This chapter discusses the impacts of population growth and environmental degradation on food security. It covers topics like deforestation, soil erosion, desertification, wetlands destruction, and biodiversity loss. These issues are exacerbated by population increases, which put more pressure on limited resources. While agricultural technologies increased food production during the Green Revolution, population growth in many countries has still outstripped food supply. The chapter suggests steps like sustainable farming practices and investing in technologies to help address ongoing issues with global food security.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - MooreLI.docxkhanpaulita
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
*
LIVING WITH THE EARTH
Cooking a meal in Africa
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
*
Objectives for this ChapterA student reading this chapter will be able to:1. Discuss the impact of population on resources and ecosystems.2. Define the following terms and explain their response to population growth: retrogression, soil erosion, desertification, deforestation, wetlands destruction, and wildlife destruction
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
*
Objectives for this Chapter3. Define the term food security and discuss the reasons leading to food insecurity among many nations worldwide.4. List the suggested steps that might be taken to minimize global food insecurity.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
*
Objectives for this Chapter5. Explain the most likely reasons for a growing food insecurity in the United States.6. List and discuss the demographics of the populations in the United States at risk to food insecurity.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
*
LIVING WITH THE EARTH
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
INTRODUCTION: THE DEBATE The ability of our planet to sustain and feed the dramatic increases in human population growth has been an on-going debate stretching back over 200 years.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
*
The Viewpoint of Malthus and FollowersNeo-Malthusians (Malthus, 1789)Human growth is logarithmic and plants grow arithmetically. Growth will eventually surpass the ability of the land to feed the expanding population.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
*
Technology and Policy Will Save the DayCornucopiansThe real threat to global stability is the failure of nations to pursue economic trade and research policies that increase food production, more evenly distribute food and resources, and limit environmental pollution.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
*
Technology and Policy Will Save the DayThe Green RevolutionStrains of plants are being developed that resist diseases, pests, drought and flooding.So striking has been the increased production, that the incorporation of these new variety of seeds and processes became known as the “Green Revolution.”
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
*
The Green RevolutionThe world markets and the “Green Revolution” may promote monocultural technology that could prove to be ecologically unstable (Fig. 3-1).
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
ENVIR.
Food planet health Fabrice DeClerck CLUES 2020Alain Vidal
Conference given at University Paris-Saclay / AgroParisTech on 24 November 2020 as part of Master CLUES (Sequence "Everyone Eating Well within Environmental Limits")
What will it take to establish a climate smart agricultural world? Presentation on the problems, solutions and key challenges in Climate Smart Agriculture. Presentation made in the Wayamba Conference in Sri Lanka, August 2014.
Rising to the challenge of establishing a climate smart agriculture - a global context presented as keynote in the Workshop on Climate Smart Agriculture Technologies in Asia workshop, organised by CCAFS, UNEP and IRRI.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - MooreLI.docxkhanpaulita
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
*
LIVING WITH THE EARTH
Cooking a meal in Africa
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
*
Objectives for this ChapterA student reading this chapter will be able to:1. Discuss the impact of population on resources and ecosystems.2. Define the following terms and explain their response to population growth: retrogression, soil erosion, desertification, deforestation, wetlands destruction, and wildlife destruction
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
*
Objectives for this Chapter3. Define the term food security and discuss the reasons leading to food insecurity among many nations worldwide.4. List the suggested steps that might be taken to minimize global food insecurity.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
*
Objectives for this Chapter5. Explain the most likely reasons for a growing food insecurity in the United States.6. List and discuss the demographics of the populations in the United States at risk to food insecurity.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
*
LIVING WITH THE EARTH
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
INTRODUCTION: THE DEBATE The ability of our planet to sustain and feed the dramatic increases in human population growth has been an on-going debate stretching back over 200 years.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
*
The Viewpoint of Malthus and FollowersNeo-Malthusians (Malthus, 1789)Human growth is logarithmic and plants grow arithmetically. Growth will eventually surpass the ability of the land to feed the expanding population.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
*
Technology and Policy Will Save the DayCornucopiansThe real threat to global stability is the failure of nations to pursue economic trade and research policies that increase food production, more evenly distribute food and resources, and limit environmental pollution.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
*
Technology and Policy Will Save the DayThe Green RevolutionStrains of plants are being developed that resist diseases, pests, drought and flooding.So striking has been the increased production, that the incorporation of these new variety of seeds and processes became known as the “Green Revolution.”
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
*
The Green RevolutionThe world markets and the “Green Revolution” may promote monocultural technology that could prove to be ecologically unstable (Fig. 3-1).
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - Moore
ENVIR.
Food planet health Fabrice DeClerck CLUES 2020Alain Vidal
Conference given at University Paris-Saclay / AgroParisTech on 24 November 2020 as part of Master CLUES (Sequence "Everyone Eating Well within Environmental Limits")
What will it take to establish a climate smart agricultural world? Presentation on the problems, solutions and key challenges in Climate Smart Agriculture. Presentation made in the Wayamba Conference in Sri Lanka, August 2014.
Rising to the challenge of establishing a climate smart agriculture - a global context presented as keynote in the Workshop on Climate Smart Agriculture Technologies in Asia workshop, organised by CCAFS, UNEP and IRRI.
ENV330 Module 4 AVP Transcript Title Slide NarratorTanaMaeskm
ENV330 Module 4 AVP Transcript
Title Slide
Narrator: In Module 4, we will consider the impact of food production and distribution and sustainable
food production. The total amount of food grown and produced for humans has increased dramatically
over the past 50 years to meet the growing demands of our human population. Agricultural production,
meat production and fish catch, both wild caught and aquaculture have all increased dramatically. The
world’s three largest grain-producing countries are China, the United States, and India.
What kinds of stresses has this placed on the natural capital and ecosystems of the world?
Slide 2
Title: Impacts of Food Production
Slide content:
[image of a desert]
Narrator: The impacts include loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, wasting and pollution of scarce water
resources, increased greenhouse gas emissions, depletion of fish stocks in the oceans, and human
health problems. According to a 2002 study by the United Nations, nearly 30% of the world’s cropland
has been degraded to some degree by soil erosion, salt buildup, and chemical pollution, and 17% has
been seriously degraded.
There are serious soil erosion problems on every continent of the world, and marine biologists say that
we’ve “fished out” much of the oceans.
Slide 3
Title: Dust Bowl in 1930’s
Slide Content:
[black and white image of a dust cloud taking over a town]
Narrator: Overgrazing, poor agricultural practices including salinization from irrigation can cause erosion,
desertification and dust storms. Deforestation of hillsides can also impact agriculture and ecosystems.
Once a hillside has been deforested for timber, fuelwood, livestock grazing, or unsustainable farming,
water from precipitation rushes down the denuded slopes, erodes precious topsoil, and can increase
flooding and pollution in local streams. Such deforestation can also increase landslides and mudflows. A
3,000-year-old Chinese proverb says, “To protect your rivers, protect your mountains.”
Waste of water is one of the major environmental problems associated with agriculture. The most
efficient (90-95%) way to get water to the roots of crops is through drip irrigation, or Low Energy Precision
Application (LEPA), which you will learn about in this module.
During the Dust Bowl in the US in the 1930’s, terribly unsustainable agricultural practices in the Midwest
breadbasket led to such dire conditions that millions of starving people migrated away from the farmlands.
Many children died from inhaling the dust. The situation got so bad that during a Senate hearing on the
issue in DC, dust from a dust storm leaked into the conference room!
A few inches of top soil is all that keeps civilization from starvation – we need to protect this vital natural
capital.
Slide 4
Title: Industrialized Agriculture
Slide Content:
[image of farm equipment on an empty field]
Narrator: Industrialized ag ...
Agriculture sustainability and food security is our insurance policy for futu...Howard Barmil
This is an academic lecture and discussion which was done at the University of Jordan in college of agriculture; this lecture was made for the PHD candidates.
Sustainable agriculture is the system of farming (cultivating land, harvesting and selling farm products), while enhancing wise rural land development in concert with community interests and environmental protection. We must meet the needs of the present without jeopardizing or compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Understanding sustainability.
