This study investigated the effects of individual counseling using Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) and Client-Centered Approach (CCA) on the social adjustment of registered widows in Rivers State, Nigeria. 60 widows were assigned to 3 experimental groups that received either RET, CCA, or a combination of RET/CCA counseling, and 1 control group. Counseling lasted 12 weeks. Results found that the experimental groups showed significantly improved social adjustment compared to the control group based on pre-test and post-test scores. RET counseling was the most effective approach at enhancing social adjustment among the widows. The study concluded that individual counseling can effectively help remedy social adjustment issues for widows.
Functional Family Therapy (FFT) is an evidence-based family therapy program developed in the 1970s to treat at-risk youth and their families. FFT uses short-term, culturally sensitive interventions to address issues like delinquency, substance abuse, and violence. It focuses on strengthening family communication and supports long-term behavior change. Research shows FFT successfully reduces recidivism and out-of-home placements, saving taxpayers thousands per family. FFT programs have been implemented worldwide and evaluations find high completion rates, lowered risks for youth, and reduced criminal recidivism.
This document discusses holistic treatment for substance abuse. It provides an overview of the history and models of addiction treatment, including the moral, disease, and multi-causal models. Holistic treatment aims to address addiction in all aspects of a person's life through counseling, education, medical care, and lifestyle changes. The Veterans Administration uses holistic treatment including tai chi, yoga, and art/music therapy. Research on holistic treatment models like those used by the VA could help expand treatment options for co-occurring disorders.
The National Council has played a leading role in advocating for policies and practices that break down barriers to integration and collaboration, developing clinical and business models that support seamless and comprehensive healthcare, and fostering collaborative opportunities. Advocating for funds to bring primary care services to behavioral health organizations has been a National Council legislative priority. We've also been active on the practice improvement front and have helped member organizations and their primary care partners overcome clinical, cultural, and communication barriers to collaboratively provide comprehensive healthcare.
SF AIIM Higher A Cross Agency, Data Driven Approach To Mobilize Juvenile Jus...ebgerber
This presentation describes how to use standardized assessment to improve juvenile justice-behavioral health planning to engage youth in appropraite and effective community-based services.
This document is a 12,610 word research dissertation that examines the welfare of adult caregivers in domiciliary (home care) and residential services. It explores how caregiver susceptibility to anxiety and depressive symptomology compares between these populations and a non-caregiver control group. Additionally, it examines the extent to which psychological factors like locus of control, empathy, perceived organizational support, and self-esteem can predict anxiety and depression levels in caregivers. Through a cross-sectional questionnaire study comparing 51 domiciliary, 85 residential caregivers, and 67 non-caregivers, the dissertation aims to better understand the impact of poor organizational support practices on caregiver well-being.
Gender Perspectives Improve Reproductive Health Outcomes: New Evidence Dr Lendy Spires
In 2004, the Inter-agency Gender Working Group (IGWG) published The “So What?” Report: A Look at Whether Integrating a Gender Focus into Programs Makes a Difference to Outcomes. The 2004 report presented evidence of the value of integrating gender into programs for promoting positive reproductive health (RH) and gender outcomes.
The purpose of this new 2009 review is to assemble the latest data and update the evidence as to what difference it makes when a gender perspective is incorporated into RH programs. The review focuses on five components of reproductive health programs, including interventions related to: n Unintended pregnancy; n Maternal health; n HIV/AIDS and other STIs; n Harmful practices, including early marriage, female genital mutilation/cutting, and gender- based violence; and n Youth.
The authors examined gender-related barriers to each component of reproductive health and the strategies undertaken by programs to address the barriers. Out of nearly 200 interventions reviewed, 40 are included here as examples of programs that integrate gender to improve reproductive health outcomes.
The interventions selected for inclusion were limited to those that have been evaluated— meaning they established criteria for assessment that were related to the goals of the intervention and followed an evaluation design—and that used accommodating or trans-formative approaches. The results of these pro-grams suggest that the field is evolving toward a deeper understanding of what gender equality entails and a stronger commitment to pursue this equality in reproductive health programs. Reducing Unintended Pregnancies Several of the projects to reduce unintended pregnancy countered the traditional practice of aiming family planning (FP) services at women only; they encouraged husbands and other males to take more responsibility in this area.
The strategies included enlistment of men who hold power, such as community or religious leaders, to support FP; influencing husbands to encourage their wives to use FP services; and providing a male-controlled contraceptive method. Other projects encouraged joint decision making, shared responsibility in FP, and the institutionalization of gender into RH services.
This document summarizes key aspects of becoming trauma-informed in health care systems. It discusses how recognizing the high prevalence of trauma experienced by many patient populations has led to calls for trauma-informed care. This includes understanding the links between trauma and other issues like addiction, creating safe and supportive environments, and integrating trauma treatment into all services. The document then provides examples of trauma-informed approaches used in substance abuse and domestic violence services in Canada for diverse groups. It emphasizes principles like avoiding re-traumatization, empowering clients, and recognizing trauma symptoms as coping strategies. Finally, it discusses ongoing work to fully adopt trauma-informed principles across health systems and contexts.
Family counseling aims to help families and couples experiencing problems by nurturing change through examining family relationships and dynamics. It views issues as related to systems of interaction rather than just individuals. Several theoretical frameworks have emerged, beginning in the 1940s-50s with psychoanalysis and social psychiatry influences. Key developments included Gregory Bateson's introduction of cybernetics and systems theory ideas, and the emergence of distinct schools in the 1960s focusing on experiential, intergenerational, psychodynamic, and behavioral approaches. The field has since diversified with integration of different theories and influences from individual psychotherapy.
Functional Family Therapy (FFT) is an evidence-based family therapy program developed in the 1970s to treat at-risk youth and their families. FFT uses short-term, culturally sensitive interventions to address issues like delinquency, substance abuse, and violence. It focuses on strengthening family communication and supports long-term behavior change. Research shows FFT successfully reduces recidivism and out-of-home placements, saving taxpayers thousands per family. FFT programs have been implemented worldwide and evaluations find high completion rates, lowered risks for youth, and reduced criminal recidivism.
This document discusses holistic treatment for substance abuse. It provides an overview of the history and models of addiction treatment, including the moral, disease, and multi-causal models. Holistic treatment aims to address addiction in all aspects of a person's life through counseling, education, medical care, and lifestyle changes. The Veterans Administration uses holistic treatment including tai chi, yoga, and art/music therapy. Research on holistic treatment models like those used by the VA could help expand treatment options for co-occurring disorders.
The National Council has played a leading role in advocating for policies and practices that break down barriers to integration and collaboration, developing clinical and business models that support seamless and comprehensive healthcare, and fostering collaborative opportunities. Advocating for funds to bring primary care services to behavioral health organizations has been a National Council legislative priority. We've also been active on the practice improvement front and have helped member organizations and their primary care partners overcome clinical, cultural, and communication barriers to collaboratively provide comprehensive healthcare.
SF AIIM Higher A Cross Agency, Data Driven Approach To Mobilize Juvenile Jus...ebgerber
This presentation describes how to use standardized assessment to improve juvenile justice-behavioral health planning to engage youth in appropraite and effective community-based services.
