This document provides a summary for decision-makers of the State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals - 2012 report. It was prepared by an international group of experts for the United Nations Environment Programme and World Health Organization. The summary highlights the key concerns regarding endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and their potential impacts on human and wildlife health. It reviews the latest scientific understanding of EDCs and evidence of effects in humans and wildlife. The concluding remarks emphasize that protecting vulnerable populations from environmental threats like EDCs is important for achieving development goals.
Some chemicals, both natural and man-made, can interfere with the hormonal system. They are called 'endocrine disruptors’. The most controversial issue is whether low level exposures to such chemicals can have adverse effects. Have endocrine disruptors affected wild life and our hormonal system? How much do we know so far?
This document provides an overview of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and discusses their potential impacts and regulation. It notes that EDCs can interfere with hormone systems and cause adverse health effects. Sources of EDCs include agricultural and industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods and food/beverage packaging. Regulation of EDCs differs globally. The insurance industry may face increased liability exposures from bodily injury claims related to chronic low-dose EDC exposure given evidence of their environmental persistence and ability to cause long-term health impacts even at low levels. Overall the paper aims to increase awareness of EDCs as an emerging risk that requires monitoring and risk mitigation strategies across industries.
An Introduction to the Health Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs)
by @toxipedia
* Toxipedia website;
http://www.toxipedia.org/display/toxipedia/Endocrine+Disruptors
* Endocrine Disruptors: Sexy Stuff:
http://desdaughter.wordpress.com/2012/12/16/endocrine-disruptors-sexy-stuff/
* All our posts about Endocrine Disruptors:
http://desdaughter.wordpress.com/tag/endocrine-disruptors/
VCE Environmental Science - Unit 4: Pollution. The sources, sinks, human and environmental health effects of DDT and endocrine disruptors, including pthalates, are discussed in this presentation.
This document discusses endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and their effects. It provides background on how EDCs impact the endocrine system and examples of common EDCs such as bisphenol A, DDT, and phthalates. Sources of EDCs are identified as agriculture, landfills, littering, waterways, and oceans. Case studies demonstrate the bioaccumulation of EDCs in polar bears and sea birds, leading to health effects. Implications for human health are discussed, including concerns about the "cocktail effect" of simultaneous exposure to multiple EDCs and bioaccumulation over a lifetime.
Evaluation of the Toxicity of Dioxins & Dioxin Like PCBs - A Health Risk Appr...v2zq
Evaluation of the Toxicity of Dioxins & Dioxin Like PCBs - A Health Risk Appraisal - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
The document discusses endocrine disruptors and their effects. It defines endocrine disruptors as exogenous agents that interfere with the body's hormone systems and regulation of development. Common sources are personal care products containing phthalates, pesticides, and synthetic and natural hormones. Exposure can affect aquatic and terrestrial organisms as well as humans. Effects in humans include reproductive issues, neurological and immune impacts, and increased cancer risks, especially when exposure occurs during development. Low doses may still have measurable effects, and sensitive periods of exposure can permanently alter endocrine system function. Preventive measures include reducing use of certain products and chemicals.
Some chemicals, both natural and man-made, can interfere with the hormonal system. They are called 'endocrine disruptors’. The most controversial issue is whether low level exposures to such chemicals can have adverse effects. Have endocrine disruptors affected wild life and our hormonal system? How much do we know so far?
This document provides an overview of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and discusses their potential impacts and regulation. It notes that EDCs can interfere with hormone systems and cause adverse health effects. Sources of EDCs include agricultural and industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods and food/beverage packaging. Regulation of EDCs differs globally. The insurance industry may face increased liability exposures from bodily injury claims related to chronic low-dose EDC exposure given evidence of their environmental persistence and ability to cause long-term health impacts even at low levels. Overall the paper aims to increase awareness of EDCs as an emerging risk that requires monitoring and risk mitigation strategies across industries.
An Introduction to the Health Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs)
by @toxipedia
* Toxipedia website;
http://www.toxipedia.org/display/toxipedia/Endocrine+Disruptors
* Endocrine Disruptors: Sexy Stuff:
http://desdaughter.wordpress.com/2012/12/16/endocrine-disruptors-sexy-stuff/
* All our posts about Endocrine Disruptors:
http://desdaughter.wordpress.com/tag/endocrine-disruptors/
VCE Environmental Science - Unit 4: Pollution. The sources, sinks, human and environmental health effects of DDT and endocrine disruptors, including pthalates, are discussed in this presentation.
This document discusses endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and their effects. It provides background on how EDCs impact the endocrine system and examples of common EDCs such as bisphenol A, DDT, and phthalates. Sources of EDCs are identified as agriculture, landfills, littering, waterways, and oceans. Case studies demonstrate the bioaccumulation of EDCs in polar bears and sea birds, leading to health effects. Implications for human health are discussed, including concerns about the "cocktail effect" of simultaneous exposure to multiple EDCs and bioaccumulation over a lifetime.
Evaluation of the Toxicity of Dioxins & Dioxin Like PCBs - A Health Risk Appr...v2zq
Evaluation of the Toxicity of Dioxins & Dioxin Like PCBs - A Health Risk Appraisal - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
The document discusses endocrine disruptors and their effects. It defines endocrine disruptors as exogenous agents that interfere with the body's hormone systems and regulation of development. Common sources are personal care products containing phthalates, pesticides, and synthetic and natural hormones. Exposure can affect aquatic and terrestrial organisms as well as humans. Effects in humans include reproductive issues, neurological and immune impacts, and increased cancer risks, especially when exposure occurs during development. Low doses may still have measurable effects, and sensitive periods of exposure can permanently alter endocrine system function. Preventive measures include reducing use of certain products and chemicals.
What are Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)?
What products contain endocrine disruptors?
How do endocrine disruptors work?(its Mechanisms of Action).
How are people exposed to endocrine disruptors?
Endocrine disrupting chemicals and their heath effects.
Pesticides:( DDT),human health consequences of exposure to DDT,and its scientific evidence and examples.
Steps to reduce exposure to endocrine disruptors
Chemicals called endocrine disruptors can interfere with the body's hormone system and have harmful health effects. Some key points:
- Endocrine disruptors are mostly man-made chemicals found in pesticides, plastics, metals, and personal care products.
- Exposure can occur through food, water, air, and skin contact. Pregnant women and children are especially vulnerable.
- Effects include reproductive issues, increased cancer risk, obesity, diabetes, and neurological or cardiovascular impacts. Some effects may not be seen for years or across generations.
- Common disruptors include bisphenol A, dioxins, phthalates, and flame retardants. They can impact hormone synthesis, male
The document discusses endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that can interfere with the normal functioning of the endocrine system. It defines EDCs as exogenous agents that interfere with natural hormones in the body. Some key points made in the document include that humans are exposed to thousands of chemicals through various sources like food, water, and products; EDCs can disrupt the reproductive system and development through various mechanisms of action; and examples of hazardous EDCs that affect the female reproductive system are given like DES, PCBs, and pesticides.
America's Choice - Children's Health or Corporate Profit v2zq
America's Choice - Children's Health or Corporate Profit - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Endocrine disruptors are substances that interfere with hormone systems and cause harm. They can enter the body through food, drinking water, skin contact, and other ways. Some effects that have been linked to endocrine disruptors include cancer, reduced fertility, obesity, and neurological disorders. However, others argue that natural hormones have a stronger impact and that concentrations of endocrine disruptors are relatively low. The EU finally established criteria in 2016 for identifying substances as endocrine disruptors based on evidence of adverse effects from endocrine modes of action. However, the criteria have not satisfied all parties. The regulation of substances like glyphosate remains controversial as views differ on whether it is an important agricultural product or poses health risks.
Some chemicals can cause harm to human health. Toxic chemicals include carcinogens that cause cancer, mutagens that cause genetic mutations, and teratogens that cause birth defects. Many chemicals also affect the immune, nervous, and endocrine systems. The toxicity of a chemical depends on factors like dose, route of exposure, and individual susceptibility. Scientists use animal testing and epidemiological studies to estimate toxicity, but these have limitations. More research is needed to understand the health impacts of many chemicals, especially at low exposure levels. Efforts to reduce chemical pollution and require safety testing aim to apply the precautionary principle.
Breast Cancer - Is there a link to endocrine disrupting chemicals? Breast C...MedicineAndHealthUSA
This document summarizes evidence on potential links between endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and breast cancer risk. It discusses studies finding associations between breast cancer and exposures like diethylstilbestrol (DES), post-menopausal hormone use, organochlorines like DDT and dieldrin, polychlorinated biphenyls, and chemicals in the home and workplace like phthalates and bisphenol A. While evidence is mixed, some chemicals appear to modestly increase risk, and windows of exposure during development may be important to consider.
Environmental pollutants as endocrine disruptorsMaryam Hameed
1. Environmental pollutants like pesticides, PCBs, and dioxins can disrupt the endocrine system and impact human health and development.
2. Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals has been linked to adverse reproductive effects, lower IQ, and some cancers like breast cancer.
3. Common sources of exposure include food, plastic, and chemical byproducts in the environment. Reducing use of synthetic chemicals and choosing organic whole foods can help lower exposure.
Endocrine disruptors, sometimes also referred to as hormonally active agents, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, or endocrine-disrupting compounds are chemicals that can interfere with endocrine (or hormonal) systems. These disruptions can cause cancerous tumors, birth defects, and other developmental disorders.
Dr. Walter Crinnion, one of the leading experts on environmental medicine and toxicology, shares his observations on the toxic burden we bear in modern society.
Endocrine Disruption and Immune DysfunctionDES Daughter
by the Collaborative on Health and the Environment
On this first in a series of calls on endocrine disrupting chemicals, Dr. Rodney Dietert discussed how the immune system is a target for endocrine disrupting chemicals, particularly during development. Numerous relatively ‘hidden’ effects can ensue from a single risk factor and emerge over a lifetime. He also discussed how current safety testing fails to appropriately assess misregulated inflammation as the greatest immune based health risk.
