Endocrine disruptors are naturally occurring compounds or man-made substances that may mimic
or interfere with the function of hormones in the body. Endocrine disruptors may turn on, shut off, or modify signals that hormones carry, which may affect the normal functions of tissues and organs. Many of these substances have been linked with developmental, reproductive, neural, immune, and other problems in wildlife and laboratory animals.
Some research suggests that these substances are also adversely affecting human health in similar ways, resulting in reduced fertility and increased incidences or progression of some diseases, including obesity, diabetes, endometriosis, and some cancers.
Chemical contaminants form a vast chemical soup in the Great Lakes, and from available data, we know exposure may be cause for concern. This workshop will discuss the threat of “emerging contaminants” in the Lakes, as well as give an overview of research, policy implications and recommendations for moving forward.
Some chemicals, both natural and man-made, can interfere with the hormonal system. They are called 'endocrine disruptors’. The most controversial issue is whether low level exposures to such chemicals can have adverse effects. Have endocrine disruptors affected wild life and our hormonal system? How much do we know so far?
What are Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)?
What products contain endocrine disruptors?
How do endocrine disruptors work?(its Mechanisms of Action).
How are people exposed to endocrine disruptors?
Endocrine disrupting chemicals and their heath effects.
Pesticides:( DDT),human health consequences of exposure to DDT,and its scientific evidence and examples.
Steps to reduce exposure to endocrine disruptors
what are EDCs, impacts/effects of EDCs, Sources, treatment of EDC by various methods such as activated carbon, phytoremediation, membrane fouling during ultrafiltration, constructed wetlands, the advanced oxidation process
VCE Environmental Science - Unit 4: Pollution. The sources, sinks, human and environmental health effects of DDT and endocrine disruptors, including pthalates, are discussed in this presentation.
Chemical contaminants form a vast chemical soup in the Great Lakes, and from available data, we know exposure may be cause for concern. This workshop will discuss the threat of “emerging contaminants” in the Lakes, as well as give an overview of research, policy implications and recommendations for moving forward.
Some chemicals, both natural and man-made, can interfere with the hormonal system. They are called 'endocrine disruptors’. The most controversial issue is whether low level exposures to such chemicals can have adverse effects. Have endocrine disruptors affected wild life and our hormonal system? How much do we know so far?
What are Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)?
What products contain endocrine disruptors?
How do endocrine disruptors work?(its Mechanisms of Action).
How are people exposed to endocrine disruptors?
Endocrine disrupting chemicals and their heath effects.
Pesticides:( DDT),human health consequences of exposure to DDT,and its scientific evidence and examples.
Steps to reduce exposure to endocrine disruptors
what are EDCs, impacts/effects of EDCs, Sources, treatment of EDC by various methods such as activated carbon, phytoremediation, membrane fouling during ultrafiltration, constructed wetlands, the advanced oxidation process
VCE Environmental Science - Unit 4: Pollution. The sources, sinks, human and environmental health effects of DDT and endocrine disruptors, including pthalates, are discussed in this presentation.
