Ergonomics is a vastly discussed topic in all fields...right from day to day activities to highly skilled Professions like Dentistry.lets have a quick look at what all we need to be careful about, to lead a healthy dental career.
smile and make others smile ....;)
Ergonomics is the study of people's efficiency in their working environment. Dentists and dental students are at high risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) like neck, shoulder, and back pain from assuming awkward postures during treatment. Adopting proper ergonomic practices such as using ergonomically designed equipment that reduces force and maintains neutral wrist positions, as well as maintaining good posture and taking breaks, can help reduce MSDs and allow dentists to have long, productive careers. Over 70% of dental students report pain by their third year, so applying ergonomics is important for their professional health.
The document discusses ergonomics in dentistry. It defines ergonomics as the study of work including tasks, technology, and environment in relation to human capabilities. This leads to improved productivity, reduced injuries, and greater worker satisfaction. Some key points discussed include risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders in dentistry, applying ergonomic principles to equipment, instrument, and posture selection, and the benefits of four-handed dentistry in reducing strain on dental practitioners.
An effort to put light on the common health hazards caused by improper ergonomics and a glance over the proper ergonomic practises to be followed in daily dental practise to increase the ease and efficiency of your practise..
Ergonomic Applications to Dental Practiceshabeel pn
This document discusses ergonomics in dental practice. It defines ergonomics as designing tools, equipment and workstations to fit the human body rather than forcing the body to fit the job. Poor ergonomics can cause discomfort, injuries, fatigue and work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The document outlines how ergonomic principles can be applied to dental tools, workstations, work practices and scheduling to reduce strain and fatigue on dental workers. It provides an example of improving ergonomics in a dental prosthetics lab by changing to adjustable workstations with forearm supports.
The document discusses ergonomics for dentists, including proper posture and positioning for dentists and patients. It notes that musculoskeletal disorders are a risk for dentists and outlines prevention methods. It provides details on ideal positions for the dental chair and patient, including upright, almost supine, and reclined at 45 degrees. Operator positions such as right front, right, and right rear are defined based on a clock system in relation to the patient. Proper sequencing when establishing position is also outlined.
Occupational hazards are common in the field of dentistry. Dentists face a variety of biological, physical, ergonomic, and psychological hazards. Biological hazards, like exposure to Hepatitis B and HIV, pose serious risks due to the potential for transmission through needle sticks or contact with blood and saliva. Dentists have a higher risk of contracting certain infections compared to the general population. Other common occupational hazards for dentists include musculoskeletal problems, noise exposure, radiation exposure, allergic reactions, and job-related stress. Proper training, immunization, and safety precautions are needed to help protect dental workers from the various occupational health risks they may encounter.
Ergonomics in Dentistry: Narrative Review- International Journal of Applied D...hindol1996
The prevalence of work-related Musculoskeletal disorders(MSDs) in Dentists is increasing day by day. Dental practitioners have to work with instruments, equipments& working postures that does not fit the required way of working and/or individual characteristics. The ergonomic limitations play a distinct role in such musculoskeletal injuries. Application of Ergonomic principles in the design of work systems is the key to prevent occupational injury. Ergonomics draws on a number of scientific disciplines, including physiology, biomechanics, psychology, anthropometry & kinesiology. This review article includes Musculoskeletal disorders(MSDs), their types, clinical features, risk factors and steps to prevent MSDs through various applications of ergonomics in dentistry.
Ergonomics is the study of people's efficiency in their working environment. Dentists and dental students are at high risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) like neck, shoulder, and back pain from assuming awkward postures during treatment. Adopting proper ergonomic practices such as using ergonomically designed equipment that reduces force and maintains neutral wrist positions, as well as maintaining good posture and taking breaks, can help reduce MSDs and allow dentists to have long, productive careers. Over 70% of dental students report pain by their third year, so applying ergonomics is important for their professional health.
The document discusses ergonomics in dentistry. It defines ergonomics as the study of work including tasks, technology, and environment in relation to human capabilities. This leads to improved productivity, reduced injuries, and greater worker satisfaction. Some key points discussed include risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders in dentistry, applying ergonomic principles to equipment, instrument, and posture selection, and the benefits of four-handed dentistry in reducing strain on dental practitioners.
An effort to put light on the common health hazards caused by improper ergonomics and a glance over the proper ergonomic practises to be followed in daily dental practise to increase the ease and efficiency of your practise..
Ergonomic Applications to Dental Practiceshabeel pn
This document discusses ergonomics in dental practice. It defines ergonomics as designing tools, equipment and workstations to fit the human body rather than forcing the body to fit the job. Poor ergonomics can cause discomfort, injuries, fatigue and work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The document outlines how ergonomic principles can be applied to dental tools, workstations, work practices and scheduling to reduce strain and fatigue on dental workers. It provides an example of improving ergonomics in a dental prosthetics lab by changing to adjustable workstations with forearm supports.
The document discusses ergonomics for dentists, including proper posture and positioning for dentists and patients. It notes that musculoskeletal disorders are a risk for dentists and outlines prevention methods. It provides details on ideal positions for the dental chair and patient, including upright, almost supine, and reclined at 45 degrees. Operator positions such as right front, right, and right rear are defined based on a clock system in relation to the patient. Proper sequencing when establishing position is also outlined.
Occupational hazards are common in the field of dentistry. Dentists face a variety of biological, physical, ergonomic, and psychological hazards. Biological hazards, like exposure to Hepatitis B and HIV, pose serious risks due to the potential for transmission through needle sticks or contact with blood and saliva. Dentists have a higher risk of contracting certain infections compared to the general population. Other common occupational hazards for dentists include musculoskeletal problems, noise exposure, radiation exposure, allergic reactions, and job-related stress. Proper training, immunization, and safety precautions are needed to help protect dental workers from the various occupational health risks they may encounter.
Ergonomics in Dentistry: Narrative Review- International Journal of Applied D...hindol1996
The prevalence of work-related Musculoskeletal disorders(MSDs) in Dentists is increasing day by day. Dental practitioners have to work with instruments, equipments& working postures that does not fit the required way of working and/or individual characteristics. The ergonomic limitations play a distinct role in such musculoskeletal injuries. Application of Ergonomic principles in the design of work systems is the key to prevent occupational injury. Ergonomics draws on a number of scientific disciplines, including physiology, biomechanics, psychology, anthropometry & kinesiology. This review article includes Musculoskeletal disorders(MSDs), their types, clinical features, risk factors and steps to prevent MSDs through various applications of ergonomics in dentistry.
Ergonomics aims to optimize human well-being and system performance through understanding interactions between humans and other elements. Dentists face musculoskeletal disorders from uncomfortable postures during work. Occupational diseases are increasing, with musculoskeletal disorders among the most common due to improper ergonomics. Applying ergonomic principles can help reduce risks like static postures and muscle imbalances while increasing productivity, safety, quality and decreasing fatigue through measures like maintaining good posture, alternating tasks, and adjusting equipment height.