This document is a 12,610 word research dissertation that examines the welfare of adult caregivers in domiciliary (home care) and residential services. It explores how caregiver susceptibility to anxiety and depressive symptomology compares between these populations and a non-caregiver control group. Additionally, it examines the extent to which psychological factors like locus of control, empathy, perceived organizational support, and self-esteem can predict anxiety and depression levels in caregivers. Through a cross-sectional questionnaire study comparing 51 domiciliary, 85 residential caregivers, and 67 non-caregivers, the dissertation aims to better understand the impact of poor organizational support practices on caregiver well-being.
Gender Perspectives Improve Reproductive Health Outcomes: New Evidence Dr Lendy Spires
In 2004, the Inter-agency Gender Working Group (IGWG) published The “So What?” Report: A Look at Whether Integrating a Gender Focus into Programs Makes a Difference to Outcomes. The 2004 report presented evidence of the value of integrating gender into programs for promoting positive reproductive health (RH) and gender outcomes.
The purpose of this new 2009 review is to assemble the latest data and update the evidence as to what difference it makes when a gender perspective is incorporated into RH programs. The review focuses on five components of reproductive health programs, including interventions related to: n Unintended pregnancy; n Maternal health; n HIV/AIDS and other STIs; n Harmful practices, including early marriage, female genital mutilation/cutting, and gender- based violence; and n Youth.
The authors examined gender-related barriers to each component of reproductive health and the strategies undertaken by programs to address the barriers. Out of nearly 200 interventions reviewed, 40 are included here as examples of programs that integrate gender to improve reproductive health outcomes.
The interventions selected for inclusion were limited to those that have been evaluated— meaning they established criteria for assessment that were related to the goals of the intervention and followed an evaluation design—and that used accommodating or trans-formative approaches. The results of these pro-grams suggest that the field is evolving toward a deeper understanding of what gender equality entails and a stronger commitment to pursue this equality in reproductive health programs. Reducing Unintended Pregnancies Several of the projects to reduce unintended pregnancy countered the traditional practice of aiming family planning (FP) services at women only; they encouraged husbands and other males to take more responsibility in this area.
The strategies included enlistment of men who hold power, such as community or religious leaders, to support FP; influencing husbands to encourage their wives to use FP services; and providing a male-controlled contraceptive method. Other projects encouraged joint decision making, shared responsibility in FP, and the institutionalization of gender into RH services.
This document summarizes key aspects of becoming trauma-informed in health care systems. It discusses how recognizing the high prevalence of trauma experienced by many patient populations has led to calls for trauma-informed care. This includes understanding the links between trauma and other issues like addiction, creating safe and supportive environments, and integrating trauma treatment into all services. The document then provides examples of trauma-informed approaches used in substance abuse and domestic violence services in Canada for diverse groups. It emphasizes principles like avoiding re-traumatization, empowering clients, and recognizing trauma symptoms as coping strategies. Finally, it discusses ongoing work to fully adopt trauma-informed principles across health systems and contexts.
Family counseling aims to help families and couples experiencing problems by nurturing change through examining family relationships and dynamics. It views issues as related to systems of interaction rather than just individuals. Several theoretical frameworks have emerged, beginning in the 1940s-50s with psychoanalysis and social psychiatry influences. Key developments included Gregory Bateson's introduction of cybernetics and systems theory ideas, and the emergence of distinct schools in the 1960s focusing on experiential, intergenerational, psychodynamic, and behavioral approaches. The field has since diversified with integration of different theories and influences from individual psychotherapy.
The document discusses models for certifying peer support specialists from other states. It summarizes different state approaches to curriculum, credentialing, and codes of ethics for peer support specialists. The key models discussed are from Georgia, Florida, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina. The document concludes that the Georgia model of linking credentials to training and a test is best and could be adapted for West Virginia with the addition of a statewide code of ethics.
Impact of Family Support Group on Co-Dependent BehaviourIOSR Journals
The present study aimed to investigate the impact of family support group on co-dependent
behaviour of spouse of drug addicts. It was hypothesized there would be significant difference between new and
old members of family support group on co-dependent behaviour. It was also hypothesized that new members
will score higher on denial, self- esteem, control and compliance as compare to old members. A sample (N=60)
female spouse acquired through addiction treatment Centre’s of Lahore city. The data was collected through
purposive sampling technique. Am I Co-dependent Scale was administered to measure co-dependant behaviour.
Independent sample t- test was used to find out the difference of co-dependent behaviour. Results shows that
there is significant difference between new members and old family support members on variables. Findings can
be implemented to enhance the benefits of self-help groups or group therapies supported by drug treatment
centres to family members
This document provides an overview of substance abuse issues within the LGBT community. It discusses factors that can contribute to higher rates of substance abuse, such as experiences with heterosexism, discrimination, and internalized homophobia. It also covers approaches to treatment, including the importance of addressing issues related to sexual orientation and gender identity as part of the recovery process. Barriers to treatment like fear of discrimination are outlined, along with solutions like creating an affirming and inclusive environment for LGBT clients.
Ecological Theory & Family Systems Theory, An Analysis of how Theories are Ap...Taylor Hartman
This document provides an overview of the clinical practices and theoretical approaches used at Ravenwood Mental Health Center. It discusses how the center applies ecological theory and Bowen family systems theory to treatment. For ecological theory, Ravenwood takes a holistic approach considering individuals within their various environments. Treatment teams evaluate clients' micro, meso, and macro systems. For family systems theory, Ravenwood adopts Bowen's view of families as interconnected systems. Therapists help families gain perspective on patterns and redevelop healthy functioning. Overall, Ravenwood implements ecological and family systems theories comprehensively to provide tailored, context-aware care.
Relationship Between Psychopathology and Problem Behaviour of Schizophrenic P...Zahiruddin Othman
This document discusses a study on the relationship between psychopathology, problem behavior in schizophrenic patients, and the burden experienced by their primary caregivers. Some key findings include:
- Caregiver employment status and household income were significantly related to caregiver burden, with unemployed caregivers and those with income under MYR500 experiencing the greatest burden.
- The most common problem behaviors in patients were signs of active psychosis like talking to self, hostility, and odd conversations. Patients also commonly showed signs of poor self-care.
- Over a third of caregivers reported the greatest burden from financial expenses of patient illness and disruption of their leisure time. Nearly half also reported severe subjective burden.
-
The Bridge Model is a transitional care model developed by the Illinois Transitional Care Consortium. It uses social workers called Bridge Care Coordinators to help patients transitioning from the hospital back into their homes and communities. The model was presented at the Aging in America Conference. Research shows the Bridge Model helps reduce readmissions, stress, and increase understanding of care plans. It connects patients to community resources and support. The unique components include using social workers and building on the existing aging network system.
Residents and family members perceived nurse practitioners in long-term care homes positively, seeing them as providing both resident- and family-centered care as well as enhancing the overall quality of care. Nurse practitioners were seen as establishing caring relationships, providing informational and emotional support, facilitating participation in decision-making, improving access to timely care, and helping to prevent unnecessary hospitalizations. The perceptions of residents and family members aligned with concepts of person-centered and relationship-centered care.
