,
environmental degradation and-development_in_bangl
,
poverty
,
ecosystem
,
environmental degradation
,
causes of environmental degradation
,
urbanization
,
transport activities
,
major environmental problems in bangladesh
,
role of iucn and greenpeace
Presented by: Sheikh Mohammed Tauhidul Islam
4.4 Communication and outreach
The session will focus on key considerations and best practices in communication and outreach in the formulation and implementation of NAPs. It will look at such issues as the purpose, objectives, channels for communications and outreach, and the role that media can play. It will also include examples from countries on their communication and outreach programmes.
Presented by: Sheikh Mohammed Tauhidul Islam
4.4 Communication and outreach
The session will focus on key considerations and best practices in communication and outreach in the formulation and implementation of NAPs. It will look at such issues as the purpose, objectives, channels for communications and outreach, and the role that media can play. It will also include examples from countries on their communication and outreach programmes.
Now a days climate is rapidly changing. Its' effect on Bangladesh is described in this document. Mainly focused on the sea level rise of Bangladesh. Hope many will get idea about this.
Thanks to all.
Out of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, Goal-13 targets Climate Action, raising awareness on the everyday rise of global temperature along with increased Air Pollution, which in return becomes the leading cause of acid rains, and ways to tackle it. Also, it targets reducing annual plastic waste , deforestation, annual floods and to control industrialization.
he management of water resources has become a critical need in Bangladesh because of growing demand for water and increasing conflict over its alternative uses. As populations expand and make various uses of water, its growing scarcity becomes a serious issue in developing countries such as Bangladesh.
Contents:
- Definition
- Chittagong City
- Water logging in Chittagong City
- Causes of Water logging in Chittagong City
- Effects of waterlogging
- Probable Solutions to waterlogging
since human started the industrial revolution and things started to become worse for environment and public health and so many movements took place. movements were means for representing anger and revolution.
Environmental problem is a major problem in Bangladesh. People don't take this matter seriously like poor country whether other developed countries are taken necessary steps to protect their environment. In this slide presentation, we want to discuss about causes, effects, government steps & various ways to protect our environment. Hope, you'll enjoy this presentation. Thank you All.
This presentation will cover:
General information about Bangladesh
Seasons of Bangladesh
River of Bangladesh
Amount monthly precipitation over the year
Average humidity over the year
Water quality standards
Hazards Bangladesh faces
Flood and drought event in Bangladesh
Water pollution in Bangladesh
Government’s law and policy
This path breaking model was the first that showed the interrelationship between different growing systems of the world, and how in the process of achieving infinite growth, finite natural resources would be depleted forming a Limit to Growth. Increasing pollution and loss of agricultural land would also affect growth and welfare.
Presentation delivered by Professor David Hulme at IUB University and ICCCAD in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Bangladesh Confronts Climate Change is avaiable here: www.anthempress.com/bangladesh-confronts-climate-change-pb
Now a days climate is rapidly changing. Its' effect on Bangladesh is described in this document. Mainly focused on the sea level rise of Bangladesh. Hope many will get idea about this.
Thanks to all.
Out of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, Goal-13 targets Climate Action, raising awareness on the everyday rise of global temperature along with increased Air Pollution, which in return becomes the leading cause of acid rains, and ways to tackle it. Also, it targets reducing annual plastic waste , deforestation, annual floods and to control industrialization.
he management of water resources has become a critical need in Bangladesh because of growing demand for water and increasing conflict over its alternative uses. As populations expand and make various uses of water, its growing scarcity becomes a serious issue in developing countries such as Bangladesh.
Contents:
- Definition
- Chittagong City
- Water logging in Chittagong City
- Causes of Water logging in Chittagong City
- Effects of waterlogging
- Probable Solutions to waterlogging
since human started the industrial revolution and things started to become worse for environment and public health and so many movements took place. movements were means for representing anger and revolution.
Environmental problem is a major problem in Bangladesh. People don't take this matter seriously like poor country whether other developed countries are taken necessary steps to protect their environment. In this slide presentation, we want to discuss about causes, effects, government steps & various ways to protect our environment. Hope, you'll enjoy this presentation. Thank you All.