Ergonomic health implications as it relates to dental health professionals. This presentation reviews common causes of ergonomic injuries including carpal tunnel syndrome and tendinitis, ways to manage these conditions, and how to prevent them.
musculoskeletal disorders are one of the most prevalent dentistry related hazards ,every dentist needs to know the warning signs and symptoms ,risk factors and method of prevention for a pain free dental practice.
1) Diagnosis in endodontics involves gathering dental and medical history, performing clinical examinations and tests, and evaluating radiographs to determine the health, nature, and cause of issues with the pulp or surrounding tissues.
2) Clinical tests include thermal tests, electric pulp testing, percussion, palpation, and periodontal probing to evaluate the patient's response and assess pulp vitality or presence of pathology.
3) While no single test can definitively diagnose pulp status, cold tests are often more accurate than heat or electric pulp testing. Radiographs provide additional information but cannot solely determine a diagnosis.
impression techniques of complete dentureakanksha arya
The document discusses impression techniques for complete dentures. It defines key terms like impression, complete denture impression, and preliminary impression. It explains the objectives of impression making including retention, stability, support, esthetics, and preservation of remaining structures. It also covers different classification systems for impressions based on theories, materials used, technique, purpose, and tray type. Specific impression techniques like open mouth, closed mouth, and selective pressure are described.
The document discusses ergonomics in dentistry. It defines ergonomics as the study of work and outlines goals of improving job processes, reducing injury risk, and minimizing fatigue. Risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders in dentistry are identified, including prolonged static postures and repetitive motions. The document recommends applying ergonomic strategies like proper positioning, magnification, four-handed dentistry using an assistant, and work simplification techniques to reduce injury risks.
The document discusses the history of dental chairs, from the first adjustable dental chair invented around 1790 which featured an adjustable headrest and arm extension, to the fully reclining dental chair in the early 1800s which was the first pump-style chair that could raise and lower patients. It then describes various innovations for dental chairs throughout the 19th century, including one from 1867 that could raise patients up to 3 feet, allow full reclining, and tilt side to side.
1) A work authorization is a written document that provides instructions from a dentist to a dental lab technician for laboratory procedures.
2) It must include specific patient and dentist information, instructions for the work, and signatures.
3) The work authorization delineates responsibilities between the dentist and technician, protects against illegal practice, and aids in resolving disputes.
Interdental aids powerpoint presentationLeena Parmar
This document discusses various interdental aids used for cleaning between teeth. It begins by describing the different types of interdental spaces classified by how much of the space is occupied by gingiva. Common interdental aids discussed include dental floss, interdental brushes, wooden interdental cleaners, and water flossers. Each aid is described in terms of its material, indications for use, and proper technique. The document emphasizes that toothbrushing alone is insufficient for interdental cleaning and that the appropriate aid should be selected based on a patient's interdental anatomy and oral hygiene needs.
This document discusses tooth mobility, including its definition, types, assessment methods, and clinical significance. It provides details on physiologic and pathologic tooth mobility, factors that affect mobility, and methods for evaluating mobility. Treatment options are outlined for different situations involving increased tooth mobility and include occlusal adjustment, splinting, and sometimes extraction for advanced periodontal disease cases.
The document discusses complete denture impressions. It begins with an introduction stating there has been disagreement over impression procedures since 1850 due to many being developed empirically. It then defines key terms like impression, preliminary impression, final impression, and impression material.
The document reviews the literature on impression techniques dating back to the 18th century. It discusses early methods and materials used like beeswax, gutta percha, plaster of paris, and zinc oxide eugenol. The mucous membrane anatomy is explained. Biological considerations for maxillary and mandibular impressions are provided, highlighting important anatomical landmarks and structures.
This document provides an overview of single visit endodontics. It discusses the history and increased acceptance of single visit root canals due to advances in technology. The document outlines indications and contraindications for single visit root canals and notes the practice management, patient, and clinician advantages which include reduced stress, cost and number of visits. Guidelines for performing single visit root canals including case selection criteria and pain control methods are also summarized.
This document discusses stainless steel and its use in orthodontics. It provides details on the history and discovery of stainless steel. It describes the different types of stainless steel including their compositions and properties. Austenitic stainless steel such as 304 is commonly used due its corrosion resistance and ductility. The document discusses factors such as cold working, heat treatment, and sensitization that can impact the properties of stainless steel for orthodontic applications.
Serial extraction is an interceptive orthodontic procedure that involves the planned extraction of certain primary and permanent teeth in a sequence to guide the erupting permanent teeth into a favorable position. It was first described in 1929 as a way to address arch length deficiencies. The most common methods are Dewel's method, Tweed's method, and Nance method, all of which extract primary teeth first, followed by premolars and canines. Potential problems include anterior crossbites from residual spacing or skeletal discrepancies.
Dentists are exposed to a variety of occupational hazards including biological, physical, chemical, ergonomic and radiation hazards. Biological hazards include exposure to infectious diseases from patients through direct or indirect contact with bodily fluids. Physical hazards include injuries from sharp instruments. Chemical hazards stem from exposure to substances like mercury and latex. Prolonged awkward postures and repetitive motions can cause musculoskeletal disorders. Radiation exposure occurs from dental X-rays. Proper precautions like barriers, hygiene protocols, protective equipment, ergonomic practices and radiation monitoring can help prevent or minimize these occupational hazards for dentists.
The Langer curettes were designed in consultation with periodontist Dr. Burton Langer. They combine the shank design of a Gracey curette with a universal blade, allowing them to scale all surfaces of teeth. Four designs are available for different areas: SL1/2 for mandibular posterior, SL3/4 for maxillary posterior, SL5/6 for anterior, and SL17/18 for posterior teeth. The Langer curettes are intended to make scaling easier by allowing the user to reach both mesial and distal surfaces without instrument changes.
Endodontic instruments /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
By Ogundiran Temidayo a student of OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY ILE IFE. a presentation on edentulism, prevalence, causes, types, treatment, and its adverse effect in the oral cavity.
In this lecture I explain the basic concept of root canal filling or what called obturation. The lectures discuss different techniques used in that matter in step-by-step fashion and explanatory pictures.
It is directed to the level of undergraduate mind.
SURVEYORS & SURVEYING PROCEDURES IN REMOVABLE PARTIAL PROSTHODONTICSKanika Manral
The document discusses the history and procedures of surveying for removable partial dentures. It describes how surveying has evolved from being done by eye to using specialized surveyor instruments. It outlines the key parts and uses of surveyors, including orienting the cast, marking survey lines to identify contours and undercuts, measuring retention, and identifying interferences. The purpose of surveying is to determine the optimal path of insertion and locations for retention and support of a removable partial denture.
