Ericsson Technology Review: Boosting smart manufacturing with 5G wireless connectivity

Asset monitoring
Wireless sensors
Non-real-time
Soft real-time
Mobile robots
Automated guided vehicles
Hard real-time
Time-critical
closed-loop control Wi-Fi
Low
(milliseconds)
Low
High
High
(seconds)
End-to-end latency
Reliability
(with load)
Wi-Fi
MulteFire
LTE
NR Unlicensed
spectrum
Licensed
spectrum
MulteFire
LTE
NR
ERICSSON
TECHNOLOGY
C H A R T I N G T H E F U T U R E O F I N N O V A T I O N | # 0 2 ∙ 2 0 1 9
5GANDSMART
MANUFACTURING

✱ 5G AND SMART MANUFACTURING
2 ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW ✱ FEBRUARY 20, 2019
Industry 4.0 – the fourth industrial revolution – is already transforming the
manufacturing industry, with the vision of highly efficient, connected and
flexible factories of the future quickly becoming a reality in many sectors.
Fully connected factories will rely on cloud technologies, as well as connectivity
based on Ethernet Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) and wireless 5G radio.
JOACHIM SACHS,
KENNETH WALLSTEDT,
FREDRIK ALRIKSSON,
GÖRAN ENEROTH
The goal of Industry 4.0 is to maximize
efficiency by creating full transparency
across all processes and assets at all times.
Achieving this requires communication
between goods, production systems, logistics
chains, people and processes throughout
a product’s complete life cycle, spanning
everything from design, ordering,
manufacturing, delivery and field
maintenance to recycling and reuse.
The integration of 5G ultra-reliable
low-latency communication (URLLC) in the
manufacturing process has great potential
to accelerate the transformation of the
manufacturing industry and make smart
factories more efficient and productive.
■ Today’sstate-of-the-artfactoriesare
predominantlybuiltonahierarchicalnetworkdesign
thatfollowstheindustrialautomationpyramid,as
showninFigure1.Thefourthindustrialrevolution
willrequireatransitionfromthissegmentedand
hierarchicalnetworkdesigntowardafullyconnected
one.Thistransition,incombinationwiththe
introductionof5Gwirelesscommunication
technology,willprovideveryhighflexibilityin
buildingandconfiguringproductionsystemson
demand.Theabilitytoextractmoreinformationfrom
themanufacturingprocessandfeeditintoadigital
representationknownasthe“digitaltwin”[1]enables
moreadvancedplanningprocesses,includingplant
simulationandvirtualcommissioning.Initiativeslike
the5GAllianceforConnectedIndustriesand
smart
manufacturingWITH 5G WIRELESS CONNECTIVITY
BOOSTING

5G AND SMART MANUFACTURING ✱
FEBRUARY 20, 2019 ✱ ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 3
Automation(5G-ACIA)[2]showthatindustries
recognizethisneedfor5Gtechnology.
ThelowersectionofFigure1isoftenreferred
toastheoperationaltechnology(OT)partofthe
manufacturingplant,comprisingboththefield
level(industrialdevicesandcontrollers)andthe
manufacturingexecutionsystem.Thetopsection
istheinformationtechnology(IT)part,madeup
ofgeneralenterpriseresourceplanning.For
connectivityatfieldlevel,avarietyoffieldbusand
industrialEthernettechnologiesaretypicallyused.
EthernetandIParewellestablishedcommunication
protocolsathigherlevels(ITandthetoppartofOT).
TheOTnetworkdomainiscurrentlydominated
(>90percent)bywiredtechnologies[3]andisa
heavilyfragmentedmarketwithtechnologiessuchas
PROFIBUS,PROFINET,EtherCAT,Sercosand
Modbus.Currentlydeployedwirelesssolutions
(whicharetypicallywirelessLANbasedusing
unlicensedspectrum)constituteonlyasmallfraction
Figure 1 Hierarchical network design based on the industrial automation pyramid
IT domain
OT domain
Field level
Enterprise
resource
planning
Manufacturing
execution
system
GW GWIndustrial
controllers
Industrial
devices
Definition of key terms
❭❭ Ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) refers to a 5G service category that provides the ability
to successfully deliver a message within a specified latency bound with a specified reliability, such as delivering
a message within 1ms with a probability of 99.9999 percent.