This presentation will cover:
General information about Bangladesh
Seasons of Bangladesh
River of Bangladesh
Amount monthly precipitation over the year
Average humidity over the year
Water quality standards
Hazards Bangladesh faces
Flood and drought event in Bangladesh
Water pollution in Bangladesh
Government’s law and policy
This path breaking model was the first that showed the interrelationship between different growing systems of the world, and how in the process of achieving infinite growth, finite natural resources would be depleted forming a Limit to Growth. Increasing pollution and loss of agricultural land would also affect growth and welfare.
Presentation delivered by Professor David Hulme at IUB University and ICCCAD in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Bangladesh Confronts Climate Change is avaiable here: www.anthempress.com/bangladesh-confronts-climate-change-pb
Sheet1 Risk Category Risk Explanation Environmental Water poll.docxedgar6wallace88877
Sheet1 Risk Category Risk Explanation Environmental Water pollution
Author: Author:
What is the impact of this?
It should be clearly stated here.Drilling projects operate around the clock, disrupting wildlife, and water sources. The drilling method of “fracking” is known for contaminating drinking water sources with chemicals that lead to cancer, birth defects and liver damage. The controversial method injects a mixture of water and chemicals into rock formations to release oil and gas. As a result, it generates huge volumes of wastewater with dangerous chemicals that can leak to ponds, lagoons and underground aquifers.
Author: Author:
This is very difficult to read. It would be best to wrap the text as you did for row 4 below.Marine Pollution Oil spills leading to pollution of water in cases of offshore rigs offshore rig oil spills are known killers of wildlife. Just think back to the explosion of BP’s Deepwater Horizon rig in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. The resulting spill covered 68,000 square miles of sea surface and killed majority of the small marine animals around the area. It also affects the beauty of the coastlines reducing recreational activities that can be carried out their
Land Pollution Clearing of vegetation leading to environmental degradation. Oil and gas drilling has serious consequences for our wildlands and communities Infrastructure built for oil and gas extraction can leave behind radical impacts on the land. The construction of roads, facilities and drilling sites known as well pads requires the use of heavy equipment and can destroy big chunks of pristine wilderness. The damage is often irreversible. Air Pollution Human Risk Risk of Fire Deaths due to accidents Lack of recreations areas Diseases such as cancer Property Risk Damage to property Air Pollution affects the color on properties
Sheet2
Sheet3
GradingRubricPointsGradeNotesIdentification of Risks5042The risk statement should include both a probability and impact. If it helps you, you may use the format: "If…, then…".Required Fields2015Where is the risk ID#, risk owner's name detailed and/ or POC for each risk? What are the date of identification and status of each identified risk?Grammar and Proper Citations1010Clear Format and Easy to View/ Report2013The course number, your name, and the date were not included. Who may I contact with questions about this Risk Register? A key with a description for each field could be included so the reviewer of this information understands what they are looking at. Formatting could be greatly improved for this. Considering that you would share this with your project sponsor and other key stakeholders.
Author: Author:
Note, it is best to remove Sheets which are not being used. 10080Please turn on comments to review feedback on your Risk Register.
Sheet1 Risks
Student’s name
Course
Date
RISK CATEGORY RISK ID EXPLANATION date RESPONSE PLANNING ENVIRONMENTAL water pollutionDrilling projects operate arou.
IMPACTS OF SOIL AND WATER POLLUTION ON FOOD SAFETY AND HEALTH RISKSIAEME Publication
The food safety and environmental pollution is interlinked and considered to be important issues in today’s world. Historically, the soil and water pollution has impacted food safety and ultimately an important threat for health. The situation is very challenging in most of the countries where the pollution and risks of increasing food safety have affected large set of population. The scarcity of water, over application of pesticides, chemical application and other pollutants are most important factors which impacts food safety in a drastic manner. The study will cater to the waste and soil pollution and their impacts of human health. In present scenario, there is a shortage of water resources which led to the irrigation of waste for fulfillment of water requirements in the agricultural production. This kind of usage causes serous health impacts due to water and soil pollution.