We must envision the broadest sense; it starts at the individual farm, and ends at the consumer’s table going through the full cycle of the ecosystem (farmers, farmworkers, consumers, policymakers and others). An emphasis on this ecosystem circle allows a larger and more thorough view of the consequences of farming practices on both human communities and the environment. A systematic approach gives us the tools to explore the interconnections between all agents in this ecosystem cycle.
Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Projections based on population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 percent to meet demands by 2050. Most estimates also indicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals. This seminar describe an approach to deal with the above issue viz. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and also examines some of the key technical, institutional, policy and financial responses required to achieve this transformation. Building on cases from the field, the seminar try to outlines a range of practices, approaches and tools aimed at increase the resilience and productivity of agricultural product systems, while also reducing and removing emissions. A part of the seminar elaborates institutional and policy options available to promote the transition to climate-smart agriculture at the smallholder level. Finally, the paper considers current gaps and makes innovative suggestion regarding the combined use of different sources, financing mechanism and delivery systems.
Climate smart agriculture prioritization and policy makingILRI
Full set of training slides for Green Innovation Center Adaptation Academy climate change and foresight training co-organized by AICCRA Themes 1 and 2 presented by Ivy Kinyua, Dorcas Jalongo Anyango and Stephanie Jacquet, AICCRA team
Biodiversity ”” the variety of all life, from genes and species to ecosystems ”” is intimately linked to Earth’s climate and, inevitably, to climate change. Biodiversity and poverty are also inextricably connected. For instance, changes to natural ecosystems influence both climate change and people’s ability to cope with some of its damaging impacts. And in their turn climate change, as well as people’s responses to it, affect biodiversity. Unpicking all these strands clearly shows that conserving and managing biodiversity can help natural systems and vulnerable people cope with a shifting global climate. Yet compared to activities such as forest conservation and afforestation ”” widely noted as a way of sequestering carbon and cutting greenhouse gas emissions ”” biodiversity conservation is a neglected area. That must change urgent support is needed for local solutions to biodiversity loss that provide benefits on all counts. Dr. Anju Pathak "Affect of Climate Change on Biodiversity" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56209.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/56209/affect-of-climate-change-on-biodiversity/dr-anju-pathak
Enter the following WBS into Microsoft project and assign schedule a.docxkhanpaulita
Enter the following WBS into Microsoft project and assign schedule and resources to the file. Then find the following items:
the finish date for each task and summary
total project duration,
assign the resources and find the total project cost,
.
Envisioning The FutureIn this final discussion, look back on y.docxkhanpaulita
Envisioning The Future
In this final discussion, look back on your experiences in the course and provide an overview of what you have learned from the course with regard to diversity. You can start by reviewing your final projects and your answers to the Module One discussion. In your initial post, address the following questions:
How has your definition of diversity changed?
How do the four lenses approach the study of diversity with respect to the individual and society?
How do the four lenses represent a way of seeing diversity?
What are the implications of diversity on the future?
How are you going to implement what you have learned in this course into your own life?
Please use resources below!
.
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ENV330 Module 4 AVP Transcript Title Slide NarratorTanaMaeskm
ENV330 Module 4 AVP Transcript
Title Slide
Narrator: In Module 4, we will consider the impact of food production and distribution and sustainable
food production. The total amount of food grown and produced for humans has increased dramatically
over the past 50 years to meet the growing demands of our human population. Agricultural production,
meat production and fish catch, both wild caught and aquaculture have all increased dramatically. The
world’s three largest grain-producing countries are China, the United States, and India.
What kinds of stresses has this placed on the natural capital and ecosystems of the world?
Slide 2
Title: Impacts of Food Production
Slide content:
[image of a desert]
Narrator: The impacts include loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, wasting and pollution of scarce water
resources, increased greenhouse gas emissions, depletion of fish stocks in the oceans, and human
health problems. According to a 2002 study by the United Nations, nearly 30% of the world’s cropland
has been degraded to some degree by soil erosion, salt buildup, and chemical pollution, and 17% has
been seriously degraded.
There are serious soil erosion problems on every continent of the world, and marine biologists say that
we’ve “fished out” much of the oceans.