❭❭ The fourth industrial revolution is considered to be the fourth big step in industry modernization, enabled by
cyber-physical systems, digitalization and ubiquitous connectivity provided by 5G and Internet of Things (IoT)
technologies. It is also referred to as Industry 4.0.

oftheinstalledbase;theymainlyplayarolefor
wirelesslyconnectingsensorswherecommunication
requirementsarenon-critical.
Today,thefieldlevelconsistsofconnectivity
islandsthatareseparatedbygateways(GWs),which
helpstoprovidetherequiredperformancewithin
eachconnectivityisland.TheGWsarealsoneeded
forprotocoltranslationbetweenthedifferent
industrialnetworkingtechnologies.However,this
segmenteddesignputslimitationsonthe
digitalizationoffactories,asinformationwithin
onepartofthefactorycannotbeeasilyextracted
andusedelsewhere.
Onenear-termbenefitofleveragingwireless
connectivityinfactoriesisthesignificantreduction
intheamountofcablesused,whichreducescost,
sincecablesaretypicallyveryexpensivetoinstall,
rearrangeorreplace.Inaddition,wireless
connectivityenablesnewusecasesthatcannotbe
implementedwithwiredconnectivity,suchas
movingrobots,automatedguidedvehiclesandthe
trackingofproductsastheymovethroughthe
productionprocess.Wirelessconnectivityalso
makesitpossibletoachievegreaterfloorplanlayout
flexibilityanddeployfactoryequipmentmoreeasily.
Keymanufacturingindustryrequirements
Themanufacturingindustryhasspecific5G
requirementsthatdiffersignificantlyfrompublic
mobilebroadband(MBB)services.Theseinclude
URLLCwithultra-highavailabilityandresilience,
whichcanonlybesatisfiedwithadedicatedlocal
networkdeploymentusinglicensedspectrum.
Theabilitytointegratewiththeexistingindustrial
EthernetLANandexistingindustrialnodesand
functionsisanotherfundamentalrequirement.
Dataintegrityandprivacyarealsocritical,aswellas
real-timeperformancemonitoring.Inaddition,
5Gcapabilitiesintermsofpositioning,time
synchronizationbetweendevices,securityand
networkslicingwillalsobeessentialformany
manufacturingusecases.
Ultra-reliablelow-latencycommunication
Oneofthetwoservicecategoriesofmachine-type
communication(MTC)in5G–criticalMTC(cMTC)
–isdesignedtomeetcommunicationdemandswith
stringentrequirementsonlatency,reliabilityand
availability.IntensestandardizationandR&Dwork
isongoingtoensure5GNewRadio(NR)technology
isabletofullyaddresstheneedforURLLC.
WithNRwewillseelarge-scaledeploymentsof
advancedantennasystemsenablingstate-of-the-art
beamformingandMIMO(multiple-input,multiple-
output)techniques,whicharepowerfultoolsfor
improvingthroughput,capacityandcoverage[4].
Multi-antennatechniqueswillalsobeimportantfor
URLLC,astheycanbeusedtoimprovereliability.
ThescalablenumerologyofNRprovidesgood
meanstoachievelowlatency,aslargersubcarrier
spacing(SCS)reducesthetransmissiontime
interval.