The world has experienced remarkable expansion and development in recent decades, which has greatly accelerated industrialization and urbanization. However, this advancement has come at a price: a dangerous increase in global pollution. The ecosystems of the globe, people's health, and the economy are all seriously threatened by global pollution in all of its manifestations. The complexities of global pollution will be examined in this essay, along with how it impacts both the environment and people.
environmental issue are the major problem in our India and it is our major responsibility to identify all environmental issue and try to overcome it and make our country a sustainable, clean and green country .
You will see all the relevant topics Trans-boundary environmental problems; global pollution; economic significance of biodiversity;
economics of climate change; trade and environment, dispute resolutions
Define conflict and conflict behavior in organizations
Distinguish between functional and dysfunctional conflict
Understand different levels and types of conflict in organizations
Analyze conflict episodes and the linkages among them
Explain why conflict arises, and identify the types and sources of conflict in organizations.
Describe conflict management strategies that managers can use to resolve conflict effectively.
Understand the nature of negotiation and why integrative bargaining is more effective than distributive negotiation.
,managing conflict ,politics ,and negotiation
,
capital budgeting
,
concept of capital budgeting
,
the capital budgeting process
,
significance of capital budgeting
,
classification of investment project proposals
,
techniques of capital budgeting
,
types of project
basic organization of computer
,
input unit
,
output unit
,
storage unit
,
arithmetic logic unit (alu)
,
computer codes
,
computer for organization
,
business communication
,
payroll system
,
management information system
operating system
,
os
,
what is an os?
,
types of os
,
logical architecture of a computer system
,
basic task perform by os
,
task switching
,
utility software
,
main functions of an os
,
ddata communications and computer networks
,
basic elements of a communication system
,
coaxial cable
,
star network
,
data transmission media
,
ring network
,
hybrid network
,
completely connected network
,
multi-access bus network
,
network linking devices
,
network interface card (nic)
International Business basic concept of international business
,
approaches to international business/ modes of ent
,
barriers to international business
,
absolute advantage and comparative advantage
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
2. Objectives of this lecture
Conceptual analysis of environment, eco-system & environmental degradation
Examine various factors of environmental degradation.
Identify the major environmental problems of Bangladesh
Know about international initiatives for sustainable environment as well as
government initiatives for environmental protection and Development in
Bangladesh.
3. Environment
The term environment has been derived from french
word “environia” means to surround. It refers to both
abiotic (physical or non-living) and biotic (living)
environment.
Environment is surrounding atmosphere or condition
for existence. It is an essential natural process or an
outcome of occurrence.
Conceptual Analysis
4. Ecosystem
Ecosystem is a biological environment
consisting of all the organisms living in a
particular area, as well as all the nonliving,
physical components of the environment with
which the organisms interact, such as air, soil,
water, and sunlight.
Some ecosystems are very large. For
example, many bird species nest in one place
and feed in a completely different area. On
the other hand, some ecosystems may be
physically small, such as you would find in a
meadow at the edge of a forest, or in a coral
reef in the ocean.
5. Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through
depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems
and the extinction of wildlife.
The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction defines
environmental degradation as “the reduction of the capacity of the environment
to meet social and ecological objectives, and needs”.
Environmental Degradation
6. Population
Population impacts on the environment primarily
through the use of natural resources and
production of wastes and is associated with
environmental stresses like loss of biodiversity,
air and water pollution and increased pressure
on arable land.
Causes of Environmental Degradation
I. Social Factors
Year World Population
1800 1 Billion
1950 2.5 Billion
2000 6 Billion
2011 7 Billion
World population Growth
7. Poverty is said to be cause and effect of
environmental degradation. When people not
have the basic necessities for survival. For
instance, they may be starving for clean
water, proper housing, sufficient clothing or
medicines and be struggling to stay alive.
Poverty
8. Lack of opportunities for gainful employment
in villages and the ecological stresses is
leading to an ever increasing movement of
poor families to towns. Mega cities and
unplanned urbanisation are emerging and
urban slums are expanding.