E-screen assay validation: evaluation of estrogenic activity by MCF7 cell cul...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Natural and synthetic estrogens have been detected in rivers, lakes and estuaries in many parts of the world. Primary sources of these compounds are domestic and industrial effluents, which are not deleted after the water treatment. Estrogen has been the endocrine disruptor most researched to be very active biologically and be the etiologic agent of diverse types of cancer and other conditions such as endometriosis, precocious puberty, feminization, masculinization, sterility. In this context, we use water of 36 natural reservoirs or dams, in a bioassay to characterize their estrogenicity in culture of MCF7 cells and obtained high concentration of estrogen in samples taken in Ibiúna and Equestrian Santo Amaro / SP. However, certain concentration in our samples for most water samples from different regions was very close to the limit of quantification by bioassay and estrogen was in fmol. It has been shown that e-screen assay with MCF7 cells is a sensitive and stable tool for quantitative analysis of estrogenicity of water and can easily be developed and implemented for routine for estrogen quantification also in animal food and man, aqueous and plastics etc. Keywords— endocrine disrupters, estrogen, breast cancer cells, (MCF7) bioassay: E-screen assay
Influence of diets on detoxifying enzymatic activities of insectsSAURABHPADAMSHALI
Process of detoxification in insects is mediated by certain enzymes. Insects use enzymes associated with labial salivary glands or guts to detoxify plant defensive compounds or suppress plant induced defenses. Ex.- Esterases, mixed function oxidases, glutathione s-transferases
An Introduction to the Health Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs)
by @toxipedia
* Toxipedia website;
http://www.toxipedia.org/display/toxipedia/Endocrine+Disruptors
* Endocrine Disruptors: Sexy Stuff:
http://desdaughter.wordpress.com/2012/12/16/endocrine-disruptors-sexy-stuff/
* All our posts about Endocrine Disruptors:
http://desdaughter.wordpress.com/tag/endocrine-disruptors/
Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products & Chemicals of Concern v2zq
Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products & Chemicals of Concern - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~dep.state.fl.us
Mercury can be found in many health care devices, including fever thermometers, blood pressure cuffs, and esophageal dilators. It is present in fluorescent lamps. Dental amalgams account for a major contribution to the global mercury load. Mercury is also found in many chemicals and measurement devices used in health care laboratories.
If any of these products are spilled, broken or disposed of improperly, there is a potential for significant harm to human
health and the environment
Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxicity against Cancer Cell Lines of the Extrac...Juan Hernandez
Xylaria species associated with termite nests or soil have been considered rare species in nature and the few which have been reported upon have been found to act as a rich source of bioactive metabolites. This study evaluated 10 ethyl acetate extracts of five new Xylaria species associated with termite nests or soil for their antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity against different cancer and normal cell lines. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of the extracts demonstrated strong capacity with low IC50 values. The highest observed activities belonged to X. vinacea SWUF18-2.3 having IC50 values of 0.194 ± 0.031 mg/mL for DPPH assay and 0.020 ± 0.004 mg/mL for ABTS assay. Total phenolic content ranged from 0.826 ± 0.123 to 3.629 ± 0.381 g GAE/g crude extract which correlated with antioxidant activities. The high total phenolic content could contribute to the high antioxidant activities. Cytotoxicity was recorded against A549, HepG2, HeLa and PNT2 and resulted in broad spectrum to specific activity depending on the cell lines. The highest activities were observed with X. subintraflava SWUF16-11.1 which resulted in 11.15 ± 0.32 to 13.17 ± 2.37% cell viability at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. Moreover, LC-MS fingerprints indicated over 61 peaks from all isolates. There were 18 identified and 43 unidentified compounds compared to mass databases. The identified compounds were from various groups of diterpenoids, diterpenes, cytochalasin, flavones, flavonoids, polyphenols, steroids and derivatives, triterpenoids and tropones. These results indicate that Xylaria spp. has abundant secondary metabolites that could be further explored for their therapeutic properties
Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Azolla microphylla based gold nan...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Our present study sought to evaluate hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of methanol extract of Azolla microphylla phytochemically synthesized gold nanoparticles (GNaP) in acetaminophen (APAP) - induced hepatotoxicity of fresh water common carp fish.
Materials and Methods:
GNaP were prepared by green synthesis method using methanol extract of Azolla microphylla. Twenty four fishes weighing 146 ± 2.5 g were used in this experiment and these were divided into four experimental groups, each comprising 6 fishes. Group 1 served as control. Group 2 fishes were exposed to APAP (500 mg/kg) for 24 h. Groups 3 and 4 fishes were exposed to APAP (500 mg/kg) + GNaP (2.5 mg/kg) and GNaP (2.5 mg/kg) for 24 h, respectively. The hepatoprotective and antioxidant potentials were assessed by measuring liver damage, biochemical parameters, ions status, and histological alterations.