Sources: http://www.healthandenvironment.org/partnership_calls/13389
Environmental toxicology is the study of harmful effects of pollutants on ecosystems and living organisms. Toxicologists study how toxic agents impact organisms and assess risks of agents in habitats. They conduct research in both labs and fields to detect and eliminate contaminants. Careers are available in industry, academia, government, and consulting.
Phthalates are chemicals used mainly as plasticizers added to plastics in many household and personal care products. They pose health risks, especially to infants and toddlers who mouth toys and other items. Phthalate exposure has been linked to reproductive harm, developmental issues, cancer, and hormone disruption. Studies in rats show phthalates can damage organs and skeletal structure during development. Prenatal exposure to phthalates has also been associated with neurological conditions like ADHD and ODD in humans.
The document discusses the Delaney Clause and the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA). The Delaney Clause established a zero-risk standard for food additives found to cause cancer in animals. However, advances in technology showed this standard was nearly impossible to achieve. The FQPA replaced the Delaney Clause in 1996, establishing a "negligible risk" standard and stronger protections for children from pesticide exposure. The FQPA took a broader approach than the Delaney Clause by regulating pesticides in addition to food additives.
Endocrine Disruptors: Child healths
Vichit Supornsilchai, MD, PhD
Endocrine Unit, Department of Pediatric,
Faculty of Medicine,
King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital
A Comprehensive Look at Toxic Chemicals in the Body v2zq
A Comprehensive Look at Toxic Chemicals in the Body - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Household Hazards - Potential Hazards of Home Cleaning Products v2zq
Household Hazards - Potential Hazards of Home Cleaning Products - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Endocrine disruptors as they are regulated in the EUcrovida
The document discusses the regulation of chemicals and implementation of regulatory issues related to endocrine disruptors. It provides an overview of EU regulations for chemicals, plant protection products, and biocidal products, outlining criteria for identifying and restricting endocrine disrupting substances. A history of the endocrine disruptor concept is given from early studies in the 1930s and 1940s to more recent regulatory definitions and screening methods. Candidate substances of concern are listed from ECHA databases. Adaptation of data requirements is discussed, noting confirmation of in vitro screening results through in vivo testing may be waived in some cases.
Potential Hidden Dangers of Personal Care Products v2zq
This document discusses potential hidden dangers of personal care products. It notes that while the FDA regulates these products, they are not thoroughly tested before sale as they are in Europe. Some key ingredients of concern that are found in many personal care products can have negative health effects and impact the environment. These include formaldehyde, phthalates, and parabens. The document encourages consumers to limit their exposure by choosing products with fewer ingredients and reading labels to avoid those of concern.
An investigation analyzed 36 perfume brands and found:
1) Phthalates like diethyl phthalate and synthetic musks like galaxolide and tonalide were present in most perfumes, though levels varied widely.
2) Some perfumes contained phthalates and musks at levels over 7%, while others contained barely detectable amounts.
3) Nitromusks were found only in low levels, except for one perfume containing 0.46% musk ketone.
4) The widespread use of these chemicals in perfumes means they contribute to daily human exposure, though health effects are still unclear.
1) The document discusses environmental health and provides an overview of key topics in the field presented by Associate Professor Dr Rozita binti Hod including definitions of environmental health, how the environment impacts health, environmental hazards, and core concepts.
2) Some major environmental health issues in Malaysia are discussed such as children's environmental health, vector-borne diseases, water contamination, urban health issues, and air pollution.
3) Examples of environmental hazards that can impact health include biological, chemical, and physical hazards. Maintaining clean air, water, and proper sanitation are important for preventing disease.
This document provides a summary of recent literature on endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) published between April and June 2012. It describes papers on human exposure measurement and modelling of EDCs, health effects of EDCs, biological mechanisms of EDCs, environmental effects of EDCs, and risk assessment of EDCs. Several studies measured concentrations of bisphenol A, phthalates, and flame retardants in human samples like urine, hair, and tissues to characterize exposure levels. Other reviews discussed health impacts of UV filters and links between male reproductive disorders and environmental toxicants.
What are Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)?
What products contain endocrine disruptors?
How do endocrine disruptors work?(its Mechanisms of Action).
How are people exposed to endocrine disruptors?
Endocrine disrupting chemicals and their heath effects.
Pesticides:( DDT),human health consequences of exposure to DDT,and its scientific evidence and examples.
Steps to reduce exposure to endocrine disruptors
Chemicals called endocrine disruptors can interfere with the body's hormone system and have harmful health effects. Some key points:
- Endocrine disruptors are mostly man-made chemicals found in pesticides, plastics, metals, and personal care products.
- Exposure can occur through food, water, air, and skin contact. Pregnant women and children are especially vulnerable.
- Effects include reproductive issues, increased cancer risk, obesity, diabetes, and neurological or cardiovascular impacts. Some effects may not be seen for years or across generations.
- Common disruptors include bisphenol A, dioxins, phthalates, and flame retardants. They can impact hormone synthesis, male
The document discusses endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that can interfere with the normal functioning of the endocrine system. It defines EDCs as exogenous agents that interfere with natural hormones in the body. Some key points made in the document include that humans are exposed to thousands of chemicals through various sources like food, water, and products; EDCs can disrupt the reproductive system and development through various mechanisms of action; and examples of hazardous EDCs that affect the female reproductive system are given like DES, PCBs, and pesticides.
America's Choice - Children's Health or Corporate Profit v2zq
America's Choice - Children's Health or Corporate Profit - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Endocrine disruptors are substances that interfere with hormone systems and cause harm. They can enter the body through food, drinking water, skin contact, and other ways. Some effects that have been linked to endocrine disruptors include cancer, reduced fertility, obesity, and neurological disorders. However, others argue that natural hormones have a stronger impact and that concentrations of endocrine disruptors are relatively low. The EU finally established criteria in 2016 for identifying substances as endocrine disruptors based on evidence of adverse effects from endocrine modes of action. However, the criteria have not satisfied all parties. The regulation of substances like glyphosate remains controversial as views differ on whether it is an important agricultural product or poses health risks.
Some chemicals can cause harm to human health. Toxic chemicals include carcinogens that cause cancer, mutagens that cause genetic mutations, and teratogens that cause birth defects. Many chemicals also affect the immune, nervous, and endocrine systems. The toxicity of a chemical depends on factors like dose, route of exposure, and individual susceptibility. Scientists use animal testing and epidemiological studies to estimate toxicity, but these have limitations. More research is needed to understand the health impacts of many chemicals, especially at low exposure levels. Efforts to reduce chemical pollution and require safety testing aim to apply the precautionary principle.
Breast Cancer - Is there a link to endocrine disrupting chemicals? Breast C...MedicineAndHealthUSA
This document summarizes evidence on potential links between endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and breast cancer risk. It discusses studies finding associations between breast cancer and exposures like diethylstilbestrol (DES), post-menopausal hormone use, organochlorines like DDT and dieldrin, polychlorinated biphenyls, and chemicals in the home and workplace like phthalates and bisphenol A. While evidence is mixed, some chemicals appear to modestly increase risk, and windows of exposure during development may be important to consider.
Environmental pollutants as endocrine disruptorsMaryam Hameed
1. Environmental pollutants like pesticides, PCBs, and dioxins can disrupt the endocrine system and impact human health and development.
2. Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals has been linked to adverse reproductive effects, lower IQ, and some cancers like breast cancer.
3. Common sources of exposure include food, plastic, and chemical byproducts in the environment. Reducing use of synthetic chemicals and choosing organic whole foods can help lower exposure.
Endocrine disruptors, sometimes also referred to as hormonally active agents, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, or endocrine-disrupting compounds are chemicals that can interfere with endocrine (or hormonal) systems. These disruptions can cause cancerous tumors, birth defects, and other developmental disorders.
Dr. Walter Crinnion, one of the leading experts on environmental medicine and toxicology, shares his observations on the toxic burden we bear in modern society.
Endocrine Disruption and Immune DysfunctionDES Daughter
by the Collaborative on Health and the Environment
On this first in a series of calls on endocrine disrupting chemicals, Dr. Rodney Dietert discussed how the immune system is a target for endocrine disrupting chemicals, particularly during development. Numerous relatively ‘hidden’ effects can ensue from a single risk factor and emerge over a lifetime. He also discussed how current safety testing fails to appropriately assess misregulated inflammation as the greatest immune based health risk.
Sources: http://www.healthandenvironment.org/partnership_calls/13389
Environmental toxicology is the study of harmful effects of pollutants on ecosystems and living organisms. Toxicologists study how toxic agents impact organisms and assess risks of agents in habitats. They conduct research in both labs and fields to detect and eliminate contaminants. Careers are available in industry, academia, government, and consulting.
Phthalates are chemicals used mainly as plasticizers added to plastics in many household and personal care products. They pose health risks, especially to infants and toddlers who mouth toys and other items. Phthalate exposure has been linked to reproductive harm, developmental issues, cancer, and hormone disruption. Studies in rats show phthalates can damage organs and skeletal structure during development. Prenatal exposure to phthalates has also been associated with neurological conditions like ADHD and ODD in humans.
The document discusses the Delaney Clause and the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA). The Delaney Clause established a zero-risk standard for food additives found to cause cancer in animals. However, advances in technology showed this standard was nearly impossible to achieve. The FQPA replaced the Delaney Clause in 1996, establishing a "negligible risk" standard and stronger protections for children from pesticide exposure. The FQPA took a broader approach than the Delaney Clause by regulating pesticides in addition to food additives.
Endocrine Disruptors: Child healths
Vichit Supornsilchai, MD, PhD
Endocrine Unit, Department of Pediatric,
Faculty of Medicine,
King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital
A Comprehensive Look at Toxic Chemicals in the Body v2zq
A Comprehensive Look at Toxic Chemicals in the Body - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Household Hazards - Potential Hazards of Home Cleaning Products v2zq
Household Hazards - Potential Hazards of Home Cleaning Products - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Endocrine disruptors as they are regulated in the EUcrovida
The document discusses the regulation of chemicals and implementation of regulatory issues related to endocrine disruptors. It provides an overview of EU regulations for chemicals, plant protection products, and biocidal products, outlining criteria for identifying and restricting endocrine disrupting substances. A history of the endocrine disruptor concept is given from early studies in the 1930s and 1940s to more recent regulatory definitions and screening methods. Candidate substances of concern are listed from ECHA databases. Adaptation of data requirements is discussed, noting confirmation of in vitro screening results through in vivo testing may be waived in some cases.