Urbanization
9. II. Economic Factors
Market Failure
To a large extent, environmental degradation is
the result of market failure, that is, the non-
existent or poorly functioning markets for
environmental goods and services. This
context, environmental degradation is a
particular case of consumption or production
externalities reflected by divergence between
private and social costs.
Lack of well defined property rights may be one
of the reasons for such market failure. On the
other hand, Market distortions created by price
controls and subsidies may aggravate the
achievement of environmental objectives.
10. The level and pattern of economic development affect
the nature of environmental problems. Especially
Industrialization based economic development has
resulted in environmental degradation. The
manufacturing technology adopted by the industries has
played load on environment through intensive resource
and energy use which resulted the water, air and land
contamination, and degradation of natural eco-systems.
Agricultural development contribute to soil erosion, land salination and loss of nutrients. For
example, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identifies agriculture as the primary
source of water pollution. Shifting cultivation has also been an important cause of land
degradation. Leaching from extensive use of pesticides and fertilizers is an important source of
contamination of water bodies. Intensive agriculture and irrigation contribute to land degradation
also.
Economic development
Impacts of Agriculture Development
11. Transport activities have a wide variety of effects on the environment such as air pollution, noise from road
traffic and oil spills from marine shipping. The World Health Organization (WHO) says vehicular air
pollution is a major cause of respiratory distress in urban Bangladesh. World Bank (2007) estimated about
15,000 premature deaths due to poor air quality in Dhaka city.
Transport activities
The total population of registered motorized vehicles in the Bangladesh stands at 1.75 millions. The
composition of the vehicle population among different categories is shown on Figure-1. The percent
increase in the population of different vehicle categories during the period 2003 -2012 in Bangladesh is
shown on Figure-2. A high growth rate in the number of motorcycles is seen.
Source: CASE Report ‘Emission Inspection of In use Vehicle in Bangladesh (2012)
12. III. Political and Administrative Factors
Lack of visionary leadership quality, traditional policy making role of
politicians and improper practice of environmental policy which approved by
the government of Bangladesh are responsible for environmental
degradation. As well as the administrative reasons are:
1. Lake of expansion of regulatory activity and growing complexity
2. Lake of growing environmental awareness
3. Lake of growing impact of environmental law
4. Lake of changing environmental problems
5. Lack of changing patterns of public administration
13. IV. Environmental Factors
Habitat Fragmentation
Habitat fragmentation carries long term
environmental impacts some of which can destroy
entire ecosystems.
Where an ecosystem is a distinct unit and includes
all the living and non-living elements that reside
within it. Plants and animals are obvious members,
but it will also include other components on which
they rely on such as streams, lakes, and soils.
Habitats become fragmented when development
breaks up solid stretches of land. Examples include
roads which may cut through forests or even trails
which wind through prairies. While it may not sound
all bad on the surface, there are serious
consequences.
14. Water and air pollution are
unfortunately the common causes of
environmental degradation. Pollution
introduces contaminants into the
environment that can maim or even
kill plant and animal species. The two
often go hand in hand. Water, air and
soil pollution, along with other
environmental factors, contribute to
40 percent of deaths worldwide each
year.
Water and Air Pollution
15. Acid rain occurs when sulfur dioxide SO2
from coal plant emissions combines with
moisture present in the air. A chemical
reaction creates this acid rainfall. Acid
rain can acidify and pollute lakes and
streams. It causes similar effects to the
soil. Acid rain causes acidification of
lakes and streams and contributes to the
damage of trees at high elevations and
many sensitive forest soils.
Acid Rain
16. Destruction of ozone layer
Ozone layer, a region of the
atmosphere from 19 to 48 km (12 to
30 mile) above earth’s surface.
Ozone concentrations of up to 10
parts per million occur in the ozone
layer. The ozone forms there by the
action of sunlight on oxygen.
This action has been taking place for
many millions of years, but naturally
occurring nitrogen compounds in the
atmosphere apparently have kept
the ozone concentration at a fairly
stable.