Results:
APAP exposed fish showed significant elevated levels of metabolic enzymes (LDH, G6PDH and MDH), hepatotoxic markers (GPT, GOT and ALP), reduced hepatic glycogen, lipids, protein, albumin, globulin, increased levels of bilirubin, creatinine, and oxidative stress markers (TBRAS, LHP and protein carbonyl), altered the tissue enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and GST) non-enzyme (GSH), cellular sulfhydryl (T-SH, P-SH and NP-SH) levels, reduced hepatic ions (Ca2+, Na+ and K+), and abnormal liver histology. It was observe that GNaP has reversal effects on the levels of above mentioned parameters in APAP hepatotoxicity.
Conclusion:
Azolla microphylla phytochemically synthesized GNaP protects liver against oxidative damage and tissue damaging enzyme activities and could be used as an effective protector against acetaminophen-induced hepatic damage in fresh water common carp fish.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
E-screen assay validation: evaluation of estrogenic activity by MCF7 cell cul...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Natural and synthetic estrogens have been detected in rivers, lakes and estuaries in many parts of the world. Primary sources of these compounds are domestic and industrial effluents, which are not deleted after the water treatment. Estrogen has been the endocrine disruptor most researched to be very active biologically and be the etiologic agent of diverse types of cancer and other conditions such as endometriosis, precocious puberty, feminization, masculinization, sterility. In this context, we use water of 36 natural reservoirs or dams, in a bioassay to characterize their estrogenicity in culture of MCF7 cells and obtained high concentration of estrogen in samples taken in Ibiúna and Equestrian Santo Amaro / SP. However, certain concentration in our samples for most water samples from different regions was very close to the limit of quantification by bioassay and estrogen was in fmol. It has been shown that e-screen assay with MCF7 cells is a sensitive and stable tool for quantitative analysis of estrogenicity of water and can easily be developed and implemented for routine for estrogen quantification also in animal food and man, aqueous and plastics etc. Keywords— endocrine disrupters, estrogen, breast cancer cells, (MCF7) bioassay: E-screen assay
Influence of diets on detoxifying enzymatic activities of insectsSAURABHPADAMSHALI
Process of detoxification in insects is mediated by certain enzymes. Insects use enzymes associated with labial salivary glands or guts to detoxify plant defensive compounds or suppress plant induced defenses. Ex.- Esterases, mixed function oxidases, glutathione s-transferases
An Introduction to the Health Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs)
by @toxipedia
* Toxipedia website;
http://www.toxipedia.org/display/toxipedia/Endocrine+Disruptors
* Endocrine Disruptors: Sexy Stuff:
http://desdaughter.wordpress.com/2012/12/16/endocrine-disruptors-sexy-stuff/
* All our posts about Endocrine Disruptors:
http://desdaughter.wordpress.com/tag/endocrine-disruptors/
Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products & Chemicals of Concern v2zq
Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products & Chemicals of Concern - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~dep.state.fl.us
Mercury can be found in many health care devices, including fever thermometers, blood pressure cuffs, and esophageal dilators. It is present in fluorescent lamps. Dental amalgams account for a major contribution to the global mercury load. Mercury is also found in many chemicals and measurement devices used in health care laboratories.
If any of these products are spilled, broken or disposed of improperly, there is a potential for significant harm to human
health and the environment
Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxicity against Cancer Cell Lines of the Extrac...Juan Hernandez
Xylaria species associated with termite nests or soil have been considered rare species in nature and the few which have been reported upon have been found to act as a rich source of bioactive metabolites. This study evaluated 10 ethyl acetate extracts of five new Xylaria species associated with termite nests or soil for their antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity against different cancer and normal cell lines. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of the extracts demonstrated strong capacity with low IC50 values. The highest observed activities belonged to X. vinacea SWUF18-2.3 having IC50 values of 0.194 ± 0.031 mg/mL for DPPH assay and 0.020 ± 0.004 mg/mL for ABTS assay. Total phenolic content ranged from 0.826 ± 0.123 to 3.629 ± 0.381 g GAE/g crude extract which correlated with antioxidant activities. The high total phenolic content could contribute to the high antioxidant activities. Cytotoxicity was recorded against A549, HepG2, HeLa and PNT2 and resulted in broad spectrum to specific activity depending on the cell lines. The highest activities were observed with X. subintraflava SWUF16-11.1 which resulted in 11.15 ± 0.32 to 13.17 ± 2.37% cell viability at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. Moreover, LC-MS fingerprints indicated over 61 peaks from all isolates. There were 18 identified and 43 unidentified compounds compared to mass databases. The identified compounds were from various groups of diterpenoids, diterpenes, cytochalasin, flavones, flavonoids, polyphenols, steroids and derivatives, triterpenoids and tropones. These results indicate that Xylaria spp. has abundant secondary metabolites that could be further explored for their therapeutic properties
Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Azolla microphylla based gold nan...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Our present study sought to evaluate hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of methanol extract of Azolla microphylla phytochemically synthesized gold nanoparticles (GNaP) in acetaminophen (APAP) - induced hepatotoxicity of fresh water common carp fish.