Measuring Software: From Data to Actionable KnowledgeRadu Marinescu
Presented at SAM 2015 (2nd International Workshop on Software Architecture and Metrics): http://www.sei.cmu.edu/community/sam2015/speakers/
Nowadays we have tools that compute a myriad of metrics and throw at us thousands of warnings. Managers are gazing ecstatically at complex dashboards full of complex and vividly colored charts and trend lines. Sophisticated "technical debt calculators" are converting, with great boldness, internal quality issues to scary financial figures. With such an impressive arsenal of methodologies, techniques, and tools, software projects should be under full control. Except they are not! Often, metrics leave us clueless on how to improve the quality of our software; even worse, following blindly the goal of fixing some metric values usually leads to a degradation of a system's quality. In this talk, I will share some of the practical lessons learned on how to use software metrics to actually improve a system's design. I will also discuss the need to find new ways of correlating the various sources of information about a project, in order to move from raw data to insightful knowledge that can lead to real improvement actions.
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD (California Presentation)William Kritsonis
William Allan Kritsonis is a professor of educational leadership at Prairie View A&M University. He has over 40 years of experience in education, including serving as a visiting scholar at Stanford and Columbia Universities. He has chaired over 20 doctoral dissertations. His research focuses on educational leadership, research methods, and multicultural education. He is the founder of National FORUM Journals, which has published over 5,000 professors. His goals for 2012 are to teach, mentor students, provide service, and continue his professional development and research.
Postmodernism patton, margaret curette a n ationally recommended postmodern m...William Kritsonis
This article proposes a postmodern model called the KEY (Knowledge Empowered Youth) model for reforming low-performing schools. The KEY model incorporates components of postmodern theory and the six realms of meaning. It advocates for a plurality of perspectives, collapsing boundaries between subjects, and pursuing differences rather than conformity. The model focuses on discovering knowledge through experience, expressing meaning through language and symbols, creating beauty through cultural appreciation, making ethical decisions, and having an interconnected outlook. It aims to transform low-performing schools into learning communities that prepare students holistically and empower them for their future careers and lives.
The Waikato River is the longest river in New Zealand, running 425 km from Lake Taupo to empty into the Tasman Sea. It has significant cultural importance to the Tainui iwi and is a source of their mana. The river provides hydroelectric power, generating 13% of New Zealand's electricity, and was an important transportation route. However, studies have shown that 75% of bacterial contamination in the river comes from dairy farm runoff, with many farms allowing livestock direct access to streams. While the city of Hamilton also impacts water quality, dairying has been identified as the primary contributor to unacceptable pollution levels in the Waikato River.
Special Education Least Restrictive Environment PPT. - William Allan Kritsoni...William Kritsonis
This document discusses key aspects of special education law regarding the least restrictive environment (LRE) for students with disabilities. It explains that the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires students be placed in the LRE and defines LRE as the regular classroom setting to the maximum extent appropriate. The document outlines factors considered in LRE decisions and a continuum of placement options. It also summarizes goals of the PJ Settlement Agreement related to inclusion of students with intellectual disabilities.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis
Editor-in-Chief
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS
(Founded 1983)
Over 5,000 professors published. A group of national refereed periodicals.
Dr. Jessica Garrett-Staib and Scott C. Bates, Published in Focus On Colleges,...William Kritsonis
Dr. Jessica Garrett-Staib and Scott C. Bates, Published in Focus On Colleges, Universities, and Schools, www.nationalforum,com - NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Since 1982) - Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief
Dr. William Kritsonis, National FORUM Journals, www.nationalforum.comWilliam Kritsonis
This document summarizes a paper about transformational leadership in 21st century schools. It discusses how traditional leadership models focus on technical and rational approaches that do not account for organizational factors impacting outcomes. Transformational leadership uses cultural capital through acquired knowledge and social capital via relationships and networks to create a transferable leadership model. 21st century schools aim to prepare students holistically through specialized curriculum, pedagogy, proficiency, multicultural literacy and performance. Effective leadership in these schools requires distributed and developmental approaches that transform culture and the instructional core.
Hamilton is located in the Waikato region of New Zealand's North Island. The slideshow provides information about famous people associated with Hamilton as well as places to visit around the city and region. A map of Hamilton is also included to help orient viewers to locations mentioned in the slideshow.
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las importaciones de productos rusos de alta tecnología y a las exportaciones de bienes de lujo a Rusia. Además, se congelarán los activos de varios oligarcas rusos y se prohibirá el acceso de los bancos rusos a los mercados financieros de la UE.
Dr. Fred C. Lunenburg - developing a culture schooling v1 n1, 2010William Kritsonis
Dr. Fred C. Lunenburg, Author, National FORUM Journals, Houston, Texas
www.nationalforum.com
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS
The objective of Local401 is to develop and test human centered product design strategies in local communities. The process focuses on developing partnerships and participating in engaged research, where it is crucial to meet, work with, and learn from, local overlooked communities. The solutions utilize a variety of local material scrap, and manufacturing cut-off, creating an affordable and sustainable product. Production jobs and job training will be made available to homeless individuals in the community. Local 401 aims to connect local communities with local resources to develop local solutions.
Second quarter widget sales came in under budget in total, advertising, and marketing, but exceeded projections in production and engineering. The document compares actual second quarter widget sales to predicted sales and budgets to evaluate if goals were reached and what can be implemented to increase future sales.
The document discusses models for certifying peer support specialists from other states. It summarizes different state approaches to curriculum, credentialing, and codes of ethics for peer support specialists. The key models discussed are from Georgia, Florida, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina. The document concludes that the Georgia model of linking credentials to training and a test is best and could be adapted for West Virginia with the addition of a statewide code of ethics.
Impact of Family Support Group on Co-Dependent BehaviourIOSR Journals
The present study aimed to investigate the impact of family support group on co-dependent
behaviour of spouse of drug addicts. It was hypothesized there would be significant difference between new and
old members of family support group on co-dependent behaviour. It was also hypothesized that new members
will score higher on denial, self- esteem, control and compliance as compare to old members. A sample (N=60)
female spouse acquired through addiction treatment Centre’s of Lahore city. The data was collected through
purposive sampling technique. Am I Co-dependent Scale was administered to measure co-dependant behaviour.
Independent sample t- test was used to find out the difference of co-dependent behaviour. Results shows that
there is significant difference between new members and old family support members on variables. Findings can
be implemented to enhance the benefits of self-help groups or group therapies supported by drug treatment
centres to family members
This document provides an overview of substance abuse issues within the LGBT community. It discusses factors that can contribute to higher rates of substance abuse, such as experiences with heterosexism, discrimination, and internalized homophobia. It also covers approaches to treatment, including the importance of addressing issues related to sexual orientation and gender identity as part of the recovery process. Barriers to treatment like fear of discrimination are outlined, along with solutions like creating an affirming and inclusive environment for LGBT clients.
