Eradicating Tuberculosis is Feasible
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This document discusses how eradicating tuberculosis is feasible by outlining key points about the disease and determinants of eradicability. It provides details on the burden of TB globally, noting over 10 million new cases and 1.7 million deaths in 2016. The document also discusses that TB has a known etiology and epidemiology, tools exist for diagnosis and treatment though need improvement, humans are the only reservoir, and political will and funding commitments are needed to achieve eradication by 2030.
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Tuberculosis-a threat to Pakistan.
- Tuberculosis (TB) has been present in humans for thousands of years and has been found in skeletal remains from 4000 BC as well as Egyptian mummies from 3000-2400 BC.
- Robert Koch discovered the bacteria that causes TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in 1882.
- Infants in areas where TB is common should receive the BCG vaccine to prevent tuberculosis.
- Directly Observed Treatment Strategy (DOTS) was endorsed by Pakistan in 1995 as the strategy to control TB according to WHO guidelines.
- Pakistan has a high burden of TB and ranks 6th in the world for number of TB cases, accounting for 44% of the Eastern Mediterranean region's cases.
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Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (tb)
Tuberculosis is a highly infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis that typically affects the lungs. It is spread through airborne droplets when people with active TB cough, sneeze or spit. Most infections are asymptomatic and latent, but about 10% of cases progress to active disease. Risk factors include poverty, malnutrition, lack of healthcare, and conditions that weaken the immune system like HIV/AIDS. Globally, TB is one of the top infectious killers and over 95% of cases and deaths are in developing countries.
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- Tuberculosis (TB) has been present in humans for thousands of years and has been found in skeletal remains from 4000 BC as well as Egyptian mummies from 3000-2400 BC.
- Robert Koch discovered the bacteria that causes TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in 1882.
- Infants in areas where TB is common should receive the BCG vaccine to prevent tuberculosis.
- Directly Observed Treatment Strategy (DOTS) was endorsed by Pakistan in 1995 as the strategy to control TB according to WHO guidelines.
- Pakistan has a high burden of TB and ranks 6th in the world for number of TB cases, accounting for 44% of the Eastern Mediterranean region's cases.
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India is the highest TB burden country in the world & accounts for nearly 1/5th (20 per cent) of global burden of tuberculosis, 2/3rd of cases in SEAR. Every year approximately 1.8 million persons develop tuberculosis, of which about 0.8 million are new smear positive highly'- infectious cases.Annual risk of becoming infected with TB is 1.5 % and once infected there is 10 % life-time risk of developing TB disease
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Administrative Controls
Environmental Controls
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care units (ICUs)
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2. It describes conducting prompt triage of TB patients, initiating airborne precautions, using airborne infection isolation rooms, discontinuing precautions based on diagnostic testing, and managing infectious patients.
3. Recommendations are provided for a variety of healthcare settings depending on the expected risk of encount
Infection control practices to prevent TB in healthcare workers, Dr. D.J Chri...
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) among healthcare workers. It notes that TB infects one third of the world's population and kills over 2 million people annually. Healthcare workers are at high risk of contracting TB due to exposure to infected patients. A study in India found over 50% of healthcare trainees had latent TB, which increased to over 90% for those with longer exposure. The annual risk of infection for these trainees was 8 times higher than the national average. The document recommends annual TB screening of all healthcare workers and trainees, as well as infection control measures in healthcare settings to reduce transmission. Proper administrative controls, environmental controls, and personal protective equipment can help lower the risk of TB among healthcare workers.
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Tuberculosis is a highly infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis that typically affects the lungs. It is spread through airborne droplets when people with active TB cough, sneeze or spit. Most infections are asymptomatic and latent, but about 10% of cases progress to active disease. Risk factors include poverty, malnutrition, lack of healthcare, and conditions that weaken the immune system like HIV/AIDS. Globally, TB is one of the top infectious killers and over 95% of cases and deaths are in developing countries.
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- TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and typically affects the lungs. It has affected humans for thousands of years.
- India has a very high TB burden, accounting for about 20% of global cases. Risk factors include malnutrition, overcrowding, and HIV co-infection.
- TB spreads through airborne droplets and can infect the lungs or other organs. Symptoms vary but often include cough and weight loss.
- Preventing and treating TB is challenging and requires early diagnosis, antibiotic treatment adherence, and addressing social determinants of health
RNTCP
The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) was initiated in India in 1997 to address the limitations of the previous National Tuberculosis Control Programme. RNTCP follows the WHO recommended DOTS strategy and aims to decrease TB mortality and morbidity. It has a decentralized organizational structure and seeks to achieve at least 90% cure rates for new sputum-positive cases and detect at least 85% of expected new sputum-positive cases. RNTCP relies on sputum testing, DOTS treatment, and engagement with private providers and communities to control TB in India.
newrntcp-160127070415.pdf
The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) was introduced in India in 1997 to address the limitations of the previous National Tuberculosis Control Programme. RNTCP follows the WHO recommended DOTS strategy to control TB, which includes political commitment, quality diagnosis through sputum microscopy, uninterrupted drug supply, directly observed treatment, and monitoring & evaluation. The goal is to reduce TB mortality and morbidity in India through early case detection and ensuring patients complete the full treatment course.
Presentation10
Tuberculosis is a disease caused by bacteria that is passed through the air from person to person when an infected individual coughs or sneezes. While not everyone infected becomes sick, it remains one of the world's deadliest diseases, especially affecting children and in developing nations. Over 1/3 of the world's population is infected with TB bacteria and nearly 9 million people developed active TB in 2013, with 80% of cases occurring in 22 high-burden countries. Public health organizations are working to strengthen national TB programs and support new screening, diagnostic, and treatment approaches to eliminate the disease globally.
TB and pregnancy
The types of genital tuberculosis are:
1. Minimal or latent genital TB: This type is asymptomatic except for sterility. No palpable masses are present.
2. Advanced genital TB: This type presents with palpable masses in the genital organs along with symptoms.
The involvement in genital TB can be of:
1. Endometrium
2. Fallopian tubes
3. Ovaries
4. Cervix
5. Vulva and vagina
It usually involves the endometrium and fallopian tubes causing tubal blockage and infertility. Ovaries may also get involved. Cervical involvement is rare.
Tuberculosis revised guidelines - 2016
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs. It is transmitted from person to person through droplets from the throat and lungs of people with active TB disease. TB has affected humans for thousands of years and was responsible for the deaths of millions of people in the 19th century. Today it remains a major global health problem, with 10 million new cases and 1.3 million deaths in 2016. India has the highest burden of TB cases globally. The WHO End TB Strategy aims to end the global TB epidemic with targets of reducing TB deaths by 95% and cutting new cases by 90% between 2015 and 2035.
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Eradicating Tuberculosis is Feasible
- 1. ERADICATING TUBERCULOSIS IS FEASIBLE PRESENTED BY: JERRY SELASE SIFA
- 2. OUTLINE • TUBERCULOSIS • Brief History • Burden of TB • Global Trend • Determinants of Disease
- 3. TUBERCULOSIS • Agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis • Reservoir: Human beings • Mode of transmission: Airborne • Often affects the lungs (P.TB) • Signs: Fever, fatigue, long cough, chest pains etc
- 4. BRIEF HISTORY OF TB • Evolved and acquired about 15,000 years • Once endemic in Europe • First described by Hippocrates • Rober Koch (1882) established the mode of transmission
- 5. Burden of TB • Top 10 causes of death worldwide • In 2016: 10.4 million people fell ill with TB 1.7 million died from the disease About 1 million children became ill with TB, and 250 000 children died of TB 40% of HIV deaths were due to TB
- 6. BURDEN OF TB • India, Indonesia, China, Philippines, Pakistan, Nigeria, and South Africa bears 64% of the burden • About 53 million lives were saved through TB diagnosis and treatment between 2000 and 2015 • Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) remains a threat to global health • Ending the TB epidemic by 2030 is among the health targets of the newly adopted Sustainable Development Goals
- 7. GLOBAL TREND
- 8. DETERMINANTS OF DISEASE ERADICABILITY Known etiology and epidemiology Vaccine & Other tools Human reservoir only Political will/commitment
- 9. KNOWN ETIOLOGY & EPIDEMIOLOGY • Etiology • Person, Place, Time Inform interventions (e.g Interrupt transmission) Saves resources
- 10. TOOLS- VACCINE Currently: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) For Children Up to 80% protection 18% -99% coverage @ 2016 Ghana=94% @2016 Way Forward: ≥98% protection 100% coverage Adults vaccine
- 11. TOOLS- DIAGNOSTIC Currently Microscopy • 1/3 cases are missed Equipment for LTBI Way Forward Observer bias immune tool • PCR
- 12. TOOLS-TREATMENT Current and way forward 1st: Rifampicin, Isonianzid, Pyrizinamide, Ethambutol • DOTS is still long • MDR-8 months to 2years is long • Adverse effects
- 13. HUMAN RESEVOIR • Presence of other reservoirs create room for reemergence
- 14. POLITICAL & HEALTH WORKER COMMITMENT $162 billion needed (2017-2035) Currently: $2 billion deficit every year Apathy in accepting vaccine Unreached Communities Way Forward Step Up: Education, Screening, Case finding
- 15. THANK YOU
Editor's Notes
- TB is a caused by Mycobacterium TB. Most affect that most often affect the lung.
- Currently TB programmes us Microscopy
- Recommendations improve adherence leading to no treatment default
- 8.3 billion needed every year