Potential Hidden Dangers of Personal Care Products v2zq
This document discusses potential hidden dangers of personal care products. It notes that while the FDA regulates these products, they are not thoroughly tested before sale as they are in Europe. Some key ingredients of concern that are found in many personal care products can have negative health effects and impact the environment. These include formaldehyde, phthalates, and parabens. The document encourages consumers to limit their exposure by choosing products with fewer ingredients and reading labels to avoid those of concern.
An investigation analyzed 36 perfume brands and found:
1) Phthalates like diethyl phthalate and synthetic musks like galaxolide and tonalide were present in most perfumes, though levels varied widely.
2) Some perfumes contained phthalates and musks at levels over 7%, while others contained barely detectable amounts.
3) Nitromusks were found only in low levels, except for one perfume containing 0.46% musk ketone.
4) The widespread use of these chemicals in perfumes means they contribute to daily human exposure, though health effects are still unclear.
1) The document discusses environmental health and provides an overview of key topics in the field presented by Associate Professor Dr Rozita binti Hod including definitions of environmental health, how the environment impacts health, environmental hazards, and core concepts.
2) Some major environmental health issues in Malaysia are discussed such as children's environmental health, vector-borne diseases, water contamination, urban health issues, and air pollution.
3) Examples of environmental hazards that can impact health include biological, chemical, and physical hazards. Maintaining clean air, water, and proper sanitation are important for preventing disease.
This document provides a summary of recent literature on endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) published between April and June 2012. It describes papers on human exposure measurement and modelling of EDCs, health effects of EDCs, biological mechanisms of EDCs, environmental effects of EDCs, and risk assessment of EDCs. Several studies measured concentrations of bisphenol A, phthalates, and flame retardants in human samples like urine, hair, and tissues to characterize exposure levels. Other reviews discussed health impacts of UV filters and links between male reproductive disorders and environmental toxicants.
Endosulfan has negligible residues in drinking water who reportshreeramkannan
This document provides background information on endosulfan, an insecticide used worldwide. It discusses the chemical's identity, properties, uses, environmental fate, levels found in various media, human exposure, kinetics and metabolism in animals and humans, effects seen in animal and in vitro studies, and conclusions. Key points include:
- Endosulfan is a contact insecticide used on various food and non-food crops. It consists of alpha and beta isomers.
- It undergoes photolysis and hydrolysis in the environment. Biodegradation produces the persistent metabolite endosulfan sulfate.
- Testing finds it highly toxic via oral and dermal routes. Target organ is the kidney,
Endocrine disruptors are substances that interfere with hormones and can lead to adverse health effects by mimicking, blocking, or indirectly affecting natural hormones. They are found in many products and sources and may cause disorders like cancer, developmental issues, and neurological problems. While evidence suggests certain chemicals can disrupt hormones, fully proving the link between exposure and human health impacts remains challenging. Regulation aims to limit endocrine disruptor use and remove them from waste and drinking water to reduce risks to human and environmental health. Insurers may face increasing liability claims related to endocrine disruptors if causal relationships with diseases can be established.
FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BY THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL ...Lyle Birkey
This document summarizes federal funding for environmental research and development by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2014. It outlines the EPA's six major research areas and budgets for each. In 2014, the EPA's total budget for environmental research was $555 million. The largest shares went to research related to sustainable and healthy communities ($155 million), chemical safety and sustainability ($131 million), and safe and sustainable water resources ($111 million). The document provides details on the goals and programs within each research area.
Evaluating Health Risks in Children Associated with Exposure to Chemicals v2zq
This document summarizes the key findings from the World Health Organization's Environmental Health Criteria 237 on evaluating health risks in children from exposure to chemicals. It outlines that children are among the most vulnerable populations and environmental factors can affect their health differently than adults. It also notes that social, economic and nutritional factors influence children's susceptibility to environmental hazards. The document provides guidance for public health officials, scientists and others on assessing risks to children from chemicals by considering children's unique biological characteristics and developmental stages.
This document discusses the environmental impacts of the healthcare sector and the role of nurses in promoting environmental health. It notes that nurses understand the link between environmental factors and health outcomes. Approximately 25% of the global disease burden is attributable to environmental factors, including air pollution which causes over 7 million deaths annually. The healthcare sector generates significant waste and pollution, for example through the use of mercury, chemicals, and medical device manufacturing and incineration. The Global Green and Healthy Hospitals initiative works to transform the sector to be more sustainable and advocates for environmental health and justice. It has over 750 member hospitals and organizations worldwide working towards its 10 goals for more sustainable practices.
Risk Analysis and Environmental Health HazardsChapter 4.docxSUBHI7
Risk Analysis and Environmental Health Hazards
Chapter 4
Pesticides and ChildrenMore harmful to children than adultsGreater exposurePlaying in contaminated fieldsPutting fingers/things in mouthGreater responseDeveloping bodies, more sensitiveRange of EffectsCancer, mental and/or physical disabilitiesIntelligenceMotor skills
*
Pesticides and Children
*
Learning Objectives:
Define risk and risk assessment
Explain how risk assessment helps is manage potential health threats
A Perspective on Risks
*
A Perspective on RisksRiskThe probability of harm (injury, disease, death, environmental damage) occurring under certain circumstancesInherent in our actions and our environmentWalking on stairs, using household appliances, driving/riding cars, flying, etc.Few of us think twice about it, even though it’s riskyIn order to manage risks, we need to have a sense of their causes, likelihoods, and effects
*
A Perspective on Risks
*
A Perspective on RisksRisk ManagementThe process of identifying, assessing, and reducing risks.Qualitative and quantitative methodEstimates the probability that an even will occur, so we can determine behavior/actions
*
A Perspective on Risks
*
A Perspective on RisksCurious dilemma:People accept big risks 1/3 of smokers die of diseases caused by smoking Average life expectancy is 8 yrs less for smokers)Get upset over very small risks1 in 1 million chance of getting cancer from pesticide residues on food)Perhaps due to perception of risks as things we can control smoking, diet, exercise, etc. vs. things we “can’t” controlPlane crashes, pesticides, nuclear waste
*
A Perspective on Risks
*
Global Climate Change
What are risk and risk assessment?
What are the four steps of risk assessment?
Environmental Health HazardsLearning Objectives:
Define toxicology and epidemiology
Explain why public water supplies are monitored for fecal coliform bacteria despite the fact that most strains of E. coli do not cause disease
Describe the link between environmental changes and emerging diseases, such as swine flu
*
Environmental Health HazardsToxicantsChemicals with adverse effects on healthAll chemicals are toxic if exposure is high enoughToxicology studies the effects of toxicants on living organismsstudies the mechanisms that cause toxicitydevelops ways to prevent or minimize adverse effects
*
Environmental Health HazardsEpidemiologyThe study of the effects of chemical (toxicants), biological (disease), and physical agents (accidents, radiation) on the health of human populationsStudies large groups of people and investigate range of causes and types of disease and injuries
*
Environmental Health HazardsToxicityAcuteImmediate (short-term) effects after a single exposure; dizziness, nausea, deathChronicProlonged effects, to long-term exposure to toxicant
*
Environmental Health HazardsDisease-Causing Agents in the EnvironmentPathogens: disease-causing org ...
North American Commission For Environmental Cooperation
Mexico has several initiatives and programs focused on chemicals management and environmental sustainability through 2030 including conserving ecosystems, sustainable water use, climate change mitigation and adaptation, reducing pollution, and comprehensive chemicals and waste management. Key priorities include implementing plans under the Stockholm Convention to eliminate POPs, reducing COPNI in the environment, and increasing public participation. Mexico also participates in initiatives under the Rotterdam and Basel Conventions and is working to update its chemicals inventory and profiles while increasing synergy across international agreements. A National Advisory Committee provides recommendations to ensure shared responsibility across sectors in protecting the environment and human health from chemicals.
This document provides background information on sulfate levels in drinking water. It discusses sulfate's identity and natural sources, analytical methods for detection, typical environmental levels and human exposure, kinetics and metabolism in humans and animals, effects observed in animal and human studies, and overall conclusions. The document was prepared to support the development of WHO drinking water quality guidelines for sulfate.
The document discusses the challenges of achieving a non-toxic environment and proposes key actions to develop a more sustainable chemicals policy. It notes that while regulations aim to keep chemical concentrations below toxic levels, biodiversity continues to decline and human exposures are rising. It argues for intensifying efforts like minimizing chemical releases, banning persistent chemicals, increasing green chemistry and monitoring. The goal is to ultimately reduce both ecological damage and human health impacts from chemicals in the environment.
Environmental & Health Assessment of Substances in Household Detergents & Cos...v2zq
Environmental & Health Assessment of Substances in Household Detergents & Cosmetic Detergent Products - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Greening health sector - Innovations for sustainable developmentUNDP Eurasia
1) UNDP is working to promote sustainable procurement practices and reduce the environmental impact of the health sector through various initiatives.
2) Projects include developing carbon footprint methodologies for Global Fund grants and engaging manufacturers on reducing health care waste.
3) Lessons indicate using partnerships and market power can help green billions in development aid annually, but goals and monitoring are needed.
This document provides an introduction to an environmental health course for 2nd year nursing students. It defines key terms like environmental health, ecology, and discusses the scope of environmental health problems. Florence Nightingale is highlighted as a pioneer in environmental health. Nurses are encouraged to help address factors like pollution and toxins that impact patient health.
