This presentation has a short introduction about the different types of tissues (epithelium, connective, muscular, nervous), but focuses mainly on epithelial tissues - its characteristics, functions, and types.
This also contains the different surface modifications of epithelial tissues - apical, lateral and basal.
Lastly, glands are also discussed here. Endocrine and exocrine glands are differentiated based on characteristics and functions.
detail notes on connective tissue..
Connective tissue (CT) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It develops from the mesoderm. Connective tissue is found in between other tissues everywhere in the body, including the nervous system. In the central nervous system, the three outer membranes (the meninges) that envelop the brain and spinal cord are composed of connective tissue.
All connective tissue consists of three main components: fibers (elastic and collagenous fibers), ground substance and cells. Not all authorities include blood or lymph as connective tissue because they lack the fiber component. All are immersed in the body water.
detail notes on connective tissue..
Connective tissue (CT) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It develops from the mesoderm. Connective tissue is found in between other tissues everywhere in the body, including the nervous system. In the central nervous system, the three outer membranes (the meninges) that envelop the brain and spinal cord are composed of connective tissue.
All connective tissue consists of three main components: fibers (elastic and collagenous fibers), ground substance and cells. Not all authorities include blood or lymph as connective tissue because they lack the fiber component. All are immersed in the body water.
Epithelial tissue is a type of tissue that covers the surfaces of organs, lines body cavities and forms glands. This PDF provides a comprehensive overview of epithelial tissue, including its types, structure, function, and location in the body. The document covers the different types of epithelial cells, their shapes, and layers, as well as their functions in different organs and tissues. The PDF also delves into the unique features of epithelial tissue, such as its polarity, cell junctions, and the basement membrane. Additionally, Whether you are a student, medical professional, or someone interested in learning about the human body, this PDF provides a detailed understanding of epithelial tissue and its importance in the body.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
2. TISSUES
Are larger structural and
functional units of cells
having closely related
functions joined together
by intercellular
substances and/or cell-
to-cell junctions
3. BASIC TYPES OF TISSUES
Epithelial tissues
Connective tissues
Muscular tissues
Nervous tissues
These tissues
function in
close
association
with each
other.
5. PRINCIPAL FUNCTIONS OF EP.
TISSUES
Covering, lining, and protecting surfaces (e.g. skin)
Absorption (e.g. intestines)
Secretion (e.g. epithelial cells of glands)
Contractility (e.g. myoepithelial cells)
6. EMBRYONIC ORIGIN OF EPITHELIAL
TISSUES
EPITHELIUM
Ectoder
m
Endoderm
Mesoderm
7. BASAL LAMINA
amorphous extracellular material
where the deepest layers of the
epithelium rests
a mixture of glycoproteins, collagen
and proteoglycans
secreted by the ep.
Functions:
provides structural support to the
overlying ep.
serves as an impermeable barrier that
allows only water & small molecules to
pass through
11. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF EP.
TISSUES
• Covering ep. (skin)
• Lining ep. (luminal surfaces
of visceral organs)
Surface
epithelium
• Elaborate (synthesize;
produce)
• Release (secretions)
Glandular
epithelium NOTE:
Some surface
epithelium are also
secretory epithelium
12. SURFACE EPITHELIUM
- depends on its location
e.g.
skin – protective
GI tract – absorptive
neuroepithelial cells of the taste buds – sensory cells
olfactory cells in the nose – sensory cells
kidney – excretion and maintenance of fluid balance
testes – germ cells
13. CLASSIFICATION OF SURFACE EP.
TISSUES ACCDG TO NUMBER OF
LAYERS
Simple Ep.
Stratified Ep.
These tissues are further
classified according to
their:
shape
surface modifications
15. 1. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
- single layer, thin, flattened cells
Functions
Lining Lung alveoli, parietal layer of the Bowman’s
capsule (kidneys)
MESOTHELIUM - Serous cavities (pericardium,
peritoneum, pleura)
ENDOTHELIUM – lining of vessels/luminal
surface (heart, blood, lymphatic vessels)
Movement Facilitates the movement of the viscera
(mesothelium)
Active transport by pinocytosis (mesothelium
and endothelium)
Secretion Secretion of biologically active molecules
(mesothelium)
17. 2. SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
- single layer, square, round
nucleus at center, roughly as tall
as they are wide
Functions:
absorption
barrier
secretion
Ex: small ducts of exocrine glands,
surface of ovary, kidney tubules,
thyroid follicles, pancreas
19. 3. SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
- Single layer, tall cells, nuclei form a
single row at the basal part of the cell
Functions:
absorption
secretion
lubrication
protection
Ex. lining of fallopian tube, gallbladder,
stomach, intestine, ducts of exocrine
glands
22. 4. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM
“False stratified epithelium”
- Cells are attached to basal lamina even
though their nuclei lie at different levels.
- The height of some cells does not extend
to the surface
Functions:
protection
transport of particles trapped in mucus out of
air passages
secretion
23. 4. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM
Ex: lining of the membranous and spongy part of the male
urethra
Ciliated
pseudostratified ep.
(respiratory ep.)