Global Park Trading WLL Qatar Proudly Introduce Ourselves As A Major Supplier Of All Kinds Of Electrical Material And Fancy Lights.We Also Under Contractor Works For All Kinds Of Electrical Material And Fancy Lights.
The document provides feedback on four responses to a synopsis for a film. Key points made are that the synopsis needs to more clearly convey the message about the dangers of money and how it can control people's lives. Additionally, the meaning and main event of the story were not come across clearly in the synopsis. The feedback will help strengthen the synopsis to ensure the audience understands the plot and takes away the intended message of the film.
Ergonomics aims to optimize human well-being and system performance through understanding interactions between humans and other elements. Dentists face musculoskeletal disorders from uncomfortable postures during work. Occupational diseases are increasing, with musculoskeletal disorders among the most common due to improper ergonomics. Applying ergonomic principles can help reduce risks like static postures and muscle imbalances while increasing productivity, safety, quality and decreasing fatigue through measures like maintaining good posture, alternating tasks, and adjusting equipment height.
Ergonomic health implications as it relates to dental health professionals. This presentation reviews common causes of ergonomic injuries including carpal tunnel syndrome and tendinitis, ways to manage these conditions, and how to prevent them.
musculoskeletal disorders are one of the most prevalent dentistry related hazards ,every dentist needs to know the warning signs and symptoms ,risk factors and method of prevention for a pain free dental practice.
1) Diagnosis in endodontics involves gathering dental and medical history, performing clinical examinations and tests, and evaluating radiographs to determine the health, nature, and cause of issues with the pulp or surrounding tissues.
2) Clinical tests include thermal tests, electric pulp testing, percussion, palpation, and periodontal probing to evaluate the patient's response and assess pulp vitality or presence of pathology.
3) While no single test can definitively diagnose pulp status, cold tests are often more accurate than heat or electric pulp testing. Radiographs provide additional information but cannot solely determine a diagnosis.
impression techniques of complete dentureakanksha arya
The document discusses impression techniques for complete dentures. It defines key terms like impression, complete denture impression, and preliminary impression. It explains the objectives of impression making including retention, stability, support, esthetics, and preservation of remaining structures. It also covers different classification systems for impressions based on theories, materials used, technique, purpose, and tray type. Specific impression techniques like open mouth, closed mouth, and selective pressure are described.
The document discusses ergonomics in dentistry. It defines ergonomics as the study of work and outlines goals of improving job processes, reducing injury risk, and minimizing fatigue. Risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders in dentistry are identified, including prolonged static postures and repetitive motions. The document recommends applying ergonomic strategies like proper positioning, magnification, four-handed dentistry using an assistant, and work simplification techniques to reduce injury risks.
The document discusses the history of dental chairs, from the first adjustable dental chair invented around 1790 which featured an adjustable headrest and arm extension, to the fully reclining dental chair in the early 1800s which was the first pump-style chair that could raise and lower patients. It then describes various innovations for dental chairs throughout the 19th century, including one from 1867 that could raise patients up to 3 feet, allow full reclining, and tilt side to side.
1) A work authorization is a written document that provides instructions from a dentist to a dental lab technician for laboratory procedures.
2) It must include specific patient and dentist information, instructions for the work, and signatures.
3) The work authorization delineates responsibilities between the dentist and technician, protects against illegal practice, and aids in resolving disputes.
Interdental aids powerpoint presentationLeena Parmar
This document discusses various interdental aids used for cleaning between teeth. It begins by describing the different types of interdental spaces classified by how much of the space is occupied by gingiva. Common interdental aids discussed include dental floss, interdental brushes, wooden interdental cleaners, and water flossers. Each aid is described in terms of its material, indications for use, and proper technique. The document emphasizes that toothbrushing alone is insufficient for interdental cleaning and that the appropriate aid should be selected based on a patient's interdental anatomy and oral hygiene needs.
This document discusses tooth mobility, including its definition, types, assessment methods, and clinical significance. It provides details on physiologic and pathologic tooth mobility, factors that affect mobility, and methods for evaluating mobility. Treatment options are outlined for different situations involving increased tooth mobility and include occlusal adjustment, splinting, and sometimes extraction for advanced periodontal disease cases.
The document discusses complete denture impressions. It begins with an introduction stating there has been disagreement over impression procedures since 1850 due to many being developed empirically. It then defines key terms like impression, preliminary impression, final impression, and impression material.
The document reviews the literature on impression techniques dating back to the 18th century. It discusses early methods and materials used like beeswax, gutta percha, plaster of paris, and zinc oxide eugenol. The mucous membrane anatomy is explained. Biological considerations for maxillary and mandibular impressions are provided, highlighting important anatomical landmarks and structures.
This document provides an overview of single visit endodontics. It discusses the history and increased acceptance of single visit root canals due to advances in technology. The document outlines indications and contraindications for single visit root canals and notes the practice management, patient, and clinician advantages which include reduced stress, cost and number of visits. Guidelines for performing single visit root canals including case selection criteria and pain control methods are also summarized.
This document discusses stainless steel and its use in orthodontics. It provides details on the history and discovery of stainless steel. It describes the different types of stainless steel including their compositions and properties. Austenitic stainless steel such as 304 is commonly used due its corrosion resistance and ductility. The document discusses factors such as cold working, heat treatment, and sensitization that can impact the properties of stainless steel for orthodontic applications.
Serial extraction is an interceptive orthodontic procedure that involves the planned extraction of certain primary and permanent teeth in a sequence to guide the erupting permanent teeth into a favorable position. It was first described in 1929 as a way to address arch length deficiencies. The most common methods are Dewel's method, Tweed's method, and Nance method, all of which extract primary teeth first, followed by premolars and canines. Potential problems include anterior crossbites from residual spacing or skeletal discrepancies.
Dentists are exposed to a variety of occupational hazards including biological, physical, chemical, ergonomic and radiation hazards. Biological hazards include exposure to infectious diseases from patients through direct or indirect contact with bodily fluids. Physical hazards include injuries from sharp instruments. Chemical hazards stem from exposure to substances like mercury and latex. Prolonged awkward postures and repetitive motions can cause musculoskeletal disorders. Radiation exposure occurs from dental X-rays. Proper precautions like barriers, hygiene protocols, protective equipment, ergonomic practices and radiation monitoring can help prevent or minimize these occupational hazards for dentists.
The Langer curettes were designed in consultation with periodontist Dr. Burton Langer. They combine the shank design of a Gracey curette with a universal blade, allowing them to scale all surfaces of teeth. Four designs are available for different areas: SL1/2 for mandibular posterior, SL3/4 for maxillary posterior, SL5/6 for anterior, and SL17/18 for posterior teeth. The Langer curettes are intended to make scaling easier by allowing the user to reach both mesial and distal surfaces without instrument changes.