Tofurtherreducelatencyandincreasereliability,
severalnewMAC(mediumaccesscontrol)and
Terms and abbreviations
cMTC – Critical Machine-type Communication | CN – Core Network | DL – Downlink | GHz – Gigahertz |
GW – Gateway | IoT – Internet of Things | kHz – Kilohertz | LTE-M – LTE Machine-type Communication |
MBB – Mobile Broadband | mMTC – Massive Machine-type Communication | mmWave – Millimeter Wave |
ms – Millisecond | MTC – Machine-type Communication | NB-IoT – Narrowband IoT | NR – New Radio |
OT – Operational Technology | RTT – Round-trip Time | SCS – Subcarrier Spacing | TSN – Time-sensitive
Networking | UE - User Equipment | UL – Uplink | URLLC – Ultra-reliable Low-latency Communication

PHY(physicallayer)featuresaswellasnewmulti-
connectivityarchitectureoptionshavebeenadded
tothe5GNRspecificationsin3GPPrelease15,and
additionalenhancementsarebeingstudiedin
release16.Thegoalinrelease16istoenable0.5-1ms
one-waylatencywithreliabilityofupto99.9999
percent.Newcapabilitiesincludefasterscheduling,
smallerandmorerobusttransmissions,repetitions,
fasterretransmissions,preemptionandpacket
duplication[5].Allinall,theyensureNRisequipped
withapowerfultoolboxthatcanbeusedtotailorthe
performancetothedemandsofeachspecificdevice
andtrafficflowonafactoryshopfloor.
Theachievableround-triptime(RTT)depends
bothonwhichfeaturesandspectrumareused.For
example,theRANRTTforamid-banddeployment
optimizedforMBBcanbeintheorderof5ms(FDD
15kHzSCSorTDD30kHzwithDL-DL-DL-UL
TDDconfiguration).ThecorrespondingRTTfora
URLLC-optimizedmillimeterwave(mmWave)
deployment(TDD120kHzSCS,DL-ULTDD
configuration)canbebelow2ms,thusmatchingthe
3GPPone-waylatencygoal.
Thereisatrade-offbetweenlatency,reliability
andcapacity,anddifferentschedulingstrategiescan
beusedtoachieveacertainlevelofreliabilityand
latency.Apacketcanbeencodedwithaverylowand
robustcoderate,andjustbetransmittedonce,butif
theRTTisshorterthantheapplicationlatency
constraint,itcanbemoreefficienttouseahigher,
lessrobustinitialcoderateandperform
retransmissionsbasedonfeedbackincasetheinitial
transmissionfails.Thus,theshortertheRANRTT
iscomparedwiththeapplicationlatencyconstraint,
thehigherspectralefficiency(capacity)maybe
achieved.
Licensedspectrumforinterferencecontrol
Theavailabilityofspectrumresourcesiskeyto
meetingrequirementsoncapacity,bitratesand
latency.Toprovidepredictableandreliableservice
levelsonthefactoryshopfloor,thespectrum
resourcesneedtobemanagedcarefully.The
achievableperformancedependsonseveralfactors:
❭❭ the amount of spectrum available
❭❭ which spectrum is used – low band
(below 2GHz), mid-band (2-5GHz) or
high band/mmWave (26GHz and above)
❭❭ which licensing regime applies
❭❭ whether the spectrum is FDD or TDD
❭❭ which radio access technology is used
❭❭ the coexistence scenarios that apply
for the spectrum.
Estimatesofspectrumneedsareintherangeoftens
tohundredsofmegahertz.Mostnewmid-band
spectrumthatiscurrentlybeingallocatedusesTDD,
whilelargepartsofthespectrumalreadyallocated
tomobileoperatorsareFDD.LatencyforanFDD
systemisinherentlylowerthanthatofa
correspondingTDDsystem.
Mid-bandspectrumiswellsuitedforindoor
deploymentssinceitspropagationcharacteristics
makeiteasytoprovidegoodcoveragewithalimited
setoftransmissionpoints.CoverageatmmWaveis
generallyspottier,requiringdenserradiodeployment,
butmmWaveisstillagoodcomplementtomid-band
forin-factorydeploymentssinceitenables:
❭❭ higher system capacity, as larger bandwidths
are available and as advanced antenna systems
and beamforming can be implemented in a
small form factor suitable for indoor deployment
❭❭ significantly shorter latencies (even though the
spectrum is TDD), as a higher numerology with
shorter transmission time intervals is used
❭❭ easier management of the coexistence
between indoor shop floor networks and
outdoor mobile networks, as mmWave radio
signals are easier to confine within buildings.
