Ethics are principles that guide decision making when evaluating conflicting values, and there are different approaches like deontology, utilitarianism, and ethical skepticism. Research ethics focuses on issues like informed consent, avoiding harm to participants, and treatment of human subjects, as well as concerns around relationships with funding sources, professional integrity, and political influences on research. Institutional review boards evaluate proposed research studies to ensure compliance with ethical standards for protecting participants.
How do you define research ethics? Discuss Ethics and the Research Process. ...Md. Sajjat Hossain
How do you define research ethics? Discuss Ethics and the Research Process. Why researcher should be ethical. Discuss General Ethical Theories and Ethical Principles. What are the Specific Ethical Problems? Describe Ethics and Online Research.
Ethics are the moral principles that a person must follow, irrespective of the place or time. Behaving ethically involves doing the right thing at the right time. Research ethics focus on the moral principles that researchers must follow in their respective fields of research.
How do you define research ethics? Discuss Ethics and the Research Process. ...Md. Sajjat Hossain
How do you define research ethics? Discuss Ethics and the Research Process. Why researcher should be ethical. Discuss General Ethical Theories and Ethical Principles. What are the Specific Ethical Problems? Describe Ethics and Online Research.
Ethics are the moral principles that a person must follow, irrespective of the place or time. Behaving ethically involves doing the right thing at the right time. Research ethics focus on the moral principles that researchers must follow in their respective fields of research.
Write a critical analysis post discussing the following questions .docxhelzerpatrina
Write a critical analysis post discussing the following questions in no less than 500 words.
1. What questions do you still have after reading chapter five of the textbook?
2. What does gender mean to you? How do you experience gender? What are the differences among gender identity, gender expression, and gender roles?
3. What do you think the Genderbread Person and/or the Gender Unicorn leaves out, in terms of how we experience our sexual identity? Are the separate labels it presents (gender identity, gender expression, biological sex, and sexual orientation) really all that separate? How are labels helpful and unhelpful in presenting who we are and in understanding other people’s experiences of their sexual identities? Think about the "transcension" piece with regards to these questions as well.
4. Was there anything new and surprising (or not) that you read on the Cisgender Privilege list?
5. What stories stood out to you from The T Word documentary?
Ethics in Criminal Justice Research
Chapter 2
*
Ethical Issues in Criminal Justice Research
Ethical - behavior conforming to the standards of conduct of a given group
Matter of agreement among professionals
Need to be aware of general agreements of ethical behavior among CJ “community”
Some research designs may be impractical because of ethical issues
No Harm to Participants
Weighing potential benefits against possibility of harm is an ethical dilemma in research
Possible harms of criminal justice research include:
Physical harm
Psychological harm
Embarrassment
Groups at risk include:
Research subjects
Researcher
Third parties
No Harm to ParticipantsAll research involves risksResearcher cannot completely guard against all possible harm Researcher should have firm scientific grounds for conducting research which could potentially present harmHarm to subjects is only justified if the potential benefits outweigh the potential harms
Voluntary Participation
CJ research often intrudes into subjects’ lives
Participation must be voluntary
This threatens generalizability
Results only represent those who participated
Often not possible with field observations
E.g., observe people without them being aware they are being observed
Anonymity and Confidentiality
Anonymity – when researcher cannot identify a given piece of information with a given person
Confidentiality – a researcher can link information with a subject, but promises not to do so publicly
Research must make it clear to the responded whether the survey is anonymous or confidential
Deceiving Subjects
Generally considered unethical
Use of deception must be justified
Widom (1999) – child abuse and illegal drug use
Telling research subjects the purpose of the study would have biased the results
Inciardi (1993) – studying crack houses
Advises researchers not to “go undercover”
Analysis and Reporting
Researchers have ethical obligations to scientific community
Make shortcomings and/or negative findings known
Tell ...
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Write a critical analysis post discussing the following questions .docxhelzerpatrina
Write a critical analysis post discussing the following questions in no less than 500 words.
1. What questions do you still have after reading chapter five of the textbook?
2. What does gender mean to you? How do you experience gender? What are the differences among gender identity, gender expression, and gender roles?
3. What do you think the Genderbread Person and/or the Gender Unicorn leaves out, in terms of how we experience our sexual identity? Are the separate labels it presents (gender identity, gender expression, biological sex, and sexual orientation) really all that separate? How are labels helpful and unhelpful in presenting who we are and in understanding other people’s experiences of their sexual identities? Think about the "transcension" piece with regards to these questions as well.
