59582162 dpr

Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................6
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .....................................................................................8
PROJECT AT A GLANCE .................................................................................. 13
1 NEED AND JUSTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT ....................................15
1.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 15
1.2 POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA .......................................................................................................... 16
1.3 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT .................................................................................................. 22
2 DETAILS ABOUT THE PROPOSED PROJECT LOCATION IN ANANTAPUR
DISTRICT ............................................................................................ 25
2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 25
2.2 AREA AND POPULATION IN ANANTAPUR DISTRICT ................................................................... 25
2.3 RAINFALL AND CLIMATE ............................................................................................................. 26
2.4 TEMPERATURE.............................................................................................................................. 26
2.5 PROPOSED PROJECT LOCATION.................................................................................................. 27
2.6 LAND REQUIREMENT AND LAYOUT OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT .............................................. 29
2.7 LAND AVAILABILITY AND ACQUISITION FOR THE PROJECT ....................................................... 30
3 RADIATION DATA AND PROJECTED POWER GENERATION FROM THE
PROJECT ACTIVITY .............................................................................31
3.1 SIMULATION REPORT OF THE POWER PLANT ............................................................................. 33
4 SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGY ..............................................................37
4.1 EXISTING SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES .................................................................. 37
4.2 THIN FILM MODULES ................................................................................................................... 38
4.3 COMPARISON BETWEEN CRYSTALLINE, THIN FILM AND CPV.................................................. 38
TECHNOLOGIES ........................................................................................................................... 38
4.4 CONCLUSION ON SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGY ......................................................................... 39
5 POWER PLANT DESIGN CRITERIA .......................................................40
5.1 DESIGN AND SIMULATION PROJECTIONS BY PVSYST ............................................................ 40
5.2 PV POWER PLANT ENERGY PRODUCTION ................................................................................. 41
5.3 PV POWER PLANT CAPACITY FACTOR ......................................................................................... 41
5.4 SELECTION OF INVERTER AND COMPONENTS ........................................................................... 42
5.5 SELECTION OF MONITORING SYSTEM ....................................................................................... 42
5.6 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR CABLES AND JUNCTION BOXES AND ................................................... 43
6 DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR COMPONETS OF THE POWER PLANT ............44
6.1 SOLAR PV MODULES ................................................................................................................... 45
6.2 CENTRAL INVERTORS .................................................................................................................. 45
6.1 MODULE MOUNTING SYSTEM ...................................................................................................... 47
6.1 GRID CONNECTED EQUIPMENTS ................................................................................................. 48
6.2 MONITORING SYSTEM ................................................................................................................ 48
6.3 CABLES AND CONNECTORS......................................................................................................... 49
6.4 BUILDINGS HOUSING FOR ELECTRONICS (POWER HOUSE) ..................................................... 50
6.5 OTHER FACILITIES INCLUDING WATER ...................................................................................... 51
7 SPECIFICATION OF MAIN PLANT AND EQUIPMENT .............................52
8 POWER EVACUATION AND INTERFACING WITH GRID ........................58
8.1 POWER EVACUATION SYSTEM .................................................................................................... 58


8.2 TRANSFORMERS........................................................................................................................... 59
8.3 HT, LV & 11KV METERING PANEL .......................................................................................... 60
8.4 CABLES ........................................................................................................................................ 61
8.5 LT POWER CABLES ..................................................................................................................... 61
8.6 CONTROL CABLES ........................................................................................................................ 61
8.7 POWER EVACUATION CABLE ...................................................................................................... 62
8.8 GRID SYNCHRONIZATION SCHEME............................................................................................ 62
9 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS ...............................63
9.1 DC SIDE OF THE POWER PLANT ................................................................................................. 63
9.2 AC SIDE OF THE POWER PLANT .................................................................................................. 63
9.3 MODE OF OPERATION ................................................................................................................. 64
9.4 MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................................. 65
9.5 SPARE PARTS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ......................................................................................... 65
9.6 MAINTENANCE OF O & M MANUALS.......................................................................................... 66
9.7 OPERATION & MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION OF THE PLANT ................................................. 66
9.8 TRAINING ..................................................................................................................................... 67
10 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ...............68
11 OPERATION & MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION OF THE POWER PLANT… 70
11.1 TRAINING ..................................................................................................................................... 71
11.2 PLANT OPERATION ORGANIZATION CHART .............................................................................. 72
11.3 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY ...................................................................................... 73
11.4 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................................................. 73
11.5 FINALIZATION OF THE EQUIPMENTS AND CONTRACTS ............................................................ 73
11.6 PROCUREMENT AND CONSTRUCTION......................................................................................... 74
11.7 ERECTION AND COMMISSIONING PHASE .................................................................................. 75
12 PROJECT COST ESTIMATE AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS ........................76
12.1 PLANT OPERATION ...................................................................................................................... 77
12.2 SALABLE ELECTRICITY ................................................................................................................ 78
12.3 SALE PRICE OF ELECTRICITY...................................................................................................... 78
12.4 SALE PRICE OF CARBON CREDITS .............................................................................................. 78

LIST OF TABLES:

Table 1-1: Installed Capacity in MW in India at the End of 10th Plan ___________________17
Table 1-2: Installed Capacity in MW in India as of 31 Mar 2010 _______________________17
Table 1-3: Actual Power Supply Position _______________________________________________18
Table 1-4: Capacity Addition during 11th Plan (As Per Planning Commission) __________18
Table 1-5: Likely Power Supply Position at the End of 2010-12 ________________________18
Table 1-6: Installed capacity of all states as on 31.03.2010 (in MW) __________________19
Table 1-7: Installed Capacity in MW in Andhra Pradesh at the End of 10th Plan ________19
Table 1-8: Installed Capacity in MW in Andhra Pradesh as of 31 Mar 2010 ____________20
Table 1-9: Actual Power Supply Position _______________________________________________20
Table 1-10: Projects planned for 11th Plan _____________________________________________20
Table 1-11: Likely Power Supply Position at the End of 2010-12 _______________________21
Table 1-12: Likely Capacity Addition During 11th Plan __________________________________21
Table 1-13: Peak & Energy Table ______________________________________________________21
Table 3-1: Temperature details considered for design: ________________________________32
Table 7-1: Bill of materials _____________________________________________________________52
Table 7-2: Technical specification of proposed solar modules at STC __________________53
Table 7-3: Specifications of module mounting structure _______________________________53
Table 7-4: Cables speficification _______________________________________________________54
Table 7-5: Invertors specification ______________________________________________________54
Table 7-6: Transformer specification at 33 kV side ____________________________________55


Table 7-7: Transformer specification for grid interfacing at 33/132 kV _________________56
Table 7-8: Monitoring system specification ____________________________________________57
Table 12-1: Project Cost Estimate _____________________________________________________76
Table 12-2: Assumptions supporting financial projections _____________________________80
Table 12-3: Estimation of Depreciation ________________________________________________82
Table 12-4: Projected Profitability,Balance Sheet,CF, IRR ands WC ____________________84
Table 12-5: Project Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR) ______________________________88

List of Figures:

Figure 1: Location map of Anatapur district in India: ............................................................. 28
Figure 2: Map showing proposed project site within Anantapur ......................................... 28
Figure 3: Typical module mounting structure: .......................................................................... 47
Figure 4: Grid-Connect equipments ............................................................................................... 48

Annexure

1 Project site Photographs
2 Land ownership details of the proposed project
3 Contour map of the project site
4 Schematic diagram showing 5MWp Solar PV Plant Layout
5 Schematic of Control Room Layout
6 Schematic of earthing layout
7 Power Evacuation Scheme 5MWp to 33/132 kV substation
8 Incorporation certificate of Saisudhir Energy Limited
9 Memorandum and Articles of Association of Saisudhir Energy Limited


ABBREVIATIONS

General

AB Air Breaker

ACB Air Circuit Breaker

AC Alternate current

ACSR Aluminum Conductors Steel Reinforced

BOS Balance of the System

CO2 Carbon Dioxide

CIS Copper Indium Selenium

CT Current Transformer

DAS Data Acquisition System

DC Direct Current

DP Double Pole

DPR Detailed Project Report

APTRANSCO Andhra Pradesh Transmission Corporation

HT High Tension

LT Low Tension

LV Low Voltage

MNRE Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

kWh Kilo Watt Hour

NO2 Nitrous Oxide

Main Combiner Box / Miniature Circuit
MCB
Breaker

MFM Multi Function Meters

PLF Plant Load Factor

PFC Power Finance Corporation

PPA Power Purchase Agreement

PV Photo Voltaic

PT Power Transformer

SEB State Electricity Board
4


SO2 Sulphur Dioxide

SP Single Pole

VCB Vacuum Circuit Breaker

XLPE Cross Linked Polyethylene

Units

% Percentage

˚C Degree Centigrade

H Hour

Ha Hectare

Kg Kilogram

kV Kilo-Volt

kW kilo Watt

kWe kilo Watt electrical

kWp kilo Watt peak

Lt Liter

M Meter

m2 Square meter

m3 Cubic meter

Mg milli gram

Mm milli meter

MW Mega Watt

MWe Mega Watt electrical

Tons Tons

5


INTRODUCTION

As the world broadens its portfolio of power options to meet growing energy

demands and increasingly stringent environmental concerns, solar power is

emerging as an attractive option. Of all the routes for conversion of solar into

useful energy, direct conversion of sunlight to electricity through solar

photovoltaic technology is well accepted. Solar photovoltaic has been

recognized as an important route for generation of substantial quantities of grid

quality power by utilizing the light energy of solar radiation.

SAISUDHIR Energy Limited (SSEL) a group company of SAISUDHIR

Infrastructures Limited is intent to develop solar photovoltaic power plant of

(SPV) power project at Veerapuram village of Anatapur district, in the State of

Andhra Pradesh.

SSEL intend to setup grid interactive solar power project based on Copper

Indium Selenium (CIS) modules also called as thin film modules. The project

activity is to install grid connected 5 MW solar power project. The full power

rating of the solar power plant shall be 5.0 +5% and -0% MW DC at standard

test conditions (STC) of 1000 W/sq meter sunlight and 25 degree centigrade.

The project is selected to install CIS modules which comply with IEC 61646 for

quality and IEC 61730 safety standards.

The project site proposed is in Veerapura village of Anatapur district in Andhra

Pradesh. The total land area required for the project is about 25 acres. The

company already acquired the land required for the project.

6


The project envisages an investment of approx. Rs 650 million for the

installation of 5 MW solar power plant which would provide quantity power with

a power purchase price signed with NTPC's Vidyut Vyapar Nigam Ltd or NVVN

which is the designated Nodal Agency under Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar

Mission (JNNSM) for procuring the solar power by entering into a Power

Purchase Agreement (PPA) with Solar Power Generation Project Developers. In

addition, the Power Project would generate direct and indirect employment

opportunities; create of civic facilities for establishment of ancillary industries.

7


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. The average per capita consumption of energy in India is around 612 kW,

which is much lower than that of the developed countries like USA,

Europe, Australia, Japan etc. However, this figure is expected to rise

sharply due to high economic growth and rapid industrialization. Energy

is a necessity and sustainable renewable energy is a vital link in

industrialization and development of India. A transition from conventional

energy systems to those based on renewable resources is necessary to

meet the ever increasing demand for energy and to address

environmental concerns.

2. Thus, the present scenario needs for addition of major renewable energy

sources of energy for overall economic development of the country.

3. Solar Photovoltaic Power plant operates on the principle of the

photoelectric phenomenon - direct conversion of light to electricity. The

solar radiation incident upon a silicon-based semiconductor photovoltaic

cell produces direct electric current.

4. Photovoltaic cells are integrated into modules with a voltage of 6 - 12 V;

the electrically interconnected modules form solar systems with an output

voltage of 230 V.

5. Saisudhir Energy Limited (SSEL) is an SAISUDHIR Infrastructures group

company. Saisudhir Infrastructures Limited is one of the fastest growing

ISO 9000 infrastructure companies having nationwide network for its

8


Construction services in the field of Water, Power, Buildings

Infrastructures, Solid Waste Management and Irrigation etc.,

6. SAISUDHIR builds the high-voltage electric transmission system that

helps to keep the lights on, business running and communities strong.

The company has played a major role in the complete preparation,

analysis, design, construction management and inspection of energy

structures, high voltage transmission lines and distribution systems

across the country.

7. SAISUDHIR has an in-house capability for designing Transmission Line

Towers & Switchyard Structures.

8. SAISUDHIR energy proposed to install a 5 MW Solar Photovoltaic (SPV)

power plant under phase I of Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission

(JNNSM) of new grid connected projects. The generated electricity will be

sold to NVVN with a long term Power Purchase Agreement (PPA). The

company has already entered into a PPA agreement with NVVN.

9. This report highlights the details of the proposed power generation

scheme, site facilities, solar radiation in the proposed site location and

water, evacuation of generated power, features of main plant and

equipment including the inverter system, electrical systems,

environmental aspects, estimate of capital cost and the financial analysis

and the schedule for project implementation.

10. The proposed 5 MW power plant would require about 25 acres of land.

The company already acquired the land required for the project.
9


11. The plant is designed with an availability factor of 100%. The plant will

generate about 9.63 million units per year at the module array terminals,

after the losses in the system about 9.32 million units will be available at

the grid terminals which will amount to a plant load factor of about

21.28 %. The project site was selected on the basis of:

• Availability of good solar insulation

• Availability of uninhabited land at a reasonable cost

• Availability of stable grid near to the project site

• High Power Demand in the State

• Availability of good infrastructural facility including road and rail

connection

12. The power generated at 11kV from the power plant will be stepped-up to

33 kV level and connected to APPCL sub-station at Raydurg, which is

about 10 km from the project site. The total power produced is envisaged

as 9.63 million units at the PV array. After the losses the net available

energy for supplying to the grid is about 9.32 million units. Thus, the net

salable electricity to the grid works out to 9.32 million units. The plant is

envisaged to operate 365 days at a plant load factor (PLF) of 21.28%.

The transmission line required from the SSEL 5 MW plant site to the

substation will be laid by the project promoters.