Endodontic instruments /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
By Ogundiran Temidayo a student of OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY ILE IFE. a presentation on edentulism, prevalence, causes, types, treatment, and its adverse effect in the oral cavity.
In this lecture I explain the basic concept of root canal filling or what called obturation. The lectures discuss different techniques used in that matter in step-by-step fashion and explanatory pictures.
It is directed to the level of undergraduate mind.
SURVEYORS & SURVEYING PROCEDURES IN REMOVABLE PARTIAL PROSTHODONTICSKanika Manral
The document discusses the history and procedures of surveying for removable partial dentures. It describes how surveying has evolved from being done by eye to using specialized surveyor instruments. It outlines the key parts and uses of surveyors, including orienting the cast, marking survey lines to identify contours and undercuts, measuring retention, and identifying interferences. The purpose of surveying is to determine the optimal path of insertion and locations for retention and support of a removable partial denture.
Global Park Trading WLL Qatar Proudly Introduce Ourselves As A Major Supplier Of All Kinds Of Electrical Material And Fancy Lights.We Also Under Contractor Works For All Kinds Of Electrical Material And Fancy Lights.
The document provides feedback on four responses to a synopsis for a film. Key points made are that the synopsis needs to more clearly convey the message about the dangers of money and how it can control people's lives. Additionally, the meaning and main event of the story were not come across clearly in the synopsis. The feedback will help strengthen the synopsis to ensure the audience understands the plot and takes away the intended message of the film.
The document discusses the laws of inertia in physics and how they relate to an object in motion staying in motion. It mentions Newton's Second Law and how forces can cause changes in an object's motion or velocity. The document uses examples of a person jumping out of a moving train and an athlete gaining speed before taking a long jump to illustrate these principles.
Who would be the audience for my media product?Ben Harris
The document discusses the target audience for a media product about drug abuse. It argues that people ages 15-25 are the primary target audience because they are most likely to relate to the themes of drug abuse presented in the film. Statistics from the British Drug Survey show that most people first try drugs between ages 16-18 and stop by age 25. Therefore, focusing on ages 15-25 will be most effective in influencing young people about the dangers of drug use.
Victoria Okoye presented on re-imagining public spaces in Accra, Ghana. Accra has experienced immense population growth, reaching 2.3 million residents, with over 56% of the population under 24 years old. Current parks in Accra lack features that make social spaces vibrant, such as social activities, commercial activities, accessibility, and security. Okoye proposed a placemaking approach to transform underused spaces, like a parking lot, into vibrant people's parks through community engagement and collaboration. This was demonstrated by the successful Chale Wote Street Art Festival in Jamestown, Accra.
Senator Johnson: State of the Nation Presentationsenronjohnson
The document discusses the history and current state of the relationship between the United States and China. It notes increasing tensions in recent years over trade issues, human rights, and geopolitical conflicts. Both countries recognize the relationship is increasingly competitive but also acknowledge their fates are intertwined so maintaining open communications and preventing miscalculations is important going forward.
The document analyzes the visual elements and symbols used in a movie poster to convey information to consumers. It discusses how images of the main characters, their facial expressions, settings, colors, and other design features can provide hints about the genre, themes, and target audience for the film being advertised. Specific elements like a pink background or a heart icon are examined for what they symbolically suggest about the movie's romantic or comedic elements. The overall goal of the poster breakdown is to understand how its visual components attract potential viewers and communicate what type of film is being promoted.
Comedy films accounted for the highest proportion of film releases in the UK in 2013, making up 22% of releases and 14% of box office earnings. The top earning comedy film was "The Hangover Part III". Romantic comedies tend to be among the most profitable genres. While "Titanic" remains the highest grossing romantic film in the UK, "My Big Fat Greek Wedding" earned the most domestically in the United States. The document provides statistics and analysis on the performance of comedy and romantic films to help determine target audiences and themes to maximize profits for a new film project.
The film represents teenagers and young adults who have been affected by drugs. Several technical aspects of the film represent this social group, including the costumes, setting, actors, and props. The protagonist is shown struggling with revision and facing a choice between studying and engaging in drugs. Editing techniques like cuts between the revision book and a drawer of drug paraphernalia represent the choices young people face.
Work related musculoskeletal complaints among dentistsAbduljaleel Samad
In Greek, “Ergo,” means work and, “Nomos,” means natural laws or systems.
• Ergonomics, therefore, is an applied science concerned with designing products and procedures for maximum efficiency and safety.
• modifies tools and tasks to meet the needs of people, rather than forcing people to accommodate the task or tool.
Repetitive strain injury (RSI) refers to musculoskeletal disorders caused by repetitive movements over time. Common RSIs include carpal tunnel syndrome and tendinitis. RSIs develop due to ergonomic and psychosocial stressors and cause pain, numbness, and functional limitations. Occupations involving repetitive computer use or manual labor pose the highest risk. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and physical exam. Treatment focuses on rest, stretching, splinting, and therapies to address underlying muscle imbalances and stresses.
Lateral epicondylitis, commonly known as tennis elbow, is a painful condition caused by overuse and microtears of the tendons that connect the forearm muscles to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. The condition results in pain at the outside of the elbow. Conservative treatments include activity modification, bracing, stretching, strengthening exercises, and shock wave therapy. Surgical intervention is considered if conservative treatments fail to provide relief after 6 months.
The effect of intact fibula on functional outcome of reamed intramedullary in...Love2jaipal
detailed journal club presentation on The effect of intact fibula on functional outcome of reamed intramedullary interlocking nail in open and closed isolated tibial shaft fractures
TMJ is a ginglymo-diarthroidal joint that is freely mobile with superior and inferior joint spaces separated by articular disc.
The type of imaging technique depends upon the clinical problems associated, so either imaging of hard tissue (OSSEOUS) or soft tissue is desired.
Certain protocols are to be taken care before the imaging procedure:
the amount of diagnostic information available from particular imaging modality.
The cost of examination
The radiation dose
Repetitive stress injuries, prevention & managementAbility India
Dr. Debadutta Mishra is an Occupational Therapist with over 10 years of experience in the field of social development, disability management and corporate social responsibility with reputed NGOs and corporate organizations. He have gained substantial experience in strategy development, policy development, stakeholder management, project management, program implementation, reporting, organizational management, social marketing, development communication and process documentation. He is having substantial managerial experience in handling programs, institutions, and team.
This present power point presentation on soft tissue conditions, is an orthopedic topic useful for a quick glance of the conditions mostly of UL and LL. Physiotherapists and other health professionals will be benefited.
Medial Epicondylitis conditioning and rehabsirish413
Medial epicondylitis, commonly known as golfer's elbow, is an injury caused by small tears developing in the tendons that attach muscles in the forearm to the inner elbow bone. It occurs due to repetitive motions like those seen in sports like golf, tennis, or weightlifting with poor form. Symptoms include pain on the inner elbow and forearm when flexing the wrist. Rehabilitation focuses on reducing inflammation, strengthening the forearm muscles, and improving flexibility through exercises like wrist stretches and resistance band work. Prevention emphasizes warming up, proper form, and resting when pain first occurs.