MMWAVEISAGOOD
COMPLEMENTTOMID-
BANDFORIN-FACTORY
DEPLOYMENTS

Forcriticalapplications,theremustbeguarantees
againstuncontrolledinterference,whichimpliesthat
licensedspectrumisnecessary.Asillustratedin
Figure2,unlicensedtechnologiessuchasWi-Fiand
MulteFirecannotguaranteeboundedlowlatency
withhighreliabilityastheloadincreases.Thisisdue
totheuseoflisten-before-talkback-off,whichdoes
notperformwellduringuncontrolledinterference.
Unlicensedspectrummaynonethelessberelevant
forlesscriticalapplications.
Licensedspectrumcanbeprovidedbyoperators
aspartofalocalconnectivitysolution,including
networkequipment.Operatorsmayalsochooseto
leasepartsoftheirspectrumassetslocallyto
industrieswithoutprovidingtheconnectivity
solution.Anotheremergingoptionisforregulators
tosetasidededicatedspectrumforlocallicensingto
industries,asisunderconsiderationinsome
EuropeancountriessuchasGermanyandSweden
on3.7-3.8GHz.
IntegrationwithindustrialEthernetandTSN
Theintroductionof5Gonthefactoryshopfloorwill
happeninsteps.When5Gisaddedtoexisting
productionsystems,thevariouspartsofthesystem
willbemovedto5Gconnectivityatdifferentstages,
dependingontheevolutionplanoftheproduction
systemandwherethehighestbenefitsofwireless5G
communicationcanbeobtained.Overtime,more
partsoftheshopfloorcanbemigratedto5G,inpart
duetotheintroductionofnewcapabilitiesinfuture
5Greleases.Eveningreenfieldindustrial
deployments,notallcommunicationwillbebased
on5G.Theneedforwirelessconnectivitymaynotbe
prominentforsomesubsystems,whileothersmay
requireperformancelevels(isochronoussub-
millisecondlatency,forexample)thatarenot
currentlyaddressedby5G.Consequently,alocal
industrial5Gdeploymentwillcoexistandrequire
integrationwithwiredindustrialLANs.Tothisend,
thetransportofEthernettrafficisrequired,and
Figure 2 Latency and reliability aspects of spectrum and technology choice
Asset monitoring
Wireless sensors
Non-real-time
Soft real-time
Mobile robots
Automated guided vehicles
Hard real-time
Time-critical
closed-loop control Wi-Fi
Low
(milliseconds)
Low
High
High
(seconds)
End-to-end latency
Reliability
(with load)
Wi-Fi
MulteFire
LTE
NR Unlicensed
spectrum
Licensed
spectrum
MulteFire
LTE
NR

Ethernettransporthasbeenspecifiedwithinthe
release15standardofthe5Gsystem.
Aspartoftheongoingindustrialtransformation,
thewiredcommunicationsegmentsofindustrial
networksareexpectedtoevolvetowardacommon
openstandard:EthernetwithTSNsupport[6].
Therefore,a5Gsystemneedstobeabletointegrate
withaTSN-basedindustrialEthernet,forwhich
3GPPhasdefineddifferentstudyandworkitemsin
release16ofthe5Gstandards.
TSNisanextensionoftheIEEE802.3Ethernet
andisstandardizedwithintheTSNtaskgroupin
IEEE802.1.AprofileforTSNinindustrial
automationisbeingdevelopedbytheIEC/IEEE
60802jointproject[7].TSNincludesthemeansto
providedeterministicboundedlatencywithout
congestionlossesforprioritizedtrafficonan
Ethernetnetworkthatalsotransportstrafficoflower
priority.TSNfeaturesincludepriorityqueuingwith
resourceallocationmechanisms,time
synchronizationbetweennetworknodesand
reliabilitymechanismsviaredundanttrafficflows.