- lining of trachea, bronchi,
nasal cavity
26. 1. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
EPITHELIUM• “dry”; superficial layers are dead cells; no
nucleus & organelles
•Cells closer to the underlying connective
tissue are usually cuboidal or low columnar
•Impervious to water
•Ex. epidermis
Keratinized
•“wet”; kept moist by glandular secretions
•Flattened cells retain their nuclei
•Lines wet cavities
•Ex. Mouth, vagina, esophagus, urethra,
cornea
Non-
keratinized
30. 4. TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM/
UROTHELIUM
- Unique to mammals
- manifest features that are between
stratified squamous and stratified
cuboidal
- designed to withstand stretching
Cuboidal
(basal cells)
Umbrella cells – domelike cells
that are protective against
hypertonic and potentially
cytotoxic effects of
urine(superficial cells)
31. 4. TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM/
UROTHELIUM
Location: lining of the renal calyces, renal pelvis, urinary bladder,
ureter, and upper part of the urethra
- the form of the surface cells changes according to the degree of
distention of the bladder wall
32. SURFACE MODIFICATION OF
EPITHELIAL CELLS
Apical surface
microvilli
cilia
flagella
stereocila
Lateral surface
Zonula occludens
Zonula adherens
Desmosome
Gap junction
Basal surface
hemidesmosome
Basal infoldings of
the plasmalemma
33. 1. APICAL MODIFICATION
MICROVILLI
- minute fingerlike projections that extend from the apical
surface of the cell
Striated border/ brush border
(stomach)
34. • Within each microvillus
are bundles of actin
filaments cross-linked to
each other and to the
surrounding plasma
membrane by other
proteins
35. 1. APICAL MODIFICATION
CILIA (KINOCILIA)
- Elongated, highly motile,
longer and two times wider
that microvillus
- Exhibit rapid back and forth
movements coordinated to
propel a current of fluid and
suspended matter in one
direction
37. 1. APICAL MODIFICATION
stereocila
- microvilli that are as long as cilia
- non-motile and core consists of
actin filaments
Location: vas deferens, testes, hair
cells of the inner ear
39. 2. LATERAL MODIFICATIONS
INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS
Zonula Occludens (Tight junction/ Closing Belt)
- Most apically situated
Zonula – indicates that junctions form bands
completely encircling each cells
Occludens – refers to membrane fusions that
close off the space between the cells
Principal function:
Seals to prevent the
flow of materials
between the cells
(paracellular pathway)
40. 2. LATERAL MODIFICATIONS
INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS
Zonula Adherens (Adhering belt/ Belt
desmosome/ Band desmosome)
- Also encircles the cell usually immediately
below the zonula occludens
- cell membrane of adjoining cells neither
adhere nor fuse; they are separated by
intercellular space filled with cadherins
(extracellular material) that provides firm
adhesion of one cell to its neighbors
41. 2. LATERAL MODIFICATIONS
INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS
Desmosomes(Macula adherens/ Spot
Desmosome)
- form button-like adhesions arranged in a line
around the cell
- appear as thickening of the cell
- with intermediate filaments converging and
inserting into each half disc
Location: epidermis
Principal function:
Provides firm adhesion
among cells
42. 2. LATERAL MODIFICATIONS
INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS
Gap Junctions (Nexus/ Communicating Junction)
- broad area where the plasma membranes of
adjoining ep. cells are closely apposed w/ each
other
- perforated by tiny tubes called connexons
Principal function:
permit the rapid
exchange between cells
of molecules with small
43.
44.
45. 3. BASAL SURFACE MODIFICATIONS
- For better attachment or for more efficient functioning
Hemidesmosomes
- Identical to half a desmosome
- Exists in the stratum basale of the skin
Basal infoldings of the plasmalemma
- Present in cells lining segments of the renal tubule
- increase the absorptive capacity of the cell
48. ENDOCRINE GLANDS
- Ductless glands
- Arise in the embryo as
invagination of the covering
epithelium
Secretions: HORMONES
(chemical messengers)
Ex: adrenal gland, thyroid
gland, islets of Langerhans
(pancreas)
61. BASED ON TYPE OF SECRETION
MUCOUS CELLS (mucus secreting)
Mucin containing – forms mucus that lubricates the covering
epithelia
Ex. Sublingual gland
SEROUS CELLS (serous secreting)
enzymes
Ex. Parotid gland, pancreas
Mixed gland – both are present; mucinous cell capped by
serous demilunes (“mucoserous”)
Ex. submandibular gland
62. BASED ON MECHANISM OF
PRODUCT RELEASE
(MODE OF SECRETION)
Merocrine (eccrine) -
exocytosis, cell remains intact
Ex. Pancreatic acinar cells, major salivary
glands
Apocrine - secretes product
with apical portion of cell;
Ex. Sweat glands, lactating mammary
glands, ceruminous glands in the skin
Holocrine - whole cell
disintegrates when it secretes
Lamina lucida – electron lucent layer; made up of glycoproteins (laminin) and proteoglycans
Lamina densa – electron dense layer; made up of collagen IV and proteoglycans
Lamina interna – morphologically similar to rara externa but thinner; collagen IV, fibronectin, thrombospondin, proteoglycans
Lamina lucida – electron lucent layer; made up of glycoproteins (laminin) and proteoglycans
Lamina densa – electron dense layer; made up of collagen IV and proteoglycans
Lamina interna – morphologically similar to rara externa but thinner; collagen IV, fibronectin, thrombospondin, proteoglycans
Lamina fibroreticularis
Keratinized - As they accumulate keratin in process the cells become irregular in shape and flatten and move closer to the surface and lack nuclei
Mucinous secretions- light colored cytoplasm; nucleus pushed to the basal part of epithelial cells (“slimy”). Has large acini
Ex. sublingual gland
Serous - darker colored cytoplasm because of granules; pyramidal shaped cells lining serous gland (“watery”). Smaller acini
Ex. parotid gland, pancreas