Ecological Theory & Family Systems Theory, An Analysis of how Theories are Ap...Taylor Hartman
This document provides an overview of the clinical practices and theoretical approaches used at Ravenwood Mental Health Center. It discusses how the center applies ecological theory and Bowen family systems theory to treatment. For ecological theory, Ravenwood takes a holistic approach considering individuals within their various environments. Treatment teams evaluate clients' micro, meso, and macro systems. For family systems theory, Ravenwood adopts Bowen's view of families as interconnected systems. Therapists help families gain perspective on patterns and redevelop healthy functioning. Overall, Ravenwood implements ecological and family systems theories comprehensively to provide tailored, context-aware care.
Relationship Between Psychopathology and Problem Behaviour of Schizophrenic P...Zahiruddin Othman
This document discusses a study on the relationship between psychopathology, problem behavior in schizophrenic patients, and the burden experienced by their primary caregivers. Some key findings include:
- Caregiver employment status and household income were significantly related to caregiver burden, with unemployed caregivers and those with income under MYR500 experiencing the greatest burden.
- The most common problem behaviors in patients were signs of active psychosis like talking to self, hostility, and odd conversations. Patients also commonly showed signs of poor self-care.
- Over a third of caregivers reported the greatest burden from financial expenses of patient illness and disruption of their leisure time. Nearly half also reported severe subjective burden.
-
The Bridge Model is a transitional care model developed by the Illinois Transitional Care Consortium. It uses social workers called Bridge Care Coordinators to help patients transitioning from the hospital back into their homes and communities. The model was presented at the Aging in America Conference. Research shows the Bridge Model helps reduce readmissions, stress, and increase understanding of care plans. It connects patients to community resources and support. The unique components include using social workers and building on the existing aging network system.
Residents and family members perceived nurse practitioners in long-term care homes positively, seeing them as providing both resident- and family-centered care as well as enhancing the overall quality of care. Nurse practitioners were seen as establishing caring relationships, providing informational and emotional support, facilitating participation in decision-making, improving access to timely care, and helping to prevent unnecessary hospitalizations. The perceptions of residents and family members aligned with concepts of person-centered and relationship-centered care.
Measuring Software: From Data to Actionable KnowledgeRadu Marinescu
Presented at SAM 2015 (2nd International Workshop on Software Architecture and Metrics): http://www.sei.cmu.edu/community/sam2015/speakers/
Nowadays we have tools that compute a myriad of metrics and throw at us thousands of warnings. Managers are gazing ecstatically at complex dashboards full of complex and vividly colored charts and trend lines. Sophisticated "technical debt calculators" are converting, with great boldness, internal quality issues to scary financial figures. With such an impressive arsenal of methodologies, techniques, and tools, software projects should be under full control. Except they are not! Often, metrics leave us clueless on how to improve the quality of our software; even worse, following blindly the goal of fixing some metric values usually leads to a degradation of a system's quality. In this talk, I will share some of the practical lessons learned on how to use software metrics to actually improve a system's design. I will also discuss the need to find new ways of correlating the various sources of information about a project, in order to move from raw data to insightful knowledge that can lead to real improvement actions.
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD (California Presentation)William Kritsonis
William Allan Kritsonis is a professor of educational leadership at Prairie View A&M University. He has over 40 years of experience in education, including serving as a visiting scholar at Stanford and Columbia Universities. He has chaired over 20 doctoral dissertations. His research focuses on educational leadership, research methods, and multicultural education. He is the founder of National FORUM Journals, which has published over 5,000 professors. His goals for 2012 are to teach, mentor students, provide service, and continue his professional development and research.
Postmodernism patton, margaret curette a n ationally recommended postmodern m...William Kritsonis
This article proposes a postmodern model called the KEY (Knowledge Empowered Youth) model for reforming low-performing schools. The KEY model incorporates components of postmodern theory and the six realms of meaning. It advocates for a plurality of perspectives, collapsing boundaries between subjects, and pursuing differences rather than conformity. The model focuses on discovering knowledge through experience, expressing meaning through language and symbols, creating beauty through cultural appreciation, making ethical decisions, and having an interconnected outlook. It aims to transform low-performing schools into learning communities that prepare students holistically and empower them for their future careers and lives.
The Waikato River is the longest river in New Zealand, running 425 km from Lake Taupo to empty into the Tasman Sea. It has significant cultural importance to the Tainui iwi and is a source of their mana. The river provides hydroelectric power, generating 13% of New Zealand's electricity, and was an important transportation route. However, studies have shown that 75% of bacterial contamination in the river comes from dairy farm runoff, with many farms allowing livestock direct access to streams. While the city of Hamilton also impacts water quality, dairying has been identified as the primary contributor to unacceptable pollution levels in the Waikato River.
Special Education Least Restrictive Environment PPT. - William Allan Kritsoni...William Kritsonis
This document discusses key aspects of special education law regarding the least restrictive environment (LRE) for students with disabilities. It explains that the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires students be placed in the LRE and defines LRE as the regular classroom setting to the maximum extent appropriate. The document outlines factors considered in LRE decisions and a continuum of placement options. It also summarizes goals of the PJ Settlement Agreement related to inclusion of students with intellectual disabilities.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis
Editor-in-Chief
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS
(Founded 1983)
Over 5,000 professors published. A group of national refereed periodicals.
Dr. Jessica Garrett-Staib and Scott C. Bates, Published in Focus On Colleges,...William Kritsonis
Dr. Jessica Garrett-Staib and Scott C. Bates, Published in Focus On Colleges, Universities, and Schools, www.nationalforum,com - NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Since 1982) - Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief
Dr. William Kritsonis, National FORUM Journals, www.nationalforum.comWilliam Kritsonis
This document summarizes a paper about transformational leadership in 21st century schools. It discusses how traditional leadership models focus on technical and rational approaches that do not account for organizational factors impacting outcomes. Transformational leadership uses cultural capital through acquired knowledge and social capital via relationships and networks to create a transferable leadership model. 21st century schools aim to prepare students holistically through specialized curriculum, pedagogy, proficiency, multicultural literacy and performance. Effective leadership in these schools requires distributed and developmental approaches that transform culture and the instructional core.
Hamilton is located in the Waikato region of New Zealand's North Island. The slideshow provides information about famous people associated with Hamilton as well as places to visit around the city and region. A map of Hamilton is also included to help orient viewers to locations mentioned in the slideshow.
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las importaciones de productos rusos de alta tecnología y a las exportaciones de bienes de lujo a Rusia. Además, se congelarán los activos de varios oligarcas rusos y se prohibirá el acceso de los bancos rusos a los mercados financieros de la UE.
Dr. Fred C. Lunenburg - developing a culture schooling v1 n1, 2010William Kritsonis
Dr. Fred C. Lunenburg, Author, National FORUM Journals, Houston, Texas
www.nationalforum.com
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS
The objective of Local401 is to develop and test human centered product design strategies in local communities. The process focuses on developing partnerships and participating in engaged research, where it is crucial to meet, work with, and learn from, local overlooked communities. The solutions utilize a variety of local material scrap, and manufacturing cut-off, creating an affordable and sustainable product. Production jobs and job training will be made available to homeless individuals in the community. Local 401 aims to connect local communities with local resources to develop local solutions.
