This document discusses different types of pollution including air, water, land, and noise pollution. It provides causes and effects of each type of pollution. The key sources of each type of pollution are burning fossil fuels, vehicles, industries, agriculture, mining, construction, and waste dumping. Air pollution causes diseases, global warming, acid rain, and ozone layer depletion. Water pollution affects biodiversity, food chains, and human health. Land pollution impacts climate, soil quality, and can cause respiratory issues. Noise pollution has physical and psychological effects and disrupts sleep. The major sources named for each type of pollution are vehicles, industries, agriculture, mining, construction, and waste.

1. SUBJECT : POLLUTION
TEACHER : Mrs. Ratna Sharma
STUDENT NAME : Abhay Kamboj
GEOGRAPHY
PROJECT

2. .Pollution is the introduction of contaminates into the natural environment.
That cause adverse change. Pollution of can take the form of energy or chemical
Substances. Such as noise, heat or light . Pollutants, the components of
Pollution, Either foreign can we be substances or energies naturally occuring
contaminates.
INTRODUCTION

3. IN THE WORLD, THERE ARE SEVERAL TYPES OF PLLUTION:
For example: air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution.
THE AIR POLLUTION
Urban air pollution is none as “smog”. Smog is generally a mixture of carbon monoxide
and organic compounds coming from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels such as
Coal and sulfur dioxide of fuel impurities. While smog reacts with oxygen and sulfuric
acids, organic acids is condensed in the form of drops, mist escalating. Untill the 20th
Century smog had become a major threat to health.

4. Causes of Air Pollution
Burning of Fossil Fuels:
The combustion of fossil fuels emits a large amount of sulphur dioxide. Carbon
monoxide released by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels also results in air
pollution.
Automobiles:
The gases emitted from vehicles such as jeeps, trucks, cars, buses, etc. pollute the
environment. These are the major sources of greenhouse gases and also result in
diseases among individuals.
Agricultural Activities:
Ammonia is one of the most hazardous gases emitted during agricultural activities. The
insecticides, pesticides and fertilisers emit harmful chemicals in the atmosphere and
contaminate it.
Factories and Industries:
Factories and industries are the main source of carbon monoxide, organic compounds,
hydrocarbons and chemicals. These are released into the air, degrading its quality.
Mining Activities:
In the mining process, the minerals below the earth are extracted using large pieces of
equipment. The dust and chemicals released during the process not only pollute the air, but also
deteriorate the health of the workers and people living in the nearby areas.

5. Effects of Air Pollution
Diseases:
Air pollution has resulted in several respiratory disorders and heart diseases among humans.
The cases of lung cancer have increased in the last few decades. Children living near polluted
areas are more prone to pneumonia and asthma. Many people die every year due to the direct
or indirect effects of air pollution.
Global Warming:
Due to the emission of greenhouse gases, there is an imbalance in the gaseous composition of
the air. This has led to an increase in the temperature of the earth. This increase in earth’s
temperature is known as global warming. This has resulted in the melting of glaciers and an
increase in sea levels. Many areas are submerged underwater.
Acid Rain:
The burning of fossil fuels releases harmful gases such as nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides in
the air. The water droplets combine with these pollutants, become acidic and fall as acid rain
which damages human, animal and plant life.
Ozone Layer Depletion:
The release of chlorofluorocarbons, halons, and hydrochlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere
is the major cause of depletion of the ozone layer. The depleting ozone layer does not prevent
the harmful ultraviolet rays coming from the sun and causes skin diseases and eye problems
among individuals.

6. MAIN SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION
The main air pollution sources of concern for the citizens of Port Alberni
are: smoke from residential wood heating; smoke from outdoor burning;
pulp and paper emissions; ship, truck and automobile exhaust; cigarette
smoking; and indoor air pollution.
SMOKE POLLUTION
PULP AND PAPER POLLUTION
VEHICLE EXHAUST POLLUTION
PROXIMITY TO HIGHWAY
DEADLY DIESEL EXHAUST
SHIP EXHAUST POLLUTION
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
EMISSION INVENTORY FOR PORT ALBERNI

7. THE WATER POLLUTION
Domestical water, industrical water and chemicals used in agriculture, such as fertilizers
and pesticides are the main cause of water pollution. In the US.37% lakes and estuaries
and 36% of rivers are too polluted for fishing or swimming most of the year. In developi
countries, more than 95% of household water is discarded into rivers and bays, creating
a serious risk to human health.
Erosion contributes to water pollution. Earth and mud brought water from the hills
Deforested lands and lands show the building can block the water and kill aquatic
Vegetation. Even very small amounts of sludge can eliminate some species of fish.

8. CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION
It is sometimes caused by nature, such as when mercury filters from the Earth's crust,
polluting oceans, rivers, lakes, canals and reservoirs. However, the most common
cause of poor quality water is human activity and its consequences, which we will
now go on to explain:
Global warming
Rising global temperatures caused by CO2 emissions heat the water, reducing its oxygen
content.
Deforestation
Felling forests can exhaust water resources and generate organic residue which becomes a
breeding ground for harmful bacteria.
Industry, agriculture and livestock farming
Chemical dumping from these sectors is one of the main causes of eutrophication of water.
Rubbish and faecal water dumping
The UN says that more than 80% of the world's sewage finds its way into seas and rivers
untreated.
Maritime traffic
Much of the plastic pollution in the ocean comes from fishing boats, tankers and cargo
shipping.
Fuel spillages
The transportation and storage of oil and its derivatives is subject to leakage that pollutes
our water resources

9. EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION
Deteriorating water quality is damaging the environment, health conditions and the global
economy. The president of the World Bank, David Malpass, warns of the economic impact:
"Deteriorating water quality is stalling economic growth and exacerbating poverty in many
countries". The explanation is that, when biological oxygen demand — the indicator that
measures the organic pollution found in water — exceeds a certain threshold, the growth in the
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the regions within the associated water basins falls by a third.
In addition, here are some of the other consequences:
Destruction of biodiversity. Water pollution depletes aquatic ecosystems and triggers
unbridled proliferation of phytoplankton in lakes — eutrophication —.
Contamination of the food chain. Fishing in polluted waters and the use of waste water for
livestock farming and agriculture can introduce toxins into foods which are harmful to our health
when eaten.
Lack of potable water. The UN says that billions of people around the world have no access to
clean water to drink or sanitation, particularly in rural areas.
Disease. The WHO estimates that about 2 billion people have no option but to drink water
contaminated by excrement, exposing them to diseases such as cholera, hepatitis A and
dysentery.
Infant mortality. According to the UN, diarrhoeal diseases linked to lack of hygiene cause the
death of about 1,000 children a day worldwide.

10. Human activities can adversely affect the quality of our rivers, lakes, seas and groundwater.
Water quality is influenced by direct inputs, such as from a factory or sewage treatment plant,
so-called “point source pollution”. It is also influenced by pollution from widespread sources,
such as nutrients and pesticides from farming activities and pollutants released by industry into
the air which then fall back to land and sea, so-called “diffuse pollution”. The main point source
of pollution to water is from sewage and waste water treatment, while for diffuse pollution,
main sources are from farming and fossil fuel power plants (via the air). Note that while sewage
treatment plants are identified as a “point source”, they are not the actual source as they treat
what we put down our toilets and sinks.
MainSources of Water Pollution
Direct sources include effluent outfalls from factories, refineries, waste treatment plants etc..
that emit fluids of varying quality directly into urban water supplies. In the United States and
other countries, these practices are regulated, although this doesn't mean that pollutants can't
be found in these waters.
Indirect sources include contaminants that enter the water supply from soils/groundwater
systems and from the atmosphere via rain water. Soils and groundwaters contain the residue of
human agricultural practices (fertilizers, pesticides, etc..) and improperly disposed of industrial
wastes. Atmospheric contaminants are also derived from human practices (such as gaseous
emissions from automobiles, factories and even bakeries).