Health care Environment, Economics, Policies & Political process in Nursing P...VeereshDemashetti
The document provides information on health care environment and related topics. It begins with definitions of health and environmental health. It then discusses Florence Nightingale's environmental theory of nursing, including the components of physical, psychological, and social environments according to her theory. The document also covers environmental health hazards in four categories, environmental influences on health, emerging environmental issues like global warming and acid rain, and the Environmental Protection Agency. It concludes with sections on economics concepts and indicators in health care as well as the planning process.
CSMT 442 Cost and Estimating 2 Homework 2 `Siteworks MargaritoWhitt221
CSMT 442: Cost and Estimating 2
Homework 2 `Siteworks (20 points) Answer ALL Questions
1. A large stockpile of materials (5400CY) is to be transported to a fill area. The contractor has a rubber-
tired front loader and a number of dump trucks for the job. Based on a study of the job and knowledge of
the operators, time factors for various steps have been determined and are given below along with cost
and capacity factors. Determine the optimum number of dump trucks to assign to the job and duration
and cost of transporting the whole stockpile.
Front loader: cost per hour with operator $70
Total time to load truck 4 minutes
(not including position time)
Truck Cost per hour with driver $60
Positioning time 1 minute
Loading time 4 minutes
Travel to dump 6minutes
Dump time 2 minutes
Return travel 5 minutes
Truck capacity 6 CY
MOS 5425, Advanced Toxicology 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
2. Summarize the principles of toxicology.
2.1 Discuss the toxicological effects of a carcinogen.
5. Examine toxic substances that pose a risk to human population and the environment.
5.1 Discuss methods of exposure to carcinogens.
8. Evaluate risk assessment procedures related to chemical carcinogenicity.
8.1 Explain the models for assessing cancer risks.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 21
2.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 15
Scholarly Activity
5
Unit Lesson
Chapter 21
5.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 15
Scholarly Activity
8.1
Chapters 15 and 23
Scholarly Activity
Reading Assignment
Chapter 15: Chemical Carcinogenesis, pp. 259-280
Chapter 21: Epidemiological Issues in Occupational and Environmental Health, pp. 391-394
Chapter 23: Human Health Risk Assessment, pp. 425-440
Unit Lesson
Unit VIII is the second of a two-part discussion on toxic substances and risk assessment. The last unit of this
course covers chemical carcinogens, environmental pollutants, occupational toxicology, and toxicological
evaluation.
Chemical Carcinogens
According to the textbook, cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. There are one
million newly diagnosed cases of cancer each year and 1.5 million deaths annually (Roberts, James, &
Williams, 2015). Many factors can contribute to the development of cancer. Genetics, lifestyle choices, and
exposure to environmental factors can all play roles in initiating cancer. Inherited genes at the present time
cannot be controlled, but the latter two factors, lifestyle choices and environmental factors, can be controlled
to a certain extent to reduce the risk of developing cancer. Lifestyle choices include diet, exercise, exposure
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Chemical Carcinogenesis, Epidemiology,
and Human Health Risk Assessment
...
Environmental Health: Children in minority communities
David Jones, Environmental Health and Safety, Duval County Health Department
April 22, 2005 - UNF Hispanic Health Issues Seminar
This is part 3 of an 8 part series of seminars on Hispanic Health Issues brought to you by the University of North Florida’s Dept. of Public Health, College of Health, a grant from AETNA, and the cooperation of Duval County Health Department.
11.factors associated with pesticide risk behaviors among rice farmers in rur...Alexander Decker
1) The study examined pesticide risk behaviors and health beliefs among 482 rice farmers in the Khlong Seven community in Thailand.
2) Major factors for pesticide poisoning included unsafe practices like incorrect beliefs about toxicity, lack of safety precautions, improper equipment use, and not wearing protective gear.
3) The main pesticide exposure pathways were take-home exposure, food and water ingestion, and proximity of homes to farms. Interventions are needed to improve safer behaviors and reduce exposure.
PUH 5305, Concepts of Environmental Health 1 Coursajoy21
PUH 5305, Concepts of Environmental Health 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit IV
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
2. Summarize the factors that affect susceptibility to adverse health outcomes following exposure to
environmental hazards.
2.1 Examine the adverse impact of toxicity on the environment and humans.
2.2 Describe the history of toxicology and its most important developments.
5. Explain how the general mechanisms of toxicity provoke a toxic response in environmental
exposures.
5.1 Discuss the levels of toxic dosage and risk factors related to this in human and environmental
exposure.
5.2 Explain the difference between toxicants and toxins in the environment.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
2.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 3
Unit IV Assessment
2.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 3
Unit IV Assessment
5.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 3
Unit IV Assessment
5.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 3
Unit IV Assessment
Required Unit Resources
Chapter 3: Environmental Toxicology
Unit Lesson
Introduction
It is widely accepted that there is a complex relationship between the human population and the environment
in which they live. Around the 1960s, many citizens in the United States were concerned and made aware of
the detrimental effects of pesticides and drugs as well as other chemical substances that could be found in
the environment, food, and water (Geo et al., 2015; Hayat, 2014). Communities in the United States
pressured the government to provide more information on environmental problems, especially those that
could potentially be harmful to the human population.
These potentially harmful biological and chemical agents such as toxicants from fertilizers, insecticides,
pollutants, and pesticides could affect organisms and the community by reducing species abundance and
diversity. These changes in population dynamics could destroy the ecosystem, which, in turn, would reduce
stability and productivity (Geo et al., 2015).
UNIT IV STUDY GUIDE
Environmental Toxicology
PUH 5305, Concepts of Environmental Health 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Defining the History of Environmental Toxicology:
Environmental toxicology inhabits an essential role in public policy, toxicology, and environmental health. This
foremost contribution has provided scientific evidence and tools for the public and policymakers to prevent
substantial environmental degradation, especially adverse effects on human life.
Rachel Carson, a marine biologist, is said to be the pioneer of
advancing environmental toxicology and making it a distinct field
within toxicology and environmental health. Her 1962 book, called
Silent Spring, covered the harmful impact on unrestrained pesticide
use (McCarty, 2013). Carson’s book, despite being met with a lot of
criticism, encouraged the reversal of national pesticide policies and
finally led to the ban of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroetha ...
Similar to State of the science of endocrine disrupting chemicals who (20)
фиговский магаршак цивилизация и утилизация 57(8 2006)Ecolife Journal
различие в том, как используются источ
ники энергии в природе и цивилизации. Сжигая топли
во, мы выбрасываем в атмосферу газы, нарушающие гло
бальный баланс. Ничего подобного не происходит в жи
вых организмах при утилизации универсального топлива
жизни — глюкозы и ее производных.
КАЧЕСТВЕННАЯ ОЦЕНКА СОСТОЯНИЯ УРБАНИЗИРОВАННЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ
КАЖДЫЙ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬ, ИНТЕРЕСУЮЩИЙСЯ ОХРАНОЙ ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ ПРИРОДНОЙ СРЕДЫ, МОЖЕТ ЭТИ ОЦЕНКИ ПРОВЕСТИ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНО
(по данным о химическом составе и кислотности атмосферных осадков)
The document discusses an online traffic monitoring system for mobile users that provides information on traffic jams, meteorological conditions, traffic flow parameters, air pollution levels, and short-term and long-term health risks. It uses a Gaussian model of turbulent diffusion to calculate pollutant concentrations from traffic emissions based on factors like emission rates, wind speed, and source height. The system obtains real-time traffic and weather data from online sources to analyze current conditions. It also allows users to obtain routes with lowest estimated health risks and get categorized risk levels for their journey. While the simple calculation methods make instant estimates possible, the summary notes that more detailed road and vehicle data could improve accuracy.
State of the science of endocrine disrupting chemicals who
1. State of the Science of
Endocrine
Disrupting
Chemicals
2012
Summary for Decision-Makers
Edited by
Åke Bergman
Jerrold J. Heindel
Susan Jobling
Karen A. Kidd
R. Thomas Zoeller
INTER-ORGANIZATION PROGRAMME FOR THE SOUND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS
A cooperative agreement among FAO, ILO, UNDP, UNEP, UNIDO, UNITAR, WHO, World Bank and OECD
3. State of the Science of
Endocrine
Disrupting
Chemicals
2012
Summary for Decision-Makers
An assessment of the state
of the science of endocrine disruptors
prepared by a group of experts
for the United Nations Environment Programme
and World Health Organization.
Edited by
Åke Bergman
Jerrold J. Heindel
Susan Jobling
Karen A. Kidd
R. Thomas Zoeller
4.
5. Contents
Preface v
1. Introduction 1
2. Key concerns 2
3. Endocrine systems and endocrine disruption 4
4. Endocrine disruptors and human health 7
5. Why should we be concerned?—Human disease trends 8
6. Endocrine disruptors and wildlife health 10
7. Why should we be concerned?—Population effects in wildlife 11
8. Sensitive periods for endocrine disruptor action—Windows of exposure 12
9. Occurrence of and exposures to endocrine disruptors 14
10. The tip of the iceberg 18
11. Testing for EDCs 19
12. Lessons from the past 20
13. Main conclusions and advances in knowledge since 2002 22
14. Concluding remarks 27
15. References 29
iii
6.
7. Preface
This Summary for Decision-Makers, together with the main in residues or contaminants in food and other products.
document, State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Therefore, EDCs may be released from the products that
Chemicals—2012, presents information and key concerns for contain them.
policy-makers on endocrine disruptors as part of the ongoing
collaboration between the World Health Organization (WHO) The protection of the most vulnerable populations from
and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to environmental threats is a key component of the Millennium
address concerns about the potential adverse health effects of Development Goals. As the challenge in meeting the existing
chemicals on humans and wildlife. The main messages from goals increases, with work under way in developing countries
the three chapters of the main document are presented as well. to overcome traditional environmental threats while dealing
with poverty, malnutrition and infectious disease, emerging
We live in a world in which man-made chemicals have become issues should be prevented from becoming future traditional
a part of everyday life. It is clear that some of these chemical environmental threats. Endocrine disruption is a challenge that
pollutants can affect the endocrine (hormonal) system, and must continue to be addressed in ways that take into account
certain of these endocrine disruptors may also interfere advances in our knowledge.
with the developmental processes of humans and wildlife
species. Following international recommendations in 1997 UNEP and WHO, in collaboration with a working group of
by the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety and international experts, are taking a step forward by developing
the Environment Leaders of the Eight regarding the issue of these documents on endocrine disruptors, including scientific
endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), WHO, through the information on their impacts on human and wildlife health
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), a joint and key concerns for decision-makers and others concerned.
programme of WHO, UNEP and the International Labour The well-being of future human and wildlife generations
Organization, developed in 2002 a report entitled Global depends on safe environments.
