research ethics , plagiarism checking and removal.pptx

Research Ethics,
Plagiarism checking
and Removal
By: Dr. Shweta Saraswat

Research Ethics
• A wide variety of values, norms, and institutional arrangements that help to regulate science
and research activities.
• Research ethics represents the coordination of scientific morality in practice. Research ethics
specify the basic norms and value of the research community.
• They are based on general ethics of science/research.
• These guidelines are applicable to all public and private research whether its basic, applied or
commissioned research.
• Norms that constitute good scientific practice, , adequate knowledge and information,
originality, academic freedom, trustworthiness etc.
• Norms regulating research integrity, accountability, , crititcism etc.

Academic Writing Ethics
• Scientific writing is the process of putting information and thinking into a ﬁnal permanent report,
so it can be read and used by other people.
• The amount of writing published about a research study should correspond
appropriately to the amount and value of the actual research performed, and the
writing about that research should be original, scientiﬁc, and truthful.
• The importance of ethical writing, then, is based not only upon the avoidance of plagiarism,
but also avoiding the weaknesses of bias and exclusive language

Academic Writing Ethics
● Ethical problems arise whenever there is a gross disconnection between the activity of
the authors and the actual research they have done.
1. avoiding plagiarism –the copying of someone else’s expressions or ideas,
2. writing a report that is accurate and unbiased,
3. maintaining patient conﬁdentiality,
4. not writing too many papers from a research study –so-called “salami publication”,
5. not failing to actually write-up and publish a peer-reviewed journal paper
abo
ut a completed study.

What is Plagiarism?
• Plagiarism is the representation of another author’slanguage, thoughts,
ideas, or expressions as one's own original work
Plagiarism is considered a violation of academic integrity and a breach
of journal ethics
It is subject to sanctions such as penalties, suspension, expulsion
from school or work, substantial ﬁnes
In academia and industry, it is a serious ethical offense
Within academia, plagiarism by students, professors, or researchers is
considered as academic dishonesty or academic fraud, and offenders
are subject to academic censure

What is Plagiarism?
“PLAGIARISM occurs when a writer uses someone else’s language , ideas, or
other original material without acknowledging the source”.
Is it plagiarism if I copy the content but cite the source?
YES, unless the original text is quoted(“)
and it is suggestive to avoid much of direct
quoting.
Ex: definitions
Is it plagiarism if I copy my own content?
YES, If its your own previous published
work it is considered as self plagiarism.
Readers expect something new
Is it plagiarism if I substitute few words?
YES, merely substituting would be
considered as plagiarism, if the language is
too close to the original text.

Facts about Plagiarism
False True
Plagiarism is harmless
It is not wrong if I do it accidently
If you review, it not plagiarism
You don’t have to cite your own work
Plagiarism is all about how much you plagiarize
Plagiarism can affect your academic standing and harm
those whose ideas you use without giving credit.
Following rules abut plagiarism is authors responsibility.
You must always cite the work regardless you have
altered it.
It is self-plagiarism and requires citing
The amount doesn't matter

Why we need to be concerned about Plagiarism
Being honest and maintaining integrity in your academic work is a sign of character and professionalism. In addition to
maximizing your own learning and taking ownership of your academic success, not plagiarizing is important because:
•Your professors assign research projects to help you learn. You cheat yourself when you substitute someone else’s
work for your own.
•You don’t like it when someone else takes credit for your ideas, so don’t do it to someone else.
•Plagiarizing comes with consequences. Depending on the offense and the institution, you may be asked to rewrite
plagiarized work, receive a failing grade on the assignment, fail the entire course, or be suspended from the university.
•Professors use search engines, databases, and specialized software to check suspicious work, so you will eventually get
caught.

Types of Plagiarism
• Deliberate plagiarism is the most common form of plagiarism.
• It is the act of attempting to pass off someone else’s work as one’s own.
• Examples of deliberate plagiarism include
(1) hiring someone else to write a paper
(2) copying and pasting an entire paper from a source without citing it
(3) copying and pasting portions of many sources—without identifying the
sources—to submit as original work.
• It involves stealing words and ideas from multiple source texts and patching them together.
• On occasion, the student then attaches another author’s name to this summarised point to cover
up the fact that they have used work which is not their own.
• Patchwork paraphrasing can often involve an author copying material from several different
writers and passing off their arguments as their own.
• Involves reading some key source texts such as books and academic journals, noting down
some key ideas so that they seem different though in essence they are the same.
• This type of plagiarism is equally egregious to deliberate, paraphrasing and patchwork
paraphrasing because the student is using the work of other authors and claiming ownership of
their words and ideas to overstate the students own knowledge of the subject matter.