Slide 3
Title: Dust Bowl in 1930’s
Slide Content:
[black and white image of a dust cloud taking over a town]
Narrator: Overgrazing, poor agricultural practices including salinization from irrigation can cause erosion,
desertification and dust storms. Deforestation of hillsides can also impact agriculture and ecosystems.
Once a hillside has been deforested for timber, fuelwood, livestock grazing, or unsustainable farming,
water from precipitation rushes down the denuded slopes, erodes precious topsoil, and can increase
flooding and pollution in local streams. Such deforestation can also increase landslides and mudflows. A
3,000-year-old Chinese proverb says, “To protect your rivers, protect your mountains.”
Waste of water is one of the major environmental problems associated with agriculture. The most
efficient (90-95%) way to get water to the roots of crops is through drip irrigation, or Low Energy Precision
Application (LEPA), which you will learn about in this module.
During the Dust Bowl in the US in the 1930’s, terribly unsustainable agricultural practices in the Midwest
breadbasket led to such dire conditions that millions of starving people migrated away from the farmlands.
Many children died from inhaling the dust. The situation got so bad that during a Senate hearing on the
issue in DC, dust from a dust storm leaked into the conference room!
A few inches of top soil is all that keeps civilization from starvation – we need to protect this vital natural
capital.
Slide 4
Title: Industrialized Agriculture
Slide Content:
[image of farm equipment on an empty field]
Narrator: Industrialized ag ...
Agriculture sustainability and food security is our insurance policy for futu...Howard Barmil
This is an academic lecture and discussion which was done at the University of Jordan in college of agriculture; this lecture was made for the PHD candidates.
Sustainable agriculture is the system of farming (cultivating land, harvesting and selling farm products), while enhancing wise rural land development in concert with community interests and environmental protection. We must meet the needs of the present without jeopardizing or compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Understanding sustainability.
We must envision the broadest sense; it starts at the individual farm, and ends at the consumer’s table going through the full cycle of the ecosystem (farmers, farmworkers, consumers, policymakers and others). An emphasis on this ecosystem circle allows a larger and more thorough view of the consequences of farming practices on both human communities and the environment. A systematic approach gives us the tools to explore the interconnections between all agents in this ecosystem cycle.
Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Projections based on population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 percent to meet demands by 2050. Most estimates also indicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals. This seminar describe an approach to deal with the above issue viz. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and also examines some of the key technical, institutional, policy and financial responses required to achieve this transformation. Building on cases from the field, the seminar try to outlines a range of practices, approaches and tools aimed at increase the resilience and productivity of agricultural product systems, while also reducing and removing emissions. A part of the seminar elaborates institutional and policy options available to promote the transition to climate-smart agriculture at the smallholder level. Finally, the paper considers current gaps and makes innovative suggestion regarding the combined use of different sources, financing mechanism and delivery systems.
Climate smart agriculture prioritization and policy makingILRI
Full set of training slides for Green Innovation Center Adaptation Academy climate change and foresight training co-organized by AICCRA Themes 1 and 2 presented by Ivy Kinyua, Dorcas Jalongo Anyango and Stephanie Jacquet, AICCRA team
Biodiversity ”” the variety of all life, from genes and species to ecosystems ”” is intimately linked to Earth’s climate and, inevitably, to climate change. Biodiversity and poverty are also inextricably connected. For instance, changes to natural ecosystems influence both climate change and people’s ability to cope with some of its damaging impacts. And in their turn climate change, as well as people’s responses to it, affect biodiversity. Unpicking all these strands clearly shows that conserving and managing biodiversity can help natural systems and vulnerable people cope with a shifting global climate. Yet compared to activities such as forest conservation and afforestation ”” widely noted as a way of sequestering carbon and cutting greenhouse gas emissions ”” biodiversity conservation is a neglected area. That must change urgent support is needed for local solutions to biodiversity loss that provide benefits on all counts. Dr. Anju Pathak "Affect of Climate Change on Biodiversity" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56209.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/56209/affect-of-climate-change-on-biodiversity/dr-anju-pathak
Enter the following WBS into Microsoft project and assign schedule a.docxkhanpaulita
Enter the following WBS into Microsoft project and assign schedule and resources to the file. Then find the following items:
the finish date for each task and summary
total project duration,
assign the resources and find the total project cost,
.