Assessment of the State-of-the-Science of Endocrine Disruptors.
From late 2010 until mid-2012, the working group
The Strategic Approach to International Chemicals developed, contributed to and revised sections of the main
Management (SAICM) was established by the International document during three separate meetings, as well as through
Conference on Chemicals Management (ICCM) in February teleconferences. Professor Åke Bergman led the working group
2006, with the overall objective to achieve the sound and facilitated the development of this summary with the
management of chemicals throughout their life cycle so editors in coordination with the working group, UNEP and
that, by 2020, chemicals are used and produced in ways that WHO.
minimize significant adverse effects on human health and the
environment. The following international scientific experts were part of the
working group that developed the documents:
SAICM recognizes that risk reduction measures need to be
improved to prevent the adverse effects of chemicals on the • Georg Becher, Norwegian Institute of Public Health,
health of children, pregnant women, fertile populations, Norway
the elderly, the poor, workers and other vulnerable groups • Åke Bergman, Stockholm University, Sweden (Leader)
and susceptible environments. It states that one measure
• Poul Bjerregaard, University of Southern Denmark,
to safeguard the health of women and children is the
Denmark
minimization of chemical exposures before conception and
through gestation, infancy, childhood and adolescence. • Riana Bornman, Pretoria Academic Hospital, South Africa
• Ingvar Brandt, Uppsala University, Sweden
SAICM also specifies that groups of chemicals that might be
prioritized for assessment and related studies, such as for the • Jerrold J. Heindel, National Institute of Environmental
development and use of safe and effective alternatives, include Health Sciences, USA
chemicals that adversely affect, inter alia, the reproductive,
• Taisen Iguchi, National Institutes of Natural Sciences,
endocrine, immune or nervous systems. A resolution to
Okazaki, Japan
include EDCs as an emerging issue under SAICM was adopted
in September 2012 by ICCM at its third session. • Susan Jobling, Brunel University, England
• Karen A. Kidd, University of New Brunswick, Canada
EDCs represent a challenge, as their effects depend on both
the level and timing of exposure, being especially critical • Andreas Kortenkamp, University of London and Brunel
when exposure occurs during development. They have diverse University, England
applications, such as pesticides, flame retardants in different • Derek C.G. Muir, Environment Canada, Canada
products, plastic additives and cosmetics, which may result
v
8. • Roseline Ochieng, Aga Khan University Hospital, Kenya figures and the layout of the two documents. Nida Besbelli,
consultant to the UNEP Secretariat, provided organizational
• Niels Erik Skakkebaek, University of Copenhagen,
support and assisted with the finalization of references, tables,
Denmark
and lists of abbreviations and species. A list of chemicals,
• Jorma Toppari, University of Turku, Finland including abbreviations/common names and Chemical
• Tracey J. Woodruff, University of California at San Abstracts Service registry numbers, was provided by Derek
Francisco, USA C.G. Muir and Åke Bergman. A list of species discussed in the
summary and main documents was prepared by Nida Besbelli,
• R. Thomas Zoeller, University of Massachusetts, USA Åke Bergman, Poul Bjerregaard and Susan Jobling. Further
contributions and reviews were received from Heli Bathija
The UNEP/WHO Secretariat for this project included: (WHO), Timothy J. Kasten (UNEP), Desiree Montecillo
Narvaez (UNEP), Maria Neira (WHO) and Sheryl Vanderpoel
• Marie-Noel Bruné Drisse, Department of Public Health (WHO).
and Environment, World Health Organization, Geneva,
Switzerland The working group members, scientific experts and
• Carlos Dora, Department of Public Health and contributors of text served as individual scientists and not as
Environment, World Health Organization, Geneva, representatives of any organization, government or industry.
Switzerland All individuals who participated in the preparation of these
documents served in their personal capacity and were
• Ruth A. Etzel, Department of Public Health and required to sign a Declaration of Interest statement informing
Environment, World Health Organization, Geneva, the Responsible Officer if, at any time, there was a conflict
Switzerland of interest perceived in their work. Such a procedure was
• Agneta Sundén Byléhn, Division of Technology, Industry followed, and no conflicts of interest were identified.
and Economics, Chemicals Branch, United Nations
Environment Programme, Geneva, Switzerland The development and publication of the two documents were
supported by funds provided to UNEP by the Norwegian
• Simona Surdu, Department of Public Health and government, the Swedish Environment Ministry, the Swedish
Environment, World Health Organization, Geneva, Research Council (FORMAS) and the Swedish Environmental
Switzerland Protection Agency. Further support was provided to WHO
Editorial assistance was provided by Susan Jobling, and by the United States National Institute of Environmental
reference processing was performed by Ioannis Athanassiadis, Health Sciences (NIEHS) through cooperative agreement
Åke Bergman and Hans von Stedingk. Further editorial 1 U01 ES02617. The contents of the documents are solely
assistance was provided by Kathy Prout (WHO) and Marla the responsibility of the contributors and do not necessarily
Sheffer. John Bellamy assisted with the design of drawings and represent the official views of the NIEHS.
vi
9. 1. Introduction
This document presents summary information exposure to EDCs, and there is also mounting
and key concerns for decision-makers on evidence for effects of these chemicals on thyroid
endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) from function, brain function, obesity and metabolism,
the full report entitled State of the Science of and insulin and glucose homeostasis.
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals—2012. It is part
of the ongoing collaboration between the United The Endocrine Society called for timely action
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and to prevent harm (Diamanti-Kandarakis et al.,
the World Health Organization (WHO) to address 2009), and the European Society for Paediatric
concerns about the potential adverse effects of Endocrinology and the Pediatric Endocrine
anthropogenic chemicals. Society, based in the United States of America
(USA), put forward a consensus statement calling
We live in a world in which man‐made chemicals for action regarding endocrine disruptors and
have become a part of everyday life. Some of their effects (Skakkebaek et al., 2011).
these chemical pollutants can affect the endocrine
(hormonal) system and interfere with important In 2012, UNEP and WHO, in collaboration with
developmental processes in humans and wildlife. international experts, have taken a step forward by
supporting the development of a main document
Following international recommendations in 1997 on endocrine disruptors, including scientific
by the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical information on their impacts on human and
Safety and the Environment Leaders of the Eight wildlife health, scientific developments over the
regarding the issue of EDCs, the International decade since publication of the IPCS (2002) report
Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), a joint and key concerns. The collaboration also included
programme of WHO, UNEP and the International the development of the present summary report,
Labour Organization, developed in 2002 a report which is aimed at decision-makers and others
entitled Global Assessment of the State‐of‐the‐Science concerned about the future of human and wildlife
of Endocrine Disruptors (Figure 1) (IPCS, 2002). health. The key concerns and main messages from
the three chapters of the main document are also
The general conclusions from this work were that presented in this summary.
although it is clear that certain environmental The main document provides an assessment of the Figure 1. The Global Assess-
ment of the State-of-the-Sci-
chemicals can interfere with normal hormonal strength of the evidence supporting the hypothesis
ence of Endocrine Disruptors
processes, there is weak evidence that human that chemicals with endocrine activity are a causal report, as published by
health has been adversely affected by exposure factor in the manifestation of specific conditions. IPCS in 2002.
to endocrine-active chemicals. However, there
is sufficient evidence to conclude that adverse The State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting
endocrine‐mediated effects have occurred in Chemicals—2012 report
some wildlife species. Laboratory studies support starts by explaining
these conclusions. what endocrine
disruption is all about
The IPCS (2002) document further concluded and then reviews our
that there was a need for broad, collaborative and current knowledge of
international research initiatives and presented a endocrine disrupting
list of research needs. effects in humans
and in wildlife. The
Since 2002, intensive scientific work has improved document ends with
our understanding of the impacts of EDCs on a review of sources
human and wildlife health. Recent scientific of and exposures to
reviews and reports published by the Endocrine EDCs. The present
Society (Diamanti-Kandarakis et al., 2009), the Summary for Decision-
European Commission (Kortenkamp et al., 2011) Makers refers to the
and the European Environment Agency (2012) detailed information,
illustrate the scientific interest in and complexity of including references,
this issue. These documents concluded that there given in the main
is emerging evidence for adverse reproductive report (UNEP/WHO,
outcomes (infertility, cancers, malformations) from 2012).
Introduction 1
10. 2. Key concerns
• Human and wildlife health depends on the ability to ◦ This lack of data introduces significant uncertainties
reproduce and develop normally. This is not possible about the true extent of risks from chemicals that
without a healthy endocrine system. potentially could disrupt the endocrine system.
• Three strands of evidence fuel concerns over endocrine • Human and wildlife populations all over the world are
disruptors: exposed to EDCs.
◦ The high incidence and the increasing trends of many ◦ There is global transport of many known and potential
endocrine-related disorders in humans; EDCs through natural processes as well as through
commerce, leading to worldwide exposure.
◦ Observations of endocrine-related effects in wildlife
populations; ◦ Unlike 10 years ago, we now know that humans and
wildlife are exposed to far more EDCs than just those
◦ The identification of chemicals with endocrine that are persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
disrupting properties linked to disease outcomes in
◦ Levels of some newer POPs in humans and wildlife
laboratory studies.
are still increasing, and there is also exposure to less
• Many endocrine-related diseases and disorders are on persistent and less bioaccumulative, but ubiquitous,
the rise. chemicals.
◦ Large proportions (up to 40%) of young men in some ◦ New sources of human exposure to EDCs and
countries have low semen quality, which reduces their potential EDCs, in addition to food and drinking-
ability to father children. water, have been identified.