Second quarter widget sales came in under budget in total, advertising, and marketing, but exceeded projections in production and engineering. The document compares actual second quarter widget sales to predicted sales and budgets to evaluate if goals were reached and what can be implemented to increase future sales.
The document discusses a group traveling together and encountering various challenges along the way. It describes stopping to rest, continuing the journey, and eventually making camp for the night after a long day of traveling. The group works together cooperatively to overcome obstacles.
Intentions, Processes and Frameworks for ChangeSami Nerenberg
This lecture discusses the Law of Unintended Consequences, the importance of understanding your user to avoid typical pitfalls, frameworks for creating change, and adding the notion that moral capabilities are needed for an effective leader.
1. This document contains the standings and scores for Week 5 of the IV Liga de Invierno bowling league in Jerez, Spain.
2. Fernando Laffore had the highest scratch game of 235 and the highest scratch series of 611. Gustavo Blanco won all of his games.
3. Jose Acosta won all of his games and Jose Jimenez lost all of his games. The league is led by Adalberto Mariño, Jorge Madrigal, and Jose Acosta based on their won-lost records.
William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Founded 1982). Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Distinguished Alumnus, Central Washington University, College of Education and Professional Studies, Ellensburg, Washington; Invited Guest Lecturer, Oxford Round Table, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Hall of Honor, Prairie View A&M University/Member of the Texas A&M University System. Professor of Educational Leadership, The University of Texas of the Permian Basin.
This document provides background information and objectives for a study assessing the effectiveness of talking therapy on ineffective coping, depression, and suicidal ideation among individuals in the LGBT group in Madhya Pradesh, India. The study aims to evaluate coping skills, depression, suicidal ideation, and HIV risk before and after talking therapy sessions. The study hypothesizes that ineffective coping, depression and suicidal ideation will be associated with demographic variables and will decrease significantly after talking therapy.
Social support among the Caregivers of Persons Living with Cancerinventionjournals
:The social support emphasize as the support given to any person in a troublesome or burdensome situation by family members, relatives as well as resources exerted by social connections, is effective in promoting physical health and feeling oneself good. The present study consisted of 300 caregivers of persons with cancer was selected based on simple random sampling, and with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Those patients satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria and attending both outpatient and inpatient services of cancer specialty hospital in KIDWAI Bangalore, Karnataka were selected randomly. The data was collected from the patients & caregivers of persons living with cancer who fulfill the inclusion/exclusion criteria were taken up for the study after their consent. Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet et al, 1998) was administered to understand Perceived Social Support. The interviews and the instruments were administered by research experts.The Results suggest that there were poor social support found in caregivers of married, female, belong to rural domicile, illiterate, and,caregivers who were not heard about the treatment of cancer.
Gender Equity in the Department of MedicineAleem Bharwani
The Department of Medicine (at the University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services) official and public release of the Gender Equity Task Force summary report.
September 10, 2019
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Here are some key advantages and disadvantages of third-party funding in arbitration:
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Community Family Care Intervention Model For Families LivingCharlotteEngelbrecht
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EFFECTS OF HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL THERAPY ON SELF-CONTROL AMONG REHABILITATED...ijejournal
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The document discusses youth with involvement in multiple county systems such as child welfare, juvenile justice, and mental health systems, also known as crossover or dually-involved youth. It notes that disproportionate numbers of these youth are female, African American, or LGBTQIA+, and the majority struggle with mental health or substance use issues. The document provides an overview of challenges in supporting these youth and considers best practices such as using a comprehensive model like the Crossover Youth Practice Model, prioritizing prevention, engaging organizations like Youth Advocate Programs, asking families what supports they need, and providing stability during transitions.
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IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
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Similar to Eremie, maxwell effects of individual counseling nfjca v1 n1 2012 (20)
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Organization
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
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Eremie, maxwell effects of individual counseling nfjca v1 n1 2012
1. NATIONAL FORUM JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND ADDICTION
VOLUME 1, NUMBER 1, 2012
Effects of Individual Counseling on Social Adjustment
of Registered Widows in Rivers State of Nigeria
Maxwell Eremie, EdD George Margaret Kennedy
Department Of Guidance and Counseling Nce, Bed, Med Guidance and Counseling
Rivers State University of International Secondary School
Science and Technology Rivers State University of
Port Harcourt, Rivers State Science and Technology
Nkpolu, Orowurokwo, Port Harcourt
G. Solomon Osho, PhD William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
Associate Professor Professor
Department of Justice Studies PhD Program in Educational Leadership
College of Juvenile Justice & Psychology Whitlowe R. Green College of Education
Prairie View A&M University Prairie View A&M University
Member of the Texas A&M University System Member of the Texas A&M University
Prairie View, Texas Prairie View, Texas
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of individual counseling based on social adjustment of
registered widows in Rivers State of Nigeria. The Rational Emotive Therapy and Clients
Centered counseling techniques were used in counseling the registered widows for social
adjustment. Four research questions and four null hypotheses were formulated and tested at the
0.05 level of significance. The study population was made up of all the registered widows in
Rivers State. The purposive sampling technique was used to obtain 60 registered widows who
were understood the purpose of counseling. The research instrument was administered easily.
The 60 widows were placed in 4 groups of 15 subjects each: 3 experimental and one control
group. The pre-test post-test quasi experimental design was adopted for the study. The adapted
social adjustment scale (ASAA) was used to collect data from the subjects. The reliability of
ASAS was established using the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient, and it yielded a
coefficient of “r” 0.86. Data was analyzed using Independent t-test for the first three hypotheses
and ANOVA for the fourth hypothesis. Results indicated among others that individual
counseling techniques based on RET and CCA led to significant remediation of social
adjustment problems among registered widows in Rivers State.
1
2. NATIONAL FORUM JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND ADDICTION
2___________________________________________________________________________________________
Counseling is a universal service for all people, irrespective of race, color, creed, and
language. It is often misconstrued as a service for schools and children. This belief is erroneous
as it is meant for diverse individuals and groups in diverse setting on diverse issues, who by
nature, condition, or circumstances may be subjected to a series of problems that need solution
like the widows. The death of a spouse is for many the most devastating experience in life.
Holmes and Rahe (1967) rated death of a spouse as the most stressful life event people undergo,
and this affects their level of adjustment socially and other-wise. Most widows find ways of
adjusting to the loss, for others it may be too difficult without additional support. Some widows
manifest some behaviors which are inimical and detrimental to their existence. These behaviors
do not enhance the maintenance and actualization of the potentials of the individual (widow)
within the society she lives.
Calkin (2001) observes in bereavement literature, terms such as shock, denial, distress,
realization, resolution, bond, growth, equilibrium, grief, etc. are summary labels for various
behaviours that are observed after the death of a loved one. The summary label “grief” for
example includes behaviours such as crying, feeling sad, worrying, having a memory of a shaved
event, behaving angrily, etc. When such behaviours are exhibited, social maladjustment is bound
to set in. An individual who is socially maladjusted can not relate well with others or co-exist
amicably with others. Talking and relating friendly with people bother them. They tend to be
hostile, aggressive, easily irritated, and lose their temper without any justifiable reason. When a
great grief comes, there is the tendency to retreat into oneself. Grief can make for “indifference”,
unwilling to see colour in anything, goodness in any person, disconnecting from the world, and
taking to the bed. When a widow is socially adjusted, most of these reactions can be averted. It is
against this background that this study was carried out.