1.Anatomy
a.Course
b.Motor distribution
c.Sensory distribution
2.Common sites affected
3.Level of median nerve injury
4.Clinical feature with various test performed
5.Various syndromes related to median nerve
6.Treatment
7.Summary
1. Ergonomics is defined as fitting the work to the worker in order to reduce musculoskeletal disorders.
2. Physical risk factors like force, posture, duration, repetition, and vibration can cause work-related musculoskeletal disorders if they occur in combination.
3. These physical risk factors can often be modified or reduced through ergonomic principles applied to tasks, jobs, and the work environment.
Objective: Tennis elbow is an inflammatory condition of the common extensor origin over the lateral epicondyle. This condition does not affect tennis players only. It often follows an injury or sudden contraction of the common extensor origin.There is many treatments and approaches towards Tennis elbow but physiotherapy is the best modern conservative treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of movement with mobilization in reducing pain and increasing strength in patients with chronic lateral epicondylitis. Design and setting: A randomized controlled study design was used to examine the differences between conventional physical therapy and physical therapy with manual mobilization approach for study duration of 15 days. Subjects: Twelve subjects of both male and female gender were divided into 2 groups. Experimental group treated with ultrasound therapy, mobilization and progressive resisted exercises. Control group treated with ultrasound therapy and progressive resisted exercises only the results were analyzed. The procedure was done in Physiotherapy Department at Masterskill college of Nursing and health. Outcome Measurement: Two outcome measures were used. NPRS for the measurement of severity of pain and various weighted sand bags (0.25 kg to 2kg) were used to measure the strength. Results: The data shows a significant difference in the post test values of pain and strength between experimental group and control group. Experimental group shows much decrease in pain and increase in strength than the control group. Conclusion: The study concludes that the manual mobilization with movement along with ultrasound therapy and progressive resisted exercises is effective in reducing pain and increasing strength than that of progressive resisted exercise along with ultra sound therapy in adults with chronic lateral epicondylitis.
Tendonitis details and it's physiotherapy management.
It is define as inflammation of the tendon, tendonitis occur due to overuse and trauma. Depending upon involvement of tendon special test are used. it is treated with PRICE protocol.
This document discusses work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) of the elbow. It defines WMSDs as injuries or disorders of the muscles, tendons, and joints caused by repetitive strain from manual labor tasks. Common WMSDs of the elbow mentioned include lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow), medial epicondylitis (golfer's elbow), cubital tunnel syndrome, bursitis, tendinitis of the distal bicep and triceps, and pronator teres syndrome. Risk factors include excessive force, awkward postures, repetition, direct pressure, vibration, and non-occupational factors like fitness level. Symptoms may include pain, numbness, swelling, and loss of flexibility
This document provides an overview of distal femur fractures, including:
- The basic anatomy of the distal femur and forces around the knee joint.
- The types of distal femur fractures, which can be supracondylar, intercondylar, or complete articular breaks.
- Treatment options including non-operative management with casting, external fixation, and surgical fixation techniques like plating or intramedullary nailing.
- Potential complications from distal femur fractures include malunion, hardware issues, nonunion, and infection.
This document provides an overview of distal femur fractures, including:
- Basic anatomy of the distal femur and forces around the knee joint.
- Types of distal femur fractures include supracondylar, intercondylar, and partial or complete articular fractures.
- Clinical features include a history of trauma, pain, swelling, and deformity. Investigations include x-rays and CT scans.
- Treatment options are non-operative with casting or skeletal traction, or operative with external or internal fixation techniques like plating or intramedullary nailing.
- Surgical techniques depend on the fracture type and include various approaches like anterolateral or lateral para patellar.
-
Rotator cuff injuries are common in the upper extremity. The rotator cuff is made up of four muscles that stabilize the shoulder joint. Rotator cuff tendinitis is an inflammation of the tendons that makes up the rotator cuff, usually caused by repetitive overhead motions. Symptoms include shoulder pain that worsens with overhead activities. Treatment focuses on rest, ice, anti-inflammatory medications, and physical therapy. Surgery may be needed for tears that do not improve with nonsurgical treatment.
Musculoskeletal trauma - dr. Hendy .pptHendyLubis1
Orthopaedics deals with injuries and diseases of the musculoskeletal system including bones, joints, muscles, tendons and nerves. Some key issues in developing countries include pediatric deformities, degenerative conditions, musculoskeletal cancers, spinal deformities, trauma and injuries from road traffic accidents, conflicts or disasters. Limb injuries comprise the majority of trauma cases and are a common source of disability. Emergency orthopaedic issues include life-threatening injuries, limb-threatening injuries and treatment of large or contaminated open wounds. Common musculoskeletal injuries include fractures, dislocations, sprains and strains. Splinting plays an important role in management of musculoskeletal trauma through reducing hemorrhage, preventing further tissue damage and aiding analgesia.
Cervical spondylosis is a common cause of neck pain and stiffness that occurs due to wear and tear on the cervical vertebrae. It involves degeneration of the discs and joints between the vertebrae. Symptoms include neck pain that may radiate to the arms, numbness, weakness, and stiffness. Diagnosis is made through x-rays or MRI showing abnormalities. Most cases are treated successfully with conservative measures like physical therapy, medications, and lifestyle changes, while a small percentage may require surgery.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
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4. Introduction
• In Greek, “Ergo,” means work and, “Nomos,” means natural laws or
systems.
• Ergonomics,therefore, is an applied science concerned with designing
products and procedures for maximum efficiency and safety.
• Ergonomics modifies tools and tasks to meet the needs of people,
rather than forcing people to accommodate the task or tool.
5. • Ergonomics is concerned with the
efficiency of persons in their working
enviroment.
• It takes account of the worker’s
capabilities and limitations to ensure
that tasks, equipment, information
and the environment suit each
worker (Kahri, 2005).
6. • Studies show that 1/10 dentists
report having poor general health
and 3/10 dentists report having
poor physical state (Gorter et
al,2000)
7. • Recently, “Ergonomics” has become a popular term.
• The term has been used with most professions but increasingly in the
dental profession.
• It is a discipline that studies workers and their relationship to their
occupational environment.
8. This includes many different
concepts such as,
• how dentists position
themselves and their patients
• how they utilize equipment
• how work areas are designed
and
• how all of this impact the health
of dentists (Russel, 1973)
12. Application of Ergonomics
• Through ergonomic advances made over the years, dental
professionals have been able to modify and optimize their working
environments.
• Ergonomic improvements in seating, instrumentation, magnification,
lighting, and gloves have offered a proactive measure for ensuring a
proper balance between job requirements and worker capabilities.