5Genhancementsincludesupportofredundant
transmissionpaths,whichcanbecombinedwiththe
TSNfeature‘Framereplicationandeliminationfor
reliability’(FRER)thatisstandardizedinIEEE
802.1CB.Oneoftheresourceallocationfeaturesof
TSNforboundingthelatencyforperiodiccontrol
trafficis‘Time-awarescheduling’(standardizedin
IEEE802.1Qbv),forwhichtransmissionqueuesare
time-gatedineveryswitchonthedatapathtocreate
aprotectedconnection.ThisrequiresallEthernet
switchestobetime-synchronizedaccordingtoIEEE
P802.1AS-Rev.Featuresthatarebeingdevelopedin
5Gstandardizationtosupporttime-aware
transmissionacrossamixedTSN-5Gnetworkareto
time-alignthe5GsystemwiththeTSNnetworkand
provide5Gtransmissionwithdeterministiclatency.
Keepingthingslocal
OntopofURLLCperformanceandintegration
withindustrialEthernetnetworks,many
manufacturersalsorequirefullcontrol(thatis,
independentofexternalparties)oftheircriticalOT
domainconnectivityinordertofulfillsystem
availabilitytargets.Fullcontrolcanbeexpressed
asrequirementsonkeepingthingslocal:
❭❭ local data – the ability to keep production-
related data locally within the factory premises
for security and trust reasons
❭❭ local management – the ability to monitor and
manage the connectivity solution locally
❭❭ local survivability – the ability to guarantee the
availability of the connectivity solution
independently of external factors (for example,
shop-floor connectivity must continue
uninterrupted even when connectivity to the
manufacturing plant is down).
Additionalrequirementsandfeaturesofinterest
One5Gfeaturethatcouldhavesignificantimportance
formanufacturingusecasesispositioning.For3GPP
release16,theobjectiveistoachieveindoor
positioningaccuraciesbelow3m,butNRdeployed
inafactoryenvironmenthasthetechnologypotential
tosupportmuchmoreprecisepositioning.Thereare
severalaspectswhichallcontributetobetter
positioningaccuracy:
❭❭ the wide bandwidths of mid- and high-band
spectrum enable better measurement accuracy
❭❭ beam-based systems enable better ranging and
angle-of-arrival/departure estimation
❭❭ the higher numerology of NR implies shorter
sampling intervals and hence improved
positioning resolution
❭❭ dense and tailored deployments with small cells
and large overlaps improve accuracy and,
together with beam-based transmissions,
provide more spatial variations that can be
exploited for radio frequency fingerprinting.
In5Grelease16,anewrequirementisbeing
introduced,wherebythe5Gsystemwillbeableto
synchronizedevicestoamasterclockofoneormore
timedomains[8].Onereasonforthisisthatseveral

industrialapplicationsrequiretime-synchronized
actionsofmultiplemachines.Thiscanbea
collaborativecommontaskperformedbymultiple
industryrobots,wherethecontrolofthedifferent
robotsneedstobecoordinatedintime.NRin
release16willsupplythecapabilityforabasestation
toprovideprecisetimingreferencestodevicesdown
tomicrosecondprecision.Itwillalsomakeitpossible
torelatethistimereferencetothereferenceclocksof
oneormoretimedomainsusedinanindustrial
system.Thetimealignmentofthe5Gsystemwith
theexternalindustrialLANisalsoabasistoenable
TSNtime-scheduledcommunicationovera
combined5G-TSNnetwork.
Securityincellularnetworkshasmaturedwith
everygenerationtoenableconfidential
communicationservices,userprivacy,
authenticationofusersfornetworkaccessand
accountability,andauthenticationofthenetworkso
usersknowtheyareconnectedtoalegitimate
network.Toaddressnewusecasesandthe
evolvingthreatlandscape,5Gincludesnewsecurity
featuresthatbenefitindustrialdeployments[9].