Statement of Problem
Widows are a part and parcel of the Society we live in. They are supposed to co-exist
amicably with others, relate, and cordially work with others. The situations around widows make
them social deviants (socially maladjusted). They withdraw from interacting with people around
them due to societal hostility towards them. In Africa, they are often accused of being
responsible for their husband’s death and given treatment. This calls for counseling services to
be rendered to them for proper adjustment so they can carry on with life like every other person
in society. This study used two counseling techniques, Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) and the
Client Centered Approach (CCA), to investigate the individual and combined effects of RET and
CCA in an individual counseling setting for the improvement of social adjustment among
registered widows in Rivers State of Nigeria.
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of RET, CCA, and a
combination of RET / CCA in enhancing social adjustment among registered widows in Rivers
State in an individual counseling situation. Specifically, the study was aimed at achieving the
following to:
3. MAXWELL EREMIE, GEORGE MARGARET KENNEDY, G. SOLOMON OSHO, AND
WILLIAM ALLAN KRITSONIS
___________________________________________________________________________________________3
Determine how effective RET is in enhancing social adjustment among registered
widows.
Determine how effective CCA is in enhancing social adjustment among registered
widows.
Determine how effective the combination of RET and CCA is in enhancing social
adjustment among registered widows.
Find out the most effective counseling method among RET, CCA, and a combination of
RET /CCA in enhancing social adjustment among registered widows.
Research Questions
The following research questions were postulated to guide the investigation.
How effective is RET in enhancing social adjustment among registered widows as
measured by their pretest and post-test mean scores?
How effective is CCA in enhancing social adjustment among registered widows as
measured by their pretest and post test mean scores?
How effective are the combined effects of RET / CCA in enhancement social adjustment
among registered widows as measured by their pretest and post test mean scores?
What is the most effective counseling method in enhancing social adjustment among
registered widows as measured by their pre-test and post-test mean scores? RET? CCA?
A combination of RET/ CCA?
Hypotheses
The following null hypotheses were formulated to give bearing to the study and were
tested at 0.05% level of significance.
There is no significant difference in the social adjustment post-test mean scores of
registered widows counseled with RET and that of the control group.
There is no significant difference in social adjustment post-test mean scores of registered
widows counseled with CCA and that of the control group.
There is no significant difference in the social adjustment post-test mean scores of
registered widows counseled with RET / CCA and that of the control group.
There is no significant difference in the social adjustment post-test mean scores of
registered widows counseled with RET, CCA, and a combination of RET / CCA.
4. NATIONAL FORUM JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND ADDICTION
4___________________________________________________________________________________________
Scope of the Study
The study was carried out in Rivers State of Nigeria. Specifically, the geographical scope
of this study covered Port-Harcourt City where widows were dully registered at the Women
Development Centre located in Port-Harcourt. With regard to content scope, the study covered
the way in which Rational Emotive Therapy and Client Centered Counseling techniques were
used in counseling the registered widows in Rivers State to enhance social adjustment and were
delimited to individual counseling. It equally utilized a control group for comparison.
Literature Review
Literature related to this study was reviewed empirically and theoretically on RET, CCA,
widowhood, and social adjustment. RET and CCA counseling models have been proved to have
a high level of success in improving people’s life socially, academically, psychologically, and
otherwise. Olta and Odoemelam (1999) conducted an experimental study among 28 physically
challenged secondary school students in Afikpo Urban of Afikpo North Local Government Area
of Ebonyi State utilizing RET and CCA to improve self concept. The result showed the
experimental groups with individual and combined treatment factors had an improved self
concept over the control group which had no counseling. The study also revealed that RETS and
CCA were effective. None of them was significantly more effective than the other.
Eniola and Adebiyi (2005) conducted an experimental study among 48 visually impaired
students in Federal College of Education (Special) Oyo utilizing RET and Reality therapy in
improving socialization problems using 3 x 2 x 2 factorial matrix. The results revealed that RET
subjects socialized significantly better than all other subjects. The difference between the mean
scores of the group receiving Reality therapy and the control group did not reach significant
level.
Ker, Ekoja, and Ekoja (2007) also conducted an experimental study in Benue State
University for 2004/2005 Session post graduate students. They used a sample size of 60 students
made up of 39 males and 21 females with a mean age of 36 years. They used RET to improve
voters’ attitudes. The results showed the treatment factors of RET produced a significant mean
difference between the experimental and control groups in favor of the former. The control group
maintained consistency in their demonstration of apathy greed / selfishness and non-cooperation
while the experimental group did not.
Nwosu (2007) conducted an experimental study consisting of 30 truants aged 9 to 14
years old from primary 4 to 6 classes from 3 urban public primary schools in Akwa South Local
Government Education Authority of Anambra State. He used individual counseling. The results
indicated among others that individualized counseling techniques led to significant remediation
of truancy in children. Neely (1982) used CCA with other therapeutic approaches to manage
unassertiveness and emotionally disturbed students. He found them very effective. The treatment
group with CCA improved over the control group. Broedel, Ohlem, Proff, and Southhand (1960)
used RET and CCA in their research to improve under-achievement among gifted adolescents.
They found the mean scores of the treatment groups and the control group to be significantly
different in favour of the experimental group. Several cross-sectioned studies have suggested
marriage is protective, and that widowhood, divorce, and separation are detrimental to health
5. MAXWELL EREMIE, GEORGE MARGARET KENNEDY, G. SOLOMON OSHO, AND
WILLIAM ALLAN KRITSONIS
___________________________________________________________________________________________5
behaviours and social mal-adjustment (Rosenbloom & Whittington, 1993; Schone & Weinick,
1998).
Eze and Nnamani (2004) conducted a survey to determine the health implication of
widowhood practice in Udenu Local Government Area of Enugu State using a sample size of
150 widows from 6 randomly selected communities in the study area. The result revealed there
are some obnoxious widowhood practices in the area that have left many widows in perpetual
sorrow, withdrawal from others that constituted serious health hazards to them.
Denga (1991) noted social adjustment is a personality trait. While some people cordially
work with others, talk, and co-exist amicably with others; other people want to be on their own.
Talking and relating friendly with people bother them. Baker and Sirkyk (1983) noted those who
relate with others very well get along cordially, peacefully, and cheerfully are said to be socially
adjusted. Such people enjoy contacts with others and wish to participate in social and group
activities without being prompted to do so. The results of the reviewed works assisted the current
study in assessing the effects of individual counseling on social adjustment of registered widows
in Rivers State of Nigeria.
Methodology
Research Design
The pre-test, post-test quasi experimental control group design was adopted to establish
the effects of individual counseling on the social adjustment of registered widows in Rivers State
of Nigeria.