13. The power plant will comprise of IEC 61646 modules of CIS thin film

modules with aluminum frame of 41,600 no’s , which will work out to 5

MW +5% and -0% for accounting the DC losses (each module of 130 Wp

capacity), 5200 nos of PV system mounting structures (strings) made out

10


of MS galvanized steel with 8 module structure, fixed tilt type, 80 nos of

array junction boxes, Power conditioning unit (inverter) 10 nos of 500

kVA, 1.25 MVA transformer 5 nos, 6.5 MVA transformer 1 no for

interfacing with grid, LT and HT Panel and protection and metering,

cables and earthing system set.

14. The net energy sales from the plant workout 9.32 million units. The

entire energy will be sold to NVVN through APTransco grid. The financial

analysis is made with a levelised power purchase price of Rs. 12.00 /

kWh.

15. The total cost of generation includes the insurance cost, repairs and

maintenance, cost of administration, salaries and wages, cost of utilities.

16. The total installed project cost including civil, mechanical and electrical,

preoperative expenses and the contingency works out to Rs 650 million.

17. The solar power plant reduces contribution to atmospheric carbon-di-

oxide vis-à-vis fossil fuel generation. The project helps solar radiation

into useful electricity, adding to the sustainability of the project and the

local environment. Thus, the project meets the UNFCCC norms set to

qualify for obtaining CDM benefits. The project is envisaged to register

with UNFCCC for availing the CDM benefits.

18. The term loan requirement from the financial institution works out to

455.00 (70% of the project cost) million. It is assumed that the term

loan will be repaid in 13 years in quarterly installments, with an initial

11


moratorium period of 1 year. The equity from SSIL will be Rs 195.00

million. The interest rate for the term loan is considered as 11.50 %.

19. The depreciation computed is on straight line basis.

20. Income tax at the rate of 32.45% % is considered in the financial

analysis. The benefits available under Section 80 IA, for power projects

have been taken into consideration in the financial analysis while

calculating the income tax liability. The post tax Project Internal Rate of

Return (IRR) works out to 13.63% and Post tax Equity IRR works out to

18.89%.

21. The project also generates Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

revenue with reduction at 1% in the subsequent years. If we consider the

revenue from sale of carbon credits with a minimum price of € 12 per

CER, the project generates additional revenue of about INR 7.5 million,

which will add to the profitability of the project.

22. Minimum Project Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR) will work out to

1.35 and average DSCR will work out to 1.65.

12


PROJECT AT A GLANCE

1 Project Authority SAISUDHIR Energy Limited

5 MW +5% and –0% Solar Photovoltaic
2 Project Installed Capacity
Power Plant
T.Veerapuram Village, Anantapur
3 Selected Location
District.

4 Nearest Major Towns Anantapur

5 Seismic Zone Zone-4 as per IS 1893-1984.
Well Connected, buses are Operated by
6 Access by Bus Andhrapradesh State Road Transport
Corporation (APSRTC)
7 Nearest Airport Bangalore International Airport (BIAL)

Anantapur Railway Station is on the
8 Access by Rail
Bangalore-Hydrabad line.
Copper Indium Selenium (CIS) Thin film
9 Solar module type
modules

10 Capacity of each module 130 Wp

11 No. of modules 41,600 Nos

12 PV System Mounting Structure type MS Galvanised(> 70 micron)

13 Module mounting structure type 8 Module mounting structure

14 No. of module mounting structures 5,200 Nos.

15 No. of Array junction boxes 80 Nos.

Power conditioning Unit (Invertor)
16 500 kVA
capacity
17 Power conditioning Unit specifications Input voltage range 450-900V

18 No. of invertors 10 Nos.

19 Invertors make AEG or equivalent

20 1.25 MVA Transformer 5 Nos

21 6.5 MVA Transformer 1 No.

13


22 LT Panel with protection & metering 5 Nos.

23 LT Panel with protection & metering 2 Nos

24 Cables and earthing systems 1 set

25 Gross Power Generation (kW) 5000 +5% and -0%

Net exportable power at 33 kV to
27 9.32 million units
nearest grid substation(kW)

28 Power Purchase tariff with NVVN in ` 12.00

29 Plant Load Factor 21.28%

30 Total Project cost (Rs. In millions) 650
Preliminary and pre-operative
31 30.00
expenses (Rs. In millions)
Equity from Promoters
32 195.00
(Rs. In millions)
Term loan from Financial Institutions
33 455.00
(Rs in millions)
34 Interest on term loan 11.50%

35 Project IRR (post tax) 13.63 %

36 Equity IRR (post tax) 18.89 %

37 Plant Commissioning Date Dec 2011
Land requirement 25 Acres
38
• Module area 51,089 m2
The entire station will be laid at a
39 Land Development
uniform level.
TECHNICAL FEATURES
Through 33/132kV Transmission lines
40 Power Evacuation Raydurg substation located 10km from
project site.
OTHER FACILITIES
Through EPC (Engineering, Procurement
41 Mode of Implementation
and Construction) or thru split contracts.
Twelve (12) months from the date of
42 Project Time Frame
signing PPA with NVVN
PROJECT COST
Present day cost including, financing
Project Cost charges and margin money.
43
Rs.650 million.

14


1 NEED AND JUSTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT

1.1 Introduction

India with 17 percent of the world population and just 0.8 per cent of the

world’s known oil and natural gas resources is going to face serious energy

challenges in the coming decades. Besides energy independence, the

devastating impact of climate change has become an issue of critical

importance. Energy production using fossil fuels is the major contributor to

greenhouse gas emissions. Hence, transition to a low-carbon energy economy is

the real solution for mitigating the impact of climate change.

India has huge potential for producing electricity from renewable sources. The

achievement so far is about 17,222 (as on 31.03.2010) MW, as against global

installed capacity of approximately 2,00,000 MW of renewable electricity

generation. While India’s achievement is commendable, it is necessary for us to

keep pace with the fast growth in developed countries.

There are three imperatives that necessitate a transition to a sustainable energy

system in the 21st century: They are Climate change and its potentially

disastrous consequences. Peaking of production, depletion and extinction of

fossil fuels and Energy Autonomy and Independence.

The single biggest reason for global warming is the burning of fossil fuels. So

the solution lies in effecting an accelerated transition to a low carbon energy

economy, which means large scale development of renewable energy.

Fortunately there are several emerging technologies that will facilitate this.
15


Peaking of production of all fossil fuels (viz. oil, gas and coal) in the next two

decades and gradual extinction of these resources is an accepted scientific fact.

Even assuming that they would be available, India, which is already dependent

on their import, would become more and more import dependent. The financial

implications of large scale imports would destroy our economy and necessitate

strategies to move towards energy autonomy or independence.

The conversion of solar energy to electricity displaces an equivalent amount of

grid power, which would otherwise be produced by grid connected fossil fuel

dominated power plants. Grid power is comprised of a large share of fossil fuel

based generation systems.

1.2 Power Scenario in India

As per Section73(a) of the Indian Electricity Act-2003, CEA has been carrying

out periodic electric power survey to project state-wise and region-wise power

plans together with assessment of peaking power and energy surpluses /

deficits. The estimate prepared by the CEA is revised and updated from time to

time taking into account the actual growth rates achieved. The Reports and

National Electricity Plan prepared by CEA i.e. Report on (17th) Electric Power

Survey of India published in August 2007, Draft National Electricity Plan-

Transmission published in 2005 and Power Scenario at a glance published in

April 2010 have been referred for carrying out demand analysis of the State of

Andhra Pradesh and other regions.

Load forecast/Availability of power for 2003-2012 for the State of Eastern,

Northern, Western, Southern and North-Eastern region have been given below

which shows that surplus amount of power will be available for the North-East
16


region while other regions i.e. Northern, Western and Southern will expect a

shortage of power at the end of 11th Plan i.e. 2011-12. Actual power scenario

of are as follows in terms of:

• Installed Capacity

• Actual Supply/Generation.

• Likely capacity addition.

Table 1-: Installed Capacity in MW in India at the End of 10th Plan

INSTALLED CAPACITY (AT THE END OF 10TH PLAN) (FIGURES IN MW)
Sector Hydro Thermal Nuclear R.E.S. Total
Coal Gas Diesel Total (MNRE)
STATE 26,005.7 41,731.6 3,729.8 604.6 46,066 0.0 975.7 73,047.4
PRIVATE 1,230.0 4,241.4 4,183.0 597.1 9,021.5 0.0 6,784.8 17,036.3
CENTRAL 7,418 25,118.3 5,809.0 0.0 30,927.3 3,900.0 0.0 42,245.3
TOTAL 34,653.7 71,091.3 13,721.8 1,201.8 86,014.8 3,900.0 7,760.5 1,32,329

Table 1-: Installed Capacity in MW in India as of 31 Mar 2010

INSTALLED CAPACITY AS ON 31.03.2010 (FIGURES IN MW)
Sector Hydro Thermal Nuclear R.E.S Total
STATE 27,065.00 44,977.00 4,046.12 602.61 49,625.73 0.00 2,701.12 79,391.85
PRIVATE 1,233.00 8,056.38 6,307.50 597.14 14,961.02 0.00 12,819.99 29,014.01
CENTRAL 8,565.40 31,165.00 6,702.23 0.00 37,867.23 4,560.00 0.00 50,992.63
TOTAL 36,863.40 84,198.38 17,055.85 1,199.75 1,02,453.98 4,560.00 15,521.11 1,59,398.49

17


Table 1-: Actual Power Supply Position

ACTUAL POWER SUPPLY POSITION
9 Period Peak Peak Met Peak Peak Energy Energy Avail-Energy Energy
Demand (MW) Deficit/ Deficit/ Requi- ability (MU) Deficit/ Deficit/
(MW) Surplus Surplus rment Surplus Surplus
(MW) (%) (MU) (MU) (%)
9TH PLAN END 78,441 69,189 -9,252 -11.8 5,22,537 4,83,350 -39,187 -7.5
2002-03 81,492 71,547 -9,945 -12.2 5,45,983 4,97,890 -48,093 -8.8
2003-04 84,574 75,066 -9,508 -11.2 5,59,264 5,19,398 -39,866 -7.1
2004-05 87,906 77,652 -10,254 -11.7 5,91,373 5,48,115 -43,258 -7.3
2005-06 93,255 81,792 -11,463 -12.3 6,31,757 5,78,819 -52,938 -8.4
2006-07 1,00,715 86,818 -13,897 -13.8 6,90,587 6,24,495 -66,092 -9.6
2007-08 1,08,866 90,793 -18,073 -16.6 7,39,345 6,66,007 -73,338 -9.9
2008-09 1,09,809 96,685 -13,124 -12 7,74,324 6,89,021 -85,303 -11
APR,09 1,18,472 1,02,725 -15,748 -13.3 8,30,300 7,46,493 -83,807 -10.1
MAR ,2010 1,18,472 1,02,725 -15,748 -13.3 76,493 67,513 -8,980 -11.7

NOTE :- PEAK DEMAND - 121891 MW , ENERGY REQUIREMENT - 794561 MU FOR THE YEAR
2008-2009(AS PER 17TH EPS REPORT),OCCURENCE OF PEAK AS PER ACTUAL POWER SUPPLY
POSITION IN THE MONTH(S) - MARCH & OCTOBER

SOURCE:- DMLF DIVISION

Table 1-: Capacity Addition during 11th Plan (As Per Planning Commission)

CAPACITY ADDITION DURING 11TH PLAN (AS PER PLANNING COMMISSION TARGET)
Sector Hydro Thermal Nuclear Wind Total
Coal Gas Diesel Total
STATE 3,482.0 19,985.0 3,316.4 0.0 23,301.4 0.0 0.0 26,783.4
PRIVATE 3,491.0 9,515.0 2,037.0 0.0 11,552.0 0.0 0.0 15,043.0
CENTRAL 8,654.0 23,350.0 1,490.0 0.0 24,840.0 3,380.0 0.0 36,874.0
TOTAL 15,627.0 52,850.0 6,843.4 0.0 59,693.4 3,380.0 0.0 78700.4*
NOTE :- * AS PER ACTUAL ORDERS , THE CAPACITY COMES TO 78900.4 MW

Table 1-: Likely Power Supply Position at the End of 2010-12

LIKELY POWER SUPPLY POSITION AT THE END OF 2011-12 (DEMAND AS PER 17TH EPS)

Period Peak Peak Peak Peak Energy Requi- Energy Energy Energy
Demand Met Deficit/ Deficit/ rment (MU) Avail- Deficit/ Deficit/
(MW) (MW) Surplus Surplus ability Surplus Surplus
(MW) (%) (MU) (MU) (%)
2011-12 1,52,746 1,42,765 -9,981 -6.5 9,68,659 9,48,836 -19,823 -2.0

18


Table 1-: Installed capacity of all states as on 31.03.2010 (in MW)