Examplesincludeimprovedconfidentialityof
user-planedataachievedbyboththeencryptionand
integrityprotectionofdatatopreventeavesdropping
andmodificationasitpassesthroughthe5Gsystem.
With5G,industrialnetworksgainadditionaloptions
fordeviceauthenticationsupportingbothSIM-
basedandcertificate-basedauthentication.Lastly,
5GstandardspreventIMSI(InternationalMobile
SubscriberIdentity)catchingattacks,astheuser’s
ordevice’slong-termidentifierisnevertransmitted
overtheradiointerfaceincleartext[10].
5G’snetworkslicingcapabilitiesenablethe
provisionofadedicatedslicebothlocallyandin
wideareanetworks,enhanceservicedifferentiation
includingisolationofthecriticaltrafficfromother
servicetypesandenablesegmentationintosecurity
zonesasrequiredfortheOTdomain.
5Gconnectivitysolutionforthefactoryshopfloor
Alocal,on-premises4G/5Gconnectivitysolution
thatuseslicensedspectrumsuchastheoneshownin
Figure3isthebestwaytomeettherequirementsof
themanufacturingindustry.Thissolutioncan
Figure 3 5G manufacturing solution architecture
Local cloud infrastructure
Local management system
Core user plane
OT
management
system
4G/5G indoor
radio system
Core
control
plane
Industry LAN
(e.g. TSN)
Core
control
plane
Industrial
devices
Industrial
controller
Factory OT domain
Factory IT domain
4G/5G connectivity
solution
Wide area network
Industry LAN
(e.g. TSN)
Demilitarized
zone
Public
internet
Industrial
deviceUE
UE

supportcMTC,MBBandmassiveMTC(mMTC)
usecases,anditcaneasilybeintegratedwithmobile
operator-providedwideareanetworks.
WhilecMTCaddressesthecritical
communicationneedsofthemanufacturing
industry,mMTC,alsoincludedin5G,isideal
forsensorcommunication.NarrowbandInternet
ofThings(NB-IoT)andLTEmachine-type
communication(LTE-M)areexamplesofmMTC
solutionsthatweredevelopedfor4Gandremain
wellequippedtosupporttheneedsofthe
manufacturingindustryforalongtime.
MBBandmMTCbasedon4Gand5Gprovide
theshop-floorconnectivityrequiredbyindustrial
sensors,cameras,smartphones,tabletsand
wearablestosupportusecaseslikedataacquisition,
predictivemaintenance,human-machine
interactionandaugmentedreality.Beyondfactories,
therearealsowide-areausecaseslikesmartlogistics
thatwillrelyontheMBBandmMTCservices
suppliedbymobileoperator-providednetworks.
Networkoperatorsareinanexcellentpositionto
leveragetheirspectrumassets,wideareanetwork
infrastructureandknow-howtoaddresstheneeds
ofthemanufacturingindustry.Alternatively,the
solutioncanbedeployedbytheindustriesthemselves
orbythirdpartiesusingleasedordedicatedspectrum.
Theoptimallocalconnectivitysolutionrequires
awell-planned4G/5Gindoorradiosystemusing
licensedspectrumtoenableultra-reliablelow-
latencyperformance.Thevirtualizationofcore
network(CN)functionsandsupportofcontroland
user-planeseparationenablesflexibleCN
deployments.TheCNuserplaneneedstobe
deployedinthefactory,notonlytoprovideURLLC
butalsohighavailability,localsurvivability,security
andprivacy.Therequirementsonfulllocalcontrol
wouldindicatethatCNcontrolfunctionsneedtobe
deployedon-premises,butdependingonthe
specificsoftherequirements,suchashowlong
survivabilitydurationisrequired,itmaybepossible
tousemorecost-efficientsolutionswheresomeof
thecontrolfunctionsareprovidedfromacentral
location,suchasamobilenetworkoperator’sCN.