11. THE LAND POLLUTION
The soil is a mixture of materials of plant, mineral or animal that is formed in a very long,
It may take thousands of years. The soil is necessary for the growth of most plants and
Essential for all agricultural production. Soil pollution is the accumulation of toxic chemicals
Compounds, salts, pathogens or radioactive materials and heavy metals that can affect plant
And animal life.
Soil pollution refers to the contamination of soil with anomalous concentrations of toxic
Substances. It is a serious environmental concern since it harbours many health hazards.
For example, exposure to soil containing high concentrations of benzene increases the
Risk of contracting leukaemia. It occurs when the pollutants causing the pollution reduce
The quality of the soil and convert the soil inhabitable for microorganisms and macro
Organisms living in the soil.

12. Soil pollution is a form of land pollution in which the soil’s upper layer is harmed. Overuse of
chemical fertilizers, soil degradation caused by running water, and other pest control measures
contribute to the loss of agricultural land, forest cover, and grazing pastures, among other
things. Land pollution can harm public health and animals
Various Causes of Land Pollution are listed below…..
Agricultural Activities – As animal production grows, it becomes decoupled from crop
production, causing normal nutrient cycles between plants, soil, and animals to be severely
disrupted, resulting in the widespread use of synthetic herbicides, insecticides, bactericides, and
fertilizers, all of which contribute to pollution.
Mining Activities – Mining has the potential to pollute the air and water supply, damage
biodiversity and ecosystems, and permanently alter natural landscapes. Mining harms the
ecosystem by destroying habitats, causing soil erosion, and polluting surface water,
groundwater, and soil.
Urbanization – Intensive urbanization will exacerbate poverty by preventing local municipalities
from providing services to all residents. Increased air pollution from concentrated energy usage
has a direct effect on human health. Lead levels in urban air are elevated as a result of
automobile emissions.
Nuclear Waste – The soil is also contaminated by radioactive waste from nuclear research
stations and nuclear power plants, as well as radioactive fallout from nuclear explosions. Since
radioactive materials have a long half-life, they can survive in the soil for long periods of time.
CAUSES OF LAND POLLUTION

13. EFFECTS OF LAND POLLUTION
Land pollution can harm the human body in a variety of ways. Toxic waste and contaminants can
be ingested by people. Disposal of hazardous radioactive wastes also contributes to land
contamination. Chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and even brain damage
are all long-term health consequences.
Various Effects of Land Pollution are listed below.
Climate Change – Land contamination, such as that caused by mining, farming, and factories,
may allow harmful chemicals to enter the soil and water. These chemicals have the potential to
kill animals and plants, destroying the food chain. Landfills emit methane, a greenhouse gas that
contributes to global warming.
Acid Rain – Forests, especially those at higher elevations, are also harmed by acid rain and fog.
Acid deposits deplete vital nutrients like calcium and allow aluminum to be released into the
soil, making it difficult for trees to absorb water. Acids also damage the leaves and needles of
trees.
Deterioration of fields – A chain reaction occurs as a result of soil contamination. It alters soil
biodiversity, decreases soil organic matter, and reduces soil’s filtering ability. It also contaminates
water contained in the soil and groundwater, resulting in nutrient imbalances in the soil.
Respiratory health problems – Air pollution can irritate your airways, causing shortness of
breath, coughing, wheezing, asthma attacks, and chest pain. Lung cancer, heart attacks, strokes,
and, in the worst-case scenario, premature death are all risks associated with air pollution
exposure.

14. MAIN SOURCES OF LAND POLLUTION
We can classify major sources that lead to land pollution to the following categories:
Increase in Urbanization:
Construction uses up forest land. More constructions means increase in demand for raw materials
like timber. This leads to the exploitation and destruction of forests.
Increase in Agricultural Land: :
As the human population grew there was a greater demand for food. This caused more land allocated
to agriculture. Forests were cut down for this purpose.
Domestic Waste:
Every single day, tons and tons of domestic waste is dumped ranging from huge pieces of rubbish
such as unused refrigerator to fish bones. If all these wastes are not disposed of properly, the damage
they can do to the environment and humankind can be devastating.
While waste collected from homes, offices and industries may be recycled or burnt in incinerators, a
large amount of rubbish is neither burnt nor recycled but is left in certain areas marked as dumping
grounds. We throw away more things today and there is an increase in the quantity of solid waste.
This has given rise to problems as new dumping grounds have to be found.
Agricultural Activities:
Besides domestic waste, pesticides and herbicides used by farmers to increase crop yields also pollute
the land when they are washed into the soil. Pesticides which are persistent in nature are chlorinated
hydrocarbon insecticides e.g., DDT, HCH, endrin, lindane, heptachlor, endosulfan etc. Residues of
these pesticides in soils have long term effects especially under the temperate conditions.
Industrial Activities:
Industrial activities also are a contributing factor to land pollution. Industrial wastes are the
effluents discharged from chemical industries, paper and pulp mills, tanneries, textile mills, steel
industries, distilleries, refineries, pesticides and fertilizer industries, etc.

