyrus Been, and Sally Langston. It notes that rules are often broken on the show and the families depicted have "loose" structures with turmoil and disagreement. Finally, it poses questions about how concepts like communication, care, coping, contact, conflict, and consensus manifest within the families as portrayed in the sitcom.
Scandal
This document analyzes the relationships, roles, rules, and rituals of characters in the TV show Scandal. It examines the relationships between Olivia Pope and her father and mother, and with President Fitzgerald Grant and his wife and children. It also looks at the roles of Cyrus Been and Vice President Sally Langston within their families. The document notes that the characters often break rules and set their own boundaries. Finally, it introduces the concept of analyzing the show using the six C's of family life: communication, care, coping, contact, conflict, and consensus.
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The history of medical ethics in research and its relation to clinical practice
This document discusses the history of medical ethics in research and its relation to clinical practice. It covers several topics including the importance of research and ethics, premodern versus modern research, examples of unethical research, the development of ethics codes, and the application of research ethics to clinical medicine. Key points addressed are the benefits of research for improving health and helping patients and communities, as well as the need to prevent exploitation and protect subjects.
Case control study
Case-control studies are observational studies, where two groups determine the level of exposure to a risk or a disease, by identifying a group of individuals with disease and for purpose of comparison, a group of people without the disease.
The use of RCT for Pharmacoepidemiology
This document summarizes the key points in critically evaluating randomized controlled trials (RCTs). It notes that RCTs compare an intervention group that receives active treatment to a control group that receives an inactive treatment. Randomization is used to ensure groups are similar and reduce bias from other factors. When possible, double blinding and intention-to-treat analysis are important. It also discusses evaluating the appropriateness of comparison groups, measuring and adjusting for prognostic factors, and consistency of results across analyses.
Analytic upto surviellance
This document discusses different types of epidemiological study designs including analytic, observational, and interventional studies. It provides details on cohort and case-control study designs, including how to select cases and controls, measure exposures and outcomes, analyze results, and consider advantages and limitations. It also defines various measures of mortality such as crude death rate, age-specific mortality rate, and case fatality rate.
Conflicts of interest
A conflict of interest arises whenever there is any potential bias that could affect a researcher’s work. Avoid post-publication headaches by disclosing all conflicts of interest upfront.
History of clinical trials
Clinical trials have a long history dating back to Avicenna in the 11th century who established principles for testing drug effectiveness. Modern clinical trials involve extensive pre-clinical testing followed by 4 phases of human trials. Phase I trials in healthy volunteers establish safety. Phase II trials in patients provide preliminary efficacy and safety data. Phase III trials involve thousands of patients to confirm efficacy and monitor side effects. Phase IV occurs after approval to further monitor long-term safety. Randomization, blinding, and use of control groups aim to reduce bias in trial design and interpretation of results.
Screening test (basic concepts)
Diagnostic, screening tests, differences and applications and their characteristics, four pillars of screening tests, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and accuracy
Screening of Diseases
This document provides information on epidemiology and screening tests. It discusses the concepts of screening, principles of screening, differences between screening and diagnostic tests, uses and indications for screening tests, types of screening, limitations and analysis of screening tests including validity measures like sensitivity and specificity. The learning outcomes are to understand these concepts and calculate validity measures to evaluate screening tests.
Lecture 22 hellman and hellman on research ethics and the tuskegee syphilis...
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was a clinical study conducted between 1932-1972 by the U.S. Public Health Service to observe the natural progression of untreated syphilis in rural Black men in Alabama. Researchers did not provide effective treatment even after penicillin became the standard treatment in 1947. The study violated ethical standards through deception of the participants and denial of treatment, reflecting the racism of the time. It demonstrated the harm that can result when medical research priorities conflict with patient well-being.
Screening
Application of a test or a procedure to large number of population who have no symptoms of a particular disease for the purpose of determining their likelihood of having the disease.
Advance concepts in screening
The document discusses concepts in screening tests including definitions, principles of screening according to WHO, types of results from screening tests, criteria for successful screening tests, and calculations of sensitivity and specificity. It also covers sequential and parallel screening tests, the receiver operating characteristic curve and how it is used to evaluate tests, and methods for determining the optimal cutoff point for a screening test including using Youden's index and minimizing costs.
Pediatric internship
An intern at Clemson-Seneca Pediatrics (CSP) describes a typical day. The intern arrives at 8am to prepare exam rooms and record temperatures. Patients are brought back for history, vitals, and any labs. Exams, shots, and charting are completed. The intern assists with vaccines and projects throughout the day. The fast-paced environment provided valuable hands-on learning experience and introduced the intern to a potential career in pediatrics.