29
17. Major Environmental Problems in Bangladesh
• Because of its geographical location,
Bangladesh suffers from a range of
environmental problems, arising from
drought, flood and other natural
hazards. Frequencies of hazards are
on the increase day by day. Like other
third world countries, Bangladesh is
facing a number of different
environmental crises such as:
1. Water Pollution
2. Air Pollution
3. Sound Pollution
4. River Pollution
5. Depletion of Biodiversity
6. Natural Disaster
7. Deforestation
8. Soil erosion
18. 1. Water Pollution
The increasing urbanization and industrialization of
Bangladesh have negative implications for water quality.
The pollution from industrial and urban waste effluents,
and from agrochemicals in some water bodies and
rivers have reached alarming levels. Among the surface
water, the worst polluted water are in the River
Buriganga situated in Dhaka. The 2nd most polluted river
is the Shitalakhya, flowing from the east of Dhaka.
Groundwater was treated as the best source of safe
water, before arsenic contamination. But today 54 per
cent of tubewells were found to have fecal
contamination, due to poor wellhead design, faulty
construction and management. (Haque, B.A. (1998)
Biological Contamination of Tube well Water, ICDDRB,
Bangladesh)
Buriganga river in 1980’s
Buriganga river in present
19. 2. Air Pollution
Air pollution is a big environmental concern in
Bangladesh particularly its big cities including
capital Dhaka.
World Bank has estimated that almost 15, 000
premature death with million cases of sickness
occur annually in Bangladesh due to air
pollution and its economic cost is around
US$200-800 million per year which is almost
o.7 to 3 % of country’s total GDP.
(World Bank Report 2007)
Vehicle emission, emission from traditional
brick kiln, re-suspension of road dust,
construction work, biomass burning etc. are the
main sources of air pollution in Bangladesh.
20. 3. Sound Pollution
The incidence of sound pollution in Bangladesh is becoming a problem of far-reaching consequences.
In the absence of a traffic rule curbing the use of horns, the noise problem has become acute in many
parts of the cities and towns. Motor cars, trucks, buses, trains, construction works and noises from
industrial plants are sources of noise pollution. The level of noise pollution in 10 representative areas
in Dhaka city has been specified as follows:
Areas Type of area Observed db Permissible limit Level of
pollution
Shakahry patty Residential area 75.5 db 45 db 25.5
Dhaka medical college
hospital
Silent zone 70.8 db 45 db 25.8
Nabisco biscuit factory Industrial area 89 db 75 db 14
Mohakhali bus terminal Busy traffic 89 db 85 db 04
New market Commercial area 86.4 db 70 db 16.4
Mouchak Mixed area 92.6 db 60 db 30.6
Source: (Bangladesh State of Environment Report 2000)
21. 4. River Pollution
Bangladesh has about 230 small and large rivers,
and a large portion of the country’s people depend
on them for a living and for transportation. But
experts say that many of them are drying up
because of pollution and encroachment. Buriganga
was once the lifeline of the Bangladesh capital. But
the once mighty buriganga river, is now one of the
most polluted rivers in Bangladesh because of
rampant dumping of industrial and human waste.
A world bank study said four major rivers near
Dhaka – the buriganga, Shitalakhya, Turag and
Balu receive 1.5 million cubic metres of waste water
every day from 7,000 industrial units and another
0.5 million cubic metres from other sources.
25
22. 5. Depletion of biodiversity
The depletion of biodiversity is the result of various kinds of
human development interventions and activities, especially in
the areas of agriculture, urbanization, industries, chemicals,
transport and energy. Once Bangladesh had rich species
diversity. The natural forests were undisturbed and used to
support a heterogeneous vegetation. Due to the raising of
plantations with single crops, now the floral diversity has been
reduced and forests have decreased significantly over the last
few decades. The annual deforestation rate is estimated to be
around 3.3 percent. It was identified 12 species of wildlife as
extinct in Bangladesh (Source: Husain, K.Z. 1974. An
introduction to the wildlife of Bangladesh. Dhaka, Page: 78).