S.No STATES HYDRO THERMAL NUCLEAR R.E.S TOTAL
. COAL GAS DIESEL TOTAL
1 CHANDIGARH 46.74 27.09 15.32 0.00 42.41 8.84 0.00 97.99
2 DELHI 581.62 2,602.96 808.01 0.00 3,410.97 122.08 0.00 4,114.67
3 HARYANA 1,327.68 3,017.99 535.29 3.92 3,557.20 109.16 76.50 5,070.54
4 H.P. 1,539.94 118.30 61.88 0.13 180.31 34.08 275.83 2,030.16
5 J&K 1,480.53 263.70 304.14 8.94 576.78 77.00 129.33 2,263.64
6 PUNJAB 2,962.89 3,208.19 263.92 0.00 3,472.11 208.04 278.90 6,921.94
7 RAJASTHAN 1,454.80 4,149.48 665.03 0.00 4,814.51 573.00 926.15 7,768.46
8 U.P. 1,597.42 6,912.84 549.97 0.00 7,462.81 335.72 587.70 9,983.65
9 UTTRAKHAND 1,919.18 261.26 69.35 0.00 330.61 22.28 132.92 2,404.99
10 CHATTISGARH 120.00 4,383.00 0.00 0.00 4,383.00 47.52 218.95 4,769.47
11 GUJARAT 772.00 7,008.89 3,894.49 17.48 10,920.86 559.32 1,655.91 13,908.09
12 M.P. 3,223.66 4,282.10 257.18 0.00 4,539.28 273.24 287.86 8,324.04
13 MAHARASHTRA 3,331.84 11,203.05 3,715.93 0.00 14,918.98 690.14 2,437.97 21,378.93
14 GOA 0.00 277.03 48.00 0.00 325.03 25.80 30.05 380.88
15 D&D 0.00 19.04 4.20 0.00 23.24 7.38 0.00 30.62
16 D&N HAVAILI 0.00 22.04 27.10 0.00 49.14 8.46 0.00 57.60
17 A.P. 3,617.53 6,259.88 2,580.40 36.80 8,877.08 214.28 700.51 13,409.40
18 KARNATAKA 3,599.80 3,902.67 220.00 234.42 4,357.09 195.36 2,234.09 10,386.34
19 KERALA 1,781.50 765.38 533.58 256.44 1,555.40 78.10 138.76 3,553.76
20 T.N 2,108.20 5,519.81 1,026.30 411.66 6,957.77 478.50 4,865.51 14,409.98
21 P.CHURY 0.00 207.01 32.50 0.00 239.51 16.28 0.00 255.79
22 D.V.C 193.26 3,563.10 90.00 0.00 3,653.10 0.00 0.00 3,846.36
23 BIHAR 129.43 1,661.70 0.00 0.00 1,661.70 0.00 54.60 1,845.73
24 JHARKHAND 200.93 1,737.88 0.00 0.00 1,737.88 0.00 4.05 1,942.86
25 ORISSA 2,166.93 1,828.10 0.00 0.00 1,828.10 0.00 64.30 4,059.33
26 SIKKIM 75.27 68.10 0.00 5.00 73.10 0.00 47.11 195.48
27 W.BENGAL 1,116.30 6,756.34 100.00 12.20 6,868.54 0.00 164.70 8,149.54
28 ARP.P. 97.57 0.00 21.05 15.88 36.93 0.00 67.42 201.92
29 ASSAM 429.72 60.00 441.32 20.69 522.01 0.00 27.11 978.84
30 MANIPUR 80.98 0.00 25.96 45.41 71.37 0.00 5.45 157.80
31 MEGHALYA 230.58 0.00 25.96 2.05 28.01 0.00 31.03 289.62
32 MIZORAM 34.31 0.00 16.28 51.86 68.14 0.00 28.47 130.92
33 NAGALAND 53.32 0.00 19.19 2.00 21.19 0.00 28.67 103.18
34 TRIPURA 62.37 0.00 160.84 4.85 165.69 0.00 16.01 244.07
35 A&N ISLAND 0.00 0.00 0.00 60.05 60.05 0.00 5.25 65.30
36 LAKSHDEEP 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.97 9.97 0.00 0.00 9.97

Table 1-: Installed Capacity in MW in Andhra Pradesh at the End of 10th Plan

INSTALLED CAPACITY (AT THE END OF 10th PLAN (FIGURES IN MW)
STATE 3,582.6 3,132.5 272.3 0.0 3,404.8 0.0 103.0 7,090.3
PRIVATE 3.8 0.0 1,603.4 36.8 1,640.2 0.0 283.4 1,927.4
CENTRAL 0.0 2,378.0 0.0 0.0 2,378.0 152.5 0.0 2,530.5
TOTAL 3,586.3 5,510.5 1,875.7 36.8 7,423.0 152.5 386.4 11,548.2

19


Table 1-: Installed Capacity in MW in Andhra Pradesh as of 31 Mar 2010

STATE 3,617.53 3,882.50 0.00 0.00 3,882.50 0.00 188.43 7,688.46
PRIVATE 0.00 0.00 2,580.40 36.80 2,617.20 0.00 512.08 3,129.28
CENTRAL 0.00 2,377.38 0.00 0.00 2,377.38 214.28 0.00 2,591.66
TOTAL 3,617.53 6,259.88 2,580.40 36.80 8,877.08 214.28 700.51 13,409.40

Table 1-: Actual Power Supply Position

Peak Peak Peak Peak Energy Energy Energy Energy
Period Demand Met deficit/ Deficit/ Requi- Avail- Deficit/ Deficit/
(MW) (MW) Surplus Surplus ( rment ability Surplus Surplus (
(MW) %) (MU) (MU) (MU) %)
9TH PLAN END 8,585 6,873 -1,712 -19.9 48,394 44,302 -4,092 -8.5
2002-03 8,491 6,858 -1,633 -19.2 47,258 44,049 -3,209 -6.8
2003-04 8,679 7,769 -910 -10.5 48,080 46,680 -1,400 -2.9
2004-05 8,093 7,903 -190 -2.3 50,416 50,061 -355 -0.7
2005-06 8,999 8,542 -457 -5.1 53,030 52,332 -698 -1.3
2006-07 10,208 8,641 -1,567 -15.4 60,964 58,280 -2,684 -4.4
2007-08 10,048 9,162 -886 -8.8 64,139 61,511 -2,628 -4.1
2008-2009 10,823 9,997 -826 -7.6 71,592 66,754 -4,838 -6.8
APR,09-MAR10 12,135 10,880 -1,255 -10.3 79,014 73,784 -5,230 -6.6
MAR 2010 12,135 10,880 -1,255 -10.3 7,929 7,040 -889 -11.2

Table 1-: Projects planned for 11th Plan

PROJECTS PLANNED FOR XITH PLAN (STATE/PRIVATE/CENTRAL SECTOR) INCLUDING BEST
CAPACITY LIKELY YEAR /
EFFORT PROJECT AGENCY STATUS TYPE (MW) DATE OF
PROJECTS COMMISSIONIN
G
1 SIMHADRI-EXT U-3,4 NTPC Under Construction COAL 1,000 2010-12
2 SUB TOTAL –Central sector 1,000
3 JURALA PRIYA U1,2 APGENCO Commissioned HYDRO 78 31.08.2008
4 JURALA PRIYA U,3 APGENCO Commissioned HYDRO 39 07.06.2009
5 JURALA PRIYA U 4-6 APGENCO Under Construction HYDRO 117 2010-11
6 NAGARJUNA SAGAR TR APGENCO Under Construction HYDRO 50 2010-12
7 PULICHINTALA APID Under Construction HYDRO 120 2010-12
8 RAYALSEEMA U4 APGENCO Commissioned COAL 210 2007-08
9 RAYALSEEMA ST III U5 APGENCO Under Construction COAL 210 2010-11
10 VIJAYWADA TPP ST-IV,U1 APGENCO Commissioned COAL 500 8.10.2009
11 KOTHAGUDEM ST-V APGENCO Under Construction COAL 500 2011-12
12 KAKTIYA TPP APGENCO Under Construction COAL 500 2010-11
13 SUB TOTAL –state sector 2,324
14 KONASEEMA OAKWELL Commissioned GAS/LNG 280 3.5.2009
15 KONASEEMA OAKWELL Under Construction GAS/LNG 165 2010-11
16 GAUTAMI GAUTAMI POW Commissioned GAS/LNG 464 3.5.2009
17 KONDAPALLI PH II LANCO Commissioned GAS 233 5.12.2009
18 KONDAPALLI PH II LANCO Under Construction LNG 133 2010-11
19 SUB TOTAL -private sector 1,275
20 TOTAL (AP) 4,719

20


Table 1-: Likely Power Supply Position at the End of 2010-12

LIKELY POWER SUPPLY POSITION AT THE END OF 2011-12* (DEMAND AS PER 17TH EPS)
Period Peak Peak Peak Peak Energy Energy Energy Energy
2011- Demand 12,357 -2,364 Deficit/
14,721 Met eficit/ -16.1 Requi-
89,032 Avail-
80,338 Deficit/
-8,694 Deficit/
-9.8
12

Table 1-: Likely Capacity Addition During 11th Plan

LIKELY CAPACITY ADDITION DURING 11TH PLAN INCLUDING BEST EFFORT PROJECTS
FOR THE STATE : - Ty St Installed Capacity Benefits Commissioned Last Unit
ANDHRA PRADESH
CENTRAL-SECTOR pe at Capacity Addition Shares of / Commissioning
*SIMHADRI ST-II T U 1,000.00 1,000.00 384.00 (2010-2012)
*ENNORE JV COST T U 1,000.00 1,000.00 129.00 (20110-2012)
KAIGA U-3 & 4 N U 440.00 440.00 123.00 COMM 220.00 11.04.2007
*KALPAKKAM PFBR N U 500.00 500.00 142.00 (2010-2011)
CENTRAL-SECTOR TOTAL:- 778.00
STATE-SECTOR
NAGAR SAGAR TR H U 50.00 50.00 50.00 (2010-2012)
VIJAYWADA TPP T U 500.00 500.00 500.00 COMM 500.00 ( 8.10.2009 )
KOTHAGUDEM ST-V T U 500.00 500.00 500.00 (2011-2012)
JURALA PRIYA H U 234.00 234.00 234.00 COMM 27.06.2009
RAYALSEEMA 4&5 T U 420.00 420.00 420.00 117.00 210.00 20.11.2007
COMM
PULICHINTALA H U 120.00 120.00 120.00 (2011-2012)
KAKTIYA TPP T U 500.00 500.00 500.00 (2010-2011)
STATE - SECTOR TOTAL:- 1,824.00
PRIVATE-SECTOR
KONASEEMA CCGT G U 445.00 445.00 445.00 COMM 280.00 (3.5.2009)
GAUTAMI CCGT G C 464.00 464.00 464.00 COMM 464.00 (3.5.2009)
KONDAPALLI CCPP G U 233.00 233..00 233.00 COMM 233.00 (5.12.2009)
KONDAPALLI CCPP T U 366.00 366.00 133.00 (2010-2011)

PRIVATE-SECTOR TOTAL:- 1,275.00
GRAND-TOTAL:- 3,757.00

Note: U-Under Construction Project;
C-Commissioned
* Share from Central Sectors Projects for which M.O.P. Orders are
yet to be issued is tentative.

Table 1-: Peak & Energy Table

PEAK AND ENERGY TABLE
YEAR (As per 17th EPS Report vs Actual achieved)
PEAK ENERGY
Requirment Actual Requirement Actual
2004-05 as per 17th 8,093
8,168 Demand 48,928 17th
as Per Require
50,416
2005-06 8,810 8,999 54,683 53,030
2006-07 9,597 10,208 59,311 60,964
2007-08 10,454 10,048 64,331 64,139
2008-09 11,388 10,823 69,775 71,592
2009-10 12,406 75,680
2010-11 13,514 82,085
2011-12 14,721 89,032

21


From the above tables i.e. Actual power Supply position for the state of Andhra

Pradesh, it clearly indicates the consistent power deficit of around 8.5 % at the

end of 9th Plan continuing till 2009-10 up to 11.2%.

1.3 Justification for the project

For the state of Andhra Pradesh the projected peak load is 13,514 MW (2010-

11). Table above shows Installed capacity as on 31 Mar 2010 for the state of

Andhra Pradesh, actual power supply position and capacity addition during 11th

Plan for the state of Andhra Pradesh. As per present power scenario for the

state of Andhra Pradesh the peak deficit during 2006-07 is around 4.4 %. As

per table above power deficit for the state of Andhra Pradesh during 2011-12

will be around 1,255 MW (March 2010). Thus Considering projected power

demand for the state of Andhra Pradesh, power generated from the proposed

power plant may be utilized for the state of Andhra Pradesh.

The proposed solar photovoltaic power plant (SPV) will contribute to bridge the

gap between the demand and availability of power.

As per the proposed transmission evacuation plan, the proposed power station

shall be connected to APTransco 33/132 kV substation at Raydurng, in

Anantapur district. Therefore it is considered that the proposed power plant will

be able to contribute to the power requirement of the Andhra Pradesh, hence it

is justified for construction of the Proposed 5 MW Power Plant at Veerapuram

village, Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh.

22


The project activity will result in an annual average reduction of about 8000

tCO2e per year by replacing electricity generated from fossil fuel fired power

plants. The project activity has been essentially conceived to generate GHG

emission free electricity by making use of available Solar PV in the project area.

The project - being a renewable energy project - leads to sustainable

development through efficient utilization of naturally available sunlight and

generation of additional employment for the local stakeholders.

The Government of India in its Interim Approval Guidelines for CDM Projects

has stipulated a set of indicators for describing the sustainable development of

a project. According to these indicators, the sustainability of the described

project is as follows:

Social well being:

The project activity is generating employment opportunities for professional,

skilled and unskilled labour for development, engineering, procurement

operation and maintenance of the project activity. The development of project

specific infrastructure will result in employment and income generation activities

for local personnel. In addition various kinds of maintenance work would

generate employment opportunities for local contractor on regular and

Economic well being:

• The project activities will bring an additional permanent basis. The project

activity would promote the application of solar energy based power

generation investment to the tune of INR 650 million, which is a

significant investment in a green field project in the region.
23


• The project activities will act as a nucleus for other economic activities

such as setting up of cottage industries, shops, hotels etc. around the

area, contributing to the economic development around the project area.

• Proposed power plant will use solar radiation as resource for generation

of power helps conserve foreign exchange by reducing the need to import

fossil fuels to meet the country’s growing energy demand.

Environmental well being:

Solar energy based power generation system will be a robust clean technology

involving latest state of the art renewable energy options to be used for the

purpose of electricity generation. The project implementation will lead to

reduction of SOx, NOx and particulate matter (PM) emissions. It therefore

results in an improvement in air quality and human health.

24


2 DETAILS ABOUT THE PROPOSED PROJECT LOCATION
IN ANANTAPUR DISTRICT

2.1 Introduction

Anantapur district is situated in 13'-40'' and 15’-15'' Northern Latitude and 76'-

50'' and 78'-30'' Eastern Longitude. It is bounded by Bellary, Kurnool District

on the North, Cuddapah and Kolar Districts of Karnataka on South East and

North respectively. The District is roughly oblong in shape, the longer side

running North to South with a portion of Chitradurg District of Karnataka State

intruding into it from west between Kundurpi and Amarapuram Mandals.The

Distance of State capital Hyderabad from the district is of ~300 Kms. The

District of Anantapur has a fairly good elevation which provides the District with

tolerable climate throughout the year. It has a gradual fall from the South

North towards the valley of the Pennar in Peddavadugur, Peddapappur and

Tadipatri Mandals. There is a gradual rise in Hindupur, Parigi, Lepakshi,

Chilamathur, Agali, Rolla and Madakasira Mandals in the South to join the

Karnataka Plateau where the average elevation is about 2000 feet is above the

mean sea level.