• The act of altering a few words but retaining the same sentence structure used by the original
author.
• It is assumed by students that changing a few of the words will prevent their academic tutors
from spotting plagiarism but this is not the case.
• It involves stealing words and ideas from multiple source texts and patching them together.
• It can involve the student summarising the key point of an author’s argument without giving them
due academic credit by citing their name in the source list at the end of their essay or report.
• Using synonyms to replace the words of existing authors in an attempt to pass off the work as
their own.
• This act of plagiarism often involves the student retaining the author’s main, central idea or
argument and simply replacing a few words to pass of the work as their own.

• When a student mistakes the views of one author for another, neglects to cite their sources
and/or unintentionally paraphrases from a source, whether this be paraphrasing or patchwork
paraphrasing.
The most effective solution to accidental plagiarism is to cite references correctly which can be
achieved by utilising online reference generators.
• Refers to inaccuracies in how students cite authors of an academic piece.
• In cases where an academic piece has more than 3 authors, students often list just one name to
save time in the reference write up process.
• Copying your won previously published work without giving credits.

• Not crediting an author or editor who contributes to the work is considered plagiarism. For
instance, if you and your partner work together on the project but only one of you gets credit, the
person receiving credit is actually plagiarizing some of the work.
• If someone edits your work and makes significant changes in the process, that person should be
credited to avoid plagiarism.
• A paper doesn’t have to be a word-for-word copy of another work to be plagiarism. If your paper
is based on another paper and uses the same ideas and the same sources, it may be
aggregated plagiarism.
• Rewriting the language used does not make the paper or essay unique if the sources and ideas
are the same.
• Using the same structure with new information is considered plagiarism. Outline plagiarism, also
called “retweet plagiarism,” uses the outline of another paper.
• The thesis statement is the same, as are the basic points in each paragraph. The sources and
actual writing may be unique, but the paper or essay is not entirely original content.
• If you use the bibliography from another paper, you are plagiarizing that research. Even if you
write a paper that is unique and has a different thesis, the research is not yours.
• On a similar note, extending a bibliography with sources not used in the paper is a form of
plagiarism too.

Examples of Plagiarism
Deliberate Plagiarism
Source:
"In ages which have no record these islands were the home of
millions of happy birds, the resort of a hundred times more
millions of ﬁshes, of sea lions, and other creatures
whose names are not so common; the marine residence, in
fact, of innumerable creatures predestined from the creation
of the world to lay up a store of wealth for the British farmer,
and a store of quite another sort for an immaculate Republican
government."
Student Writeup:
Long ago, when there was no written
history, these islands were the home of
millions of happy birds; the resort of a
hundred times more millions of ﬁshes, sea
lions, and other creatures. Here lived
innumerable creatures predestined from the
creation of the world to lay up a store of
wealth for the British farmer, and a store of
quite another sort for an immaculate
Republican government.

Patchwork Plagiarism
Article A
Industrialization (or Industrialization) is the
period of social and economic change that
transforms a human group from an agrarian
society into an industrial society. This involves an
extensive re-organization of an economy for
the purpose of manufacturing. As industrial
workers’ incomes rise, markets for consumer
goods and services of all kinds tend to expand
and provide a further stimulus to industrial
investment and economic growth
● Article B
● “Most pre-industrial economies had
standards of living not much above subsistence,
among that the majority of the population were
focused on producing their means of survival. For
example, in medieval Europe, as much as 80% of
the labor force was employed in subsistence
agriculture. A process called
● proto-industrialization occurred in Europe as
well as in Mughal India, and was the ﬁrst stage
prior to the Industrial Revolution.”

Recombined article
“Industrialization (or Industrialization) is the period of social and economic change that
transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society. Most pre-
industrial economies had standards of living not high above subsistence with high levels
of poverty. The majority of the population was focused on producing their means of
survival and had bare minimum necessities for survival. A process called proto-
industrialization occurred in Europe as well as in Mughal India, and was the ﬁrst stage
prior to the Industrial Revolution.”
This article has not essentially been copied from one source or copied verbatim. But
since it sticks close to the original source and has been copied from multiple sources, it
is still considered plagiarism.

