The document discusses solid waste management, focusing on the analysis of a hauled container system and various disposal methods, including sanitary landfilling and incineration. It details the operational requirements, regulations, and challenges associated with landfill siting, as well as health impacts related to waste management practices. Additionally, it provides a numerical example for determining the land area required for a new landfill site based on waste generation data.

1. CVE 506
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

2. Example 8.3 : Analysis of a hauled container system
•Solid waste from a new industrial park is to be collected in
large containers, some of which will be used in conjunction
with stationary compactors.
•Based on traffic studies at similar parks, it is estimated that
the average time to drive from garage to the first container
location (t1) and from the last container location (t2) to the
garage each day will be 15 and 20 min, respectively.
•If the average time required to drive between containers is 6
min and the one-way distance to the disposal site is 15.5 mi
(speed limit: 55 mi/h → a = 0.016 h/trip b = 0.018 h/trip),
determine the number of containers that can be emptied per
day, based on an 8-h workday.
•Assume the off-route factor, W, is equal to 0.15.

3. 5/5/2024 CVE 506 Prepared by Ado Mohammed 3

4. 5/5/2024 CVE 506 Prepared by Ado Mohammed 4

5. 5/5/2024 CVE 506 Prepared by Ado Mohammed 5

6. 5/5/2024 CVE 506 Prepared by Ado Mohammed 6

7. Example 8.3 Analysis of a hauled container system
Solution
•Determine the pick-up time per trip: Phcs = pc + uc + dbc
pc: time required to pick up loaded container, h/trip
uc: time required to unloaded empty container, h/trip
pc + uc = 0.4 h/trip (from Table 8-5)
dbc: time req. to drive between container locations =
6 min/trip = 0.1 h/trip
Phcs = pc + uc + dbc = 0.4 + 0.1 = 0.5 h/trip

8. Example 8.3 Cont. Analysis of a hauled container system
Solution Cont.
•Determine the time per trip: Thcs = Phcs + s + h = Phcs
+ s + a + bx
s: at site time = 0.133 h/trip (from Table 8-5)
a = 0.016 h/trip b = 0.018 h/trip
Thcs = 0.5 + 0.133 + 0.016 + 0.018(31) = 1.21 h/trip
•Determine the # of trips that can be made per day:
Nd = (H(1-W)-(t1+t2))/Thcs
Nd = (8h/d (1-0.15)-(0.25h+0.33h))/1.21 h/trip
Nd = 5.14 trip/d ≈ 5 trips/d

9. Solid Waste Disposal
Disposal of solid wastes is defined as placement
of the waste so that it no longer impacts society
or the environment. The wastes are either
assimilated so that they can no longer be
identified in the environment, as by incineration
to ash, or they are hidden well enough so that
they cannot be readily found.

10. Until the environmental movement emerged
in the 1960s, most wastes were disposed of
with little or no control: to land, as open
dumping; to air, by burning or evaporation of
volatile compounds; or to water, by
discharging solids and liquids to surface,
groundwater or the ocean.

11. METHODS OF SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL AND
MANAGEMENT
Here are some common methods of solid waste disposal and
management:-
1) Solid Waste Open Burning
2) Sea dumping process
3) Solid wastes sanitary landfills
4) Incineration method
5) Composting process
6) Disposal by Ploughing into the fields
7) Disposal by hog feeding
8) Salvaging procedure
9) Fermentation/biological digestion
10) Controlled Tipping/Burying
11) Discharge to sewers
12) Open dump

12. Sanitary landfilling
Sanitary landfilling is the compaction of refuse in
a lined pit and covering of the compacted refuse
with an earthen cover. Typically, refuse is
unloaded, compacted with bulldozers, and
covered with compacted soil. The landfill is built
up in units called cells. The daily cover is
between 6 and 12 in. thick depending on soil
composition, and a final cover at least 2ft thick
is used to close the landfill

13. The characteristics of sanitary landfill that distinguish
it from an open dump are:
i. The waste is placed in a suitably selected and prepared
land fill site in a carefully prescribed manner
ii. The waste materials is spread out and compacted with
appropriate heavy machinery
iii. The waste is covered each day with a layer of compacted
soil
• It is effective method for permanent disposal if there is
enough land and equipment
• Useless lands become useful (hills, valleys) e.g. flat land for
recreation
N.B. It may not be appropriate in rural areas because of
highly skilled professionals require for proper operation,
planning, regulating and controlling and deposition of solid
wastes on selected areas.