2.2 Area and population in Anantapur District

There are 929 inhabited villages, out of 964 total Revenue villages of the

District. The number of villages in size group of 500 to 1999 forms 36.71% of

the total inhabited villages . The size group of 2000 to 4999 forms 38.64% and

the size group of 5000 to 9999 forms 12.81% only out of total villages, while 84

villages ( 9.04%) of total inhabited villages are having population less than 500.

There are 26 villages with more than 10,000 population excluding Towns.
25


2.3 Rainfall and Climate

Anatapur district being far from the East coast, it does not enjoy the full

benefits of North East Monsoons and being cut off by the high western Ghats,

the South West Monsoon are also prevented from penetrating and punching

the thirst of these parched soils. It is therefore seen, the district is deprived of

both the monsoons and subjected to droughts due to bad seasons. The normal

rainfall of the district is 553.0 MMs. by which it secures least rainfall when

compared to Rayalaseema and other parts of Andhra Pradesh. The normal

rainfall for the South West Monsoon period is 338.0 MMs. which forms about

61.2% of the total rainfall for the year. The failure of the rains in this South

West monsoon period of June to September will lead the District to drought by

failure of crops. The rainfall for North East monsoon period is 156.0 M.Ms. only,

which forms 28.3% M.Ms. of the total rainfall for the year (October to

December).

2.4 Temperature

March, April and May are warm months when the normal daily maximum

temperature ranges between 29.1 C to 40.3 C. November, December and

January are cooler months when the temperature falls about 15.7 C,

Hindupur, Parigi, Lepakshi, Chilamathur, Agali, Rolla and Madakasira Mandals

being at High Elevation are more cooler than the rest of the Mandals in the

District.

26


2.5 Proposed Project location

The Proposed project site T Veerapuram is located in Raydurg Taluk of

Anantapur district. Below figure shows the project location. The site selection

for a Solar Power Plant is pre-dominantly determined by solar insulation

availability & grid connectivity for exporting power. Equally important are other

essential factors/considerations such as:

• Availability of adequate land for Power Plant and green belt development

• Soil condition like soil bearing capacity etc.

• Proximity to State Electricity Grid enabling economic evacuation of power

generated

• Availability of water and power during construction

• Availability of local work force in the proximity

• Availability of load centres (towns) within vicinity

• Easy accessibility of the site

The proposed project site in Veerapuram village, Anatapur district of Andhra

Pradesh State is found favoring all the above factors to a reasonable extent.

27


Figure : Location map of Anatapur district in India:

Figure : Map showing proposed project site within Anantapur

Proposed
Project site for
5 MW SPV
Power Project
at Veerapura

28


2.6 Land requirement and layout of the proposed Project

The Power Plant will be located in the proposed site in Veerapuram village. The

total land area required for the project is about 25 acres. The Power Plant

layout can be divided into two sections as:

1. Module mounting area and

2. Control room

The major portion of the site will be used for module mounting. As described in

the Power Plant Scheme the module will be mounted in a steel structure which

will be installed facing South direction for best efficiency & optimal power

output. The steel structure will be grouted using RCC foundation. The proposed

structure is designed to hold 8 modules per structure and which can withstand

wind speed up to 100km/hr. The structure is designed in such a way that it will

occupy minimum required space without sacrificing the performance.

The interconnection cables are routed within the structure and the output cables

from the modules are taken through proper size conduit to the smart connect

box. The output cables from the junction boxes are routed under the ground

through conduits or cable trenches. Man holes for regular maintenance and

inspection will be provided at equal distances as required. Earthing for all the

module mounting structures will be done using copper or GI conductors. The

earth pits for module area will be provided as the electrical standards. In order

to protect the modules from lightning, lightning protection will be provided in

the module mounting area. Sufficient number of lightning arrestor will be

29


provided in this area alone for protection of modules. The proposed power plant

layout is enclosed as annexure 5.

2.7 Land availability and acquisition for the project

As mentioned in the previous section, solar power plant of 5 MW capacity

requires about 25 acres of land. The land required by the project is already

acquired on lease basis.

30


RADIATION DATA AND PROJECTED POWER GENERATION FROM THE PROJECT

ACTIVITY

Actual site of installation is T. Veerapuram village, Raydurg taluka, located in

Anatapur district. The latitude and longitude of this site is 14.36 0N and 76.56
0
E respectively. Solar radiation available is for Anatapur in Andhra Pradesh is

considered for simulation of project parameters.

Latitude : 14.70 ºN

Longitude : 77.60 ºE

Below is the weather data for Anatapur district. The data is taken from surface

metrology and solar energy data NASA earth science enterprise programme and

is based on 22 years of yield data analysis.

The irradiation and temperature details considered for the design purpose are

as below:

31


Table -: Temperature details considered for design:

Average annual solar insulation at horizontal angle taken for Anantapur based

on the above chart: 5.34 KWh/m²/day.

32


2.8 Simulation report of the power plant

33


34


35


The above simulation analysis is carried out based on the fixed structures.

Saisudhir energy and NVVN has entered into a power purchase agreement for

the capacity of 5 MW +5% and -0% power plant capacity. The entire generated

energy will be sold to NVVN on a long term basis. With this arrangement to

optimize the power generation potential, it was envisaged to install PV modules

of 5.250 MW capacity to take care of the DC side energy losses in the system.

36


3 SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGY

The key components of a photovoltaic power system are the photovoltaic cells

(sometimes also called solar cells) interconnected and encapsulated to form a

photovoltaic module (the commercial product), the mounting structure for the

module or array, the inverter (essential for grid-connected systems and) and

charge controller (for off-grid systems only).

3.1 Existing Solar Photovoltaic Technologies

Crystalline silicon technologies currently account for most of the overall cell

production in the IEA PVPS countries. Single crystal PV cells are manufactured

using a single-crystal growth method and have commercial efficiencies between

15 % and 18 %. Multicrystalline cells, usually manufactured from a melting and

solidification process, are less expensive to produce but are marginally less

efficient, with conversion efficiencies around 14 %.

PV cells made from ribbons demonstrate an average efficiency around 14 %.

Thin film cells, constructed by depositing extremely thin layers of photovoltaic

semi-conductor materials onto a backing material such as glass, stainless steel

or plastic, show stable efficiencies in the range of 7 % to 13 %. Thin film

materials commercially used are amorphous silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride

(CdTe), and copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGS) and Copper Indium

Selenium (CIS) Thin film modules.

37


3.2 Thin film modules

Thin film modules are potentially cheaper to manufacture than crystalline cells

have a wider customer appeal as design elements due to their homogeneous

appearance present. Disadvantages, such as low-conversion efficiencies and

requiring larger areas of PV arrays and more material (cables, support

structures) to produce the same amount of electricity.

3.3 Comparison between Crystalline, Thin film and CPV
Technologies
S.No. Parameter Crystalline Thin Film CPV
Types of Materials Mono/ Polycrystalline Amorphous Silicon, CdS, Triple Junction GaAs Cell &
CdTe, CIGS, CIS etc. lens , tracker

1 Handling Better protec tion against Not Guaranteed Installation would be at site.
breakage Not Guaranteed
2 Power Efficiency 12-16% 6-8% 20-25%
3 Technology Well Developed Under development Under development
4 Module Weight Light weight modules Heavier modules Heaviest System
5 Area utilization Higher power generated Less power per unit area Highest power per unit area
per unit area due to high
efficiency
6 Temperature Effects Temperature variations Lesser impact of Temperature High variation
affect output variations
7 Irradiance Used particularly for Better performance with Diffuse Works only for Normal
Normal radiations radiations radiations
8 Module quantity Lesser nos required due More modules required Lowest nos. of modules
to high efficienc y required
9 Output per MW High Varies as per sunlight condtion Very High(due to tracking)
installed and various locations
10 Transportation Cost Lower Transportation Higher cost High cost
cost
11 Mounting Structure Fewer Mounting structure More Mounting structures Sophisticated mounting
required per KW power required required

12 Land Requirement Lesser space required per Largest space requirement Lowest spac e required
MW

13 Inverter High inverter flexibility Limited inverter flexibility Limited inverter flexibility
14 Cost High c ost per Watt Lower cost per Watt Highest cost per Watt
14 Environment Effects Less Sensitive Sensitive Sensitive

15 Stabilization Stable power output from Stability achieved after 4-6 Unknown
at initial stages months
16 Availability Easily available Limited supply Limited supply
17 Health hazards Made from non toxic Toxic materials used for thin Unknown
material (Si) films (CdS, CdTe)
18 Power Degradation Less degradation Highest degradation for initial 5- High Degradation
7 years

19 Plant Maintenance Less maintenance Highest maintenanc e required, High maintenanc e required, so
required after installation so highest maintenance c ost high maintenance cost
so lower cost
20 Repair Relatively easy Diffic ult due to complex Difficult due to complex
structure struc ture
21 Cooling Requirement Not required Not required Requires active or passive
cooling which could increase
cost
22 Cabling Well known, and lower Well Understood but yet difficult Complex and under
cabling losses due to higher number of arrays, development. Cabling losses
along with high cabling losses expected to be high

23 Suitability for Grid Good Good Good
Technology

38


3.4 Conclusion on selection of technology

Each of the above technologies has their own particular strengths and

weaknesses which have played a role in our decision making. We have decided

to use Copper Indium Selenium (CIS) Thin film modules as our

preferred technology. These advantages and disadvantages in addition with

their market availability and costing are the key parameters on basis of which

we have taken our technological decision.

In the section 4.3 we have compared various technologies, and justification of

why we have chosen a particular technology. In the below section we have

compared the CIS, vis a vis Crystalline, Amorphous technologies.

Characteristic CIS Crystalline Amorphous Remarks

Module efficiency ++ +++ - cSi still higher than CIS, but the difference
is getting narrow

Appearance ++ - ++ CIS modules are all black, and therefore
very compatible with roof settings

High Temperature - - ++ CIS and cSi do not have anneal effect

Light soaking effect ++ - - CIS has light soaking effect. Higher than
nominal power output is expected.

Degradation ++ ++ - Degradation rate is almost same as
Crystalline.

Production cost ++ + ++ Unit production cost of CIS modules
expected to decrease by mass production
but not in the case of crystalline module.

Manufacturing process + - + Simple processes allow a smooth and
efficient production overall

Environmental + - + Environmentally friendly - CIS modules do
contribution not include toxic or pollutant elements

Energy payback time ++ + ++ Manufacture of CIS modules require only a
small amount of energy

Issue of raw materials ++ - + CIS products do not use silicon, thus less
affected by market volatility

39


4 POWER PLANT DESIGN CRITERIA

The Power Plant is sized on the following major criteria:

• Solar Power (average insulation available)

• Power evacuation facility in the vicinity of the proposed site along with

Grid availability on 24 Hours a day basis.

Details of the design process and are presented in the below sections.

4.1 Design and Simulation projections by PVSYST

PVSYST tool is one of the most accepted design tool for the study, sizing,

simulation and data analysis of complete PV systems. We have used this tool to

generate the most realistic energy yield simulation results which are detailed in

this report. Main features of PVSYST:

1) Detailed computation of the used components (modules, inverters, etc)

2) Simulation on hourly basis and detailed evaluation and consideration of

different loss factors.

3) Calculation of arbitrary orientated module planes (fixed and tracking

systems)

4) Most accepted and used tool to generate simulation results for big PV

power plants, as the results are based on systematic and refined

approach.

5) Program with the most accurate results and functions at the market.

40


4.2 PV Power Plant Energy Production

The system lifetime energy production is calculated by determining the first-

year energy generation as expressed in kWh (AC)/kWp (AC), then degrading

output over the system life based on an annual performance degradation rate.

System degradation (largely a function of PV panel type and manufacturing

quality) and its predictability are important factors in lifecycle costs since they

determine the probable level of future cash flows. This stream of energy

produced is then discounted to derive a present value of the energy generated

to make a levelized cost calculation. The first year kWh/kWp is a function of

the:

• The amount of sunshine the project site receives in a year.

• The mounting and orientation of the system (i.e., flat, fixed-tilt, tracking,

etc.).

• The spacing between PV panels as expressed in terms of system ground

coverage ratio (GCR).

• The energy harvest of the PV panel (i.e., performance sensitivity to high

temperatures, sensitivity to low or diffuse light, etc.).

• System losses from soiling, transformers, inverters, and wiring

inefficiencies.

• System availability largely driven by inverter downtime.

4.3 PV power plant capacity factor

The capacity factor, a standard methodology used in the utility industry to

measure the productivity of energy generating assets, is a key driver of a solar

power plant’s economics.

41


A PV power plant’s capacity factor is a function of the insulation at the project

location, the performance of the PV panel (primarily as it relates to high-

temperature performance), and the orientation of the PV panel to the sun, the

system electrical efficiencies, and the availability of the power plant to produce

power.

4.4 Selection of Inverter and Components

For a complete reliable system and to ensure high energy yield from the plant,

innovative components with latest technology are selected. The inverter that is

selected is of very high efficiency over a wide range of load. The inverter

operates in excess of 95.0% efficiency in comparison with the requested of 93%

efficiency.

Design lifetime of the inverter is at 35,000 hours with rated power at 40°C. This

is approximately 4.8 hours at full load per day to estimate the lifetime of 20

years.

4.5 Selection of Monitoring System

Monitoring system requirement for a large power plant like 5 MW with state of

the art technology, monitoring and analysis of is carried out. Few features are

of the monitoring system are presented as follows:

• Monitors the performance of the entire power plant (string wise

monitoring, junction boxes, inverters, etc)

• Evaluates (strings, inverter, nominal/actual value), quantity of DC Power

& AC Power produced.

• Measures instantaneous irradiation level and temperature at site. It also

measures the module back surface temperature.

42


• Alerts in case of error (discrepancy in normal operation of components,

like module string/ diodes/ inverter/ junction box / loose contacts/ etc,)

to facilitate recognition and correction of the fault with minimum

downtime.

• Visualizes nominal status of the connected components via Control

Center PC Software (diagnosis on site or remote)

• Logs system data and error messages for further processing or storing

• Stores and visualizes energy yield data (for life of the plant) in the Portal

from where the data can be accessed remotely.

