estrogen and progestrone persentation ppt is aiaivable here and it is fre for you bto read and take advantage all rights reserved foe this ppt ( presentation)

1. BIOCHEMISTRY PRESENTATION
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY
FIRST SEMESTER

2. Submitted By
●Maryam Noor
●Umtur Rahman
●Iman Amjad
●Iman Zubair
●Mahnoor Gulzar
Submitted To
●Dr. Asad Ali Arif

3. Topic
●Estrogen.
●Progesterone.
●Chemistry of fatty acids and lipids.

4. Estrogen
●Estrogen is a female sex hormone and
regulate 2nd sexual characteristics.
●Estrogens are predominantly ovarian
hormones,synthesized by the follicles and
corpus luteum of ovary.
●These hormones are responsible for
maintenance of menstrual cycle and
reproductive process in women.

5. Production Of Estrogen
●In normal non- pregnant women estrogen is
produced by ovaries, although minor amount of
estrogen also secreted by adrenal cortex.
●During pregnancy large quantity of estrogen also
secreted by placenta.

7. There are three main types of estrogen
1-Estrone (E1)
2-Estradiol (E2)
3- Estriol(E3)

8. Estrone (E1)
●Estrone is the only estrogen your body makes after
menopause.
●Estrone contains only one hydroxyl group.
●Estrone (E1) is produced by both ovary and placenta.
Estradiol (E2)
●Estradiol is the most common type in women of
childbearing/reproductive age.
●Estradiol contains two hydroxyl groups.
●Estradiol is produced by both ovary and placenta.
●Estrogenic effect of estradiol is 12 times that of estrone
(E1) and 80 times that of estriol (E3) . Therefore,
estradiol is considered as the major estrogen.

9. Estriol(E3)
●Estriol is the main estrogen during pregnancy.
●Estriol contains three hydroxyl groups.
●The estriol is synthesized by placenta.

10. Functions
1-Sex-related functions
●Maintenance of reproductive tract,vagina and fallopian
tube.
●Maintenance of menstrual cycle.
●Development of 2nd sexual characteristics in
female,feminine body characters.
●Stimulation of pre-voluntary endometrium.

11. Biochemical Functions
2- Lipogenic Effect
●Estrogens increase lipogenic effect in adipose tissue and
for this reason women have relatively more fat(about 5%)
than men.
3- Hypocholesterolemic Effect
●Estrogens lower the plasma LDL cholesterol level and
increase plasma HDL cholesterol level.
●This explains the low incidence of atherosclerosis and
coronary heart diseases in women during reproductive age.

12. 4- Metabolic Effect
●They will promote retention of sodium, nitrogen
and fluids in tissue.
5-Rhythmic Contractions Of Uterus
●Estrogens cause rhythmic contractions of uterus and
secrete alkaline watery fluid from cervix and favourable to
penetration of sperm.

13. Progesterone
●It is a female sex hormone.
●It is very helpful during pregnancy.

14. Chemistry Of Progesterone
●It is 21 carbon containing steroid hormone, derived from
cholesterol.
●It carries oxo substituents at position 3 and 20
●It is unsaturated at C(4) and C(5).
●Progesterone contain ketone and oxygenated functional
groups, as well as two methyl branches.
●Like all steroid hormones, it is hydrophobic. This is
mostly due to its lack of polar functional groups.
●Progesterone has the chemical formula (C21H30O2)

16. Production of Progesterone
●Mainly produce from ovaries in females
●In small amount also produce from adrenal
cortex.(Both males and females)

17. Actions of progesterone
1.Effect on uterus
●It promotes secretory changes in endometrium.
●It decreases the release of oxytocin
●It causes relaxation of uterus and promotes fetus to grow here.
●It decreases frequency of uterus contraction thus lengthening
the period of pregnancy.
2.Effect on Fallopian tube
●It provides nutrition to fertilized ovum.
●It causes secretory changes in Fallopian tube.

18. 3.Effect on cervix
●Cervix is the lower portion of uterus.
●It causes relaxation of cervix.
●Relaxin may act only in the presence of progesterone.
4.Effect on vagina
●Increases cellular proliferation.
●Increases mucous secretion.
5.Effect on body temperature
●After 24 hours of ovulation the body temperature
increases due to the secretion of progesterone
from the corpus luteum .

19. Lipids
●The term ‘lipid’ was first used by the
German biochemist Bloor in 1943 for a major
class of tissue components and foodstuffs.
●The lipids are a heterogeneous group of
compounds related to fatty acids and include
fats, oils, waxes and other related
substances.
●These are oily or greasy organic
substances, relatively insoluble in water, and
considerably soluble in organic solvents like
ether, chloroform and benzene.

20. FUNCTIONS OR BIOLOGICAL
IMPORTANCE
●Storage form of energy (triacylglycerol)
●Structural components of biomembranes (phospholipids and
cholesterol)
●Metabolic regulators (steroid hormones and prostaglandins)
●Act as surfactants, detergents and emulsifying agents
(amphipathic lipids)
●Act as electric insulators in neurons
●Provide insulation against changes in external temperature
(subcutaneous fat)

21. ●Give shape and contour to the body
●Protect internal organs by providing a cushioning effect
(pads of fat)
●Help in absorption of fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and
K)
●Improve taste and palatability of food.

22. CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS
Two commonly used classification systems exist for
lipids:
●A system based on chemical composition of lipids (Bloor’s
Classification)
●A system based on particular chemical reaction
(Saponification) that lipids undergo.

23. Bloor has proposed the following classification of lipids
based on their chemical composition.
1. Simple lipids: These are esters of fatty acids with
various alcohols.
●Neutral Fats (Triacylglycerol,TAG):
These are esters of fatty acids with trihydroxy alcohol, glycerol.
Oils are fats in the liquid state.
●Waxes:
These are esters of fatty acids with higher molecular weight
monohydric alcohols.

25. 2. Compound lipids: These are esters of fatty acids
with alcohol and possess additional group(s) also.
●Phospholipids:
These are lipids containing, in addition to fatty acids and
glycerol, a phosphoric acid, a nitrogen base and other
substituents. For example, in glycerophospholipids the alcohol
is glycerol and in sphingophospholipids, the alcohol is
sphingosine.
●Glycolipids:
These are lipids containing a fatty acid, sphingosine, and
carbohydrate.

26. Glycolipids Phospholipids

28. 3. Derived Lipids: These are compounds obtained
by hydrolysis of simple of compound lipids. These
include fatty acids, alcohols, mono- and diglycerides,
steroids, terpenes and carotenoids.
●Glycerides and cholesterol esters, because of their
uncharged nature, are also
called neutral lipids.

29. Lipids are grouped into two main classes in the chemical
reaction (saponification) classification system:
1. Saponifiable lipids
2. Nonsaponifiable lipids.
●Saponification refers to the process in which esters are
hydrolyzed under basic conditions.

30. Saponifiable Lipids
◾ Saponifiable lipids are
esters that undergo
hydrolysis in basic solution
to yield two or more
smaller product
molecules.
◾ Triglycerides, waxes,
phospholipids, and
sphingolipids are all
belong to this class.
Non-Saponifiable
Lipids
◾ Nonsaponifiable
lipids are not esters
and cannot be
hydrolyzed into
smaller components.
◾ Steroids and
prostaglandins
belong to this class.

32. FATTY ACIDS
⦁ Fatty acids are long, unbranched hydrocarbon chains with
a carboxylic acid group at one end.
⦁ It is represented by a chemical formula R-COOH, where R
stands for hydrocarbon chain.
⦁ Fatty acids are amphipathic compounds because the
carboxyl group is hydrophilic and the hydrocarbon tail is
hydrophobic.
⦁ The carboxyl group can ionize as the carboxylate anion (–
COO- ) under the proper
⦁ conditions of physiological pH.

33. FIGURE: The molecular structure of fatty acid. A. Lauric
acid and B. a simplified diagram of a fatty acid with a
nonpolar tail and a polar head.

34. CLASSIFICATION OF FATTY
ACIDS
◾ The hydrocarbon chain of a fatty acid may or may not
contain carbon–carbon double bonds.
◾ On the basis of this consideration, fatty acids are
classified as:
1. Saturated fatty acids (SFAs),
2. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
3. Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and
4. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).

35. Saturated Fatty Acids
A saturated fatty acid is a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which all
carbon– carbon bonds are single bonds.
Examples include:
1. Propionic acid
2. Palmitic acid
3. Stearic acid
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
They are classified further according to degree of unsaturation.
● Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA’s)
● Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA’s)

36. ● Monounsaturated Fatty
Acids
A. A monounsaturated fatty acid is
a fatty acid with a carbon chain
in which one carbon–
carbon double bond is present.
B. For example, Oleic acid is a
monounsaturated fatty acid,
that is found in nearly all fats.

37. ● Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
1. A polyunsaturated fatty acid is a fatty acid with a carbon
chain in which two or more carbon–carbon double bonds
are present.
2. Up to six double bonds are found in
biochemically important PUFAs; they include:
I. Dienoic acids series have two double bonds, e.g. linoleic acid
II. Trienoic acids series have three double bonds, e.g. linolenic
acid
III. Tetraenoic acid series with four double bonds, e.g. arachidonic
acid

38. IMPORTANCE OF FATTY ACIDS
◾ Linoleic acid is the starting material for the biosynthesis
of arachidonic acid.
◾ Arachidonic acid is the major starting material for
eicosanoids, substances that help regulate blood
pressure, clotting, and several other important body
functions.
◾ Linolenic acid is the starting material for the
biosynthesis of two additional omega-3 fatty acids.
Linolenic acid (18:3) → EPA (20:5) → DHA (22:6)

39. ◾ EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA
(docosahexaenoic acid) are important constituents
of the communication membranes of the brain and
are necessary for normal brain development.
◾ EPA and DHA are also active in the retina of the
eye.