4. Was there anything new and surprising (or not) that you read on the Cisgender Privilege list?
5. What stories stood out to you from The T Word documentary?
Ethics in Criminal Justice Research
Chapter 2
*
Ethical Issues in Criminal Justice Research
Ethical - behavior conforming to the standards of conduct of a given group
Matter of agreement among professionals
Need to be aware of general agreements of ethical behavior among CJ “community”
Some research designs may be impractical because of ethical issues
No Harm to Participants
Weighing potential benefits against possibility of harm is an ethical dilemma in research
Possible harms of criminal justice research include:
Physical harm
Psychological harm
Embarrassment
Groups at risk include:
Research subjects
Researcher
Third parties
No Harm to ParticipantsAll research involves risksResearcher cannot completely guard against all possible harm Researcher should have firm scientific grounds for conducting research which could potentially present harmHarm to subjects is only justified if the potential benefits outweigh the potential harms
Voluntary Participation
CJ research often intrudes into subjects’ lives
Participation must be voluntary
This threatens generalizability
Results only represent those who participated
Often not possible with field observations
E.g., observe people without them being aware they are being observed
Anonymity and Confidentiality
Anonymity – when researcher cannot identify a given piece of information with a given person
Confidentiality – a researcher can link information with a subject, but promises not to do so publicly
Research must make it clear to the responded whether the survey is anonymous or confidential
Deceiving Subjects
Generally considered unethical
Use of deception must be justified
Widom (1999) – child abuse and illegal drug use
Telling research subjects the purpose of the study would have biased the results
Inciardi (1993) – studying crack houses
Advises researchers not to “go undercover”
Analysis and Reporting
Researchers have ethical obligations to scientific community
Make shortcomings and/or negative findings known
Tell ...
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
24. Ethics
What are ethics?
What are common
ethical issues that
seem to surface in
research?
When should ethical
issues be considered?
25. Ethics
Ethics: principles for guiding decision
making and reconciling conflicting values
People may disagree on ‘ethics’ because it is
based on people's personal value systems
What one person considers to be good or
right may be considered bad or wrong by
another person
26. Major approaches to ethics
Deontological Approach
This approach states that we should
identify and use a Universal code when
making ethical decisions. An action is
either ethical or not ethical, without
exception.
27. Ethical skepticism
This is the relativist viewpoint, stating
that ethical standards are not universal
but are relative to one's particular
culture and time.
28. Utilitarianism
This is a very practical viewpoint, stating
that decisions about the ethics of a
study should depend on the balance of
the consequences and benefits for the
research participants and the larger
society.
29. The utilitarian approach is used by most
people in academia (such as Institutional
Review Boards).
"Do the potential benefits outweigh the
risks associated with this research?"
30. Ethical Concerns to the Research Community
1. The relationship between society
and science.
Many research ideas come from areas
considered important in society.
The federal government and other
funding agencies use grants to affect
the areas researchers choose to
examine.
31. 2. Professional issues.
The primary ethical concern here is fraudulent activity by scientists.
Cheating or lying are never defensible.
Two related issues are partial publication(publishing several articles
from the data collected in one large study) and duplicate publication
(publishing the same results in more than one publication).
Partial publication is usually not unethical for large research studies
where partial reports of data are likely.
Duplicate publication is sometimes acceptable when the results are
being reported to different audiences in publications tailored to
those particular audiences.
32. 3. Treatment of research participants.
This is probably the most fundamental
ethical issue.
It involves insuring that research
participants are not harmed physically
or psychologically.
33. Ethical Guidelines for Research with Humans
One set of guidelines specifically developed
to guide research conducted by educational
researchers is the AERA Guidelines.
The AERA is the largest professional
association in the field of education, and is
also known as the American Educational
Research Association.
34. Informed Consent
This is the process of providing the research
participants with information enables them to make
an informed decision as to whether they want to
participate in the research study.
State the purpose of the research and describe the procedures to be followed.
Describe any potential risks or discomforts the participant may encounter.
Describe any potential benefits from participation.
Describe extant to which results will be kept confidential.
Give a list of names the participants may contact with any questions they have.
State that participant is voluntary and that they are free to withdraw from the
study at any time.
35. Informed Consent with Minors as
Research Participants
Consent must be obtained from parents
or guardians.
Assent must also be obtained from
minors who are old enough or have
enough intellectual capacity to say they
are willing to participate.
36. Deception
Providing false information to the participant about the nature
and/or purpose of the study
It is discouraged by the AERA, but not disallowed in all cases.
Sometimes deception is required in order to conduct a valid research study. The
researcher must justify the use of deception.
If deception is used the following are very important:
Debriefing is an interview with the research participant providing an opportunity
for the experimenter to reveal deceptive aspects of the study and for the
participant to have any questions about the study answered.
Dehoaxing: informing the participant about deceptive aspects of the
research study
Desensitizing: eliminating any stress or other undesirable feelings the
study may have created
37. Freedom to Withdraw
Participants must be informed that they are
free to withdraw from the study at any time
without penalty.
If you have a power relationship with the
participants you must be extra careful to make
sure that they really do feel free to withdraw.
38. Protection from Mental and Physical Harm
This is the most fundamental ethical issue
confronting the researcher.
Educational research generally poses
minimal risk to participants.
39. Economic Regulation of Research
Economic regulation is the issue of who
sponsors your research as well as how much
money you get.