23. 6. Soil Erosion
Soil erosion is the most serious and prevalent disease of the
land that arises environmental degradation. Vast areas of hill
districts of Bangladesh have been so damaged due to soil
erosion that they no longer can be used to grow anything of
value to human beings. The loss of soil fertility and potential
production, watershed siltation through erosion and soil
degradation facilitates natural disaster. Global temperature will
rise up to 2 degree Celsius in the South Asian region including
Bangladesh and it is predicted that millions of peoples living in
low lying coastal areas in Bangladesh could be come displaced
as sea level rise by up to 15 cm by 2030. Soil erosion in the
hilly areas resulted adverse effect on water bodies like rivers,
canals, ponds, wetlands etc.
24. 7. Natural disaster
Bangladesh is most vulnerable to several
natural disasters and every year natural
calamities upset people's lives in some part of
the country. The major disasters concerned
here are the occurrences of flood, cyclone and
storm surge, flash flood, drought, riverbank
erosion, and landslide.
The effects of natural the calamities beggar
description. Floods hits our country during the
rainy season when there is excessive rainfall.
Cyclone and drought occur in summer when
the weather is extremely hot and dry.
And earthquakes also occasionally occur in
our country. They cause heavy damage to our
life and properties. Houses are destroyed,
cattle are washed away, crops are greatly
damaged and trees are uprooted.
Year Cyclone type Causality
October 1960 Severe Storm 10,000 people died
November
1970
Severe Storm The official death
toll was 500,000
April
1991
Severe Storm 150,000 people
died
November 2007 Cyclone Sidr causing over
2,000 deaths
May
2009
Cyclone Aila 330 people died
Major Cyclones that hit Bangladesh Coast
Source: Bangladesh Meteorological Department
1988, BBS, 1998 and Wikipedia
25. 8. Deforestation
Deforestation is a major threat of Bangladesh. According to the
ecologists, for livable environment there should be forest on
the 25% land of the total area. In Bangladesh there is 16%
forest of the total land. So, if we destroy trees at random, one
day Bangladesh will turn into a great desert. All living animals
and birds will not find any food or shelter to live in, they will
destroyed. There will be no rain and as a result Bangladesh’s
agriculture will face a great crisis. The temperature will rise and
it will cause green house effect. Bangladesh will be unsuitable
for living and natural calamities like flood, drought, storm will
visit our country.
In 1910, the country’s population was 40 million but now it has
more than 150 million. In the 1980s, the rate of destruction of
forests in the country was 8,000 hectares per year. Now it has
gone up to 37,700 hectares per year. The annual deforestation
rate is 3.3%.
29
26. World Environment Movement
The Stockholm conference on environment is a milestone in world environment movement. The
concept of environment was expanded in the larger areas of social, economic and political
sectors through this conference held in 1972. Around 113 countries, 19 international
organizations and 400 non-government organizations took part in the conference. Following the
decision of the conference, United Nation Environmental Programme (UNEP) and International
Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) were established.
Role of IPCC
The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), coming into existence in 1988, has since
been in relentless in undertaking research on the various phenomena related to changes in the
global climatic conditions and arousing public opinion and awareness toward undertaking
required steps in confronting the potential challenges. For such an outstanding research, IPCC
was honored by awarding Nobel Prize.
Initiatives for Sustainable Environment
International initiatives
27. Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol signed to reduce carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emission responsible
for increasing global warming. It came into force from 16 February 2005. Till now, 137
developing countries have ratified the Kyoto protocol, including Brazil, China and India. On
December 11, 1997, the negotiations on the Kyoto Protocol under the United Nations
Convention on Climate Change Framework were completed. The Kyoto Protocol put 36
industrialized nations under obligation to meet specific legally binding targets for emissions of
six-greenhouse gas like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide etc.
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Activities
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is an important part of Kyoto Protocol. As per
CDM, industries in developed countries may earn Certified Emission Reduction (CER) credit by
investing in the developing countries. As a result, both developed and developing countries
may be benefited. With a view to developing management of waste of the city of Dhaka under
the auspices of CDM, 700 MT of decomposable waste will be collected from kitchen markets of
various locations to prepare compost fertilizers. Such a programme will facilitate the Dhaka City
Corporation in saving its cost in respect of waste collection and transportation.
28. Role of UN
The UN has consistently taken the lead in taking on climate change. In 2007, the Nobel
Peace Prize was awarded jointly to former US Vice-President Al Gore and the IPCC "for their
efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change".