4.6 Design criteria for Cables and Junction boxes and

The power plant will adopt the best engineering practice for complete cable

routing in the power plant by using minimal cable length while connecting in

series string, using optimal size cables to ensure the entire plant cable losses

are minimum.

The junction boxes proposed are completely pre-wired to ensure ease of

installation, maintenance and eliminates any installation hassles. These junction

boxes not only combine the DC power from strings but also monitor each string

performance and feed the same data to the central monitoring system.

43


5 DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR COMPONETS OF THE POWER
PLANT

The Solar electricity is produced when the Photons from the sun rays hit the

electrons in the Solar PV panels, this will generate Direct Current (DC). The DC

electricity from the panels passes through DC distribution network to a grid

interactive inverter, which converts the DC electricity into 220V AC for single

phase and 415V AC for 3 phase operation by using state of the art technology.

In order to achieve a higher system voltage, modules are connected in Series,

called a string. A higher system voltage has the advantage of less installation

work (smaller conductor cross sections). Lower currents flow at the same

efficiency so that cable losses are reduced. The strings are connected with the

photovoltaic branch or the PV-distributor (Smart connect box). This distributor

is connected with the Main Combiner Box (MCB) which acts as the main DC

collecting unit which passes the power to be converted to the central inverters.

Central inverters combine the various advantages of the other installation

technologies. Thus the module fields are less sensitive towards partial

darkening, as is the case with string inverters. This results in a very good MPP-

matching of the inverters. Thanks to higher system voltages than is the case

with module oriented inverters, central inverters reach a very high efficiency.

Furthermore, installations can be expanded with additions of more modules

without problems. Thus photovoltaic installations of greater efficiency can be

constructed economically.

44


The AC power from the inverter are passed to Low voltage panel and then to

the main transformer. From the transformer, the power is routed through the

high voltage panel and eventually to other required measuring & protection

devices before connecting to the grid.

Grid connected solar power plant comprises of the main equipment and

components listed below.

1. Solar PV Modules

2. Central inverters

3. Module mounting system

4. Grid connect equipments

5. Monitoring system

6. Cables & connectors

7. Buildings for housing the electronics (Power-house)

5.1 Solar PV modules

A photovoltaic module is a packaged interconnected assembly of photovoltaic
cells, which converts sunlight into energy. For this project, CIS Thin film PV
technology solar module of 130 Wp is considered.

The Tilt angle for the modules would be 15o (all the modules will be facing
south).

5.2 Central Invertors

Inverters are used for DC voltage to AC voltage conversion. According to output

voltage form they could be rectangle, trapezoid or sine shaped. The most

45


expensive, yet at the same time the best quality inverters, output voltage in

sine wave. Inverters connecting a PV system and the public grid are

purposefully designed, allowing energy transfers to and from the public grid.

Central inverters are used in large applications. Many times they can be

connected according to the "master-slave" criteria, when the succeeding

inverter switches on only when enough solar radiation is available or in case of

main inverter malfunction. Inverters connected to module strings are used in

wide power range applications allowing for more reliable operation.

In the proposed project the invertors will connect 41600 modules (each 130Wp

(+-3%)) in series. Such 5200 no of strings will be required for 5250.0 System

The output of the strings will be connected to Central 500 kW PCU. Like this 10

PCU’s are required. The PCU is nothing but converting the DC Power into AC

power and feeding into the grid. It is design with a high efficiency >97% with

IGBT technology, It is delivering the max. Power generated through solar

modules in to grid due to its inbuilt feature of MPPT operations. The PCU is

having internal self protection in case of any fault in the grid. Also the PCU has

inbuilt contactors/breakers with fuses for self protections.

The PCU is having in-built microprocessor based controls. The Inverters is

designed in such a way that it will synchronize with the utility (grid) power with

respect to the Voltage and frequency of Grid and it gets corrected itself

according to the grid parameters within its settable limits. The inverter is

designed in such a way that it will sense the array power and grid power; if

both are available it starts and stops automatically in the morning and evening

respectively. Each PCU is having a remote and local data monitoring system

with which we can monitor all the parameters and current energy generation &
46


past generation for the given period. The output voltage of the inverter is

connected to the LT side of the grid through step-up transformer of

0.415/11/110KV or as per the requirement.

5.1 Module mounting system

The module mounting structure is designed for holding suitable number of

modules in series. The frames and leg assembles of the array structures is

made of mild steel hot dip galvanized of suitable sections of Angle, Channel,

Tubes or any other sections conforming to IS:2062 for steel structure to met

the design criteria. All nuts & bolts considered for fastening modules with this

structure are of very good quality of Stainless Steel. The array structure is

designed in such a way that it will occupy minimum space without sacrificing

the output from SPV panels at the same time.

Figure : Typical module mounting structure:

47


5.1 Grid connected equipments

A simple block diagram, related to the interconnection of various systems for

gird connectivity, is shown below for reference. The Power from Modules is

directed to the central inverters through the DC combiner boxes and from the

inverters it is routed though the Low voltage panel to the transformer. From the

transformer, the high voltage power is routed to the metering panel, LCB and

eventually to grid through the High Voltage Panel.

Figure : Grid-Connect equipments

5.2 Monitoring System

System proposed will maintain and provide all technical information on daily

solar radiation availability, hours of sunshine, duration of plant operation and

the quantum of power fed to the grid. This will help in estimation of generation

in kWh per MWp PV array capacity installed at the site. The system also enables

diagnostic and monitoring functions for these components. Communication:

Data modem (analogue/ethernet), few features are presented as follows.

48


• Monitors the performance of the entire power plant (string wise

monitoring, junction boxes, inverters, etc)

• Evaluates (strings, inverter, nominal/actual value), quantity of DC Power

& AC Power produced.

• Measures instantaneous irradiation level and temperature at site. It also

measures the module back surface temperature.

• Alerts in case of error (discrepancy in normal operation of components,

like module string/ diodes/ inverter/ junction box / loose contacts/ etc,)

to facilitate recognition and correction of the fault with minimum

downtime.

• Visualizes nominal status of the connected components via Control

Center PC Software (diagnosis on site or remote)

• Logs system data and error messages for further processing or storing

• Stores and visualizes energy yield data (for life of the plant) in the Portal

from where the data can be accessed remotely.

5.3 Cables and connectors

The size of the cables between array interconnections, array to junction boxes,

junction boxes to PCU etc shall be so selected to keep the voltage drop and

losses to the minimum. The bright annealed 99.97% pure bare copper

conductors that offer low conductor resistance, they result in lower heating

thereby increase in life and savings in power consumption. These wires are

insulated with a special grade PVC compound formulated. The skin coloration

offers high insulation resistance and long life. Cables are flexible & of annealed

electrolytic grade copper conductor and shall confirm to IS 1554/694-1990 and

are extremely robust and resist high mechanical load and abrasion.
49


Cable is of high temperature resistance and excellent weatherproofing

characteristics which provides a long service life to the cables used in large

scale projects. The connectors/lugs of copper material with high current

capacity and easy mode of assembly are proposed.

5.4 Buildings housing for electronics (power house)

The power house will be utilized for housing the inverters, Low Voltage Panels,

High Tension Panels, Plant Monitoring system, Safety equipments, Office room

etc. In order to avoid shading effect the power house is proposed to be

constructed on the North side of the layout.

The power house will be provided with air conditioning unit in order to maintain

the desired temperature of the equipments like inverters for better

performance. The office space will be provided inside the control room with

basic amenities. The performance of the Power Plant can be monitored from the

power house. The power house will be equipped with all necessary safety

equipments as the safety rules. The equipments will be erected as per the

Indian Electrical Standards. The cables will be routed through cables trenches or

cable trays as required. Alarm system will be provided to alert the operator in

case of emergency or plant break-down.

The power house will also house the power evacuation system except the

transformer. The proposed transformer will be installed in outdoor next to the

control room.

The civil engineering and building works shall include the design, detailing, and

construction of all foundations, structures, buildings, installation and service of

50


facilities required for the installation, commissioning, operation and

maintenance of all equipment associated with the Power Plant.

The civil works includes the following: preliminaries, additional survey, soil

exploration, piling if needed, ground improvement, foundations, and all

necessary site investigation associated with the operations. Site roads, site

leveling and grading with boundary fences, and gates. In order to avoid

flooding, rain water drainage system is provided all around the plant layout.

5.5 Other facilities including water

The other important requirement for the Power Plant is Water, which will be

used pre-dominantly for module cleaning. The water table is very good in the

proposed site and bore-well for required depth will be erected to meet the

requirement. An over-head tank / underground sump will be constructed as per

the requirement for the water storage.

A first-aid station will be located as part of the power house/office room.

Sufficient space will be provided for vehicle parking near to the power house.

Within the layout approach roads will be made for easy movement of man &

machines.

51


6 SPECIFICATION OF MAIN PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

Technical specification of major components and bill of materials are presented

in this section.

Table -: Bill of materials

Sl
System Components QTY Total Capacities
No.
SOLAR MODULE
Solar Cell Type: CIS Thin film module
Solar Module Type: Aluminum Framed Module
1 41,600 Nos. 5.408 MWp
Module Wattage: 130Wp each
Total PV modules rated power: 5250 kWp
Certification: IEC 61646
PV SYSTEM MOUNTING STRUCTURE with
single axis tracking
Voc=750Volt
2 Material: MS Galvanized(>70 micron) 5200 Nos.
i) Design of Solar Photovoltaic 20 module
Vmax=600Volt
Mounting Structure, Fixed tilt
06 Input 1
3 Array Junction boxes 80 Nos.
output type.
POWER CONDITIONING UNIT (Inverter)
500kVA, IP20
5 MAKE: AEG or equivalent 10 Nos.
Specifications: Input Voltage range 450 - 900V
8 Modules connected in series; 5200 strings

6 1.25 MVA Transformer 5 Nos. ONAN with OLTC
7 6.5 MVA Transformer 1 No.
8 LT panel with Protection & metering 5 Nos.

9 HT Panel with protection Panel & metering 2 No. 11 KV & 33 KV
10 Cables 1 Set PVC Cu Cables
11 Lightning 1 Set Standard
9 Earthing System 1 Set Standard
10 Metering Metering panel Universal / Rema
11 Cables 1 Set Monocab/Finolex
Accessories for
12 Accessories cable, Huber + Suhner
interconnection
13 PC for monitoring PC in control room Standard
Control Room
14 Control Room (Design and Standard
construction)

52


Table -: Technical specification of proposed solar modules at STC

Technical Specifications for a typical Solar Photovoltaic CIS Thin film module
at Standard Test Conditons (STC)
Output power –Pmax (Watts) 130 Wp +/-5%
Warranted minimum Pmax 130 Wp +/-5%
Voltage at Pmax 77.0 V
Current at Pmax 1.82 A
Open-circuit voltage 109 V
Short circuit current 2.10 A
Maximum system voltage (Volts) DC 600 V
Fuse rating 15 A
Type of solar PV cell CIS Thin film
Suitability For grid connected system
Module output Multi contact plug
Certification IEC 61646
Fire rating Class C
10 year warranty on 90% of the
Power warranty
minimum output

Table -: Specifications of module mounting structure

Structure Technical Specification

Parameters Specifications
Type Single axis tracking system
Configuration Each structure will hold 20 modules.
Material MS Galvanized
Overall
As per design, please refer Attachment C & D
dimension
Coating Hot dip (galvanized) Minimum of 70 Micron size
Wind rating 100 km/hr (Horizontal)
Tilt angle Suitable to site
Foundation PCC (1:2:4)
Fixing type SS 304 fasteners

53


Table -: Cables speficification

Cable Technical Specification


Standard IS 1554/694-1990

Working voltage Up to 1100V

Temperature range -15 Deg C to +70 Deg C

Sizes Suitable sizes

Table -: Invertors specification

Inverter Technical Specifications
Input Voltage range Vpmin=500 VDC to Voc=820 VDC
Recommended solar power as
500-580 kWp
input
Output Voltage 510 VAC (Phase), 400 VAC (Line)
AC outputs 5 Connectors (L1, L2, L3, N and PE)
DC inputs 4 minimum
Output power 500 kW or above
Output current distortion Less than 2%
MPP range at DC rated output 500- 820 VDC
Mains frequency range 50 Hz +/- 0.4%
Maximum Efficiency Greater than 95 %
Maximum Power Point Tracking (>1%
Operating mode
accuracy)
Power factor (Cosφ) 1
Ambient temperature range 0-40 °C
Relative humidity 95% non-condensing
Protection Type IP20
When sufficient solar generator power
Automatic turn on
is available
Resetting time after AC
Minimum 2 minutes
deactivation
Ground fault monitoring, Reverse
Protection polarity protection, Over voltage
protection.
Solar generator / Grid decoupling Through high insulation transformer.

54


Table -: Transformer specification at 33 kV side

Transformer 1.25 MVA, 415/33 KV, 5 Nos

No. of Phases 3

Type Copper wounded transformer.

Cooling type Oil cooled (ONAN)

Installation Outdoor

Primary voltage 415V

HV 33000 volts

LV 415 volts

Vector Group Dyn 11

Percentage impedance 5%

Secondary voltage 33 kV at 33kV panel

Toppings and windings 33 kV side

Regulation at unity power factor 1.32 %

Regulation @ 0.8 power factor 4.68 %

Max Efficiency @ 36% load >99%
Efficiency (25~125% of load) @
98.5~99%
unity power factor
98~98.9%
0.8 power factor
Insulation class Class-A
Welded steel tank and bolted cover
Enclosure
construction.
First filling of oil Confirms to IS 335

Applicable standards IS2026

55


Table -: Transformer specification for grid interfacing at 33/132 kV

Transformer 6.50 MVA, 33/132 KV, 1 No.

No. of Phases 3

Type Copper wounded transformer.

