The document discusses several topics related to water and health. It outlines qualities of water for public supply, water demand for drinking and domestic purposes, sources and quality of water, health issues from contaminated water, waterborne and vector-borne diseases, zoonotic diseases, and methods for controlling disease transmission. Air pollution sources, health effects of different pollutants, amounts of air and pollutants inhaled daily, effects of polluted air, susceptible groups, and prevention/control of air pollution are also covered.

1. CVE 815

2. Water and Health
Qualities of water for Public Supply
• Free from pathogenic agents
• Free from harmful chemical substances
• Pleasant taste, i.e. free from color, taste and odour
• Useable for domestic propose
Water Demand
• For drinking purpose: 2 liter/person/day
• Domestic purpose : 150-200 liter /person/day
Purpose of water supply
• Domestic uses; Public purpose; Industrial purpose;
Agricultural purpose; Hydropower production

3. Sources and Quality of Water
• Sources of water
– Meteoric water received as rain, snowmelt, hail, sleet,
glacial melt water, dew
– Surface water i.e. rivers, streams, lakes, pond
– Groundwater obtained through dug wells, tube wells,
natural springs, fountains
• Source of water pollution
– Sewage, industrial & commercial effluents, pesticides,
chemical manures, radioactivity, organic, inorganic
and dissolved pollutants

4. Health issues of contaminated water
• Acute and chronic toxic effect of chemical
pollutants
• Diseases associated with inadequate use of
water
• Dental health problem: 1gm fluoride/liter water
is beneficial for dental health
• Vector borne disease: Malaria, Dengue, filaria
etc.
• Cardiovascular disease etc.

5. Water Borne Diseases
• Viral: Hepatitis A & E, Poliomyelitis, Rotavirus
diarrhea, SARS, Dengue fever
• Bacterial: Cholera, Bacillary Dysentery, Typhoid
fever, Salmonella & E.Coli infections
• Protozoal: Amoebiasis, Giardiasis, Malaria
• Helminthic: Roundworm, Thread worm, Hydiatid
disease
• Snail: Schistosomiasis
• Cyclops: Guinea worm, Fish tape worm

6. Diseases spread by Mosquitoes
• Malaria
• West Nile Virus
• Zika
• Dengue
• Yellow fever
• Chikungunya

7. Zoonotic Diseases
• Anthrax – humans, livestock, horses
• Avian paramyxovirus - pigeons
• Bird-flue – Birds
• Foot and mouth disease – cattle, sheep, pig, dogs
• Rabies – Animals, humans
• Swine fever - pigs
• Tuberculosis – cattle
• Tetanus – Animals, humans

8. DISEASE TRANSMISSION
• An infectious disease is one that can be transmitted from one
organism, including human beings, to another whereas a non-
infectious disease cannot.
• The method of transfer of communicable disease to another person
is either direct ( person to person) or indirectly-involving an
inanimate (e.g. food or water) or animate (vectors such as
mosquitoes and flies) object.

9. DISEASE TRANSMISSION Cont…
SIX FACTORS THAT CAUSE DISEASE TRANSMISSION
1. A causative agent(Pathogens & parasites).
2. A reservoir of infection (humans and other organisms,
soil, water, air).
3. Means of escape from infected host (in excreta,
through the mouth, nose or skin and membranes).
4. A mechanism for transfer to another person either
directly (person to person) or indirectly involving an
inanimate (e.g. water or food) or animate (vectors
such as mosquitoes and flies) vehicle.
5. A mechanism for entering/infecting another person
(through the mouth, nose, skin or membrane)
6. A susceptible host.

10. CONTROL OF DISEASE TRANSMISSION
For any disease, knowledge of the transmission route will allow
measures to be designed to control transmission. For infectious
diseases, the main concerns are:
•Control in the Environment;
•Treating those who are sick, and
•Preventing entry to new/potential hosts.
Main methods of control may be:
• Physical – e.g. modification or manipulation of the environment (
change in drainage, changes in human activities, better latrines)
•Chemical – e.g. Spraying insecticides, use of preventative and
curative drugs or
•Biological – e.g. releasing sterilized adult mosquitoes, use of
predators ( e.g. fish, or dragonfly larvae to eat mosquito larvae)

12. Indoor Air Quality

13. Sources of air pollution
• Transport sector
– Nox, SO2, CO2, CO, VOC, Pb, NO2, Black smoke
• Industries and waste disposal
– SO2, N2O, NH3, CO2, CO, CH4, HF, HCl, H2S, O3
• Domestic sector
– CO2, CO, SO2, Nox, CH4, VOC, Smoke, dust, soot
• Power Generation
– SO2, CO2, NOx, N2O, CO, CH4

14. Health Effects of Air Pollutants
• CO: CO poisoning, depleted oxygen supply to heart
brain and other vital organs, headache, fatigue,
dizziness , drowsiness, nausea
• CO2: headache, dizziness, difficulty in breathing,
sweating, tiredness, increase heart rate, blood
pressure, coma, asphyxia, convulsions
• SO2: very toxic if inhaled, severe irritation of nose,
skin and eyes, blindness, pulmonary edema,
tightness in chest, asthma, inflame respiratory
system

15. Health Effects of Air Pollutants Cont…
• PB: problems in pregnancy, harm to fetus, fertility
issues, hypertension, digestive disorders, nerve
disorders, memory loss, muscle and joint pain.
• Cd: affects cardiovascular and reproductive
system, kidneys, eyes and brain
• H2S: small exposure can cause irritation to eyes,
nose or throat, increase difficulty for asthmatics
• O3: can damage lungs, chest pain, coughing, throat
irritation, hard breathing, worsen asthmatics
• PM: premature death of persons with heart & lung
diseases, heart attacks, irregular heartbeat, aggravated
asthma, difficulty in breathing, coughing.

16. How much air and pollutants we inhale
per day
• An average adult resting person inhales 7-8L of
air per min or almost 11.5 m3 or 14.2 kg per day.
• Among other air pollutants particulate matter is a
mixture of tiny solid particles(dust, smoke, soot,
salt, soil, mineral, pollens) and water droplets
• In order to assess the air quality of a city PM2.5
and PM10 are measured in routine. The WHO air
quality guidelines recommend annual average
concentration of PM2.5 must not exceed 10µg/m3
and 20µg/m3 for PM10.

17. Health Effects of Polluted Air
• Actual risk or adverse effects depends on the
current health status, type and concentration of
pollutant, and length of exposure.
• High air pollution levels can cause immediate
health problems e.g.
– Aggravated cardiovascular & respiratory illness
– Stress heart and lungs that must function
– Damaged cells in the respiratory system

18. Air pollution is a killer
• Long-term exposure to polluted air can have
permanent health effects such as:
– Accelerated aging of the lungs
– Loss of lung capacity and decreased lung function
– Development of diseases such as asthma, bronchitis,
emphysema, and possibly cancer
– Shortened life span

19. Most susceptible persons to ill effects
of air pollution
• Individuals with heart disease, coronary artery
disease or congestive heart failure
• Individuals with lung diseases such as asthma,
emphysema or chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD)
• Pregnant women
• Outdoor workers
• Older adults and the elderly
• Children under age 14
• Athletes who exercise vigorously outdoors

20. Prevention and Control of Air Pollution
• Containment:
– Preventing atmospheric release of toxic substances by
enclosure, ventilation and air cleaning
• Replacement
– Substitution of fossil fuels and firewood by alternate wind, solar
and hydel power
• Dilution
– Greenbelts, urban plantation
• Legislation
– Implementation/monitoring of environmental laws/regulations
• International Action
– International monitoring through ground and space stations