Experimental Studies
This document discusses experimental studies, specifically randomized controlled trials (RCTs). It describes the key components of RCTs, including developing a protocol, selecting and randomizing study populations, implementing interventions, follow-up, and outcome assessment. The document outlines advantages and limitations of RCTs compared to other experimental study designs. It also discusses various types of RCTs, such as clinical trials, preventive trials, and risk factor trials. Finally, it describes the phases of clinical trials and objectives at each phase.
Screening
This document discusses criteria for screening tests and how to evaluate their accuracy. An effective screening test can rapidly sort individuals who likely have a disease from those who likely do not. Key factors in evaluating a screening test include its sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. Sensitivity refers to a test's ability to correctly identify those with the disease, while specificity refers to correctly identifying those without the disease.
Case control study (Review of an Article)
This case-control study examined the relationship between alcohol consumption and risk of stroke. It compared 364 cases of acute stroke to 364 matched controls without stroke. The study found that lifelong abstainers from alcohol had over twice the odds of stroke compared to those who had consumed alcohol regularly. Current heavy drinkers also showed an increased risk of stroke. Moderate alcohol consumption was not found to increase stroke risk and may have a protective effect against cerebrovascular disease.
Human Experimentation23
Human experimentation has a long history dating back to ancient times. Notable events include the unethical human experiments conducted by Nazi Germany during World War II which led to the development of the Nuremberg Code in 1946. The code established standards for human experimentation including requiring voluntary consent. There are ongoing debates around the ethics of experimentation and whether the potential benefits to society through medical advances justify exposing human subjects to risks. Different types of experiments, such as those involving placebos, fetuses, children, prisoners and blind/double-blind designs, each raise additional complex issues around informed consent and protecting vulnerable populations.
Screenig of diseases
Screening tests are used to identify diseases in apparently healthy populations. They are less accurate than diagnostic tests but can identify diseases at earlier stages. An ideal screening test is both highly sensitive, correctly identifying all cases of a disease, and highly specific, correctly identifying all non-cases. However, in practice, no single test achieves both high sensitivity and specificity. Multiple screening tests may be used together to improve accuracy. The effectiveness of screening programs is evaluated based on metrics like sensitivity, specificity, and rates of false positives and negatives.
Bias, confounding and fallacies in epidemiology
This document discusses three major threats to internal validity in epidemiology: bias, confounding, and fallacies. It focuses on defining and providing examples of bias, specifically selection bias and information bias. Selection bias can occur when comparison groups are not representative of the target populations due to factors like non-random selection or differential loss to follow up. Information bias, also called misclassification bias, results from errors in measuring exposures or outcomes, which can be differential or non-differential. Methods to control for biases like blinding subjects and using multiple questions are also outlined.
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The history of medical ethics in research and its relation to clinical practice
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Ethics powerpoint 4
This study tested untested skin care lotions and creams on prison inmates over 30 days with repeated sunlamp exposures, developing a "patchwork" effect on their skin. It violated ethics by not allowing inmates to opt out or ensuring their safety. The data should not be used as prisoners could not give informed consent. Guidelines were proposed to better protect vulnerable populations in future research.
Family downton abbey
The document summarizes key aspects of family life as portrayed in the TV show Downton Abbey, set in early 1900s England. It describes the relationships, roles, and dynamics within the aristocratic family and between the family and their servants. Strict social hierarchies, traditions, and gender norms shaped all interactions. Family members provided for one another physically and emotionally, while servants received care and employment in exchange for their dedicated service to the household. Conflict most often arose between the two eldest sisters due to competition over suitors and parental attention.
The Practica Group "Scandal"
The document analyzes relationships, roles, rules, and rituals within families portrayed in the TV show Scandal. It discusses the relationships between main characters Olivia Pope, President Fitzgerald Grant, Cyrus Been, and Sally Langston. It notes that rules are often broken on the show and the families depicted have "loose" structures with turmoil and disagreement. Finally, it poses questions about how concepts like communication, care, coping, contact, conflict, and consensus manifest within the families as portrayed in the sitcom.
Scandal
This document analyzes the relationships, roles, rules, and rituals of characters in the TV show Scandal. It examines the relationships between Olivia Pope and her father and mother, and with President Fitzgerald Grant and his wife and children. It also looks at the roles of Cyrus Been and Vice President Sally Langston within their families. The document notes that the characters often break rules and set their own boundaries. Finally, it introduces the concept of analyzing the show using the six C's of family life: communication, care, coping, contact, conflict, and consensus.
Family downton abbey
The document summarizes key aspects of family life as portrayed in the TV show Downton Abbey, set in early 1900s England. It describes the relationships, roles, and dynamics within the aristocratic family and their servants. Strict social hierarchies, traditions, and gender norms shaped all interactions. Family members turned to rituals like daily meals and activities to build consensus and cope with life's challenges together.