13.
14. • MSDs are injuries and disorders of the musculoskeletal system.
• The musculoskeletal system includes muscles, tendons, tendon
sheathes, nerves, bursa, blood vessels, joints/spinal discs, and
ligaments.
• Researchers have found symptoms of discomfort for dental workers
occurred in the wrists/hands (69.5%), neck (68.5%), upper back
(67.4%), low back (56.8%) and shoulders (60.0%).
15.
16. Musculoskeletal disorders amongst Greek endodontists: a national questionnaire survey. Int Endod J. 2014
Aug;47(8):791-801. doi: 10.1111/iej.12219. Epub 2014 Jan 11
• MSDs were reported by 61% of the participants. Of them, 69%
reported pain to more than one body part.
• The prevalence of disorders was highest in the lower back (30%) and
neck (30%).
• Awkward postures during practice (OR:4.561, 95% CI:1.341-15.512),
regular stretching exercises (OR:0.032, 95% CI:0.010-0.110) and
number of patients day(-1) (OR:3.524, 95% CI:1.686-18.100) were
significant predictors for MSDs.
MSDs and Endodontists
17. • Conditions can vary from mild recurrent symptoms to severe and
incapacitating.Early symptoms of MSDs include
• pain
• Swelling
• Tenderness
• Numbness
• tingling sensation
• loss of strength.
18. MSD Hazards
• Awkward Postures
• Posture is a term used for the
position of various parts of the body
during an activity.
• For most joints, a good or “neutral”
posture means that the joints are
being used near the middle of their
full range of motion.
19. • For example, when arms are fully
outstretched, the elbow and shoulder
joints are at the end of their range of
motion.
• If an individual pulls or lifts repeatedly
in this position, there is a higher risk
of injury (OHSCO, 2007).
20. • Researchers have confirmed the presence of awkward postures
specifically in the neck, back, shoulders, hand and wrist for dental
professionals.
• Awkward postures are often adopted due to improper
seating,improper patient positioning and/or poor work techniques.
21. • Common awkward postures in dental practice include elbow and
wrist flexion and thumb hyperextension, which have been shown to
stress neurovascular structures and ligaments.
22. Static Postures
• Static postures are defined by those which are held for a long period
of time and may result in fatigue and injury.
• Oxygen is delivered to the muscles and joints by blood.
• Researchers have found that even 30 degrees of forward shoulder
flexion or abduction can cause a significant impairment in blood
circulation within the shoulder / neck region (Jarvholm,1989).
23. • Furthermore, dental practitioners have been
observed statically holding postures requiring
greater than 50% of the body’s musculature to
contract.
• Static gripping for durations exceeding 20
minutes was also noted during instrumentation
tasks within dental practice (Sanders).
24.
25. Force
• Force refers to the amount of effort created by the muscles as well as
the amount of pressure placed upon a body part.
• Researchers have suggested that excessive use of a pinch gripping is
the greatest contributing risk factor in the development of MSDs
among dental practitioners (Sanders, 1997)
26. Repetitive Movements
• The risk of developing an MSD increases when same or similar parts
of the body are used continuously, with few breaks or chances for
rest.
• Highly repetitive tasks like endodontic procedures can lead to fatigue,
tissue damage, discomfort and eventually injury.
28. Wrist
• The wrist is in constant demand, often
sustaining excessive and repeated stresses and
strains.
• The safest position for the wrist is a straight or
neutral position. Special care should be used to
avoid bending the wrist downwards (flexion) or
outwards (ulnar deviation).
29. The following diagram shows the reduction in strength which occurs as
the wrist deviates further away from its neutral posture.
30. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)
• CTS occurs when the median
nerve, which runs from the
forearm into the hand,becomes
pressed or squeezed at the wrist.
• The median nerve controls
sensations to the palm side of the
thumb and fingers (although not
the little finger), as well as
impulses to some small muscles in
the hand that allow the fingers and
thumb to move.
31. • Researchers have highlighted that one of the predictors for the high
prevalence of CTS among dentists was their longer clinical period of
repetitive movements when work was done on parts of the mouth
that were difficult to access and required precise movement and
control (Mangharam, 1998)
32. Tendonitis of the Wrist
• Tendonitis is an inflammation of tendons, which are the structures
that attach muscle to bone.
• Tendonitis of the wrist is accompanied by pain, swelling and
inflammation on the thumb side of the wrist, and is made worse with
grasping and twisting activities .
• People with this disorder have often noted an occasional “catching”
or snapping when moving their thumb.
33. Guyon’s Syndrome
• Guyon's canal is a space at the wrist between the piriform bone
and the hamate bone through which the ulnar artery and the
ulnar nerve travel into the hand.
• Compression of ulnar nerve occurs in this space at the base of
the palm. It is commonly caused by repetitive wrist flexing or
excessive pressure on palm.
• It is characterized by pain, weakness,numbness, tingling &
burning in the little finger and part of the ring finger.
34. DeQuervain’s Tenosynovitis
• This disorder is characterized by pain and swelling in the thumb and
wrist area when grasping, pinching, twisting, and a decreased range
of motion of thumb with pain.
• Possible causes include synovial sheath swelling, thickening of
tendons at base of thumb, and repeated trauma or twisting
hand/wrist motions.
35. Trigger Finger
• Trigger Finger often results from sustained forceful grips and
repetitive motion which irritates the tendon and tendon sheath
(tenosynovium).
• Nodules form in tendon causing warmth, swelling, and tenderness of
the tendon.
• The fingers lock in the “Trigger Position”.
36. Elbow
• The elbow should generally be held at a right
angle or ninety degrees.
• Because blood vessels and nerves supplying
the forearm and hand travel along the elbow
joint, repeated or prolonged bending can cause
compression, leading to forearm and hand
symptoms.
37. Epicondylitis
• The forearm flexors, attach at the inside portion of
the elbow. Whereas the forearm extensors, used to
open the hand, attach at the outside of the elbow.
• Injuries at the elbow typically occur at either the
inside of the elbow, referred to as Medial
Epicondylitis (golfer’s elbow), or outside of the
elbow, known as Lateral Epicondylitis (tennis elbow).
38. Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
• Cubital Tunnel Syndrome is often caused by prolonged use of the
elbow while flexed, resting the elbow on an armrest, or trauma from
overuse can compress the ulnar nerve.
• It is characterized by pain, numbness, tingling and impaired sensation
in the little and ring fingers, side and back of hand, loss of fine
control,and reduced grip strength.
39. Shoulders
• Rounding the shoulders can compress nerves, arteries, and veins that
supply the arm and hand, leading to upper extremity symptoms.
• Poor thoracic alignment also limits oxygen intake.
• Slouching forward compresses the chest cavity,preventing the
diaphragm muscle from completely filling the lungs with air.