The Kyoto Protocol set standards for certain industrialized countries.
In Dec. 2010, climate change talks in Cancún concluded with a package of decisions to
help countries advance towards a low-emissions future.
In 2011 the UN Climate Change Conference in Durban, South Africa produced the Durban
Platform . In Durban, governments decided to adopt a universal legal agreement on climate
change as soon as possible.
In December 2012, after two weeks of negotiations at Doha conference, nations moved
forward on climate change and extended the Kyoto Protocol. The renewal will keep existing
climate targets until a new international agreement comes into effect in 2020.
UNEP has more than 20 years of experience working on climate change. UNEP has
launched a major worldwide tree planting campaign – The Billion Tree Campaign. UNEP has
established CN Net to assist those interested in achieving big cuts in greenhouse gas
emissions to reach their goals.
29. Role of IUCN AND Greenpeace
In 2015, France will be hosting and presiding the 21st Session of the COP to the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. COP21 will be a crucial conference, as it
needs to achieve a new international agreement on the climate, applicable to all countries,
with the aim of keeping global warming below 2°C.
IUCN Coordinating climate change work across 12 major programmes, 10 regions, 6
Commissions and member organizations. It is working to include biodiversity concerns in
adaptation and mitigation polices and practice, as well as furthering natural resource
management strategies that help species and humans adapt to the impacts of climate change.
On the other hand Climate change is a priority issue for Greenpeace. It inspires people to join
the energy revolution by reducing energy consumption and promoting renewable energy.
CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES (COP)
30. The following national policy documents developed by the Government of Bangladesh have
addressed the issues of climate change:
1. The Constitution: through its 15th amendment, considered the issue of climate change.
Constitutional Amendment included the following article 18 A Protection and improvement of
environment and biodiversity: The State shall Endeavour to protect and improve the
environment and to safeguard the natural resources, biodiversity, wetlands, forests and wild
life for the present and future citizens.
2. Vision 2021: Vision 2021 that provides political directions to all national policy documents
states, “ All measures will be taken to protect Bangladesh, including planned migration abroad,
from the adverse effects of climate change and global warming.”
3. Sixth Five Year Plan : ‘Bangladesh Sixth Five Year Plan FY2011-15’ provides strategic
directions and policy framework of Climate Change adaptation for accelerating growth and
reducing poverty of the country.
4. Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan approved by the Government
in 2009 with wide consultation with Government and NGO sector, development partners,
experts, academia etc. It is a one of the first landmark document among the developing
countries.
National Initiatives
31. It has been observed that other national sectoral policy documents that are being reviewed
currently also considering the effects of climate change and directing policy propositions to
combat those. These are:
Preparation of National Land Policy
The National Environment Policy
National Forestry Policy
The National Plan for Agricultural Research
National Water Policy
Air Pollution Control
Conservation of Ecology
Control of Industrial Pollution
Control of Noise Pollution
Conservation of Biodiversity
The U.K. Bangladesh Climate Change Conference
Protection of Ozone Layer
Natural Disaster Management
The Department of Forest
Bangladesh Forest Research Institute (BFRI)
NGO Activities for Conservation of Environment .
5. Other Policy Documents
32. Reference
1.Ahmed, Yasmeen (1995), “Environmental Degradation and Natural Disasters: Who are the
worst victims?”
2.Gain, Philip (1998), Bangladesh Environment : Facing the 21st Century, Dhaka : Society
for Environment and Human development (SHED).
3.Rahman, A. Atiq, et.al., (1994), Environment and Development in Bangladesh, Vol II ,
Dhaka : UPL.
4.Bangladesh State of Environment Report, 2001, Department of Environment/UNEP
5.Bangladesh Environment 2001, Unnyan Shamannay, UPL
6.Rahman, A. Atiq, et.al., Environment and Poverty, Dhaka, UPL.
7.Munir uz Zaman, M., Aspects of Environmental Degradation in Bangladesh
8.Study by Environmental Protection Department of Bangladesh 2008, Air Quality
Management Project, Department of Environment, GoB.