Original Text:
The task of engineer is to produce the correct product at the correct cost at the correct time (Fox,1977)
Paraphrasing:
Fox(1977) states that an engineer needs to come up with right product at the right time and at a reasonable price.
Original Text:
If a product misses its window of opportunity, the manufacturer can loos upto 33% of the life cycle profits.(Alder,2002).
Paraphrasing:
Acc. To Alder (2002) or Alder (2002) claims that 33% of profits can be lost if a product is not marketed correctly.
Paraphrasing

Paraphrase Plagiarism
Original (Cronon, 1995)
“Go back 250 years in American and
European history, and you do not ﬁnd
nearly so many people wandering around
remote corners of the planet looking for
what today we would call ‘the wilderness
experience.’ As late as the eighteenth
century, the most common usage of the
word ‘wilderness’ in the English language
referred to landscapes that generally carried
adjectives far different from the ones they
attract today. To be a wilderness
then was to be ‘deserted,’ ‘savage,’ ‘desolate,’
‘barren’ – in short, a ‘waste,’ the word’s nearest
synonym. Its connotations were anything but
positive, and the emotion one was most
likely to feel in its presence was
‘bewilderment’ or terror.”
Incorrect (no citation)
Before the 18th century, the word
“wilderness” had very different
associations than it does today. Far
from being tourist attractions,
wilderness areas were considered
bleak, barren places that inspired
fear and confusion – landscapes to
be avoided rather than actively
sought out
Correct
Before the 18th century, the word
“wilderness” had very different
associations than it does today. Far
from being tourist attractions,
wilderness areas were considered
bleak, barren places that inspired
fear and confusion – landscapes to
be avoided rather than actively
sought out (Cronon, 1995,p.70)

How to Paraphrase
• Read and make sure that you understand the original piece of writing.
• Make a note of the key ideas.
• Write a version of the text in your own words without referring back to the
original.
• Compare the two with one another, making any amendments to the new
version.
• Reference the source.

Patchwork Plagiarism
Chase (1995) describes how nurses in a critical care unit function in a hierarchy that
places designated experts at the top and the least senior staff nurses at the bottom. The
experts — the nurse manager, nurse clinician, and clinical nurse specialist — are not
involved directly in patient care. The staff nurses, in contrast, are assigned to patients and
provide all their nursing care. Within the staff nurses is a hierarchy of seniority in which the
most senior can become resource nurses: they are assigned a patient but also serve as a
resource to other caregivers. The experts have administrative and teaching tasks such as
selecting and orienting new staff, developing unit policies, and giving hands-on support
where needed.
This paraphrase is a patchwork composed of pieces in the original author’s language and pieces in the
student-writer’s words, all rearranged into a new pattern, but with none of the borrowed pieces in quotation
marks. Thus, even though the writer acknowledges the source of the material, the underlined phrases are
falsely presented as the student’s own.

Mosaic Plagiarism
Source:
"In ages which have no record these islands
were the home of millions of "Contrast the
condition into which all these friendly Indians
are suddenly plunged now, with their
condition only two years previous: martial law
now in force on all their reservations;
themselves in danger of starvation, and
constantly exposed to the inﬂuence of
emissaries from their friends and relations,
urging them to join in ﬁghting this
treacherous government that had kept faith
with nobody--neither with friend nor with foe."
Student Write up:
Only two years later, all these friendly Sioux
were suddenly plunged into new conditions,
including starvation, martial law on all their
reservations, and constant urging by their
friends and relations to join in warfare against
the treacherous government that had kept faith
with neither friend nor foe.
Writer B has borrowed with slight variations an uncited phrase from his/her source. As it's written, the
passage would not constitute a paraphrase (even if Writer B had acknowledged his/her source) because it
contains keywords from the original source that do not appear in quotation marks.

Accidental Plagiarism

Inaccurate Plagiarism

Self Plagiarism disadvantages
• The fundamental role of research papers
• The broadest reason to avoid self-plagiarism deals with the integrity of the
scientiﬁc discovery as a whole.
research record, and of
• When your manuscript contains uncited recycled information, you are countering the unspoken
assumption that you are presenting entirely new discoveries.
• “Salami slicing” data, reusing old material to publish again, and duplicate publication erode your standing
in your ﬁeld and also the public’strust in research and science more broadly.
• The vast majority of scholarly journals use software like iThenticate® to screen for plagiarized work upon
submission.