Family "Downtown Abbey"
The document summarizes key aspects of family life as portrayed in the TV show Downton Abbey, set in early 1900s England. It describes the relationships, roles, and dynamics within the aristocratic family and between the family and their servants. Strict social hierarchies, traditions, and gender norms shaped all interactions. Family members provided for one another physically and emotionally, while servants received care and employment in exchange for their dedicated service to the household. Conflict most often arose between the two eldest sisters due to competition over suitors and parental attention.
Family life cycle
The document discusses the family life cycle, which outlines the stages of change families experience as members age and transition. It identifies key stages such as beginning, launching, and aging, and how families develop skills at each stage. Family life cycle stages are influenced by individual members' life cycles, financial situations, and social/political environments. Understanding the family life cycle can help identify issues that impact family stress and well-being.
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Similar to Ethical violation redesign
Research Ethics
1. Ethical dilemmas in research occur when participants' rights and study demands conflict, requiring codes of ethics to guide researchers.
2. Major codes discussed include the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and guidelines for nursing and psychology research.
3. Key ethical principles for protecting participants include beneficence, respecting human dignity, justice, and informed consent. Researchers must consider risks of harm, confidentiality, and deception in their studies.
Helsinki declaration
What is Helsinki Declaration and what it states.
What are ethical Principles of Practice for a physical therapist and What does WCPT states.
Ethical considerations
This document discusses ethical considerations in bioequivalence studies. It defines key terms like ethics, bioavailability, and bioequivalence. The basic ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice are outlined. Informed consent, risks and benefits assessment, and subject selection are identified as essential parameters for ethical studies. Study design and selection of subjects are also discussed. Guidelines for voluntary informed consent, protection from harm, and institutional review boards are provided. Elements of a bioequivalence study protocol including objectives, design, population, and data analysis are summarized.
Ethics in nursing reearch
The document discusses ethics in nursing research. It defines ethics in nursing research as following moral principles to protect the rights and welfare of research participants. Key ethical principles discussed include beneficence, establishing that risks do not outweigh benefits; justice, treating participants fairly; and respecting human dignity through informed consent. The American Nurses Association and Indian Nursing Council provide codes of ethics to guide ethical nursing research.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI
The Declaration of Helsinki is a set of ethical principles and guidelines for medical research involving human subjects. It was first adopted by the World Medical Association (WMA) in 1964 and has been revised multiple times, with the most recent version released in 2013. The Declaration provides a framework to protect the rights, safety, and well-being of individuals participating in research studies. Here are the key elements of the Declaration of Helsinki:
Respect for Autonomy and Informed Consent: The Declaration emphasizes the importance of respecting the autonomy of individuals and their right to make informed decisions about participating in research. It requires researchers to obtain informed consent from participants or their legally authorized representatives, ensuring they have been adequately informed about the study's purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits, and their right to withdraw at any time.
Beneficence and Risk Assessment: Researchers have a responsibility to maximize potential benefits and minimize potential harm to research participants. The Declaration states that research protocols should be based on a thorough scientific assessment of risks and benefits and should prioritize the well-being of participants.
Ethical Review and Approval: The Declaration highlights the necessity of independent ethical review of research protocols by an appropriate research ethics committee or institutional review board (IRB). The committee should ensure that the study is scientifically valid, ethically sound, and compliant with relevant regulations and guidelines.
Privacy and Confidentiality: The Declaration emphasizes the importance of protecting the privacy and confidentiality of research participants. Researchers should ensure that participants' personal information is kept confidential, and data should be anonymized or pseudonymized whenever possible to protect participant identities.
Data and Safety Monitoring: The Declaration emphasizes the importance of ongoing data monitoring and safety assessments during the research study. Researchers should have plans in place to detect and manage any adverse events or unanticipated risks that may arise during the study.
Vulnerable Populations: Special protections are outlined for vulnerable populations, such as children, pregnant women, prisoners, and individuals with impaired decision-making capacity. Researchers should take extra precautions to ensure their well-being, and their involvement in research should be justified based on the potential benefits to their own population.
Publication and Dissemination of Results: The Declaration emphasizes the responsibility of researchers to publish and share the results of their research in a timely manner. The results should be accurately reported, and negative or inconclusive results should also be disseminated to prevent publication bias.
human experimentation
Human experimentation involves medical experiments performed on human subjects. It is an important part of medical research but requires great responsibility to prevent abuses. All human subjects must provide fully free and informed consent, and have the right to withdraw from experiments at any time to protect their well-being and rights.