It's the ethical duty of a researcher to get their
results published somewhere. This is called
dissemination of your research, and it requires
that you find the most appropriate and scholarly
outlet that you can.
40. Political Regulation of Research
Historically, governments have had to put serious
restrictions on researchers. In fact, the origin of codes of
research ethics can be traced to the NUREMBERG CODE,
a list of rules established by a military tribunal on Nazi
war crimes during World War II. The principles outlined
in the Nuremberg Code include:
Voluntary consent
Avoidance of unnecessary suffering
Avoidance of accidental death or disability
Termination of research if harm is likely
Experiments should be conducted by highly qualified people
Results should be for the good of society and unattainable by
any other means
41. The Nuremberg Code was followed by the 1948 U.N. Declaration of
Human Rights and the 1964 Helsinki accord.
In 1971 (and revised in 1981), the U.S. government initiated guidelines
for all federally funded research. Most federal agencies followed the lead
of HEW (now HHS) because this list of rules could be applied generically
to both medical and nonmedical research. The HEW GUIDELINES were:
Subjects should be given a fair explanation of the purpose and procedures of the research
Subjects should be given a description of any reasonable risks or discomforts expected
Subjects should be told of any possible benefits to be obtained by participating
Researchers should disclose any alternative procedures that might be advantageous to the
subject
Researchers should offer to answer any questions subjects may have during the research
Subjects should be told they are free to withdraw and discontinue participation at any time
42. One of the outcomes of the HEW guidelines was the
establishment of INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARDS
(IRBs) at colleges and universities across America. At
first, IRBs were seen as a hindrance on academic
freedom by faculty researchers, but they came to be
accepted, especially after 1981 when the revised HHS
guidelines exempted most social science and criminal
justice research from full review by creating a category
of "expedited" review.
43. Institutional Review Board
This is a board consisting of professionals and lay people who review
research proposals to insure that the researcher will adhere to ethical
standards in the conduct of the research.
Researchers must submit a Research Protocol to the IRB for review
Three of the most important categories of review are exempt studies,
expedited review, and full board review
Much educational research falls in the exempt category: being exempt
from certain requirements and full committee review because the study
involves no or minimal risk
Studies with children, prisoners, and fetal participants are never exempt
Even if your study ultimately falls in the exempt category, it is still
essential that you follow the ethical guidelines
44. There are three ways, and three ways only, to
encourage participation ethically (Senese 1997):
Anonymity: Promise and keep your promises of anonymity. After
identifying your sampling frame, try to forget about taking names or
any other unique identifiers. Reassure people that you won't go to the
media. Fill them in on what journal outlet you have planned.
Confidentiality: This is what you should promise if you can't keep
anonymity. In other words, use confidentiality if you can't guarantee
anonymity. It requires that you guarantee that no one will be
individually identifiable in any way by you, that all your tables,
reports, and publications will only discuss findings in the aggregate.
Informed Consent: Be honest and fair with your subjects. Tell them
everything they want to know about your research. Be aware of any
hidden power differentials that might be pressuring them to
participate.
45. CASE: TEAROOM TRADE
was the name of a book published by a sociologist
named Laud Humphreys in 1970 who posed as a
"watchqueen" in public restrooms to observe
homosexual behavior
After every liaison where an old man would seduce
some "chicken hawk" with money for an oral sex
experience, Humphreys would jot down the license
plate number of each old man's vehicle. Then, he
had a friend in the police department trace the
addresses. He would then visit the old men at
home and pressure them into giving him an
interview.
The case stands as a classic example of invasion of
privacy.
46. CASE: TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDY
was conducted from 1932 to 1974 and
involved the withholding of penicillin from
black male sharecroppers so the
government could find out the long term
effects of syphilis
Similar experiments went on with the U.S.
military involving nerve gas and nuclear
radiation. The CIA also performed bizarre
mind control experiments involving LSD,
ESP, hypnosis, and surgery.
The moral of all this is not to conduct secret
testing on unsuspecting subjects.
47. CASE: ZIMBARDO'S PRISON SIMULATION
was a study by psychologist Philip Zimbardo in
1972 that took Stanford University undergrads and
made some of them guards and some of them
prisoners in a mock underground dungeon for a
planned two week stay.
The experiment had to be cancelled after six days
because by then, the student-guards became quite
sadistic, really getting into their roles. The prisoners
were also becoming quite mental.
The experiment tells a story about psychological
harm and informed consent, since the subjects did
not know what they were getting into.
48. Discussion Scenario (s)
After a field study of deviant behavior during
a riot, law enforcement officials demand that
the researcher identify those people who were
observed looting. Rather than risk arrest as
an accomplice after the fact, the researcher
complies.
Ethical issues?
49. A research questionnaire is circulated among
students as part of their university registration
packet. Although students are not told they
must complete the questionnaire, the hope is
that they will believe they must – thus
ensuring a higher completion rate.
Ethical Issues?