Materials and Methods:
GNaP were prepared by green synthesis method using methanol extract of Azolla microphylla. Twenty four fishes weighing 146 ± 2.5 g were used in this experiment and these were divided into four experimental groups, each comprising 6 fishes. Group 1 served as control. Group 2 fishes were exposed to APAP (500 mg/kg) for 24 h. Groups 3 and 4 fishes were exposed to APAP (500 mg/kg) + GNaP (2.5 mg/kg) and GNaP (2.5 mg/kg) for 24 h, respectively. The hepatoprotective and antioxidant potentials were assessed by measuring liver damage, biochemical parameters, ions status, and histological alterations.
Results:
APAP exposed fish showed significant elevated levels of metabolic enzymes (LDH, G6PDH and MDH), hepatotoxic markers (GPT, GOT and ALP), reduced hepatic glycogen, lipids, protein, albumin, globulin, increased levels of bilirubin, creatinine, and oxidative stress markers (TBRAS, LHP and protein carbonyl), altered the tissue enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and GST) non-enzyme (GSH), cellular sulfhydryl (T-SH, P-SH and NP-SH) levels, reduced hepatic ions (Ca2+, Na+ and K+), and abnormal liver histology. It was observe that GNaP has reversal effects on the levels of above mentioned parameters in APAP hepatotoxicity.
Conclusion:
Azolla microphylla phytochemically synthesized GNaP protects liver against oxidative damage and tissue damaging enzyme activities and could be used as an effective protector against acetaminophen-induced hepatic damage in fresh water common carp fish.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Biomarkers are the promising tool used to measure the Contaminant's exposure and its effect on living organism. This presentation deal with the concepts, approaches, development of novel biomarker, application in the aquatic environment and current status of research in India etc.
Including Ecotoxic Effects on Warm blooded Predators v2zq
Including Ecotoxic Effects on Warm blooded Predators - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
INTRODUCTION
Toxicology is the science of the poisons. It also studies the nature, effects, detection, assessment and treatment of their effects on biological material.
Toxicology is a multidisciplinary science. The ultimate objective of the combined research is to determine how an organism is affected by exposure to an agent.
This includes an understanding of:
How the agent moves and interact with living cells and tissues of the organism;
What parts of the organism are affected by its presence and health outcomes of this exposure.
Evaluation of the toxicity of substances whose biological effects may not have been well characterized.
The influence of chemical toxicity is mainly
determined by the dosage, duration of exposure,
route of exposure, species, age, sex, and environment.
The goal of toxicology is to contribute to the
general knowledge and harmful actions of
chemical substances.
2. to study their mechanisms of action,
3. and to estimate their possible risks to humans
HISTORY
Dioscorides, a Greek physician in the court of the Roman emperor Nero, made the first attempt to classify plants according to their toxic and therapeutic effect. Poisonous plants and animals were recognized and their extracts used for hunting or in warfare.
In 1500 BC people used hemlock, opium, arrow poisons, and certain metals to poison enemies or for state executions.
Theophrastus Phillipus Auroleus Bombastus von Hohenheim (1493–1541) (also referred to as Paracelsus, a Roman physician from the first century) is considered "the father" of toxicology.
He stated that "All things are poisonous and nothing is without poison; only the dose makes a thing not poisonous.“
Mathieu Orfila (1813) is considered the modern father of toxicology.