◦ The incidence of genital malformations, such as ◦ Children can have higher exposures to chemicals
non-descending testes (cryptorchidisms) and penile compared with adults—for example, through their
malformations (hypospadias), in baby boys has hand-to-mouth activity and higher metabolic rate.
increased over time or levelled off at unfavourably • The speed with which the increases in disease incidence
high rates. have occurred in recent decades rules out genetic
◦ The incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as factors as the sole plausible explanation. Environmental
preterm birth and low birth weight, has increased in and other non-genetic factors, including nutrition, age
many countries. of mother, viral diseases and chemical exposures, are
◦ Neurobehavioural disorders associated with thyroid also at play, but are difficult to identify. Despite these
disruption affect a high proportion of children in some difficulties, some associations have become apparent:
countries and have increased over past decades.
◦ Non-descended testes in young boys are linked
◦ Global rates of endocrine-related cancers (breast, with exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) and
endometrial, ovarian, prostate, testicular and thyroid) polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and
have been increasing over the past 40–50 years.
with occupational pesticide exposure during
◦ There is a trend towards earlier onset of breast pregnancy. Recent evidence also shows links with
development in young girls in all countries where this the painkiller paracetamol. However, there is little
has been studied. This is a risk factor for breast cancer. to suggest that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
◦ The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes has or dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE)
dramatically increased worldwide over the last 40 and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) are
years. WHO estimates that 1.5 billion adults worldwide associated with cryptorchidism.
are overweight or obese and that the number with type
◦ High exposures to polychlorinated dioxins and
2 diabetes increased from 153 million to 347 million
certain PCBs (in women who lack some detoxifying
between 1980 and 2008.
enzymes) are risk factors in breast cancer. Although
• Close to 800 chemicals are known or suspected to exposure to natural and synthetic estrogens is
be capable of interfering with hormone receptors, associated with breast cancer, similar evidence linking
hormone synthesis or hormone conversion. However, estrogenic environmental chemicals with the disease
only a small fraction of these chemicals have been is not available.
investigated in tests capable of identifying overt
◦ Prostate cancer risks are related to occupational
endocrine effects in intact organisms.
exposures to pesticides (of an unidentified nature), to
◦ The vast majority of chemicals in current commercial some PCBs and to arsenic. Cadmium exposure has
use have not been tested at all. been linked with prostate cancer in some, but not all,
epidemiological studies, although the associations are
weak.
2 State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals – 2012
11. ◦ Developmental neurotoxicity with negative • Wildlife populations have been affected by endocrine
impacts on brain development is linked with PCBs. disruption, with negative impacts on growth and
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) reproduction. These effects are widespread and have
is overrepresented in populations with elevated been due primarily to POPs. Bans of these chemicals
exposure to organophosphate pesticides. Other have reduced exposure and led to recovery of some
chemicals have not been investigated. populations.
◦ An excess risk of thyroid cancer was observed among
pesticide applicators and their wives, although the ◦ It is therefore plausible that additional EDCs, which
have been increasing in the environment and are of
nature of the pesticides involved was not defined.
recent concern, are contributing to current population
• Significant knowledge gaps exist as to associations declines in wildlife species. Wildlife populations that
between exposures to EDCs and other endocrine are also challenged by other environmental stressors
diseases, as follows: are particularly vulnerable to EDC exposures.
◦ There is very little epidemiological evidence to link • Internationally agreed and validated test methods for
EDC exposure with adverse pregnancy outcomes, early the identification of endocrine disruptors capture only
onset of breast development, obesity or diabetes. a limited range of the known spectrum of endocrine
disrupting effects. This increases the likelihood that
◦ There is almost no information about associations
between EDC exposure and endometrial or ovarian harmful effects in humans and wildlife are being
cancer. overlooked.
◦ High accidental exposures to PCBs during fetal ◦ For many endocrine disrupting effects, agreed and
development or to dioxins in childhood increase the validated test methods do not exist, although scientific
risk of reduced semen quality in adulthood. With the tools and laboratory methods are available.
exception of these studies, there are no data sets that
◦ For a large range of human health effects, such as female
include information about fetal EDC exposures and
reproductive disorders and hormonal cancers, there are
adult measures of semen quality.
no viable laboratory models. This seriously hampers
◦ No studies exist that explore the potential link between progress in understanding the full scale of risks.
fetal exposure to EDCs and the risk of testicular cancer
occurring 20–40 years later. • Disease risk due to EDCs may be significantly
underestimated.
• Numerous laboratory studies support the idea that
chemical exposures contribute to endocrine disorders ◦ A focus on linking one EDC to one disease severely
in humans and wildlife. The most sensitive window of underestimates the disease risk from mixtures
of EDCs. We know that humans and wildlife are
exposure to EDCs is during critical periods of development,
simultaneously exposed to many EDCs; thus, the
such as during fetal development and puberty.
measurement of the linkage between exposure to
◦ Developmental exposures can cause changes that, mixtures of EDCs and disease or dysfunction is more
while not evident as birth defects, can induce physiologically relevant. In addition, it is likely that
permanent changes that lead to increased incidence of exposure to a single EDC may cause disease syndromes
diseases throughout life. or multiple diseases, an area that has not been
adequately studied.
◦ These insights from endocrine disruptor research
in animals have an impact on current practice in • An important focus should be on reducing exposures by
toxicological testing and screening. Instead of solely a variety of mechanisms. Government actions to reduce
studying effects of exposures in adulthood, the exposures, while limited, have proven to be effective
effects of exposures during sensitive windows in fetal in specific cases (e.g. bans and restrictions on lead,
development, perinatal life, childhood and puberty chlorpyrifos, tributyltin, PCBs and some other POPs).
require careful scrutiny. This has contributed to decreases in the frequency of
• Worldwide, there has been a failure to adequately disorders in humans and wildlife.
address the underlying environmental causes of trends in
• Despite substantial advances in our understanding of
endocrine diseases and disorders.
EDCs, uncertainties and knowledge gaps still exist that
◦ Health-care systems do not have mechanisms in place are too important to ignore. These knowledge gaps
to address the contribution of environmental risk hamper progress towards better protection of the public
factors to endocrine disorders. The benefits that can and wildlife. An integrated, coordinated international
be reaped by adopting primary preventive measures effort is needed to define the role of EDCs in current
for dealing with these diseases and disorders have declines in human and wildlife health and in wildlife
remained largely unrealized. populations.
Key concerns 3
12. 3. Endocrine systems and endocrine disruption
For the purposes of this report, we have adopted differentiation during development and organ
the definition of an endocrine disruptor that was formation, as well as most tissue and organ
used in the IPCS (2002) document on endocrine functions throughout adulthood (Figure 3). A
disruptors (see textbox). Simplified, this means hormone is a molecule produced by an endocrine
that endocrine disruptors are chemicals, or gland that travels through the blood to produce
chemical mixtures, that interfere with normal effects on distant cells and tissues via integrated
hormone action. complex interacting signalling pathways usually
involving hormone receptors. There are over
To understand endocrine disruption, we must 50 different hormones and hormone-related
understand the basic features of the endocrine molecules (cytokines and neurotransmitters) in
system, which consists of many interacting humans that integrate and control normal body
tissues that talk to each other and the rest of the functions across and between tissues and organs
body using signalling mediated by molecules over the lifespan. This is also the case in wildlife.
Figure 2. Overview of the called hormones. The human endocrine system Hormones and their signalling pathways are
endocrine system. Figure
is visualized in Figure 2. It is responsible for critical to the normal functioning of every tissue
shows endocrine glands and
some examples of hormo- controlling a large number of processes in the and organ in both vertebrates and invertebrates
nes produced. body, including early processes, such as cell and are often quite similar across species.
Hypothalamus Pineal Gland
Production of Melatonin
antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Definition of EDCs
oxytocin and regulatory
hormones (IPCS, 2002)
Pituitary Gland Parathyroid Glands
Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe): (on posterior surface of “An endocrine disruptor is an
Adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid gland) exogenous substance or mixture that
Thyroid stimulating hormone, Parathyroid hormone
Growth hormone, Prolactin, alters function(s) of the endocrine
Follicle stimulating hormone, system and consequently causes
Luteinizing hormone,
Melanocyte stimulating Heart adverse health effects in an intact
hormone, Atrial natriuretic
peptide organism, or its progeny, or (sub)
Neurohypophysis
(posterior lobe): populations.”
Release of oxytocin Kidney
and ADH Erythropoietin “A potential endocrine disruptor is
Calcitriol an exogenous substance or mixture
Thyroid Gland Renin
Thyroxine that possesses properties that might
Triiodothyronine
be expected to lead to endocrine
Calcitonin
disruption in an intact organism, or its
Thymus
(Undergoes atrophy progeny, or (sub) populations.”
during childhood) Gastrointestinal Tract
Thymosins Ghrelin, cholecystokinin,
glucagon-like peptide,
Adrenal Glands peptide YY
Each suprarenal gland is
subdivided into: Adipose Tissue
Leptin, adiponectin,
Suprarenal medulla; others
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine Pancreatic Islets
Suprarenal cortex: Insulin, glucagon
Cortisol, corticosterone,
aldosterone, androgens Testis Gonads
Testes (male):
Androgens (especially
testosterone), inhibin
Ovaries (female):
Estrogens, progestins,
inhibin
Ovary
4 State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals – 2012
13. Early prenatal Mid- Late prenatal Postnatal
Central nervous system (3 weeks - 20 years)
Ear (4-20 weeks)
Kidneys (4-40 weeks)
Heart (3-5 weeks)
Limbs (4-8 weeks)
Immune system (8-40 weeks: competence and memory birth -10 years)
Skeleton (1-12 weeks)
Lungs (3-40 weeks: Alveolar phase birth -10 years)
Reproductive system (7-40 weeks: maturation in puberty)
Week 1-16 Week 17-40 Birth - 25 years
Figure 3. Sensitive windows of development. Each tissue has a
specific window during development when it is forming. That is
the sensitive window for effects of EDCs. Notice that some tissues
continue developing after birth and into infancy and childhood,
providing a longer window for exposures to affect programming.