Cooling type Oil cooled (ONAN)

Installation Outdoor

Primary voltage 415V

HV 33000 volts

LV 11000 volts

Vector Group Will match with the grid requirement

Percentage impedance 5%

System voltage 33kV at 33 kV panel

Toppings and windings 11 kV side

Regulation at unity power factor 1.32 %

Regulation @ 0.8 power factor 4.68 %

Max Efficiency @ 36% load >99%
98.5~99%
unity power factor
98~98.9%
0.8 power factor
Insulation class Class-A
Welded steel tank and bolted cover
Enclosure
construction.
First filling of oil Confirms to IS 335

Applicable standards IS2026

56


Table -: Monitoring system specification

Monitoring system Technical Specifications
The system is an innovative monitoring and analysis system for
large PV plants. It is upgradeable with CAN bus compatible
System
components (like junction boxes). The system supports the
diagnostic and monitoring functions for these components.
Monitoring of central inverters and junction boxes to string level.
Measurement & storage of the temperature, irradiation, string level
current values, etc. Transmits the data required for monitoring, such
Monitoring as yields and the system efficiency, to the Internet portal, where the
Central
data is converted into straightforward diagrams and stored.
system
A constant target/actual analysis should enable malfunctions to be
detected in their initial stages and an immediate notification is sent
to a definable group of people.

Remote-controlled connection / disconnection should reduce service
String
monitoring outlay on site. The long-life electronic safety feature will optimize
junction boxes system availability.

Data modem (analogue/Ethernet), CAN open interface for
Communication
connecting the system components, RS 232 interface.

57


7 POWER EVACUATION AND INTERFACING WITH GRID

It is important that the power plant is designed to operate satisfactorily in

parallel with grid, under the voltage and frequency fluctuation conditions, so as

to export the maximum possible units to the grid. It is also extremely important

to safeguard the system during major disturbances like tripping, pulling and

sudden over loading during the fluctuation of the grid loads on the generating

unit in the island mode, under fault/feeder tripping conditions.

7.1 Power Evacuation System

The Direct Current (DC) from modules is converted into Alternating Current

(AC) by Inverters. The inverter outputs are given to a junction box which is

connected (using 415V XLPE cable) to the LV Panel in the control room. The

output from LV Panel is stepped up to 11kV by, Oil cooled, outdoor type

transformer located near the control room. The HV side of transformer is

connected to 11kV HT Panel in the control room (using 11kV XLPE cable). The

LV and HT Panels have all necessary metering and protection as per Power

Evacuation schematic. From the HT panel, 11kV XLPE cable runs to 11kV

metering panel and then to Double Pole (DP) Structure. DP structure is

connected to existing 33/132 kV grid by suitable Aluminum Conductors Steel

Reinforced (ACSR) conductor.

The Power evacuation system comprises of following major components:

1. Transformer – Oil immersed type with Off circuit tap changer with all
accessories
2. 415V Low Voltage (LV) Panel
3. 11kV High Tension (HT) Panel
58


4. 11kV Metering Panel
5. LT & HT cables
6. Control & Power evacuation cables

7.2 Transformers

The proposed transformer shall be installed outdoor suitable for hot, humid and

tropical climate. The transformer will be free from annoying hum and vibration

when it is in operation, even at 10% higher voltage over the rated voltage. The

noise level will be in accordance with respective standards.

The transformer will be designed and constructed so as not to cause any

undesirable interference in radio or communication circuits. The oil filled

transformer will be capable of operating continuously at its rated output without

exceeding the temperature rise limits as given below over design ambient

temperature of 50 deg C.

• In oil by thermometer 50 deg C

• In winding by resistance 55 deg C

The transformer will be designed to withstand without injury, the thermal and

mechanical effect of short circuit at its terminal with full voltage maintained

behind it for a period of 1 second. The transformer will be capable of continuous

operation at the rated output under voltage and frequency variation without

injurious heating at that particular tap for all tap positions.

Phase connections will be delta on LV side and star on HV side. HV side shall be

resistance earthed. HV side shall be suitable for connection to 11kV HT panel.

59


LV side shall be suitable for connection to LV panel. Transformer will be

designed for over fluxing withstand capability of 110% continuous and 125% for

at least 1 minute. Further it shall be capable of withstanding 140% of rated

voltage at the transformer LV terminal for a period of 5 seconds to take into

account sudden load throw off conditions.

Overloads will be allowed within conditions defined in the loading guide of

applicable standard. Under these conditions, no limitations by terminal

bushings, off circuit tap changers or other auxiliary equipment shall apply.

7.3 HT, LV & 11KV Metering Panel

Under the normal climatic and earthquake conditions, the HT and LV panels will

meet the following requirements:

a) The physical alignment of 11kV and 415V switchgear panels along with

incoming and outgoing feeder connections, supporting insulators &

structures of bus bars will not get disturbed and there will not be any

internal flashover and/or electrical fault.

b) All relays, transducers, indicating instruments, devices in switchgear

panels will not mal-operate.

c) Current carrying parts, supporting structure, earth connection etc. will

not get dislocated and /or will not break or distort.

d) Co-ordination with other systems

All equipments will have necessary protections. Each switchgear will be

provided with necessary arrangement for receiving, isolating, distributing and

fusing of 230V AC and 11OV DC supplies for various control, lighting, space

60


heating and spring charging circuits. DC supply for control shall be duplicated

for each board which shall run through auxiliary bus wires.

11kV Lightning Arrestor will be of non-linear resistor type. Unless otherwise

modified in this specification the lightning arrestor shall comply with IS

3070(Pt.1)1974 or the latest version thereof.

7.4 Cables

11kV cables will be unearthed grade suitable for use in medium resistance

earthed system, with stranded & compacted aluminium conductors, extruded

semi-conducting compound screen, extruded XLPE insulated, extruded semi-

conducting compound with a layer of non- magnetic metallic tape for insulation

screen, extruded PVC (Type ST-2) FRLS outer sheathed, multi-cored conforming

to IS 7098 (Part II) IEC-60502 for constructional details and tests.

7.5 LT Power Cables

LT Power Cable will be 1100V, unearthed grade, multi-core, stranded aluminium

conductor, XLPE insulated with PVC outer sheath made on FRLS PVC compound.

All other details will be as applicable. Minimum conductor cross section of power

cables will be 4 Sq.mm

7.6 Control cables

Control cables will be 1100V Grade, multi-core, minimum 2.5 Sq.mm cross

section, stranded copper conductor having 7 strands, PVC insulated, and outer

sheath made of FRLS PVC compound. In situations where accuracy of

measurement is or voltage drop in control circuit is not warrant, higher cross
61


sections as required will be used. 4 sq.mm copper conductor cables will be used

for CT circuits all other specifications remaining same.

7.7 Power Evacuation Cable

3 Core XLPE insulated, aluminium cable confirming to IS 7098 of required

length shall be provided for power evacuation.

7.8 Grid Synchronization Scheme

The output power from the LV panel is taken to set-up transformer, where the

voltage is stepped up from 415V to 11kV. The output of the transformer is fed

to HT panel and from the HT panel to Double Pole (DP) structure.

From DP structure, ACSR conductors run to another DP structure located near

the existing 33/132 kV grid at about 10 km from the project site. Single pole

(SP) structures are provided at equal intervals. The number of single pole

structures required is determined based on sag calculation. The location of DP

and SP structures will be decided during detailed engineering. Air Breaker (AB)

switch is provided near DP structure to facilitate isolation of the power plant

from the grid during emergency. Jump conductors are used to connect the DP

structure to the existing 33/132 kV grid. A single line diagram (SLD) for

depicting the power evacuation scheme is enclosed as annexure 9.

62


8 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS

Photovoltaic system consists out of two parts.

1. Direct current (DC) side

2. Alternating current (AC) side

Solar PV array generates DC Power at a very high voltage and need to be

handled carefully.

8.1 DC side of the power plant

1 PV modules convert Sun light into DC Power.

2 PV modules are connected in series & parallel to create necessary voltage

& current. The series & parallel connections are done as per the design.

3 The output of PV array is connected to junction boxes and outputs of the

several junction boxes are connected to main combiner box.

4 This generated DC power is passed through the Inverter to convert DC

power into AC power.

8.2 AC side of the power plant

1 The output of the Inverter will be AC power at 415V.

2 This converted AC power at 415V is connected to LV panel and stepped

up to 11kV using a step-up transformer.

3 From 11 kV the power is stepped up to 33 kV and is connected to HT

panel and from HT panel to Double Pole conductor.

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4 AC Power is transmitted through overhead line to the 33/132 kV

substation located at about 10 km from the project site.

5 Both on DC side of generation as well as AC side of conversion, protection

and safety devices are provided to ensure safe and reliable operation of

the complete Solar Power Generating system.

6 Monitoring and Analysis system provided with the power plant will record,

store and transfer data that are essential for the same purpose.

8.3 Mode of Operation

The PV system basically consists of the following components:

1 PV arrays convert Sun light into DC Power.

2 This generated DC power is passed through the Inverter to convert DC

power into AC power.

3 This converter AC power at 415V is stepped up to 33 kV using a step-up

transformer.

4 AC power at 33 kV is connected to the Grid at the same voltage.

5 Both on DC side of generation as well as AC side of conversion, protection

and safety devices are provided to ensure safe and reliable operation of

the complete Solar Power Generating system.

6 Monitoring and Analysis system provided with the power plant will record,

store and transfer data that are essential for the same purpose.

64


8.4 Maintenance requirements

The main objectives of the maintenance section focus on keeping the plant

running reliably and efficiently as long as possible with any break down.

Reliability is impaired when a plant is thrown to forced and unforeseen outages.

The following measures will help in reducing the break down maintenance and

also help in planning for preventive maintenance.

1 Careful logging of operation data and periodically processing it to

determine abnormal or slowly deteriorating conditions.

2 Careful control and supervision of operating conditions. Wide and rapid

variations in voltage and frequency conditions do contribute to increased

maintenance.

3 Regulate routine maintenance work such as keeping equipment clean,

cleaning of module, proper maintenance of inverters etc.

4 Correct operating procedures.

5 Frequent testing of plant equipment by ‘Walk Down’ checks to internal

condition of equipments such as module performance, inverter efficiency

test, monitoring system testing etc.

6 Close co-ordination with the manufacture to effect improvements in plant

layouts and design, use of better material, introduction of such facilities

as lightning protection, etc.

8.5 Spare parts management system

The primary objectives of spare parts management system will be to ensure

timely availability of proper spare parts for efficient maintenance of the plant

65


without excessive build up on non-moving and slow moving inventory. A

provision of 2% of equipment cost is kept for purchase of spare parts for

smooth functioning of the plant. The spare parts management system for this

project will cover the following areas:

7 Maintaining the proper condition of all spares and consumables.

8 Spare parts indenting and procurement policy.

9 Ordering of critical mandatory and recommended spares.

10 Judicious fixation of inventory levels and ordering levels for spare parts

based on past experience.

8.6 Maintenance of O & M Manuals

Operation and Maintenance (O&M) manual for the various sections of the plant

in adequate number of copies shall be made available to the plant personnel. It

is also proposed to have a sound and slide show for the education and training

of the operators.

The set points as per O&M manual will be reviewed and any revisions required

at the pre-commissioning and commissioning stage will be incorporated for

operator guidance.

8.7 Operation & maintenance Organization of the Plant

The organization proposed ensures that the proposed power plant will be

headed by the plant Engineer, holding the full charge of the power plant

operations, reporting directly to the project promoters. The staffing

66


recommended here takes care of the operation, maintenance and the related

record keeping.

The plant Engineer should be a graduate engineer with relevant experience in a

power plant. Generally, the power plant will be similar to unmanned type.

However, two more technicians would be required for regular monitoring and

few people will be engaged for regular cleaning of the Solar Modules.

8.8 Training

During the commissioning of the plant training will be imparted to the Engineer

and supervisors. This operational training shall cover the following:

1 The nature, purpose and limitations of all plant and equipment.

2 The detailed operating instructions on each section and equipment of the

plant.

3 Normal startup and shutdown Program for the plant.

4 The emergency procedures and all related HSE issues according to the

standards.

5 The basis for the training shall be the plant's Operation and Maintenance

Manual, Contract document and drawings provided by the manufacturer.

67


9 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND WASTE
MANAGEMENT

Photovoltaic (PV) technologies have distinct environmental advantages for

generating electricity over conventional technologies. The operation of

photovoltaic systems does not produce any noise, toxic-gas emissions, or

greenhouse gases. Photovoltaic energy not only can help to meet the growing

worldwide demand for electricity, but it can do so without incurring the high

economic and environmental costs of burning fossil fuels and installing power

lines. Compared to burning coal, every giga watt-hour of electricity generated

by photovoltaics would prevent the emission of about 10 tons of sulphur

dioxide, 4 tons of nitrogen oxides, 0.7 tons of particulates, and up to 1000 tons

of carbon dioxide.

It has been proposed to use CIS Thin modules which does not contain toxic

material (eg. Lead, cadmium). Independent studies and reports have confirmed

PV Modules are safe to people, animal life and the environment during any

anticipated application or use.

• PV solar modules represent a 90% reduction in harmful air emissions

when used to displace conventional energy generation technologies. Solar

electricity is generated with no air emissions, no waste use and no waste

production while preventing the environmental impacts associated with

traditional fossil fuels.

68


• A 2006 Progress in Photovoltaic Research and Applications study showed

that the active semiconductor material used within Solar PV Modules

presents the best energy payback time of all existing solar technologies.

• Solar PV Modules are classified as "waste for recovery" and non-

hazardous in accordance with the German Waste Code, European Waste

Legislation and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards.

As part of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to be implemented for

the Power Plant as a whole, monitoring of Noise level and water quality both at

source and in the ambient at the plant site will be done regularly as per Central

Pollution Control Board (CPCB) guidelines after the plant is commissioned.

69


10 OPERATION & MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION OF THE
POWER PLANT

The organization proposed ensures that the proposed power plant will be

headed by the plant manager, holding the full charge of the power plant

operations, reporting directly to the project promoters. The staffing

recommended here takes care of the operation, maintenance and record

keeping.

The plant manager should be a graduate engineer with minimum of 10 years of

experience out of which at least five years should have been worked in a power

plant.

Shift supervisors should be provided housing nearby the power plant premises.

It is considered that these personnel will be available for 24 hours for meeting

any emergency requirements of the operation of the plant.

The plant manger will be in charge for both technical and administrative

functions. The organization under plant manager shall be divided into operation

and maintenance group.

The plant operation team will work in three shifts per day. Each shift will be

controlled by a shift supervisor. There will be an additional shift supervisor who

will function as reliever.