Contributing Author Plagiarism

medication
Outline Plagiarism
Source Outline:
Section 1: Preparing for a disaster
overview
Section 2: Building an emergency pantry
Section 3: Emergency supplies
Section 4: First aid and
inventory
Section 5: Preparing for pet needs
Plagiarized Outline:
Section 1: Overview - Preparing for a disaster
Section 2: Build an emergency pantry
Section 3: Emergency supply items
Section 4: First aid and medicine inventory
Section 5: Preparing for needs of pets

Referencing
• A formal reference to the source of information taken.
American Psychological Association (APA)
Thomas, H. K. (2004). Training strategies for improving listeners' comprehension of foreign-accented
speech. Journal of Education,12(1),22-33.
• Surnmae, Initial of first name, Initial of middle name (Date/Year of Publish), Article Title, Journal/Magazine Title, Volume
(Issue), Page(s).
• Mostly used in Social science, Arts & Humanities.
Vancouver Style
(4)Skalsky K, Yahav D, Bishara J, et al. Treatment of human brucellosis: systematic review and meta‐
analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 2008 Mar 29;336(7646):701‐4.
• Surname name and initials. Title of article. Abbreviated journal title. Publication year, month, day (month and day only if
available) [cited date - year, month, day];volume number(issue number):page numbers.
• Mostly used in medicine, Natural sciences, and sometimes in technology.
In-text citation
(Thomas,2004)
You assign a
number to
each reference
within the text
as you cite it
(4)

Chicago Style
Skalsky K.2008. “Treatment of human brucellosis: systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials”. Br Med J
(Clin Res Ed).336(7646):701‐4.
• Author last name, first name. Year. “Title of article.” Name of journal volume, no. issue (month/season): page range of article.
DOI if applicable.
• Mostly used in History and occasionally in the Humanities, Sciences, and Social Sciences.
Citations
In-text citation
(Skalsky,2004)
Modern Language Association (MLA)
Skalsky K. “Treatment of human brucellosis: systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised
controlled trials”. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed).2008. pp 110-114.
• Author last name, first name. Year. “Title of article.” Name of journal. Year. Pages.
• Mostly used in humanities (literature, languages, art).
In-text citation
(Skalsky 20) last
name page no
without punctuation

How to identify Plagiarism in a given written Material
Plagiarism
Pedagogical Approaches to Detecting
•Distinctive spelling mistakes or footnotes the student has failed to remove.
•Dramatic changes in the quality of a student’s work from one assignment to the
next or in different parts of the same assignment.
•Sudden changes in style, grammar, sentence sophistication, or spelling.
•Work that is off topic.
•Use of old or outdated quotations or facts. This is particularly common in papers
bought from paper mills.
•Footnotes that refer to material the student is unlikely to have heard of, that make
extensive use of a language the student probably does not know, or that make
reference to “previous chapters,” “other articles,” etc.
•Papers with sections in different fonts, font sizes, or formats.
•Papers whose argument or presentation seems piecemeal, which may have been
cobbled together from multiple unacknowledged sources.
•Last-minute requests to write on a different assignment or topic.

Software's to Plagiarism Check
Safe Assign
• Safe Assign provided by 'Mydropbox’
• Safe Assign is based on a unique text matching
algorithms capable of detecting exact and inexact
matching between a submitted papers and source
material.
DOCOL©C
• Documents will be uploaded to Docol©c for an extensive
reviews by software programme and
large database
• As a result you get plagiarism, copyright infringements,
quotations or other sources of the documents in the
web
• There are three step's to use it -(1) Log in (2) Upload
Paper (3) Download Report

Software's to Plagiarism Check
Plagiarism Finder
• It installs in to the user's computer and searches the
internet for possible occurrences of text fragment from
the local document collection.
• It detects duplicate contents not only using online
tools, but also to it on proprietary database.

Online software's to check Plagiarism

How to correct Plagiarism…..
Step 1: Before writing, organise your sources
Get organised
Clearly label which thoughts are yours and which aren’t in your notes, highlight statements
that need citations, and carefully mark any text copied directly from a source with quotation
marks.
Keep track of your sources
Write down the full details of every source you consult. That includes not only books and
journal articles but also things like websites, magazine articles, and videos. This makes it
easy to go back and check where you found a phrase, fact, or idea that you want to use in
your paper.
Make sure your sources are credible
It’s important to make sure your sources are credible. Academic journals and
books released by academic publishers are often a good place to start.
Google Scholar is also a useful resource for research.

Step 2: Quote and paraphrase correctly
Avoiding plagiarism when quoting
Original text- ‘Arts and culture undoubtedly flourished in the ’20s as a shared American pop culture
emerged thanks to the advent of radio broadcasting, widely circulated magazines and movies’ (Thulin,
2021).
Quoted incorrectly - In the 1920s, arts and culture undoubtedly flourished in the US due to the
advent of radio broadcasting, widely circulated magazines and movies.
Quoted correctly- In the 1920s, ‘arts and culture undoubtedly flourished’ in the US due to ‘the advent of radio
broadcasting, widely circulated magazines and movies’ (Thulin,2021).