Table 1. Comparison of hormone and endocrine disruptor action.
Hormones Endocrine disruptors
Act via hormone receptors Some act via hormone receptors and multiple
– Some have multiple receptors receptors
– Tissue-specific receptor classes and subtypes – Will cause abnormal receptor function
– Hormones normally bind similarly to all receptor – Likely isoform-specific interactions
subtypes
Active at low doses Some act at low doses, others variable
– Blood levels do not always reflect activity – Blood levels do not always reflect activity
– May be bound to serum proteins in blood with a – May be bound to serum proteins
small percentage free – Effects on hormone blood levels may not reflect
– No bioaccumulation on hormone action
– Possible bioaccumulation
Non-linear dose–response relationships Non-linear dose–response relationships
– Always saturable with variable dynamic range – Always saturable with variable dynamic range
– Can exhibit non-monotonic dose–response – Can exhibit non-monotonic dose–response
relationships relationships
– High-dose effects not same as low-dose effects – High-dose effects not same as low-dose effects
Tissue-specific and life stage–specific effects Tissue-specific and life stage–specific effects
Developmental effects permanent Developmental effects permanent
– Programmes brain and endocrine system for – Interferes with programming processes
adult function
Different end-points vary in sensitivity Different end-points vary in sensitivity
Endocrine systems and endocrine disruption 5
14. systems that are influenced by EDCs that were
Nucleus not known just a few years ago. Generally, there
Steroid
are two pathways by which a chemical could
hormone
2 disrupt hormone action: a direct action on a
1 3 hormone–receptor protein complex or a direct
Receptor
action on a specific protein that controls some
protein
Hormone- aspect of hormone delivery to the right place at
receptor the right time (Figure 3). EDCs exhibit the same
complex 4 characteristics as hormones (Table 1), and they
can often interfere with all processes controlled by
DNA hormones. The affinity of an endocrine disruptor
for a hormone receptor is not equivalent to its
5 potency. Chemical potency on a hormone system
mRNA is dependent upon many factors.
New
protein
Thus, EDCs act like hormones. Like hormones,
which act via binding to receptors (Figure 4) at
very low concentrations, EDCs have the ability
6 to be active at low concentrations, many in the
Plasma range of current human and wildlife exposures.
membrane EDCs can exert effects on more than estrogen,
of target cell Cytoplasm
androgen and thyroid hormone action. Some
are known to interact with multiple hormone
Figure 4. Example of Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that interfere receptors simultaneously. EDCs can work together
hormone action. Many in some way with hormone action and in so doing to produce additive or synergistic effects not seen
hormones act via binding
can alter endocrine function such that it leads to with the individual chemicals. EDCs also act on
to specific receptors (2) to
stimulate the synthesis of adverse effects on human and wildlife health. a variety of physiological processes in a tissue-
new proteins (6), which specific manner and sometimes act via dose–
then control tissue function. The diverse systems affected by EDCs likely response curves that are non-monotonic (non-
Some hormones also act via include all hormonal systems and range from linear). Indeed, as with hormones, it is often not
receptors on the membrane; those controlling the development and function possible to extrapolate low-dose effects from the
in that case, the actions are
of reproductive organs to the tissues and organs high-dose effects of EDCs. Timing of exposures
more immediate in nature.
regulating metabolism and satiety. Effects on these is also critical, as exposures during development
systems can lead to obesity, infertility or reduced likely lead to irreversible effects, whereas the
fertility, learning and memory difficulties, adult- effects of adult exposures seem to go away when
onset diabetes or cardiovascular disease, as well as the EDC is removed. Sensitivity to endocrine
a variety of other diseases. We have only recently disruption is highest during tissue development.
understood that EDCs can affect the systems It is important that these specific characteristics of
that control fat development and weight gain. EDCs be taken into account when the toxicity of a
This is a good example of complex physiological chemical with potential EDC activity is assessed.
6 State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals – 2012
15. 4. Endocrine disruptors and human health
The data linking exposures to EDCs and human human disease. Even so, it may never be possible
diseases are much stronger now than in 2002. to be absolutely certain that a specific exposure
Since human studies can show associations only, causes a specific disease or dysfunction due to
not cause and effect, it is important to use both the complexity of both exposures and disease
human and animal data to develop the evidence etiology across the lifespan (Figure 5).
for a link between exposures to EDCs and
• Reproductive/endocrine • Cardiopulmonary Figure 5. Diseases induced
by exposure to EDCs
- Breast/prostate cancer - Asthma
during development in
- Endometriosis - Heart disease/hypertension
animal model and human
- Infertility - Stroke
studies.
- Diabetes/metabolic syndrome
• Brain/nervous system
- Early puberty
- Alzheimer disease
- Obesity
- Parkinson disease
• Immune/autoimmune - ADHD/learning disabilities
- Susceptibility to infections
- Autoimmune disease
Over the past 10 years, there has been a dramatic 200 Figure 6. Children are
shift in focus from investigating associations among the most vulnerable
Cancer humans. The figure shows
between adult exposures to EDCs and disease incidence
Cases per Million Children
150 cancer incidence and cancer
outcomes to linking developmental exposures mortality among children
to disease outcomes later in life. This is now under 20 years of age in the
considered the most appropriate approach 100
USA (based on data from
for most endocrine-related diseases and the United States National
Cancer Institute’s Surveil-
dysfunctions, based on data presented below Cancer
mortality lance, Epidemiology and
(section 8). Children are the most vulnerable 50
End Results Program).
humans (Figure 6).
0
Together, the animal model data and human 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
evidence support the idea that exposure to EDCs Years
during fetal development and puberty plays a
role in the increased incidences of reproductive
diseases, endocrine-related cancers, behavioural
and learning problems, including ADHD,
infections, asthma, and perhaps obesity and
diabetes in humans.
Exposure to EDCs could impair the health of our children and
their children.
Endocrine disruptors and human health 7
16. 5. Why should we be concerned?—Human
disease trends
♦ A significant increase in reproductive ♦ An increasing number of chemicals to which
problems in some regions of the world over all humans in industrialized areas are exposed
the last few decades points to a strong role for have been shown to interfere with hormone
unidentified environmental factors in disease synthesis, action or metabolism.
etiology.
♦ Experimental animal studies or studies with
♦ Incidences of endocrine cancers, illustrated cells grown in culture have shown that many
by country or region in Figures 7 and 8 of these chemicals can also interfere with the
for testicular cancer and breast cancer, development and function of mammalian
respectively, have also increased during the endocrine systems.
same period.
In adults, EDC exposures have recently been linked
♦ In certain parts of the world, there has been a with obesity (Figure 9), cardiovascular disease,
significant decrease in human fertility rates, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Many of these
which occurred during one generation. There diseases and disorders are increasing in incidence,
is also a notable rise in the use of assisted some globally. The global health expenditure on
reproductive services. diabetes alone was expected to a total of at least 376
billion USD in 2010 and rise to US$ 490 billion in
2030—reaching 12% of all per capita health-care
expenditures (Zhang et al., 2010).
Figure 7. Testicular cancer 16
No. of testicular cancer per 100 000 men
rates across northern Europe Denmark
(from Richiardi et al., 2004; 14
used with permission of the 12
publisher). Norway
10 Sweden
8
6 Finland
4 Poland
Estonia
2
Latvia Lithuania
0
0 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
Figure 8. Female breast 160
cancer incidence across
Europe 140
No. of female breast cancer
(data from http://data.euro.
120
incidence per 100000
who.int/hfadb/).
100
80
60
40
0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year
Austria Finland Latvia Romania
Belgium France Lithuania Slovakia
Bulgaria Germany Luxembourg Slovenia
Cyprus Greece Malta Spain
Czech Republic Hungary Netherlands Sweden
Denmark Ireland Poland United Kingdom
Estonia Italy Portugal European Union
8 State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals – 2012
17. There are other trends of concern in human 80 Figure 9. Past (solid lines)
paediatric health. For example, some EDCs and projected (dashed
Proportion overweight adults (%)
lines) overweight rates in
can interact with the thyroid system in animals 70
selected Organisation for
and humans. Normal thyroid function is very Economic Co-operation
60
important for normal brain development, and Development (OECD)
particularly during pregnancy and after birth. 50
countries.
EDC exposures have been linked with increased
rates of neurobehavioural disorders, including 40
dyslexia, mental retardation, ADHD and autism.
In many countries, these types of disorder 30
now affect 5–10% of babies born (http://www.
20
medscape.org/viewarticle/547415_2); autism 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
spectrum disorders now occur at a rate that Year
approaches 1% (http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/ USA England Canada Spain Austria
autism/addm.html). Italy Australia France Republic of Korea
The prevalence of paediatric asthma has more
than doubled over the past 20 years and is the contribution of the environment to these
now the leading cause of child hospitalizations chronic disease trends in humans.
and school absenteeism. Certain birth defects,
such as those of the male reproductive organs It has been estimated that as much as 24% of
(e.g. failure of the testes to descend into the human diseases and disorders are at least in part
scrotum), are on the rise. The incidences of due to environmental factors (Prüss-Üstün &
paediatric leukaemia and brain cancer have Corvalán, 2006). It is a challenge to identify these
risen, as has the incidence of testicular cancer. factors, but there is also a tremendous opportunity
These are stark health statistics. All of these to improve human health by improving elements
complex non‐communicable diseases have both of the environment that have an impact on public
a genetic and an environmental component, health. The recognition of these challenges and
and, since the increases in incidence and opportunities, along with the fact that many of the
prevalence cannot be due solely to genetics, most prevalent diseases are associated with the
it is important to focus on understanding endocrine system, has led to a focus on EDCs.