Envisioning The FutureIn this final discussion, look back on y.docxkhanpaulita
Envisioning The Future
In this final discussion, look back on your experiences in the course and provide an overview of what you have learned from the course with regard to diversity. You can start by reviewing your final projects and your answers to the Module One discussion. In your initial post, address the following questions:
How has your definition of diversity changed?
How do the four lenses approach the study of diversity with respect to the individual and society?
How do the four lenses represent a way of seeing diversity?
What are the implications of diversity on the future?
How are you going to implement what you have learned in this course into your own life?
Please use resources below!
.
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EP004 Question
1. Explain the purpose of the “NAEYC Early Childhood Program Standards and Accreditation Criteria” and the importance of using them to for assessing program quality.
2. Explain how the “NAEYC Engaging Diverse Families Self-Assessment Checklist” is a useful tool in program evaluation.
.
ENVSTY 101 memo #1 calls on you to describe two examples of the na.docxkhanpaulita
ENVSTY 101 memo #1 calls on you to describe two examples of the natural capital (natural resources and ecosystem services) thatyou encounter as you travel between two locations on a regular basis. An example might be the natural capital that you observe on a regular walk to the grocery store, a drive to a relative’s house, or a Train/bike ride to University. The memo should be between 600-750 words, so it requires that you provide some detailed description of the two types of natural capital you observe, as well as your analysis of the ecosystem services they provide. You must cite at least one source (for instance, the City of Boston, Mass Dept of Transportation, MBTA, Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, etc.) for each example and include a References or Works Cited page of properly cited sources as an appendix (this page will not count toward the word limit).
To help you along, I’m providing an outline of a memo below that gives you a template to follow:
To: ENVSTY 101 class
From: student name
Date: due date (or submission date if earlier)
Subject: [state the assignment question/issue/topic, e.g., Natural capital between ______________ and ______________.
I. Restate the question/issue/topic
This memo provides a description of two types of natural resources and the respective ecosystem services they support that I observe on a regular basis as I travel between ______________ and _______.
II. Describe the trip you take, including information about your method of transportation, how long the trip takes, the general environment you’re passing through, and how your mode of transportation affects the observations you’re able to make (for example, a bike ride provides different opportunities for observations than a walk or a subway trip).
III. In two paragraphs, describe your two examples of natural capital. For each example/paragraph, describe:
· what natural resource(s) you observe [e.g. trees, open fields]
· what ecosystem services are provided and how they serve society
· what condition the natural capital is in [e.g., healthy, degraded] and why
· whether it is likely or not to endure as a sustainable.
Cite relevant sources as evidence supporting your analysis.
IV. Conclusion
As outlined above, on my regular trip between __________ and ____, I observe two significant examples of natural capital. [Now make a few comparative/contrasting reflections that tell us what you can conclude from these different observations.]
References: Works Cited [if using MLA format]
.
ENT 4310Business Economics and ManagementMarket.docxkhanpaulita
*
ENT 4310
Business Economics and Management
Marketing – Concepts and Trends
Arild Aspelund
*
Outline
What is Marketing and what are its primary activities?
How can we establish a common discussion?central concepts of marketing
Where is the field of marketing going?Recent trends in marketing
*
MarketingWhat is Marketing?Some say it’s is about needs…Marketing deals with identifying and meeting human and social needs “Meeting needs profitably” (Kotler and Keller, 2006)
And some say its about value…“Marketing is about communicating values to potential and existing customers” (Lodish et al., 2001)“Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stake holders” (AMA)
*
…, but there is a clear distinction to selling…Selling simply refers to pushing an transaction
In its most ambitious sense, marketing should render selling unnecessary. “… The aim of marketing is to know and understand the customer so well that the product or service fits him and sells itself. Ideally, marketing should result in a customer who is ready to buy” (Peter Drucker, 1973)
Example:
Fujitsu Siemens Pocket LOOX
*
… and there is also a clear distinction to advertising…Advertising is only one of many means by which you can communicate with existing and potential customers
*
What is marketing?Marketing deals with the two fundamental question of:
“What am I selling?”“To whom am I selling it?”