• When oxygen is diminished, the body experiences fatigue and loss of
concentration.
40.
41. Bursitis
• The term bursitis means that the part of the shoulder called the bursa
is inflamed.
• There are many different problems that can lead to symptoms from
inflammation of the bursa, one of those being impingement.
42. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)
• TOS is a condition resulting from compression of the nerves, arteries,
and veins as they pass through from the neck to the arm (thoracic
outlet).
• Possible causes include tight scalenes and pectoralis muscles, extra
cervical rib, and prolonged durations of working with elevated elbows
• This disorder is characterized by pain in the neck, shoulder, arm or
hand, numbness and tingling of fingers, muscle weakness/fatigue,
and cold sensation in the arm, hand or fingers.
43. Rotator Cuff Tear
• The rotator cuff (RC) is a group of 4 muscles;
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and
subscapularis.
• The RC assists with both gross and fine motor control
of the arm.
• RC injury tends to occur where the muscle’s tendon
attaches to the bone.
44. Neck
• Pain and discomfort are the most common complaints reported in the
neck/shoulder region amongst dental professionals.
• Studies have also shown that female dentists reported neck
symptoms 1.4 times more often than male dentists (Mangharam,
1998).
• The slight inward curve of the neck balances the head on the spine.
• Holding the head forward disturbs this balance, straining the joints
and the muscles of the neck and upper back.
• This posture also causes compression of the nerves and blood vessels
as they exit the neck, leading to symptoms in the arm and hand.
45.
46. Myofascial Pain Disorder (MPD)
• MPD is characterized by pain and tenderness in the neck, shoulder,
arm muscles, and a restricted range of motion.
• Possible causes include overloaded neck/shoulder muscles.
47. Cervical Spondylosis
• This disorder is characterized by intermittent/chronic neck and
shoulder pain or
• stiffness, headaches, hand and arm pain, numbness, tingling, and
clumsiness.
• Possible causes include age-related spinal disc degeneration leading
to nerve compression and spinal cord damage, arthritis, and time
spent with the neck in sustained awkward postures.
48. Back
• The main risk factors associated with dental work are the sustained
awkward postures and poor seating.
• Most individuals with low back pain do not simply injure their back in
one incident but rather gradually over time.
• Repeated stresses from over the years begin to add up and slowly
cause degeneration of various parts of the spine, resulting in low back
pain.
49. Disc Problems
• In a seated posture the pressure in the lumbar discs increases by 50%
• During bending (forward flexion) and twisting (rotation) motions of
the spine, the pressure on the lumbar discs increases by 200% (Fisk,
1987).
• This type of pressure on the disc can lead to a bulge or herniation,
causing compression on a spinal nerve.
50.
51. Sciatica
• Sciatica is characterized by pain in the lower back or hip radiating to
the buttocks and legs, causing leg weakness, numbness, or tingling.
• It is commonly caused by bulging, prolapsed or herniated discs
compressing a spinal nerve root and is worsened with prolonged
sitting or excessive bending and lifting.
52. Application of Ergonomics
• Through ergonomic advances made over the years, dental
professionals have been able to modify and optimize their working
environments.
• Ergonomic improvements in seating, instrumentation, magnification,
lighting, and glove use have offered a proactive measure for ensuring
a proper balance between job requirements and worker capabilities.
53. Seating
• Proper seating is a complex subject about which there is much
misunderstanding.
• Research findings indicate that dentists who sit 80 to 100% of the day
are at an increased risk of developing low back pain (Mangharam,
1998).
• Studies have shown that the seat moves almost every minute
throughout a typical treatment session, as the clinician is continually
adjusting their positioning to improve visual access and accommodate
patient movement.
54. • A seat should be constructed of a rigid cast frame that will not distort
with time and use.
• This rigid base must accommodate five casters to prevent rearward
tipping, however the base should not be as wide as that of an office
chair.
• The compact base ensures that the wheels do not interfere with the
feet, foot controls, or patient chair (Sanders, 1997).
55. • The seat pan should be wide enough to allow for some shifting and
movement.
• Twenty-five percent wider than the total breadth of the buttocks is
considered adequate for the majority of people.
• The front edge of the seat should taper off and away from the legs so
as not to impede circulation and nerve supply to the leg.
56. • The seat should also be height adjustable. When the feet are resting
flat on the floor the angle between the spine and the thighs should be
90 to 110 degrees.
• An angle less than 90º flattens the lumbar curve of the spine and an
angle greater than 110º gives the feeling like you are slipping off the
seat.
57. • Researchers recommend that a shorter clinician have a seat
adjustment range from 16 to 21 inches, while taller individuals have a
range of 21 to 26 inches.
• In an ideal situation, a clinician should be able to function from a
height range where their thighs are parallel with the floor and the
legs are in fully supported position (Sanders, 1997).
58. • While arm support is a controversial subject, many clinicians and
experts feel that they are essential to health and comfort.
• If elbow rests are present, they should be positioned just below
seated elbow height so that when the shoulders are not elevated
when using the rests.
• Some researchers have found the use of elbow rests to reduce upper
trapezius muscle load as well as the frequency and range of arm
abduction during regular dental tasks (Marchand,2001).
59. • With numerous designs currently available on the market, each chair
has its own unique advantages and disadvantages.
• As a result, it is important to speak with product specialists and try
the chair under real working conditions before committing to
purchase.
61. Patient Chair
• When seating a patient, optimal results will be achieved when their
oral cavity is positioned at a height equal to the seated height of the
clinician’s heart.
• Positioning the oral cavity above heart level will limit vantage and
increase the rate of shoulder fatigue.
• Positioning the oral cavity below the recommended height will result
in non-neutral working postures including over declination of the
head, forward and/or lateral bending of the torso, and inability of the
clinician to access free movement in the clock positions.
62. • When the patient is properly positioned
your shoulders, elbows, and wrists should
be in a neutral position.
• your upper arms are close to your body
• your elbow / forearm angle is close to 90º
• your wrists are in line with the forearm
with no more than 20-30º extension
63. Instrumentation
• The design of dental instrumentation can play a key role in the
prevention of negative health effects for its users.
• The goal of proper instrument selection should be to reduce force
exertion while allowing for neutral joint positioning.
64. Handle shape and size
• Dental instrument diameter ranges from 5.6 to 11.5 mm. Larger
handle diameters reduce hand muscle load and pinch force, although
diameters greater than 10 mm (3/8 inch) have been shown to offer
no addition advantage (Dong, 2006).
• Alternating tools with different diameter sizes allows the user to
reduce the duration of prolonged pinch gripping.
• “No. 4” handle lessens pinch gripping and can be purchased for most
instruments.
• A round handle, compared to a hexagon handle will reduce muscle
force and compression.
67. Balance /Maneuverability
• The instrument should be equally balanced within the hand so that
the tendency to deviate the wrist is reduced.