Aneasy-to-uselocalmanagementsystemis
requiredtomonitorandmanagetheend-to-end
connectivity,includinglocalnetworkinfrastructure
andconnecteddevices.Thelocalmanagementuse
casesincludebothsoftwaremanagementandfault,
performanceandconfigurationmanagement.The
managementsystemalsoneedstointegratewith
otherelementsoftheOTsystemsandtheindustry
ITsystems.Alow-latencycloudinfrastructureis
requiredbothfor5Gnetworkfunctionsand
industrialapplications,andallpiecesneedtobe
connectedusinganintegratedlocaltransport
infrastructure.
TheresultingsolutioncanprovidebothIPand
EthernetconnectivitytoindustrialdevicesandGWs
ontheshopfloor,withperformancetailoredtoeach
device’sindividualneeds.Theintegrationbetween
the5GinfrastructureandtheindustrialEthernet
domainextendsbeyondsimpleuser-plane
forwardingofEthernetframestoincludeintegration
withthetimesynchronization,schedulingand
resilienceschemesusedintheindustrialEthernet
domain,usingTSNfeatures,forexample.
Conclusion
5Gisaprimeenablingtechnologytofacilitatethe
industrialtransformationtoIndustry4.0,providing
wirelessconnectivityinandaroundthefactory
basedonaglobalstandardwithglobaleconomyof
scale.Itcanconnectavarietyofindustrialdevices
withdifferentserviceneeds,includingindustrial
sensors,videocamerasoradvancedcontrolpanels
withintegratedaugmentedreality.5Gcanalso
providedeterministicultra-reliablelow-latency
communicationtobringwirelessconnectivityto
demandingindustrialequipment,likeindustrial
controllersandactuators.
5GINCLUDESNEW
SECURITYFEATURES
THATBENEFITINDUSTRIAL
DEPLOYMENTS

References
1. Ericsson Technology Review, Industrial automation enabled by robotics, machine intelligence and 5G,
February 15, 2018, Sabella, R.; Thuelig, A.; Carrozza, M.C.; Ippolito, M., available at: https://www.ericsson.
com/en/ericsson-technology-review/archive/2018/industrial-automation-enabled-by-robotics-machine-
intelligence-and-5g
2. 5G-ACIA, 5G for Connected Industries and Automation, available at: https://www.5g-acia.org/
3. HMS Industrial Networks, 2018, available at: https://www.hms-networks.com/press/2018/02/27/
industrial-ethernet-is-now-bigger-than-fieldbuses
4. Ericsson white paper, Advanced antenna systems for 5G networks, Von Butovitsch, P.; Astely, D.;
Furuskär, A.; Göransson, B.; Hogan, B; Karlsson, J; Larsson, E, available at: https://www.ericsson.com/en/
white-papers/advanced-antenna-systems-for-5g-networks
5. Proceedings of the IEEE, Adaptive 5G Low-Latency Communication for Tactile Internet Services,
September 5, 2018, Sachs, J.; Andersson, L. A. A.; Araújo, J.; Curescu, C.; Lundsjö, J.; Rune, G.; Steinbach,
E.; Wikström, G., available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8454733
6. Technical report, OPC UA TSN: A new Solution for Industrial Communication, Bruckner, et al., available
at: https://www.automationworld.com/sites/default/files/opc_ua_tsn_whitepaper_1.pdf
7. IEC/IEEE 60802 joint project webpage, IEC/IEEE 60802 TSN Profile for Industrial Automation, available
at: https://1.ieee802.org/tsn/iec-ieee-60802-tsn-profile-for-industrial-automation/
8. 3GPP, “Service requirements for cyber-physical control applications in vertical domains,” technical
specification TS 22.104, January 2019, available at: http://www.3gpp.org/ftp//Specs/archive/22_
series/22.104/22104-g00.zip
9. Ericsson white paper, 5G security – enabling a trustworthy 5G system, March 28, 2018, Norrman, K.;
Nakarmi, P. K.; Fogelström, E, available at: https://www.ericsson.com/en/white-papers/5g-security---
enabling-a-trustworthy-5g-system
10. Ericsson Blog, 3GPP release 15 – an end to the battle against false base stations, January 18, 2019,
Nakarmi, P. K.; Ben Henda, N.; Tsiatsis, V., available at: https://www.ericsson.com/en/blog/2019/1/3gpp-
release15
A5G-connectedfactoryisbasedonalocal5G
radionetworkusinglicensedspectrum.Itcaneither
beprovidedasaservicebyamobilenetwork
operator,oritcanbeoperatedstandalonebyafactory
ownerorsystemintegratorinlocallyleasedor
dedicatedspectrum.Alocalcorenetworkenables
low-latencyconnectivity,fulfillingstrictrequirements
onavailability,localsurvivability,datasecurityand
privacy.Theintegrationofa5Gsystemwithwired
industrialLANequipment–whichinfuturewill
mainlybebasedonTSN–ismandatory.Further5G
enhancementsprovideadditionalvaluetoindustrial
serviceslikepreciseindoorpositioning,andtime
synchronizationforindustrialenddevices.