Population
The target population of the study comprised all the registered widows in Rivers State
numbering 5600 by the submission given to government at inception in 1998 when it was
formed.
Sample and Sampling Technique
The sample size was drawn from the committed and dedicated members of the
association for purpose of ease of accessibility of members for counseling and administration of
instrument. Only 60 registered widows were drawn for the study. The choice was purposive. The
purposive sampling technique was used to achieve this representation. The 60 widows were
randomly placed into four groups of 15 subjects each: three experimental and one control group.
Instrument for Data Collection
The Social Adjustment Scale (SAS) developed by Denga (1991) was adapted and
renamed Adapted Social Adjustment Scale (ASAS). Thu, certain items on the instrument have
been modified, replaced, or left as they were. All items are designed to tap the proneness or
6. NATIONAL FORUM JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND ADDICTION
6___________________________________________________________________________________________
propensity of adjustment problems as it relates to widows. The instrument had two sections: Part
A had a Personal data of two items and Part B consists of 30 self report items. All items are
statements concerning social interaction, social participation, and social affiliation. For scoring,
the values, 4, 3, 2, 1 were respectively assigned to the 4 point values from the positive to the
negative end.
Validation of the Instrument
The instrument was subjected to close scrutiny by test experts and those from the field of
Guidance and Counseling to ensure that both content and face validities were obtained.
Particularly, close attention was given to the relevance of the items with regard to the research
questions and hypotheses. Thus, the items were framed and reframed. Thereafter, the suggestions
for improvement were incorporated into the final draft which was used for the study.
Reliability
The reliability of the instrument was established by employing the test retest method. The
instrument was administered on 20 widows who were not registered in Rivers State. The period
of interval between the first and second administration was 3 weeks. The Pearson product
moment correlation was employed to find the relationship between the two sets of scores (the
first administration and the second administration). This gave a co-efficient value of “r” – 0.86
which was accepted to be high for utilization.
Administration
The face to face method that implies administering the instrument personally or through
an assistant was used for the purpose of explaining further terms that may not be clear to the
respondents. The pre-test was administered after the formation of all the counseling groups while
the post-test was administered after the counseling process. The interval between the first and
second administration was twelve weeks.
Data Analysis Procedure
The four research questions were answered using the mean and standard deviation of the
pre-test and post-test scores where the mean scores of the experimental and control groups were
compared. For the first three hypotheses, a t-test was used to compare the significance of the
difference between the post-test mean scores of the experimental and control group. The one way
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used for the fourth hypothesis to determine the significance
of the difference of the post-test mean scores of the three experimental groups (RET, CCA, and
RET / CCA).
7. MAXWELL EREMIE, GEORGE MARGARET KENNEDY, G. SOLOMON OSHO, AND
WILLIAM ALLAN KRITSONIS
___________________________________________________________________________________________7
Results
The results are shown below with appropriate tables indicating pre-test and post-test
scores.
Research Question 1: How effective is RET in enhancing social adjustment among registered
widows as measured by their pre-test and post-test mean scores?
Table 1
Registered Widows in RET Group Pre-test and Post-test Mean Scores
Pre-test mean scores Post-test mean scores
Group n x SD n x SD df
RET
Experimental Group 1 15 49 6.5 15 82 10.5 33
The post-test mean score of 82 is much higher than the pre-test mean score of 49. The
difference between the two sets of scores was 33. This has shown the gains of RET individual
counseling. The answer to research question 1 was the RET individual counseling method was
very effective in enhancing social adjustment among registered widows in Rivers state of Nigeria
as revealed by their pre-test and post-test mean scores.
Research Question 2: How effective is CCA in enhancing social adjustment among registered
widows in Rivers State as measured by their pre-test and post-test mean
scores?
Table 2
Registered Widows in CCA Group Pre-test and Post-test Mean Scores
Pre-test mean scores Post-test mean scores
Group n x SD n x SD df
CCA
Experimental Group 2 15 45 6.2 15 78 11.2 33
8. NATIONAL FORUM JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND ADDICTION
8___________________________________________________________________________________________
The post-test mean score of 78 was higher than the pre-test mean score of 45. The
difference between the two sets of scores was 33 indicating the effectiveness of the CCA
individual counseling method. The answer to research question 2 was the CCA individual
counseling method was very effective in enhancing social adjustment among registered widows
in Rivers State of Nigeria as revealed by their pre-test – post-test mean scores.
Research Question 3: How effective are the combined effects of RET and CCA in enhancing
social adjustment among registered widows as measured by their pre-test
and post-test mean scores?
Table 3
Registered Widows Pre-test and Post-test Mean Scores for Group 3 (Combination of RET
And CCA)
Pre-test mean scores Post-test mean scores
Group n x SD n x SD df
RET/CCA
Experimental Group 3 15 51 6.8 15 80 12.3 29
Table 3 shows an increase in the post-test mean score of 80 over the pre-test mean score
of 51, indicating a difference of 29. The answer to question 3 was; The combined effects of
RET/CCA was very effective in enhancing social adjustment among registered widows as
revealed by their pre-test and post-test mean scores.
Research Question 4: Which is the most effective counseling method in enhancing social
adjustment among registered widows in Rivers State among the 3
experimental groups; RET, CCA and a combination of RET / CCA?
9. MAXWELL EREMIE, GEORGE MARGARET KENNEDY, G. SOLOMON OSHO, AND
WILLIAM ALLAN KRITSONIS
___________________________________________________________________________________________9
Table 4
Social Adjustment Pre-test and Post-test Mean Scores for all the Experimental Groups and the
Control Group
Pre-test mean scores Post-test mean scores
Group n x SD n x SD df
Experimental
Group 1 RET 15 49 6.5 15 82 10.6 33
Experimental
Group 2 CCA 15 45 6.2 15 78 11.2 33
Experimental
Group 3 RET/CCA 15 51 6.8 15 80 12.3 29
Control Group 15 48 6.7 15 51 6.8 3
Table 4 reveals the gains obtained from all counseling groups. The post-test mean scores
for all the counseling groups improved above the pre-test mean scores. The answer to research
question 4 was that all the counseling groups were very effective in enhancing social adjustment
among registered widows in Rivers State. None was move effective than the other.
Hypotheses Testing
HO1 There is no significant difference in social adjustment post-test mean scores of registered
widows counseled with RET and the control group.
Table 5
Table Value of t-test
Calculated Table value
Group n x SD SE p df t-test value of t-test Decision
RET 15 82 10.6 3.3 0.05 28 9.3 2.048 Rejected
Control 15 51 6.8 HO1
10. NATIONAL FORUM JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND ADDICTION
10___________________________________________________________________________________________
Table 5 shows the calculated t-test value of 9.3 was higher than the critical or table value
of t at 0.05 level of significance that is 2.048. This calls for the rejection of Ho1. It therefore
means the mean difference between experimental group one RET and the control group is
statistically significant.
HO2: There is no significant difference in social adjustment post-test mean scores of registered
widows counseled with CCA and that of the Control group.