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10.1 Training

During the commissioning of the plant training will be imparted to the operators

and shift supervisors, this operational training shall be to acquaint the operators

with the following:

• The nature, purpose and limitations of all plant and equipment.

• The detailed operating instructions on each section and equipment of the

plant.

• Normal startup and shutdown Program for the plant.

• The emergency procedures.

The basis for the training shall be the plant's operating and maintenance

manual, contract document, drawings which is provided by the manufacturer.

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10.2 Plant Operation Organization Chart

PLANT MANAGER
1

PLANT ADMIN HEAD
1

PLANT SUPERVISOR PLANT SUPERVISOR PLANT SUPERVISOR PLANT SUPERVISOR
Shift No.1 – 1 No. Shift No.2 – 1 No. Shift No.3 – 1No. Reliever 1 No.

PLANT HELPER PLANT HELPER PLANT HELPER PLANT OPERATOR
Shift No.1 – 3 No. Shift No.2 – 3 No. Shift No.3 – 3 No. Reliever 3 No.

PLANT HELPER
Reliever 2 No.

ACCOUNTANT
1

SECURITY SECURITY SECURITY SECURITY
Shift No.1 – 1 No. Shift No.2 – 1No. Shift No.3 – 1 No. Reliever - 1 No.

72


10.3 Project Implementation Strategy

It is envisaged that the project will have the below mentioned phase of

activities. These phases are not mutually exclusive; to implement the project on

fast track basis some degree of overlapping is envisaged.

• Project Development

• Finalization of the Equipment and Contracts

• Procurement and Construction

• Plant Commissioning and performance testing

10.4 Project Development

In a power project, development of the project plays an important role. Almost

50 % of the work is done if one achieves power purchase agreement from the

NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam Ltd (NVVN).

Apart from the above the below listed tasks will be under project development:

1. Preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPR)

2. Participation in RFQ/submission of application with documents for

registration with NVVN

3. Expedite LOI from NVVN

4. Power purchase agreement (PPA) with NVVN

5. Financial closure

10.5 Finalization of the Equipments and Contracts

In the power plant PV modules, invertors and transformers are the long lead

items and the planning schedule for the project implementation should provide

73


adequate time period for the installation of these equipment. The specifications

for major equipment like the Modules, Invertors and Transformer design shall

be drawn up at an early stage of the project. Program of design information,

from the equipment suppliers, that satisfies the overall project schedule shall be

drawn up.

Since, the project execution calls for closer coordination among the contractors,

consultants and the company, proper contract co-ordination and monitoring

procedures shall be made to plan and monitor the project progress.

10.6 Procurement and Construction

The procurement is an important function of the implementation of the project.

Once the purchase order is placed, the project team follows up regularly to

ensure smooth and timely execution of the contract and for obtaining technical

information for the inter-package engineering.

When the contract for the equipment are awarded, detailed program in the form

of network are tied up with the supplier to clearly indicate the owner's

obligations and the suppliers responsibilities. And upon placement of the

purchase order, the project team follows up regularly to ensure smooth and

timely execution of the contract and or obtaining technical information for the

inter-package engineering. The procurement activity includes review of

drawings, expediting, stage and final pre-delivery inspection, supervision of

installation and commissioning.

To expedite supplies from the manufacturers, regular visits to the supplier's

works will have to be undertaken by the project engineers/consultants. The

manufacturing program and quality plans finalized at the time of award of

74


contract. Regular reports shall be prepared indicating the schedule variations, if

any, their likely impact on the delivery schedule, and the recommendations to

meet with the schedules.

During construction, the erection and commissioning phase of all the contracts

proceed simultaneously. Adequate power and water shall be made available for

the construction. Construction manager of Saisudhir Energy takes the overall

responsibility of the site.

10.7 Erection and Commissioning Phase

The commissioning phase in a project is one where design, manufacturing,

erection and quality assurance expertise are put to test. The commissioning

team will be from manufacturer of the equipment, consultant and the company.

As discussed in the earlier section, staff identified to operate the plant will be

involved in the commissioning phase of the project itself.

When construction phase is complete, the check list designed to ensure that the

plant has been properly installed with appropriate safety measures. The

commissioning team will follow the operating instructions laid down by the plant

and equipment manufacturer. The plant shall be subjected to a performance

test, after the successful completion of the performance test of the plant, the

plant will be taken over by the company.

It is responsibility of the company to ensure that major civil work shall have to

be planned in the non-monsoon period. All the statutory clearances like

pollution control board clearance will be obtained much before of the start of

the project commissioning.

75


11 PROJECT COST ESTIMATE AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

The cost of the power project is estimated, on the basis of the prevailing prices

rates and the estimation is for the installation of power generation facilities

described in the earlier sections of this report.

The cost of the solar power plant, presented in this section of the report covers

all the costs associated with the construction of the plant and included civil

construction cost, cost of equipment for power generation, cost of auxiliaries

and utilities. We have also taken the reference of CERC considered capital cost

for approving the purchase tariff for solar photovoltaic based power plants in

the country.

Table -: Project Cost Estimate

Particulars Rs. Mn
Land 102.04
Civil Works 40.36
PV Modules 320.00
Module mounting Structures 50.00
BOS ( Balance of System ) including Combiner Box, 90.60
Invertors, data logging System etc.
Transmission Line. 12 KM Length 10.00
Terminal equipments at evacuation point 7.00
Prel. & Pre Operative Expenses (Includes IDC – Rs. 26 Mn) 30.00

TOTAL 650.00

The Solar PV based power plant promoted by Saisudhir Energy Limited is

planned as an IPP. This power plant will supply power through APTRANSCO Grid

to NVVN on a long term power purchase agreement (PPA) as per the guidelines

of Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM).

76


11.1 Plant Operation

The Gross generation of power in the proposed power plant will be 5 MW. Solar
power plants do not require any reactive power for its main plant components
and auxiliary equipment. The estimated energy generation, considering the
losses for 25 years (project life of the power plant) is depicted in the below
table.

Years Net Export to Grid (GWh)
2011-12 2.33
2012-13 9.32
2013-14 9.23
2014-15 9.14
2015-16 9.05
2016-17 8.95
2017-18 8.87
2018-19 8.78
2019-20 8.69
2020-21 8.60
2021-22 8.52
2022-23 8.43
2023-24 8.35
2024-25 8.26
2025-26 8.18
2026-27 8.10
2027-28 8.02
2028-29 7.94
2029-30 7.86
2030-31 7.78
2031-32 7.70
2032-33 7.62
2033-34 7.55
2034-35 7.47
2035-36 7.40
2036-37 7.32

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11.2 Salable Electricity

The Gross generation of power in the proposed power plant will be about 9.63

million units per annum at PV array in AC side after the PV array losses, the net

energy exportable to the grid after the PV array losses is estimated to be about

9.32 million units. This surplus energy from the plant is connected to APTransco

33/132 kV substation located about 10 km from the project site and sold to

NVVN on long term power purchase agreement as per the Jawaharlal Nehru

National Solar Mission (JNNSM) guidelines.

11.3 Sale Price of Electricity

As per the financial analysis carried out, it is envisaged that a power purchase

agreement would be entered into with NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam Limited

(NVVN). Saiduhir energy has signed a power purchase agreement with NVVN at

a price of ` 12.00 per kWh. This tariff has been accepted by NVVN after a

competitive bidding carried out to purchase solar power on long term basis.

11.4 Sale Price of carbon credits

Certified Emissions Reductions or CER's are a "certificate" just like a stock. A

CER is given by the CDM Executive Board to projects in developing countries to

certify they have reduced green house gas emissions. Developed countries buy

CER's from developing countries under the CDM process to help them achieve

their Kyoto targets. The Kyoto protocol is defined by UNFCCC.

78


The existing protocol is defined up to 2012 i.e protocol expires by 2012. The

European Union, the major buyer of the carbon credits from green energy

projects from the developing countries restricted the use of CER’s if no

agreement is reached on Kyoto protocol by 2012 by developing countries

including US. There are many market uncertainties in selling CER’s generated,

majority of which depends on the policy decisions of the developing countries

and US to join the Kyoto protocol agreement for reducing carbon emissions.

Keeping the above CER market uncertainties in view, the prices of CER’s are

considered for the current project at € 12 per CER which works out to INR

7.5Mn.

79


Table -2: Assumptions for Financial Projections

Assumptions Supporting Financial Projections Input value Data Source
Installed Capacity MW 5.00 Proposed
Average Working days / Annum Days 365.00 Industry norms
Plant Load Factor % 21.28% As per the commitment from Vendor
Tariff Rs / kWh 12.00 Already PPA Signed with NTPC NVVN
O&M Expenses (on Project Cost) 0.53% CERC Tariff regulations 2009 (reference)
Escalation in O&M 5.72% CERC Tariff regulations 2009 (reference)
Interest on Term Loan 11.50% Assumed
Loan repayment Period / years years 13 Assumed
Moratorium From COD/Years years 1 Assumed
Interest on Working capital 13.00% Assumed
Income Tax ( Regular) 32.45% As per latest Budget 2011
Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) 18.50% As per latest Budget 2011
Incentives
MNRE Subsidy ( Rs. Million) 0.00 MNRE Guidelines
Tax holiday / years 10 As per Sec. 80IA of Income Tax Act,1961
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Revenue
Carbon Emission Remittance (CRE) price Euro / ton 12 Assumed
Exchange rate Rs / Euro 67 Assumed
Outputs
Generation GWh 9.32

80


Means of Finance Rs. Mn
Share Capital - 30% 195.00
Term Loan - 70% 455.00
TOTAL 650.00

Interest On Term Loan
(Rs.million)
Particulars / Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Opening Term Loan 455.00 446.25 411.25 376.25 341.25 306.25 271.25 236.25 201.25 166.25 131.25 96.25 61.25 26.25

Repayment
Quarter I 0.00 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75
Quarter II 0.00 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75
Quarter III 0.00 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75
Quarter IV 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 0.00
Loan Repayment 8.75 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 26.25

Outstanding Term Loan 455.00 446.25 411.25 376.25 341.25 306.25 271.25 236.25 201.25 166.25 131.25 96.25 61.25 26.25
Quarter I 455.00 437.50 402.50 367.50 332.50 297.50 262.50 227.50 192.50 157.50 122.50 87.50 52.50 17.50
Quarter II 455.00 428.75 393.75 358.75 323.75 288.75 253.75 218.75 183.75 148.75 113.75 78.75 43.75 8.75
Quarter III 455.00 420.00 385.00 350.00 315.00 280.00 245.00 210.00 175.00 140.00 105.00 70.00 35.00 0.00
Quarter IV 446.25 411.25 376.25 341.25 306.25 271.25 236.25 201.25 166.25 131.25 96.25 61.25 26.25 0.00

Interest
Quarter I 13.08 12.83 11.82 10.82 9.81 8.80 7.80 6.79 5.79 4.78 3.77 2.77 1.76 0.75
Quarter II 13.08 12.58 11.57 10.57 9.56 8.55 7.55 6.54 5.53 4.53 3.52 2.52 1.51 0.50
Quarter III 13.08 12.33 11.32 10.31 9.31 8.30 7.30 6.29 5.28 4.28 3.27 2.26 1.26 0.25
Quarter IV 13.08 12.08 11.07 10.06 9.06 8.05 7.04 6.04 5.03 4.03 3.02 2.01 1.01 0.00
Total Interest on Term Loan 52.33 49.81 45.78 41.76 37.73 33.71 29.68 25.66 21.63 17.61 13.58 9.56 5.53 1.51

81


Table -3: Estimation of Depreciation

Estimation of Depreciation

Apportionment of Pre-operatives (Rs.million)

Particulars Actual Cost Pre-Operative Exp Contingencies Total Cost

Land 102.04 4.94 0.00 106.98
Civil Works 40.36 1.95 0.00 42.31
PV Modules 320.00 15.48 0.00 335.48
Transmission Line. 12 KM Length 157.60 7.63 0.00 165.23
Total 620.00 30.00 0.00 650.00

Calculation of Book Depreciation (SLM) (Rs.million)
Particulars Cost Depreciation Residual Value
Land 106.98 0.00 106.98
Civil Works 42.31 40.20 2.12
PV Modules 335.48 318.71 16.77
Transmission Line. 12 KM Length 165.23 156.96 8.26
Total 650.00 515.87 134.13
Deprectiaton per annum on SLM Basis 20.63

82


Income Tax (Rs.million)
Income Tax 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25
as per MAT (18.5%) on profit 1.94 7.92 8.12 8.61 9.09 9.58 10.07 10.55 11.03 11.52 12.00 12.48 12.96 13.44
As per IT (30%+5%+3%) =32.45% on profit - - - - - - - - - - 21.05 21.89 22.73 23.57
Tax provision 1.94 - - - - - - - - - 21.05 21.89 22.73 23.57

Income Tax 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32 2032-33 2033-34 2034-35 2035-36 2036-37
as per MAT (18.5%) on profit 13.91 13.92 13.65 13.37 13.09 12.81 12.52 12.23 11.93 11.63 11.33 11.02
As per IT (30%+5%+3%) =32.45% on profit 24.40 24.42 23.94 23.45 22.96 22.46 21.96 21.45 20.93 20.41 19.87 19.33
Tax provision 24.40 24.42 23.94 23.45 22.96 22.46 21.96 21.45 20.93 20.41 19.87 19.33

Note:

Tax holiday as per Sec 80IA of IT Act, 1961 is considered for the first 10 years from commercial operation. However, tax is paid as per

Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) at 18.50% on profits. The tax so paid is available for credit up to 10 years. The amount will be shown as

asset in Balance Sheet. Since the tax paid in the first year cannot be utilized for adjustment in 11 year, it is charged to Profit and Loss

statement. Subsequent payments of tax till 10th year are considered as asset and are adjusted to tax payable from 11th years onwards.