14. Arrangement of Cells in a Sanitary Landfill

15. MODERN LANDFILL

16. Unlined Landfills and Groundwater
Contamination

17. Diagram of a Sanitary Landfill

18. Sanitary landfilling operation
The sanitary landfilling operation
involves numerous stages, including
siting, design, operation, and closing.

19. Siting Restrictions
The landfill disposal regulations provide the following
restrictions on landfill location:
• Prohibit the placement of a landfill facility near an airport because of
dangers from scavenging birds.
• Require the landfill to be located outside the 100 year floodplain or the
landfill design must prevent the washout of solid waste during a 100 year
flood.
• Prohibit the placement of a new landfill or expansion of an existing landfill
into or on a wetland.
• Prohibit the placement of a landfill within 200 feet of an earthquake fault.
• Prohibit the placement of a landfill in an area with a high probability of a
strong earthquake.
• Prohibit the placement of a landfill in an area with unstable soil.
• Require existing landfills which cannot meet the airport, floodplain, or
unstable area requirements above, to close within five years. The state
may grant a maximum of a two year extension.

20. Siting Landfills
Siting of landfills is rapidly becoming the most
difficult stage of the process since few people
wish to have landfills in their neighborhoods. In
addition to public acceptability, considerations
include:
• Drainage: Rapid runoff will lessen mosquito
problems, but proximity to streams or well
supplies may result in water pollution.

21. • Wind: It is preferable that the landfill be
downwind from any nearby community.
• Distance from collection.
• Size: A small site with limited capacity is
generally not acceptable since finding a new
site entails considerable difficulty.
• Rainfall patterns: The production of leachate
from the landfill is influenced by the weather.
• Soil type: Can the soil be excavated and used
as cover?

22. • Depth of the water table: The bottom of the
landfill must be substantially above the
highest expected groundwater elevation
• Treatment of leachate: The landfill must be
proximate to wastewater treatment facility
• Proximity to airports: All landfills attract birds
to some extent, and are therefore not
compatible with airport siting.
• Ultimate use: Can the area be used for private
or public use after the landfilling operation is
complete?

23. Sanitary Landfill: Federal Legislation Provisions

24. Operational Requirements
• Exclusion of hazardous waste from the landfill.
• Provide at least six inches of daily soil cover over new solid
waste placed in the landfill.
• Control disease vectors such as rodents and insects.
• Monitor methane concentrations in the landfill and buildings.
(Methane is explosive when combined with the oxygen in air.)
• Elimination of most open burning.
• Control public access.
• Construct run-on and run-off controls for water.
• Meet water quality discharge requirements (NPDES) to surface
water.
• Prohibit all liquid wastes except small quantities of household
liquid wastes.
• Maintain records indicating compliance.

25. Design Requirements
• Synthetic membrane liner at least 30 mils
thick
• Soil liner at least 2 ft. thick
• Hydraulic conductivity no more than 10-7 cm/s
• Other state-approved designs possible

26. Landfilling: Area Method

27. Trench
Method
From Sincero & Sincero, 1996

28. From Davis & Cornwell, 1991

29. Operation of Landfills
The landfill operation is actually a biological
method of waste treatment. Municipal refuse
deposited as a fill is anything but inert. The
liquid produced during decomposition, as well
as water that seeps through the groundcover
and works its way out of the refuse, is known as
leachate. The amount of leachate produced by a
landfill is difficult to predict. The only available
method is water balance: the water entering a
landfill must equal the water flowing out of the
landfill, or leachate

30. The total water entering the top soil layer is
C = P(1-R)-S-E
where
C = total percolation into the top soil layer (mm),
P = precipitation (mm),
R = runoff coefficient,
S = storage (mm), and
E = evapotranspiration (mm).

31. Gas is a second by-product of a landfill. Since
landfills are anaerobic biological reactors, they
produce (2% and C02). The rate of gas
production from sanitary landfills may be
controlled by varying the particle size of the
refuse by shredding before placing the refuse in
the landfill, and by changing the moisture
content. Gas production may be minimized with
the combination of low moisture, large particle
size, and high density.

32. Unwanted gas migration may be prevented
by installing escape vents in the landfill.
These vents, called “tiki torches,” are kept
lit and the gas is burned off as it is formed.
Improper venting may lead to dangerous
accumulation of methane. Since landfills
produce considerable quantities of
methane, landfill gas can be burned to
produce electric power.