Why should we be concerned?—Human disease trends 9
18. 6. Endocrine disruptors and wildlife health
Chemical exposures play a role in the deterioration
of wildlife health, but understanding the role
of EDCs in the global decline of populations or
biodiversity is challenging. There are other natural
or human‐induced stressors that may confuse
the picture. It is also difficult to obtain complete
information about all chemicals present in the
environment that might contribute to effects on
wildlife. The best evidence that EDCs affect wildlife
populations comes from long‐term monitoring; for
example, numbers of birds and molluscs are clearly
increasing in regions where their exposures to
Figure 10. (right) Grey seal
chemicals (i.e. the pesticide DDT and the antifoulant
skull with highly eroded
bone tissue associated with
tributyltin, respectively) have been reduced.
high POP concentrations
during the 1970s and 1980s Endocrine system function and health have been
(photo by Hans Lind, used compromised in wildlife species around the world.
with permission). Studies of seals in the heavily polluted Baltic Sea
found very high rates of female reproductive species, such as the commercially important oyster,
pathologies and reproductive failure in the had collapsed in heavily polluted areas. Reductions
1970s and 1980s, which correlated with PCB in use and exposure have led to a recovery of these
contamination. Thanks to declines in PCB pollution, populations.
these effects are uncommon today. Disturbances of
the normal functioning of the thyroid and of bone There are important parallels between the
health have been traced to high POP levels in grey increasing incidence of human disorders and
seals (Figure 10). In Dutch and Belgian colonies those observed in wildlife. For example, testicular
of common tern, eggs with higher concentrations non‐descent was observed in 68% of males in a
of POPs took longer to hatch, and the chicks were population of black-tailed deer in Alaska, USA;
smaller in size. Especially in the United Kingdom, similar trends were also observed in Montana,
but also in other countries, fish have been widely USA. There is recent evidence that animals living
affected by estrogens and anti‐androgens in near humans also have increasing body weight.
municipal wastewaters. In male fish, increased levels Moreover, studies of PCB‐exposed wildlife have
of the female egg yolk proteins and the occurrence provided important information on exposure
of eggs in the testes have been the consequence. levels, early and subclinical effects and the clinical
The antifouling agent tributyltin in ship paints has neurotoxicity of these chemicals. The mechanisms
disrupted mollusc sexual development worldwide underlying the effects and the outcomes of
(Figure 11). By the 1970s, many populations of exposures are often similar to those in humans.
Figure 11. Common whelk
(Buccinum undatum)
showing imposex (i.e. it
has both male and female
genitalia).
10 State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals – 2012
19. 7. Why should we be concerned?—Population
effects in wildlife
♦ There is a worldwide loss of species or 120 Figure 12. Population
reduced population numbers of amphibians, declines in wildlife (ver-
Population index (= 100 in 1970)
tebrates) over 30 years,
mammals, birds, reptiles, freshwater and 100 Terrestrial species 1970–2000 (source: World
marine fishes (Figure 12) and invertebrates. Wide Fund for Nature
Marine species [WWF] and the World
♦ EDCs have been shown to negatively affect 80 Conservation Monitoring
body systems that are critical for the health Freshwater species
Centre of UNEP, used
and survival of wildlife. with permission).
60 The Living Planet Index is an
All vertibrate
♦ The current body burdens of POPs such indicator of the state of the world’s
biodiversity. It measures trends in species (Living
populations of vertebrate species
as PCBs, organochlorine pesticides and living in terrestrial, freshwater, and Planet Index)
40 marine ecosystems
methylmercury in some fish-eating birds and
marine mammal populations are at levels 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
known to cause effects on breeding and on the Year
immune system (Figure 13). Some of these
populations are threatened or endangered. a Figure 13. British Colum-
350
♦ Legal, technical and ethical constraints to Killer whale Harbour seal bia’s (Canada) killer whales
300 (Orcinus orca) and harbour
working with wildlife, notably those listed
seals (Phoca vitulina) con-
PCBs (mg/kg lipid)
under endangered species legislation, prevent 250
tain high levels of regulated
research to investigate chemical causes of 200 PCBs and moderate levels
population declines in these animals. 150
of PBDEs. The figure was
prepared using data from
♦ An increasing number of chemicals to which 100 Krahn et al. (2007), Rayne
Immunotoxicity
wildlife are exposed have been shown to et al. (2004) and Ross et al.
50
interfere with the hormonal and immune (2000, 2012).
systems of wildlife species. Most of these 0
chemicals are not monitored in ecosystems. b
Exposed wildlife populations are often not Killer whale Harbour seal
1.6
monitored either.
PBDEs (µg/kg lipid)
♦ Experimental animal studies have shown 1.2
that many chemicals can interfere with the
development and function of endocrine 0.8
systems, leading to effects on behaviour,
fecundity, growth, survival and disease 0.4
resistance. This increases the probability that
exposure to EDCs could lead to population- 0
level effects in wildlife.
ia
nd
t
t
nt
it
ien
en
ra
rg
ide
ou
sid
St
ns
eo
es
tS
tte
re
Tra
fG
Subtle effects of EDCs on individual animals may
nr
ge
rn
rlo
it o
er
Pu
he
ha
rth
ra
ut
result in devastating effects on wildlife populations
nC
St
No
So
ee
Qu
over the long term. This is hard to prove until the
declines in populations are evident, at which point
it may be too late to save these species. those exposed to lower concentrations. As levels
of EDCs decline, some wildlife populations have
Exposures to EDCs affect the reproductive shown recovery. EDCs have affected immune
health of wildlife species, but there have been function, resulting in increased susceptibility to
few studies translating these effects to impacts infectious diseases in vertebrates, notably marine
at the population level. Notwithstanding this, mammals. Taken together, the evidence shows that
higher rates of reproductive problems are found exposure to endocrine disrupting contaminants
in animals with higher exposure to EDCs than in plays a significant role in wildlife health trends.
Wildlife across the globe display EDC-related reproductive effects.
Why should we be concerned?—Population effects in wildlife 11
20. 8. Sensitive periods for endocrine disruptor
action—Windows of exposure
Hormones and EDCs that alter hormone actions When a tissue is developing, it is more sensitive to
can act at all times during life—fetal development, the action of hormones and thus EDCs.
infancy, early childhood, puberty, adulthood and
old age. The timing of hormone or EDC action The mechanisms by which EDC exposure
often determines the strength of their impact. during development can alter the development
In the adult, the hormone or EDC has an effect of specific tissues, leading to increased
when it is present, but when the hormone or EDC susceptibility to diseases later in life, are
is withdrawn, the effect diminishes—much like just beginning to be understood. It is clear
insulin levels rising when blood sugar is high and that hormones play an important role in cell
then declining when blood sugar declines. differentiation, which leads to the development
of tissues and organs. Once tissues and organs
In contrast, exposure to hormones or EDCs are fully developed and active, then hormones
during development (in utero and infancy and have a different role: to control the integration
early childhood in humans) can have permanent of signals between tissues and organ systems
effects if the exposure occurs during the period and to maintain normal function. Early
when a specific tissue is developing. These effects development (when hormones are controlling
may only become visible decades later. This is cell changes to form tissues and organs) is thus
called developmental programming. Hormones a very sensitive time frame for EDC action. If
control the normal development of tissues from an EDC is present during the developmental
the fertilized sperm and egg to the fully developed programming of a tissue, it could disrupt the
fetus. Since some tissues continue developing normal hormone levels, leading to changes in
Figure 14. The effects of
early exposures to EDCs
after birth—such as the brain and reproductive tissue development—changes that would be
may be manifested any time system—the sensitive period for these tissues stable across the lifetime and possibly confer
in life. is extended, sometimes for decades after birth. sensitivity to disease later in life. These effects
Developmental Exposures to EDCs Lead to Disease Throughout Life
Reproductive Middle Later
Gestation Childhood Puberty
life life life
Exposures
to EDCs
12 State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals – 2012
21. Presentation of Disease over the Lifespan
Learning differences/Behaviour
Asthma
Increased sensitivity to infections
Atherosclerosis
Testicular dysgenesis syndrome
Cardiovascular disease
Developmental Exposures
Infertility Breast cancer
Obesity
Prostate cancer
Alzheimer disease
Altered puberty Fibroids
Parkinson disease
Premature menopause
Age
(years)
2 12 25 40 60 70
are not likely to be evident at birth, but may animal may affect not only the development Figure 15. Examples of
show up only later in life, from a few months of her offspring but also their offspring over potential diseases and
dysfunctions originating
to decades later (Figures 14 and 15). These several generations. This means that the increase
from early exposures to
developmental effects emphasize that babies in disease rates we are seeing today could in EDCs.
and children are not just little adults! part be due to exposures of our grandparents
to EDCs, and these effects could increase over
Some EDCs produce effects that can cross each generation due to both transgenerational
generations (transgenerational effects), such transmission of the altered programming and
that exposure of a pregnant woman or wild continued exposure across generations.
Sensitive periods for endocrine disruptor action—Windows of exposure 13
22. 9. Occurrence of and exposures to endocrine
disruptors
Since 2002, a large number of chemicals other phytoestrogens, metals, active ingredients in
than POPs have been identified as EDCs, and pharmaceuticals, and additives or contaminants
these include chemicals that have very different in food, personal care products, cosmetics,
properties, sources and fates in the environment plastics, textiles and construction materials. Once
compared with POPs. EDCs are both man‐made released into the environment, the more persistent
and natural. Some are found in a large variety of chemicals can be carried by air and water currents
materials, products, articles and goods. They may to remote locations, and many can be biomagnified
also be by-products formed during manufacturing through food webs to high levels in humans and
or combustion of wastes. These chemicals are other top predators. Other chemicals have shorter
also subjected to biological and environmental lifespans in the environment but are regularly
Figure 16. EDCs find their
way into the environ-
transformations that may form other EDCs. released in effluents, in agricultural runoff or
ment via point and diffuse EDCs are found among many classes of from urban environments, resulting in high
sources, as illustrated here. chemicals, including POPs, current-use pesticides, environmental levels near the sources (Figure 16).
Sewage system to
treatment facillity
Emissions to
the atmosphere
Chemical
production
Incorporation into
consumer products
Emissions to
the atmosphere
Untreated
Treated Biosolids
wastewater
wastewater application
Industrial
discharges
Emissions to
rivers, lakes and oceans
14 State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals – 2012