This document outlines several types of ethical issues that can arise in research, including plagiarism, authorship issues, conflicts of interest, and double publication. It defines plagiarism as using others' work without proper citation and divides it into intentional and unintentional forms. Intentional plagiarism is cheating, while unintentional plagiarism occurs without intent but still fails to properly cite sources. Gift authorship involves crediting someone who made no contribution, while ghost authorship is failing to disclose someone who contributed. Conflicts of interest can influence research design or interpretation based on secondary interests. Researchers and ethics committees should mitigate conflicts of interest.

1. St. Paul University
Philippines
TUGUEGARAO CITY, CAGAYAN 3500
GRADUATE SCHOOL

2. OUTLINE
3. Ethical issues in research
4.5 Plagiarism
4.6 Gift Authorship vs. Ghost Authorship
4.7 Conflict of Interest
4.8 Double Publication

3. OBJECTIVES:
•Understand intentional and unintentional
plagiarism and the types of intentional
plagiarism;
•Compare Gift authorship vs. ghost
authorship;
•Discuss what is Conflict of interest in the
ethical issues in research; and
•Define and explain double publication

4. 4.5 PLAGIARISM
-the practice of using the words or ideas of others
without proper acknowledgement of the source.
-a grave academic misconduct, is a form of
academic dishonesty
-presenting someone else's work or ideas as your
own, with or without their consent, by
incorporating it into your work without full
acknowledgement.

5. Intentional Plagiarism
(cheating)
Is where one knowingly
appropriates the work of
others and passes it off
as their own.
Unintentional
Plagiarism
Is not giving proper
credit for someone else's
ideas, research, or
words, even if it was not
intentional to present
them as your own.

6. SOME DIFFERENT FORMS OF INTENTIONAL
PLAGIARISM
•Word Plagiarism - using someone else's exact words
without properly quoting, citing or referencing them.
•Structure Plagiarism - this is when you paraphrase
poorly, and even with citation it may be considered
plagiarism.
•Style Plagiarism - what you can't do is follow source
material sentence-for-sentence or paragraph-to-
paragraph.
•Idea Plagiarism - anytime you present an idea that's
not your own, you must properly cite and reference the
source.

7. SOME DIFFERENT FORMS OF INTENTIONAL
PLAGIARISM
•Metaphor Plagiarism - Metaphors are very important in
writing. they help readers understand an idea by
comparing it to something else through an analogy.
•Author Plagiarism - this is taking an entire work written
by someone else and putting your name on it instead.
•Self-Plagiarism - this type of plagiarism is one you need
to be aware of. you are going to do a whole separate
article.

8. FORMS OF UNINTENTIONAL PLAGIARISM
•Poor Paraphrasing. Sometimes you might like the way
something was worded by someone else, or the idea they
conveyed.
•Poor Quoting. This one is unfortunate, because I see it happen
all the time. All it takes is a misplaced quotation mark getting a
few of the words wrong in a quotation and it might make
someone think you’ve committed plagiarism.
•Poor Citation. The same goes for your citations as well. They
simply have to be right. Forgetting a citation here and there
definitely looks like plagiarism to anyone checking or grading
your work.

9. 4.6 GIFT AUTHORSHIP vs.GHOST AUTHORSHIP
Gift authorship occurs when someone is credited
as an author, taking acknowledgement for a
research paper when, in fact, he/she hasn’t really
given any contribution for it whatsoever.
Ghost authorship
Professional and operational issues are not solely
responsible for the obstacles concerning
authorship attributions; ethical concerns also arise,
putting transparency in science at stake.

10. Ghost authorship in research
•Ghost authorship occurs when someone that
participated actively in the research is not
disclosed in the author’s byline or
acknowledgments section. This person can be a
research unrelated professional that helped the
main author to draft and edit the manuscript.

11. 4.7 CONFLICT OF INTEREST
 According to Oxford Dictionary, conflict of interest is a situation in
which the concerns or aims of two different parties are incompatible.
Example:
1. “the conflict of interest between elected officials and corporate
lobbyists”
2. “Accepting payment from another company for information about your
employer”
3. “taking advantage of confidential information learned on the job for
your own benefits”

12. Conflicts of interest can
influence the choice of
research questions and
methods, recruitment and
retention of participants,
interpretation and
publication of data, and the
ethical review of research. gettyimages.com/photos

13. Reseach institutions, researchers and research
ethics committees should take the following
steps:
•Research institutions should develop and
implement policies and procedures to mitigate
conflicts of interest and educate their staff about
such conflicts;
•Researchers should ensure that the materials
submitted to a research ethics committee include
a disclosure of interests that may affect the
research;

14. •Research ethics committees should
evaluate each study in light of any disclosed
interests and ensure that appropriate
means of mitigation are taken in case of a
conflict of interest; and
•Research ethics committees should require
their members to disclose their own
interests to the committee and take
appropriate means of mitigation in case of a
conflict of interest

15. General considerations.
A conflict of interest exists
when there is a substantial
risk that secondary interests
of one or more stakeholders
in research unduly influence
their judgment and thereby
compromise or undermine
the primary goal of research. gettyimages.com/photos

16. 4.8 DOUBLE PUBLICATION
Can be defined as “publication of paper that
overlaps substantially with one already
published in print or electronic media”.

17. References:
• https//:inside.nku.edu/creativethinking/lessons/lesson1.html#-text=object
• https//:unicheck.com/blog/types-of-plagiarism
• https://scientific.publishing.webshop.elsevier.co/gift-authoship-ghost-
authorship/
• ncbi.nml.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33

18. Thank you !