33. Closure and Ultimate Use of Landfills
Municipal landfills must be closed according to
state and federal regulations. Such closure
includes the permanent control of leachate as
well as gas, and the placement of an
impermeable cap. The cost of closure is very
high and must be incorporated in the tipping fee
during the life of the landfill.

34. Does MSW Degrade in a Landfill?

35. The advantages of landfilling as a waste disposal
option include:
• It costs less than other disposal options
• A wide variety of wastes are suitable for landfill
• It frequently offers the only final disposal route
for residues arising from end-of-pipe treatment
technologies and other waste management
options, such as incineration
• Landfill gas can be collected and utilized for heat
and as a low-polluting fuel for energy generation
• Restored land can provide valuable space for
wildlife habitat or leisure use

36. The disadvantages of landfilling include:
• Older sites, constructed before the impacts of leachate and landfill
gas were realized, are now sources of pollution with uncontrolled
leakages
• There is continued risk of contamination from operational landfill
sites
• Some parts of the world are experiencing shortages of suitable
landfill sites close to the source of waste generation
• Landfilling achieves a lower conversion of wastes into energy than
other solid waste management strategies
• The convenience of landfilling tends to discourage the development
of innovative waste management strategies
• Landfilling may produce contaminated land that is unsuitable for
some future uses
• Landfilling causes noise pollution, odors, unsightliness, and often
heavy vehicle movement adding to air pollution problems

37. Example : Determine the area required for a new landfill site with a projected life
of 20 years for a population of 150,000 generating 25kg per household per week.
Assume the density of waste is 500kg/m3. A planning restriction limits the height
of the landfill to 10m. Assume 3 persons per household.
Solution:
DATA
Population= 150000. Projected life= 20yrs, Waste generated per household= 25kg
Waste density= 500kg/m3, Height=10m, 3 persons per household.
Waste generated by total household = 150000*25=1250 tonnes/week
3 103
=65000tonnes/year
Volume of landfill space required
= (65000*103)/500=130*103m3/year
If the height is 10m
Required land area = 130*103/10 =13000m2=1.3ha
This value will need to increase by 1.5 to allow for daily cover, roads, receiving
areas, fencing etc.
Therefore, required area for 20 years ≡ 1.3*20*1.5=39ha.
Note: 1.3 is the required land area, 20 is the life of the landfill 1.5 is the increase.

38. Incineration

39. Characteristics of wastes suitable for incineration:
• Content of combustible matter above 60%
• Content of non-combustible solids below 5%
• Content of non-combustible fines below 20%
• Moisture content below 30%

40. Waste types not to be incinerated:
• Pressurized gas containers
• Large amount of reactive chemical waste
• Silver salt and photographic or radiographic wastes
• Halogenated plastics such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
• Waste with high mercury or cadmium content, such as
broken thermometers, used batteries, and leadlined
wooden panels
• Sealed ampoules or ampoules containing heavy metals
⇒ Air pollution is undesirable characteristics of incinerator
⇒ Expensive and skill personnel is needed
⇒ May be located close to centre of waste production
(advantageous)

41. Hazardous Materials
A hazardous material is a substance (gas, liquid,
or solid) capable of causing harm to people,
property, and the environment. The United
States Department of Transportation (DOT) uses
the term hazardous materials to cover nine
categories identified by the United Nations
Hazard Class Number System, including:

42. • Explosives
• Gases (compressed, liquefied, and dissolved)
• Flammable Liquids
• Flammable Solids
• Oxidizers
• Poisonous Materials
• Radioactive Materials
• Corrosive Materials
• Miscellaneous Materials

43. Assessing the health impacts of waste management
we need to bear in mind two groups of people:
• the workers involved in the process
• the wider public.
Health studies Health studies can consist of
epidemiological surveys where medical statistics
are used to search for any effects. For example,
a study could compare the incidence of birth
defects among babies whose mothers lived
within 5 km of a landfill site (the exposed group)
with a similar group (the control group) who
were not close to a landfill.

44. Health impacts of incineration
• Respiratory health – some evidence was found
to link incinerator emissions and respiratory
health problems.
• Birth impacts and congenital malformations –
the review identified a large number of
studies of birth outcomes of mothers living
close to incinerators.

45. Moisture Content Determination
The moisture content of solid waste is moisture
content = mass of moisture /total mass of waste.
The moisture content of MSW may vary between
15 and 30%, and is usually about 20%. Moisture is
measured by drying a sample at 77°C (170°F) for 24
h, weighing, and calculating as
M = w – d x 100,
W
where
M = moisture content, percent,
w = initial, wet weight of sample, and
d = final, dry weight of sample.