In 1850, Jean Stas became the first person to successfully isolate plant poisons from human tissue.
Hippolyte Visart de Bocarmé used nicotine to kill his brother-in-law. He extracted nicotine from tobacco leaves.
The 20th and 21st Centuries have marked by great advancements in the level of understanding of toxicology. DNA and various biochemicals that maintain body functions have been discovered. Our level of knowledge of toxic effects on organs and cells has expanded to the molecular level.
It will be an appropriate source for you to understand about the food toxicology. Further, the impacts of genetically modified are discussed in detail. the effects of toxicity in human and other living organisms are included in this document with examples.
Dr. Walter Crinnion, one of the leading experts on environmental medicine and toxicology, shares his observations on the toxic burden we bear in modern society.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
4. Definitions:
• Endocine disruptor (EDCs): natural compounds
or synthesized (mimic or interfere with the function
of hormones).
•Hormones: chemicals synthesized by glands
secreted into blood received by a receptor in it’s
target organ. (signals to communicate in the body ).
July 22, 2012 Footer text here4
5. Hormone function.
• Body energy levels.
• Reproduction.
• Growth and development.
• Internal balance of body systems, or homeostasis.
• Response to surroundings, stress, and injury.
• Major glands. (Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid,
Parathyroids, Adrenals ,Pineal body and Reproductive
glands, which include the ovaries and testes)
July 22, 2012 Footer text here5
8. Impact on human health
• Reductions in male fertility, numbers of males born ,Abnormalities in
male reproductive organs.
• Female fertility problems, early puberty, and early reproductive
senescence.
• Increases in mammary, ovarian, and prostate cancers.
• Correlate with diabetes ,obesity.
• Increases in immune and autoimmune diseases, and some
neurodegenerative diseases.
July 22, 2012 Footer text here8
9. Impact on wildlife
• Reproductive impairment and malformations (Smaller penis size,
Abnormal gonad morphologyAltered sex steroid concentrations).
• Immune system sensitivity.
• Increased risk of tumors.
• REPTILES decline in alligator population by 90% after
difocol,DDT, DDE chemical spill.
• FISH: reproductive alterations when exposed to sewage
treatment waste. Ex uk.
July 22, 2012 Footer text here9
10. Egypt
-Bpa & Phthalate urine.
-Penile length ,genital anomalies in newborns influence of EDCs.
- Bpa changes in prepubescent girls.
-Monitoring of pesticide residues in some Egyptian herbs ,fruits
and vegetables.
July 22, 2012 Footer text here10
11. Estrogenic EDCs
Natural estrogens:
- source :human animals.
- estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (βE2), estriol (E3), 17α-estradiol (αE2).
Synthetic estrogens:
-17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) (contraceptive).
-industrial chemicals - bisphenol A (BPA), 4-nonylphenol (NP),
and 4-octylphenol (OP).
July 22, 2012 Footer text here11
14. Sources of estrogen release to the environment.
July 22, 2012 Footer text here14
15. Average steroid estrogen excretion by humans (per person)
μg/day.
July 22, 2012 Footer text here15
16. Acceptable daily intake for humans via food (μg/day) and Predicted-
no-effect concentration for aquatic life (PNEC) (ng/L).
July 22, 2012 Footer text here16
17. Measured Summary of estrogen concentrations (ng/L) in
the environment concentration.
July 22, 2012 Footer text here17
18. Half-life (in days) of steroidal estrogens from
different aquatic sources.
July 22, 2012 Footer text here18
20. Comparisons of concentration ranges of eight target chemicals in water (ng
L-1) and sediments (ng g-1 dw) between theTGRR and other places in the
world.
July 22, 2012 Footer text here20
23. Environmental risk assessment:
• Estradiol equivalent concentrations (EEQs).
EEQt(Cal)=∑EEQi=∑(Ci×EEFi)
Where i refers to the selected compound i with concentration C,
EEQt(cal) is the total calculated EEQ concentration, and EEFi is
the known estrogenic equivalent factor relative to E2.
July 22, 2012 Footer text here23