Table 6
Table Value of t-test
Calculated Table value
Group n x SD SE p df t-test value of t-test Decision
CCA 15 78 11.2 3.4 0.05 28 7.9 2.048 Rejected
Control 15 51 6.8
Table 6 shows clearly the calculated t-test value of 7.9 was higher than the table value of
2.048. Consequently, the null hypothesis stating there is no significant difference on social
adjustment post-test mean scores of registered widows counseled with CCA, and those in the
control group who received no counsels was rejected. This implies the statistical difference is
significant between the CCA group and the control group.
HO3: There is no significant difference in social adjustment post-test mean scores of registered
widows counseled with the combination of RET and CCA and the control group who
received no counseling.
Table 7
Summary of Data and t-test on the Significant Difference between the Post-test Mean Scores
of Registered Widows Exposed to a Combination of RET and CCA and Those in the Control
Group
Table
Group n x SD SE p df Calculated value of Decision
t-test value
t-test
Reject
RET / CCA 15 80 12.3 3.6 0.05 28 8.0 2.048
HO3
Control 15 51 6.8
11. MAXWELL EREMIE, GEORGE MARGARET KENNEDY, G. SOLOMON OSHO, AND
WILLIAM ALLAN KRITSONIS
___________________________________________________________________________________________11
Table 7 shows clearly the calculated value of t-test which is 8.0 was higher than the table
value of t-test at 0.05 level of significance which is 2.048. Consequently, the null hypothesis
stating there is no significant difference in social adjustment post-test mean scores of registered
widows counseled with a combination of RET and CCA and those in the control group RET /
CCA and the control group was rejected.
HO4: There is no significant difference in social adjustment post-test mean score of registered
widows counseled with RET, CCA, and a combination of RET / CCA.
Table 8
Calculated f-ratio and Critical Value of f-ratio
Sum
Source Mean Calculated Critical value
of squares df p Decision
of variance square (ms) f-ratio f-ratio
(ss)
Accept
Between k-1
112.94 556.47 0.05 0.66 3.22 HO4
groups 3-1=2
n-k
Within
3570.80 45- 85.02
groups
3=42
n-1
Total 3683.80 45-
1=44
The result on Table 8 shows the calculated f-value was less than the critical f-value at
0.05 level of significance that is 0.66 < 3.22. This therefore calls for the acceptance of Ho4. This
suggests that the mean difference between the three experimental groups is statistically, not
significant. Consequently, the null hypothesis that states there is no significant difference in
social adjustment post- test mean scores of registered widows counseled with RET, CCA, and a
combination of RET/CCA is retained. This result is in agreement with the answered questions
in Research Question 4.
Discussion of Findings
The study revealed that the registered widows before counseling had a low level of social
adjustment as revealed in the pre-test results shown side by side with the post-test results on
tables 1, 2, 3, and 4. Social adjustment scores increased tremendously after exposure to
treatment (counseling) as revealed by the post-test mean scores of the same tables. This means
counseling with the techniques of REC, CCA, and a combination of RET/CCA was very
effective in counseling registered widows. This result is in line with the findings of Olta and
Odoemelam (1999) who used RET and CCA in improving self concept among physically
handicapped secondary school students in Afikpo Urban of Afikpo North Local Government
Area of Ebonyi State of Nigeria.
12. NATIONAL FORUM JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND ADDICTION
12___________________________________________________________________________________________
This finding is again affirmed in the hypothesis test (table 5) which also showed there is a
significant difference in social adjustment post-test means scores of widows counseled with RET
and that of the control group. The result of the calculated t-test value of 9.3 and critical value of
t at 0.05 level of significance was 2.048. This showed there was indeed a significant statistical
difference between those counseled with RET and the control group that received no counseling.
The outcome of this analysis is in consonance with the findings of Eniola and Adebiyi (2005)
who conducted an experimental study of this nature among 48 visually impaired students in the
Federal College of Education Oyo using RET and Reality therapy in improving socialization.
They found the RET group to socialize better than the reality group. Ker, Ekoja, and Ekoja
(2007) also affirms the effectiveness of RET in their bid to improve voters’ attitudes in Benue
State University among 2004/2005 session post graduate students. The result showed the
treatment factors of RET produced a significant mean difference between the experimental and
control group in favor of the former.
This finding also supports the hypothesis test (table 6) that shows a notable and
significant different between the widows counseled with CCA and those in the control group
who received no counseling. This finding affirms that CCA is an effective counseling technique
in counseling widows for social adjustment. The finding corroborates that of Neely (1982) who
found CCA and other therapeutic approaches to be very effective in the management of
unassertiveness and emotionally disturbed students. In the same vein, the low social adjustment
showed in the pre-test mean scores improved significantly after receiving counseling.
Another result of this study shown on Table 7 was there was a statistical significant
difference between those counseled with a combination of RET and CCA and the control group
who received no counseling. Social adjustment increased tremendously after counseling widows
with RET and CCA. This finding is also in agreement with the findings of Broedel, Ohlem,
Proff, and Southhand (1960) who used RET and CCA in an experimental research of this nature
to improve under achievement among gifted adolescents. They found the treatment groups and
the control group to be significantly different in favor of the experimental groups.
Another major finding of this study found on Table 8 was there was no significant mean
difference between those counseled with RET, CCA, and those in the combination group of RET
and CCA. This implies that all the therapeutic approaches were effective; none was more
effective than the other. Again this finding was also in line with the finding of Olta and
Odoemelam (1999) who concluded that RET, CCA, and the combination of the two were
effective interventions in improving self concept of physically handicapped adolescents. When
RET and CCA are combined as a therapeutic approach, it can improve behaviour effectively.
Conclusions
From the findings of this study, the following conclusions were drawn. RET, CCA, and a
combination of RET and CCA are all effective tools in enhancing social adjustment among
registered widows in Rivers State of Nigeria.
- All the counseling approaches adopted in this study were effective in bringing about
behavioural changes among registered widows in Rivers State. None was more effective
than the other in improving social adjustment among these widows.
13. MAXWELL EREMIE, GEORGE MARGARET KENNEDY, G. SOLOMON OSHO, AND
WILLIAM ALLAN KRITSONIS
___________________________________________________________________________________________13
- RET, CCA, and a combination of the two can be used to help individuals in a diverse
setting.
Recommendations
Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations were made.
- Counseling services should not be limited to the school system or children alone as a
universal service for humanity; it should be rendered beyond the boundary of the school
system.
- Government in Nigeria should establish counseling centers at strategic places to carter for
all classes of people that need counseling.
- Counselors in Nigeria can help individuals to improve on their social adjustment using
RET, CCA, and a combination of both.
Implication of Findings to Counseling
Counseling contributes positively towards behaviour modification, and one of the
principles of counseling states that “Counseling is for all people” since this is the case Neely
(1982).
- Counselors should not restrict themselves within the confines of the school environment.
As a community project, counseling can be performed beyond the borders of the school
environment to address different issues and diverse kinds of people in our society.
- Counseling Association of Nigeria (CASSON) should work in harmony with the
government and other co-operate bodies and stakeholders to advocate employment of
counselors in every establishment where humans exist.
- RET/CCA can be used to help educators and policy makers to critically appraise their
thoughts and plans before taking any action.
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