15. The Noise pollution
Noise pollution, also known as environmental noise or sound pollution, is the propagation of
noise with ranging impacts on the activity of human or animal life, most of them harmful to a
degree. The source of outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines, transport, and
propagation systems.[1][2][3] Poor urban planning may give rise to noise disintegration or
pollution, side-by-side industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the
residential areas. Some of the main sources of noise in residential areas include loud
music, transportation (traffic, rail, airplanes, etc.), lawn care maintenance, construction,
electrical generators, wind turbines, explosions, and people.
Documented problems associated with noise in urban environments go back as far as ancient
Rome.[4] Today, the average noise level of 98 decibels (dB) exceeds the WHO value of 50 dB
allowed for residential areas.[5] Research suggests that noise pollution in the United States is the
highest in low-income and racial minority neighborhoods,[6] and noise pollution associated with
household electricity generators is an emerging environmental degradation in many developing
nations.

16. CAUSES OF NOISE POLLUTION
There are many sources of noise pollution, but here are some of the main ones:
Traffic Noise:
Traffic noise accounts for most polluting noise in cities. For example, a car horn produces 90 dB
and a bus produces 100 dB.
Air Traffic Noise:
There are fewer aircraft flying over cities than there are cars on the roads, but the impact is
greater: a single aircraft produces 130 dB.
Construction Sites:
Building and car park construction and road and pavement resurfacing works are very noisy. For
example, a pneumatic drill produces 110 dB.
Catering And Night Life:
Bars, restaurants and terraces that spill outside when the weather is good can produce more
than 100 dB. This includes noise from pubs and clubs.
Animals:
Noise made by animals can go unnoticed, but a howling or barking dog, for example, can
produce around 60-80 dB.

17. EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION
As well as damaging our hearing by causing — tinnitus or deafness —, constant loud noise can
damage human health in many ways, particularly in the very young and the very old. Here are
some of the main ones:
Noise can cause attacks of stress, fatigue, depression, anxiety and hysteria in both humans and
animals.
Physical:
Respiratory agitation, racing pulse, high blood pressure, headaches and, in case of extremely
loud, constant noise, gastritis, colitis and even heart attacks.
Psychological:
Sleep And Behavioural Disorders:
Noise above 45 dB stops you from falling asleep or sleeping properly. Remember that according
to the World Health Organization it should be no more than 30 dB. Loud noise can have latent
effects on our behaviour, causing aggressive behaviour and irritability.
Memory And Concerntration:
Noise may affect people's ability to focus, which can lead to low performance over time. It is
also bad for the memory, making it hard to study.
Interestingly, our ears need more than 16 hours' rest to make up for two hours of exposure to
100 dB.

18. MAIN SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTION
Noise pollution like other pollutants is also a by- product of industrialization, urbanizations and
modern civilization. Broadly speaking , the noise pollution has two sources, i.e. industrial and
non- industrial. The industrial source includes the noise from various industries and big
machines working at a very high speed and high noise intensity. Non- industrial source of noise
includes the noise created by transport/vehicular traffic and the neighborhood noise generated
by various noise pollution can also be divided in the categories , namely, natural and manmade.
Road traffic noise;
Air craft noise;
Noise from railroads;
Construction noise;
Noise in industry;
Noise in building;
Noise from consumer product.
Some sources can also be divided into some categories: