Includes Chemotherapy

1. ENZYMES OF THE KIDNEY

2. Kidney
Are two bean
shape organ that
secrete a variety of
hormone, including
erythropoietin,
calcitriol and renin.

3. Erythropoientin
Is released in
response to hypoxia
(low level of oxygen
at tissue levels in the
renal circulation). It
stimulates
erythropoiesis
production of red
blood cells in the
bone marrow.

4. Renin
Known as angiotensinogenase enzyme is an
aspartic protase protein enzyme secreted by the
kidneys that participates in the body
reninangiotensin—aldosterone system (RAAS)—
also known as reninangiotensin alsodterone
axis—that mediates the volume of extracellular
fluids (blood plasma, lymph and interstitial fluid),
and arterial vasoconstriction. Thus it, regulates
the body’s arterial blood pressure.

6. CHEMOTHERAPHY
Also called
“chemo,” it’s a way
to treat cancer that
uses drugs to kill
cancer cells.

7. HOW DOES CHEMOTHERAPHY
WORKS?
It targets cells that grow and divide quickly,
as cancer cells do. Unlike radiation or surgery,
which target specific areas, chemo can work
throughout your body. But it can also affect
some fast-growing healthy cells, like those of
the skin, hair, intestines, and bone marrow.

8. WHAT DOES CHEMOTHERAPY
DO?
It depends on the kind of
cancer you have and how far
along it is.

9. CURE
• In some cases, the treatment can destroy cancer cells to
the point that your doctor can no longer detect them in
your body. After that, the best outcome is that they never
grow back again, but that doesn’t always happen.
• In some cases, it may only be able to keep cancer from
spreading to other parts of your body or slow the growth
of cancer tumors.
• In some cases, chemotherapy can’t cure or control the
spread of cancer and is simply used to shrink tumors that
cause pain or pressure. These tumors often continue to

10. HOW LONG DOES CHEMOTHERAPY
LAST?
 That depends on:
 The type of cancer you have
 How far along it is
 The goal of treatment: cure, control growth, or ease pain
 The type of chemotherapy
 The way your body responds to the treatment
 You may have chemotherapy in “cycles,” which means a period of treatment
and then a period of rest. For example, a 4-week cycle may be 1 week of
treatment and then 3 weeks of rest. The rest allows your body to make new
healthy cells. Once a cycle has been planned out, it’s better not to skip a
treatment, but your doctor may suggest it if side effects are serious. Then
your medical team will likely plan a new cycle to help you get back on track.

11. HOW IS CHEMOTHERAPY GIVEN?
• Injection: The drugs are delivered with a shot directly into muscle in
your hip, thigh, or arm, or in the fatty part of your arm, leg, or
stomach, just beneath the skin.
• Intra-arterial (IA): The drugs go directly into the artery that is feeding
the cancer, through a needle, or soft, thin tube (catheter).
• Intraperitoneal (IP): The drugs are delivered to the peritoneal cavity,
which contains organs such as your liver, intestines, stomach, and
ovaries. It is done during surgery or through a tube with a special
port that is put in by your doctor.
• Intravenous (IV): The chemotherapy goes directly into a vein.
Topical: You rub the drugs in a cream form onto your skin.
Oral: You swallow a pill or liquid that has the drugs.

12. 2 TYPES OF PLASMA ENZYME
•Functional Plasma
Present in plasma at higher concentration than tissue
Decreased in disease conditions
Mostly synthesized in liver.
Clotting enzyme, lipoprotein lipase
•Non-Functional Plasma
Present in plasma at lower concentration
Increased in disease conditions
Mostly synthesized by liver, skeletal muscle, heart,
brain.
Creatine kinase, alanine

13. ISOZYME/ISOENZYME
It represents the enzymes from different genes that process or
catalyzed the same reaction.
Differ in chemical and physical properties
Electrophoretic mobility
Ratio of the particles velocity to the strength of driving field.
Kinetic properties
Amino acid sequence
Amino acid Composition

14. ISOZYM
E

15. LDH (LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE)
• Are present in many kinds of organs and tissues
throughout the body (liver, heart, pancreas, kidneys)
• Has 5 isoenzymes;
1. LDH-1(H4) is found mainly in the heart
2. LDH-2(H3M1) reticuloendothelial system
It is a network of connective tissue fibers inhibited by
phagocytic cells such as macrophages that is ready to attack
and injest microbes.
3. LDH-3(H2M2) is found in the lungs
4. LDH-4(H1M3) is found in the kidney placenta and
pancreas

16. ALLOSTERIC REGULATION
•Is the regulation
of an enzyme by
binding an
effector molecule
at a site other
than the
enzymes active
site.

17. ZYMOGEN
• An inactive substance
that is converted into an
enzyme when activated
by another enzyme
• They are activated by
removal of peptide
sections.
• Are inactive because
there catalytic sites
masked by a
polypeptide.

19. INACTIVE ACTIVE
Prothromblin Thromblin
Chymotrypsinogen Chymotrypsin
Trypsinogen Trypsin
Pepsinogen Pepsin
Carboxypeptidase Carboxypeptidase
Prophospholipase Phospholipase
proelastase Elastase
Fibrinogen Fibrin