Further reading
❭❭ Ericsson Smart Wireless Manufacturing, available at: https://www.ericsson.com/en/internet-of-things/
solutions/smart-wireless-manufacturing
❭❭ Ericsson Consumer & IndustryLab Insight Report, 5G business value: A case study on real-time control in
manufacturing, April 2018, available at: https://www.ericsson.com/assets/local/reports/5g_for_
industries_report_blisk_27062018.pdf
❭❭ Ericsson Mobility Report, Realizing smart manufacturing through IoT, June 2018, available at: https://
www.ericsson.com/en/mobility-report/reports/june-2018/realizing-smart-manufacturing
❭❭ Ericsson Blog, 5G meets Time Sensitive Networking, December 2018, available at: https://www.ericsson.
com/en/blog/2018/12/5G-meets-Time-Sensitive-Networking
❭❭ 5G-ACIA white paper, 5G for Connected Industries and Automation, November 22, 2018, available at:
https://www.5g-acia.org/index.php?id=5125
theauthors
Joachim Sachs
◆ is principal researcher at
Ericsson corporate research
in Stockholm, where he
coordinates research
activities on 5G for industrial
IoT solutions and cross-
industry research
collaborations. He joined
Ericsson in 1997 and has
contributed to the
standardization of 3G, 4G
and 5G networks. He holds a
Dr-Ing. from Technical
University Berlin, Germany,
and was a visiting scholar at
Stanford University in the
US in 2009.
Kenneth Wallstedt
◆ is director of technology
strategy in Ericsson’s CTO
office, where he focuses on
the company’s radio and
spectrum management
strategy. He joined Ericsson
in 1990 and since then he
has held various leading
positions in Ericsson’s
research, development and
market units in Canada,
Sweden and the US. He
holds an M.Sc. in electrical
engineering from KTH Royal
Institute of Technology in
Stockholm, Sweden.
Fredrik Alriksson
◆ is a research engineer at
DevelopmentUnitNetworks,
where he coordinates
strategic technology and
concept development within
IoT & New Industries. He
joined Ericsson in 1999 and
has worked in R&D with
architecture evolution
covering a broad set of
technology areas including
RAN, Core, IMS and VoLTE.
HeholdsanM.Sc.inelectrical
Stockholm, Sweden.
Göran Eneroth
◆ is a product development
leader at Development Unit
Networks, where he leads
strategic technology and
concept development
within IoT & New Industries.
He joined Ericsson in 1983
and has held a variety of
leading positions in
Ericsson’s R&D units, as well
as in standardization and
industry collaborations. He
holds an M.Sc. in electrical
Stockholm, Sweden.
Theauthorswould
liketothank
thefollowing
peoplefortheir
contributions
tothisarticle:
JonathanOlsson,
JariVikberg,Juan-
AntonioIbanez,
KurtEssigmann,
LisaBoströmand
FilipMestanov.

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