83


Table -4: Project Profit & Loss Statement, Balance Sheet, Cash Flow, Project IRR and Working Capital

Summary of the Projections for 5 MW

Factor Unit Value
Project Cost Rs. Mn 650.00
Equity - 30% Rs. Mn 195.00
Debt - 70% Rs. Mn 455.00
Project IRR % 13.63%
Equity IRR % 18.89%
DSCR - Min times 1.35
DSCR - Avg times 1.65

Projected Profitability Statement Rs Mn
Particulars 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32 2032-33 2033-34 2034-35 2035-36 2036-37
(3 months)
Net Export to Grid(Units in Mn) 2.33 9.32 9.23 9.14 9.05 8.95 8.87 8.78 8.69 8.60 8.52 8.43 8.35 8.26 8.18 8.10 8.02 7.94 7.86 7.78 7.70 7.62 7.55 7.47 7.40 7.32
Tariff (Rs /KWh) 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00
CDM Revenue 1.87 7.49 7.42 7.35 7.27 7.20 7.13 7.06 6.99 6.92 6.85 6.78 6.71 6.64 6.58 6.51 6.45 6.38 6.32 6.25 6.19 6.13 6.07 6.01 5.95 5.89
Power Revenue 27.97 111.86 110.75 109.64 108.54 107.46 106.38 105.32 104.26 103.22 102.19 101.17 100.16 99.15 98.16 97.18 96.21 95.25 94.29 93.35 92.42 91.49 90.58 89.67 88.78 87.89
Total Revenue 29.84 119.36 118.17 116.98 115.81 114.66 113.51 112.37 111.25 110.14 109.04 107.95 106.87 105.80 104.74 103.69 102.66 101.63 100.61 99.61 98.61 97.62 96.65 95.68 94.72 93.78
Expenses
Direct Cost - O&M Expenses 0.87 3.46 3.66 3.87 4.09 4.33 4.58 4.84 5.11 5.41 5.72 6.04 6.39 6.75 7.14 7.55 7.98 8.44 8.92 9.43 9.97 10.54 11.14 11.78 12.45 13.16
Employee Cost 0.03 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.34 0.35
Administrative Expenses 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06
Interest and Financial Charges 13.30 52.33 49.81 45.78 41.76 37.73 33.71 29.68 25.66 21.63 17.61 13.58 9.56 5.53 1.51 - - - - - - - - - - -
Depreciation 5.16 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63
Total Expenses 19.36 76.57 74.26 70.45 66.65 62.87 59.10 55.34 51.60 47.88 44.17 40.48 36.81 33.16 29.54 28.45 28.89 29.36 29.86 30.38 30.93 31.52 32.14 32.79 33.48 34.21
Profit Before Tax (PBT) 10.47 42.79 43.91 46.53 49.16 51.79 54.41 57.03 59.65 62.26 64.86 67.46 70.05 72.63 75.20 75.25 73.77 72.27 70.76 69.23 67.68 66.11 64.51 62.89 61.24 59.56
Income Tax 1.94 - - - - - - - - - 21.05 21.89 22.73 23.57 24.40 24.42 23.94 23.45 22.96 22.46 21.96 21.45 20.93 20.41 19.87 19.33
Profit After Tax (PAT) 8.54 42.79 43.91 46.53 49.16 51.79 54.41 57.03 59.65 62.26 43.82 45.57 47.32 49.06 50.80 50.83 49.83 48.82 47.80 46.76 45.72 44.65 43.58 42.48 41.37 40.24

EBDITA over Total Revenue 96.98% 96.98% 96.77% 96.56% 96.32% 96.08% 95.81% 95.53% 95.23% 94.91% 94.56% 94.20% 93.81% 93.39% 92.94% 92.47% 91.96% 91.42% 90.84% 90.22% 89.56% 88.85% 88.10% 87.29% 86.44% 85.52%
PBT over Total Revenue 35.10% 35.85% 37.16% 39.78% 42.45% 45.17% 47.94% 50.75% 53.62% 56.53% 59.49% 62.50% 65.55% 68.65% 71.80% 72.57% 71.86% 71.11% 70.33% 69.50% 68.63% 67.71% 66.75% 65.73% 64.65% 63.52%
PAT over Total Revenue 28.61% 35.85% 37.16% 39.78% 42.45% 45.17% 47.94% 50.75% 53.62% 56.53% 40.18% 42.22% 44.28% 46.38% 48.50% 49.02% 48.54% 48.04% 47.51% 46.95% 46.36% 45.74% 45.09% 44.40% 43.67% 42.90%

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Projected Balance Sheet Rs. Mn
Particulars 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32 2032-33 2033-34 2034-35 2035-36 2036-37
Share Capital 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00
Reserves & Surplus 8.54 51.33 95.23 141.77 190.93 242.72 297.13 354.16 413.81 476.07 519.88 565.45 612.77 661.84 712.64 763.47 813.29 862.11 909.91 956.67 1,002.39 1,047.04 1,090.62 1,133.10 1,174.47 1,214.71
Term Loan 455.00 446.25 411.25 376.25 341.25 306.25 271.25 236.25 201.25 166.25 131.25 96.25 61.25 26.25 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Other Liabilities 24.40 24.42 23.94 23.45 22.96 22.46 21.96 21.45 20.93 20.41 19.87 19.33

Total 658.54 692.58 701.48 713.02 727.18 743.97 763.38 785.41 810.06 837.32 846.13 856.70 869.02 883.09 932.04 982.88 1,032.23 1,080.56 1,127.87 1,174.14 1,219.35 1,263.49 1,306.55 1,348.51 1,389.34 1,429.03

Fixed Assets 650.00 650.00 650.00 650.00 650.00 650.00 650.00 650.00 650.00 650.00 650.00 650.00 650.00 650.00 650.00 650.00 650.00 650.00 650.00 650.00 650.00 650.00 650.00 650.00 650.00 650.00
Less : Depreciation 5.16 25.79 46.43 67.06 87.70 108.33 128.97 149.60 170.24 190.87 211.51 232.14 252.78 273.41 294.05 314.68 335.32 355.95 376.59 397.22 417.86 438.49 459.13 479.76 500.40 521.03
Net Block 644.84 624.21 603.57 582.94 562.30 541.67 521.03 500.40 479.76 459.13 438.49 417.86 397.22 376.59 355.95 335.32 314.68 294.05 273.41 252.78 232.14 211.51 190.87 170.24 149.60 128.97
Debtors 20.52 20.52 20.33 20.00 19.67 19.34 19.02 18.70 18.38 18.06 17.75 17.45 17.14 16.84 16.54 16.24 15.95 15.66 15.37 15.09 14.81 14.53 14.25 13.98 13.71 13.44
Other Assets - 7.92 16.04 24.65 33.74 43.32 53.39 63.94 74.97 86.49 65.44 43.55 20.82 0.00 24.40 24.42 23.94 23.45 22.96 22.46 21.96 21.45 20.93 20.41 19.87 19.33
Bank Account (6.82) 39.94 61.54 85.44 111.47 139.64 169.94 202.38 236.94 273.63 324.44 377.85 433.84 489.66 535.14 606.90 677.66 747.40 816.12 883.80 950.43 1,016.00 1,080.49 1,143.88 1,206.15 1,267.29

Total 658.54 692.58 701.48 713.02 727.18 743.97 763.38 785.41 810.06 837.32 846.13 856.70 869.02 883.09 932.04 982.88 1,032.23 1,080.56 1,127.87 1,174.14 1,219.35 1,263.49 1,306.55 1,348.51 1,389.34 1,429.03

Cash Flow Statement Rs, Mn
Particulars 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32 2032-33 2033-34 2034-35 2035-36 2036-37
Realisations 9.32 119.36 118.35 117.32 116.14 114.98 113.83 112.69 111.57 110.45 109.35 108.25 107.17 106.10 105.04 103.99 102.95 101.92 100.90 99.89 98.89 97.90 96.92 95.95 95.00 94.05
Total Inflow 9.32 119.36 118.35 117.32 116.14 114.98 113.83 112.69 111.57 110.45 109.35 108.25 107.17 106.10 105.04 103.99 102.95 101.92 100.90 99.89 98.89 97.90 96.92 95.95 95.00 94.05

O&M Expenses 0.87 3.46 3.66 3.87 4.09 4.33 4.58 4.84 5.11 5.41 5.72 6.04 6.39 6.75 7.14 7.55 7.98 8.44 8.92 9.43 9.97 10.54 11.14 11.78 12.45 13.16
Employee Cost 0.03 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.34 0.35
Admin Cost 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06
Interest on Longterm Debt 13.30 52.33 49.81 45.78 41.76 37.73 33.71 29.68 25.66 21.63 17.61 13.58 9.56 5.53 1.51 - - - - - - - - - - -
Loan Repayment - 8.75 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 26.25 - - - - - - - - - - -
Income Tax 1.94 7.92 8.12 8.61 9.09 9.58 10.07 10.55 11.03 11.52 - - - 2.75 24.40 24.42 23.94 23.45 22.96 22.46 21.96 21.45 20.93 20.41 19.87 19.33
Total Outflow 16.14 72.60 96.75 93.42 90.11 86.81 83.53 80.26 77.00 73.76 58.54 54.85 51.18 50.28 59.56 32.23 32.19 32.18 32.18 32.21 32.26 32.34 32.44 32.56 32.72 32.91

Net Cash Flow (6.82) 46.76 21.61 23.89 26.03 28.17 30.30 32.44 34.57 36.69 50.81 53.41 55.99 55.82 45.48 71.76 70.76 69.74 68.72 67.68 66.63 65.57 64.49 63.39 62.27 61.14

85


Project IRR and Equity IRR
Rs. Mn
Returns: Cost 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32 2032-33 2033-34 2034-35 2035-36 2036-37
Project IRR

Outflow: (650.00)
Inflow:
PAT 8.54 42.79 43.91 46.53 49.16 51.79 54.41 57.03 59.65 62.26 43.82 45.57 47.32 49.06 50.80 50.83 49.83 48.82 47.80 46.76 45.72 44.65 43.58
40.2442.48 41.37
Depreciation 5.16 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63
20.6320.63 20.63
Interest 13.30 52.33 49.81 45.78 41.76 37.73 33.71 29.68 25.66 21.63 17.61 13.58 9.56 5.53 1.51 - - - - - - - - - - -
Salvage Value 134.13
Total (650.00) 27.00 115.75 114.35 112.95 111.56 110.16 108.75 107.35 105.94 104.53 82.06 79.79 77.52 75.23 72.94 71.46 70.46 69.45 68.43 67.40 66.35 65.29 64.21 63.12 62.00 195.00

Project IRR 13.63%

Equity IRR

Outflow: (195.00)
Inflow:
PAT 8.54 42.79 43.91 46.53 49.16 51.79 54.41 57.03 59.65 62.26 43.82 45.57 47.32 49.06 50.80 50.83 49.83 48.82 47.80 46.76 45.72 44.65 43.58
40.2442.48 41.37
Depreciation 5.16 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63
20.6320.63 20.63
Loan Repayment 0.00 8.75 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 26.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
Salvage Value 134.13
Total (195.00) 13.70 54.67 29.54 32.17 34.80 37.42 40.05 42.67 45.28 47.89 29.45 31.21 32.96 34.70 45.18 71.46 70.46 69.45 68.43 67.40 66.35 65.29 64.21 63.12 62.00 195.00

Equity IRR 18.89%

86


Working Capital Rs Mn
Years 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
Month Ended Jan Feb Mar April May June Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May June Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
Realisations - - 9.32 9.32 9.32 9.32 9.32 9.32 9.32 9.32 9.32 9.32 9.32 9.32 16.82 9.32 9.32 9.23 9.23 9.23 9.23 9.23 9.23 9.23 9.23 9.23 16.65
Total Inflow - - 9.32 9.32 9.32 9.32 9.32 9.32 9.32 9.32 9.32 9.32 9.32 9.32 16.82 9.32 9.32 9.23 9.23 9.23 9.23 9.23 9.23 9.23 9.23 9.23 16.65

O&M Expenses 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31
Employee Cost 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Admin Cost 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Interest on Longterm Debt - - 13.30 - - 13.08 - - 13.08 - - 13.08 - - 13.08 - - 12.83 - - 12.58 - - 12.33 - - 12.08
Loan Repayment - - - - - - - - - - - 8.75 - - 8.75 - - 8.75 - - 8.75 - - 8.75
Income Tax 1.94 7.92 8.12
Total Outflow 0.30 0.30 15.54 0.30 0.30 13.38 0.30 0.30 13.38 0.30 0.30 13.38 0.30 0.30 30.05 0.32 0.32 21.90 0.32 0.32 21.65 0.32 0.32 21.39 0.32 0.32 21.14

Working Capital Requirement 0.30 0.30 6.22 (9.02) (9.02) 4.06 (9.02) (9.02) 4.06 (9.02) (9.02) 4.06 (9.02) (9.02) 13.23 (9.00) (9.00) 12.67 (8.91) (8.91) 12.42 (8.91) (8.91) 12.17 (8.91) (8.91) 4.49
Cumulative Working
Capital Requirement 0.30 0.60 6.82 (2.20) (11.22) (7.16) (16.18) (25.20) (21.14) (30.16) (39.19) (35.12) (44.15) (53.17) (39.94) (48.94) (57.94) (45.28) (54.19) (63.10) (50.68) (59.59) (68.50) (56.34) (65.25) (74.16) (69.66)

87


Table -5: Project Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR)

Project Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR) Rs Mn.
Details 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25 2025-26 2026-27
A - SERVICE
Net Profit after Tax 8.54 42.79 43.91 46.53 49.16 51.79 54.41 57.03 59.65 62.26 43.82 45.57 47.32 49.06 50.80 50.83
Depreciation 5.16 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63 20.63
Interest on term Loan 13.30 52.33 49.81 45.78 41.76 37.73 33.71 29.68 25.66 21.63 17.61 13.58 9.56 5.53 1.51 -
TOTAL - A 27.00 115.75 114.35 112.95 111.56 110.16 108.75 107.35 105.94 104.53 82.06 79.79 77.52 75.23 72.94 71.46
B - DEBT
Installment on Term Loan - 8.75 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 26.25 -
Interest on Term Loan 13.30 52.33 49.81 45.78 41.76 37.73 33.71 29.68 25.66 21.63 17.61 13.58 9.56 5.53 1.51 -
TOTAL - B 13.30 61.08 84.81 80.78 76.76 72.73 68.71 64.68 60.66 56.63 52.61 48.58 44.56 40.53 27.76 -
DSCR 2.03 1.90 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.51 1.58 1.66 1.75 1.85 1.56 1.64 1.74 1.86 2.63 -

Min DSCR 1.35
Avg DSCR 1.65

88

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