Step 2: Quote and paraphrase correctly
Avoiding plagiarism when paraphrasing
Original text- ‘Plastics harm wildlife in myriad ways, many of which scientists are just beginning to
grasp. When birds, fish and other larger animals eat plastics, the material can get tangled up inside
their bodies and cause damage; plastics can also make animals feel falsely full, so they stop
eating’ (Dzombak, 2021).
Paraphrased incorrectly- Plastics hurt animals in a lot of ways, many of which scientists are
just starting to understand. When birds, fish and other bigger animals swallow plastics,
the substance can get tangled up inside their stomachs and cause harm; plastics can also make
animals feel artificially full, so they cease eating.
Paraphrased well- Scientists are still learning the extent to which plastics harm animals.
According to Dzombak (2021), ingesting plastic can lead to internal damage if it gets tangled when
swallowed, and can also lead animals to feel falsely full. Both prevent them from getting the
nutrients they need.

Step 3: Cite your sources correctly
Every time you quote or paraphrase, you must include an in-text or footnote citation clearly identifying the original
author.
The novel’s central theme is voiced by Cersei Lannister: ‘When you play
the game of thrones you win or you die. There is no middle ground’
(Martin, 2002, p. 403).
In-text citation
Martin’s narrative can be read as a classic ‘zero-sum game’ (Morgenstern
and von Neumann, 1980, p. 98), where players in the ‘game of thrones’
either ‘win or die’ (Martin, 2002, p. 403), with no other outcomes possible.

Step 4:Check your work
Before submitting your paper, check it carefully for errors that might constitute accidental
plagiarism. Common mistakes include:
•Forgotten or misplaced citations
•Missing quotation marks
•Paraphrased material that’s too similar to the original text
•Sources missing from the reference list
Run it through a plagiarism checker
Double-check your citations

Proofreading means carefully
checking for errors in a text
before it is published or shared.
It is the very last stage of the
writing process, when you fix
minor spelling and punctuation
mistakes, typos, formatting
issues and inconsistencies.
What is Proofreading?

The four stages of editing and
proofreading
● Step 1: Content editing
● Revising an early draft of a text, often making significant changes to the content and moving, adding or
deleting entire sections (also known as developmental or substantive editing).
● Step 2: Line editing
● Revising the use of language to communicate your story, ideas, or arguments as effectively as possible.
● This might involve changing words, phrases and sentences and restructuring paragraphs to improve the flow
of the text.
● Step 3: Copy editing
● Polishing individual sentences to ensure correct grammar, clear syntax, and stylistic consistency, often
following the rules of a specific style guide (such as APA or MLA).
● Copy editors don’t change the content of a text, but if a sentence or paragraph is ambiguous or awkward,
they can work with the author to improve it.
● Step 4: Proofreading
● Carefully checking for any remaining errors, such as misspelled words, misplaced punctuation, and stylistic
inconsistencies.
● In print publishing, proofreaders are also responsible for checking the formatting (e.g. page numbers and line
spacing).

The four stages of editing and proofreading
04 Proof Reading
02
Revising the use of language to
communicate your story, ideas, or
arguments as effectively as possible.
This might involve changing words,
phrases and sentences and
restructuring paragraphs to improve
the flow of the text.
Line Editing
01
Content Editing
03
Polishing individual sentences to ensure correct
grammar, clear syntax, and stylistic consistency, often
following the rules of a specific style guide (such as
APA or MLA).
Copy editors don’t change the content of a text, but if a
sentence or paragraph is ambiguous or awkward,
they can work with the author to improve it.
Copy Editing
Revising an early draft of a text,
often making significant changes
to the content and moving, adding
or deleting entire sections (also
known as developmental or
substantive editing).
Carefully checking for any remaining errors, such as
misspelled words, misplaced punctuation, and
stylistic inconsistencies.
In print publishing, proofreaders are also responsible
for checking the formatting (e.g. page numbers and
line spacing).

Unauthentic Use of AI Tools for Research Writing
• ChatGPT is incapable of generating original ideas, it only creates text based on the patterns it
sees in training data.
• This raises the risk of plagiarism as the AI-generated text may not include references or
citations that is critical for research writing.
• It cannot understand the meaning of the content, this could mean that it occasionally
suggests plausible sounding but incorrect or nonsensical answers.
• The OpenAI chatbot may not always represent the specific domain of the research, which can
lead to inaccuracies or inconsistencies in the research content generated. This is a
problem for researchers, who need to generate text that requires specialized knowledge in a
specific field.
• ChatGPT has limited knowledge of the world and global recent events. It is important to
remember that any content generated by this AI chatbot needs in-depth checks and editing to
ensure it meets key submissions requirements.

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