Politics of research
This document discusses ethics in research. It defines ethics and describes common approaches like deontological, relativist, and utilitarian. Major ethical concerns for researchers include their relationship with society, professional issues like fraud, and treatment of research participants. Guidelines like informed consent, avoiding deception and harm, and allowing withdrawal are discussed. Political and economic influences on research are also covered, as well as the role of Institutional Review Boards in reviewing research proposals.
Ethics in Nursing Research
Nursing research must adhere to basic ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. Researchers must protect participants from harm, safeguard them from exploitation, and ensure respect, dignity, privacy, and fair treatment. The risks of a study should never outweigh the expected benefits. Informed consent is required to respect human dignity, and vulnerable groups should not be overused in research.
1670327194_887_Research_with_human_participation.pptx
The document discusses the four phases of clinical drug trials:
1) Phase I trials test a new drug's safety on a small group of patients and involves monitoring for adverse effects.
2) Phase II trials further evaluate safety and efficacy on a larger group of patients to determine the effective dose.
3) Phase III trials test the drug on hundreds to thousands of patients to confirm effectiveness and monitor long-term safety.
4) Phase IV trials occur after marketing approval to gather additional safety and efficacy data.
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The document discusses ethics in clinical trials and outlines several key principles:
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It is time to make a move new
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3. Developing countries present additional challenges in protecting subjects due to factors like poverty, lack of education, weak regulatory systems, and cultural issues that can compromise truly informed consent. Strengthening
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- 2. Primary Focus & Who Benefits The primary focus of this study was to test skin care lotions and creams for effectiveness Inmates’ skin was exposed to several untested lotions/creams for 30 days Tested areas were exposed to sunlamps Because of the repeated exposures inmates developed a “patchwork” design on their skin The general population were the intended beneficiaries of the knowledge gained from this study
- 3. Ethical Violations Prisoners Do not have the ability to exercise free choice Self-determination Subjects did not have the ability to opt out of the study Coercion Inmates were offered substantial amounts of money that would entice them to participate and overlook the risks involved Insufficient protection against harm It does not appear that the products were tested on animals first to ensure that the products were safe for humans
- 4. Should this study have been conducted? NO!!! The subjects, prison inmates, are part of a vulnerable population and without any safeguards there is a risk of them being taken advantage of The risks of blisters and burns could eventually lead to long-term healthcare risks for the subjects
- 5. Should the data be used? NO!!!! This data was collected in an unethical manner Prisoners cannot give informed consent because they cannot exercise free choice There was no evidence given - the risk of harm of this study outweigh the benefits to the subjects
- 6. Implications for Professionals The ethics violations in this study brought criticism upon the investigators involved Unethical studies shed a negative light on research studies in general and can bring shame to other professionals An unethical study could cause reduced participation in future studies The American Civil Liberties Union proposed 11 guidelines for the recruitment of prisoners into medical research
- 7. Implications for Professionals ACLU Guidelines All consents obtained for the purposes of any form of experimentation must be informed consents. It is the responsibility of the researcher to make sure that the prospective volunteer is in the proper physical and (when relevant) mental condition to undertake the experiment. Waiver forms or exculpatory language in the consent document must be banned. Researchers must be required to carry insurance providing total coverage for subjects adversely affected by the experiment, and for compensation of the family or next of kin in case of death. Prisoner-volunteers must be paid at a scale commensurate with what the researcher would offer “free world” volunteers as compensation. Prisoners should not be promised reduced sentences or favorable consideration for parole in return for participation in a clinical experiment.
- 8. Implications for Professionals ACLU Guidelines Cont. Assurances must be made and enforced that the experiment will be carried out in a manner that does not necessarily threaten the lives or safety of the prison-volunteers. Subject to requirement number 6, no report or records of the prisoners’ participation in the experiments should be released to anyone by the researcher or by prison authorities without the signed consent of the prisoners. A supervisory committee, independent of prison authorities, the researcher, and the sponsors of the research, must be established to review and oversee all experimentation conducted in prisons. The sponsors of prison research (drug companies, foundations, or whoever) must pay reasonable sums for the privilege of having access to the inmate population for research purposes. Prison authorities' should immediately undertake to provide greater opportunities to work and earn money
- 9. Implications for Subjects There was no therapeutic benefit to the subjects Subjects were faced with health risks, both physical & emotional By allowing research to conducted in this manner it opens the inmate population to possible future exploitation Sexual assaults increased in the prison system as a result of the influx of money Prison administrators used removal from the study as a means of control over the inmates Prisoners might not have access to timely healthcare services
- 10. Study Redesign Do not use prison inmates as subjects; instead use general population, using a post test only with random assignment Make sure that subjects give informed consent Ensure that subjects are aware of all risks & dangers Ensure that subjects can opt out whenever they would like