• The second digit (index finger) can detect very fine movements and
should be placed close to the operating point.
68. • By not using the fourth digit as a stabilizer of the hand piece reduces
the number of fingers in the oral cavity, improves the ability to
position instruments, and involves as few joint segments as possible
thereby improving the degree of control and providing enhanced
tactile ability.
69. Ease of operation
• The easier it is to operate a tool, the better.
• Less time is spent searching for buttons, thereby reducing the risk of
error.
• Less time is also spent learning how to use the device. Simple
activation is also important, such as using a foot pedal or handle turn
to activate the tool as they do not require the operator to hold a
button in a sustained pinch grip for extended periods of time.
70. Sharpness
• As a tool becomes dull, additional force is required to perform tasks.
As a result, it is important to maintain sharpness of the instruments.
71. Texture
• Knurled handles such as diamond-shaped or crisscross patterns serve
to reduce pinch grip force due to an increase in tactile sensation as a
result of the knurl.
72. Additional tips for instrument selection:
• Hollow or resin handles are preferred
• Round, textured/grooves (knurled), or compressible handles are
preferred
• Colour-coding may make instrument identification easier
• Carbon steel construction (for instruments with sharp edges) is
preferred
73. • When selecting hand pieces, look for:
• Lightweight, balanced models (cordless preferred)
• Sufficient power
• Built-in light sources
• Angled vs. straight-shank
• Pliable, lightweight hoses (extra length adds weight)
• Easy activation
74. Equipment Layout
• Dental equipment should be located in a manner which allows you to
maintain a neutral working posture.
• Frequently used items should be kept within a “comfortable distance”
(22–26 inches for most people) and not above shoulder height or
below waist height.
• Frequently used items such as the syringe, hand piece, saliva ejector
and high volume evacuator should be positioned so they are within a
normal horizontal reach which is the arc created while sweeping the
forearm when the upper arm is held at the side.
75.
76. Ultrasonic Tools
• While ultrasonic tools can serve to reduce prolonged pinch gripping
they do expose the clinician to hand-arm vibration.
• While some studies indicate that prolonged use of this equipment can
be hazardous due to the negative effects associated with vibration,
other researchers suggest that its use is preferable to the heavy hand
forces experienced during manual scaling.
77. Cord Management
• The added weight of cords can often influence the level of muscle
fatigue experienced by a clinician.
• Additionally, coiled hoses can cause the hands and wrists to do more
work if the coils have too much resistance to deformation.
• it is recommended that retractable or coiled hoses be avoided and
replaced with a pliable hose which consists of a swivel mechanism in
the barrel.
• Newer 360 degree swivel cords also provide increased flexibility for
managing the cord. Positioning heavier cords over the arm or across
an armrest can also be beneficial for reducing muscle strain (UBC,
2008).
78. Mouth Mirror
• Mouth mirrors have been referred to as the most important, yet
underutilized instruments within dental practice. Good mirrors
coupled with proper use can significantly increase one’s opportunity
to maintain a neutral working posture.
• It is important to remember that a mirror should be held lightly and
lowered into the mouth with the handle held no more than 45
degrees from the vertical plane (University of British Columbia (UBC,
2008).
79. • If static retraction is required, it is recommended that a proper
retraction tool be used, such as those commonly used in oral surgery
practices (UBC, 2008).
80. Working Posture and Techniques
• A neutral working posture is defined as one which supports
uncompromised musculoskeletal balance of the clinician.
• most clinicians attempt to use a wide range of positions around the
patient’s head, often referred to as the “o’clock positions”.
81. • For right-handed clinicians, working in the range from 7 to 9 o’clock is
commonly associated with twisting of the trunk and neck as well as
working with an elevated elbow posture in order to gain access.
• The mirror image (3 to 5 o’clock) is equally problematic for left-
handed clinicians. In an attempt to reduce such postural deviations a
conservative range from 10 o’clock to approximately 12:30 is
preferred and shown below (UBC, 2008).
82.
83. Working Technique
• More recently, discussion has shifted towards the use of a “biocentric
technique”
• Which shifts the work load from the small muscles of the hand and
forearm to the larger muscle groups of the upper arm and shoulder.
84. • Using this technique allows the clinician to
• maintain a neutral upper extremity position (shoulders level, upper
arm vertical,and forearm horizontal) while still offering options for
accommodating patients'anatomical variations.
• Researchers believe the biocentric technique reduces muscular
fatigue by varying task performance (Meador, 1997).
85. Finger Rests
• The use of 2-finger rests has shown musculoskeletal advantages when
performing scaling procedures. When researchers examined three
different finger positions (no rest, 1-finger rest, and 2-finger rests)
they found significant reductions in thumb pinch forces and muscle
activity when using rests.
86. • As a general rule, the greater the force applied during a task, the
greater the requirement for hand stability.
• Through the use of finger rests, dental practitioners can increase
stability while also reducing muscular loading. The closer one can
position their finger rest to the target area, the greater the level of
micro-control will be achieved.
87. • Scheduling
• Modifying one’s work schedule has been suggested as an effective
preventive measure for providing sufficient recovery time and
avoiding muscular fatigue.
• Recommendations when scheduling include:
• • Incorporate brief “stretch break” periods between patients
• • Develop a patient difficulty rating scale to ensure difficult treatment
• sessions are not performed consecutively
88. • • Increase treatment time for more difficult patients
• • Alternate heavy and light calculus patients throughout the day
• • Alternate procedures performed throughout the day
• • Shorten patient’s recall interval
89. • Ambidexterity
• The majority of people prefer the use of their dominant hand when
performing manual operations. While this can improve efficiency, it
can also result in muscular overload of the dominant hand/arm.
• It is recommended that individuals attempt to alternate hands
throughout the workday, whenever possible.
• Although this may not be practical for certain precision tasks, it is
possible to alternate hands when performing accessory tasks, such as
reaching for tools or supplies.
90. • Stretching
• Frequent stretch breaks can prevent detrimental physiological
changes that can develop while working in static or awkward
postures.
• In an attempt to prevent injury from occurring to muscles and other
tissues, dental professionals should allow for rest periods to replenish
and nourish stressed structures. If breaks are
• too far apart, the rate of damage could exceed the rate of repair and
eventually
• lead to the breakdown of tissue.
91. • Researchers suggest that dental professionals try to
• lean back in their stool at least four times during each treatment
session as well
• as spend three to five minutes stretching for every patient seen
throughout the
• day (Sanders, 1997).
92. • Points to Remember:
• • Perform a variety of stretches throughout the workday
• • Stretching should be gentle and gradual
• • Do not stretch a muscle to the point of pain
• • Stretches can be held up to 10 seconds and repeat 3-5 times
• • Breathe normally while stretching
• • If you suffer from a musculoskeletal condition consult a Physician
before
• attempting new exercises which you are unfamiliar with