The marketing literature seek to answer these questions through five fundamental concepts
ValueSegmentation PositioningTargetingBuying behavior
*
Marketing – A Textbook Example…
How to trade water for ~ 100 NOK per liter…
- Imsdal for Kids
*
Imsdal for Kids -
Segmentation:
- Parents of small kids (1 year to pre-school)
Value proposition:
- Thirst quencher
- Clear conscience
- Tranquililty
- Enjoyment
- And everything on the go…
*
Ex: Imsdal for Kids
Positioning:
- An healthy alternative
- Manageable even for small kids
Targeting:
- No advertising
- Promotion through product placing!
*
Imsdal for Kids
- Positioning and targeting through product placing
Product not placed here…
But here…
4.bin
*
Buying behavior - Reitanruta, Trondheim
*
Or how about 420 NOK ~ Do You Bling? «It's not for everyone, just those that Bling. So the question is: Do You Bling?»
*
Marketing Management
What is Market Management?
“Marketing Management is the art and science of choosing target markets and getting, keeping, and growing customers through creating delivering, and communicating customer value” (Kotler and Keller, 2006)
*
What are the tasks of market management?Capturing marketing insight
Shaping the market offering
Developing marketing strategies and plans
Connecting with customersCommunicating value
Building brands and market recognition
Creating long-term growth
*.
Envision what the health care system of 2030 might look like Descri.docxkhanpaulita
Envision what the health care system of 2030 might look like? Describe at least two technological advancements that would be available to patients. How would technology help providers make health care decisions? How would patients and families interact with providers from their homes or in their communities? What would health care systems be able to do "in real time?" one page APA. NEED IT BY 8 AM FLORIDA TIME.
.
Environmentalism and Moral Concern for AnimalsMany believe t.docxkhanpaulita
Environmentalism and Moral Concern for Animals
Many believe that we are in serious trouble today as human beings plunging headlong into a major climate crisis on planet earth.
Our course eText on Environmental Ethics states the following:
There is no denying that the global climate is changing, as the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased during the past century. … Coastlines are crumbling as the climate changes and sea levels rise… storms are increasing in severity … the Arctic ice cap is melting… (MacKinnon, 427).
But what’s causing these troubling changes? We are. MacKinnon again:
Some skeptics dispute whether the changes are entirely man-made, but the vast majority of experts believe one of the major causes of climate change is the burning of fossil fuels … (MacKinnon, 428).
And the human disregard for nature also means disregard for all species of animals that depend on livable natural habitats. Entire species today are threatened with immanent extinction. Writing in 2016, MacKinnon says “687 animal species are listed as either endangered or threatened.” That number has risen drastically since 2016, leading some scientists to conclude that we are in the midst of a global mass extinction of animal species.
The following video link and quoted material provide: 1) a summary of a U.N. Climate Change Report from 2019 (the video), and 2) an explanation of the meaning of speciesism as Dr. Richard Ryder first used it (the quotation ). After reviewing these, please respond to the discussion questions listed below.
U.N. Climate Change Report:
LINK (Links to an external site.)
On Dr. Richard Ryder's use of the term speciesism (which term the moral philosopher Peter Singer later made more popular):
“The view that only humans are morally considered is sometimes referred to as ‘speciesism’. In the 1970s, Richard Ryder coined this term while campaigning in Oxford to denote a ubiquitous type of human centered prejudice, which he thought was similar to racism. He objected to favoring one’s own species, while exploiting or harming members of other species” (Gruen, Lori, "The Moral Status of Animals",
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
Fall 2017 Edition, Edward N. Zalta, ed., URL =
LINK (Links to an external site.)
).
Discussion Questions (please address both 1 and 2).
[1] How does the hearing of this U.N. report on the climate crisis affect you, your values, your sense of the world and its future? What human beliefs or values today will more likely prevent needed changes in our way of life, methods of production, or government policies? And what beliefs or values will more likely lead to the kind of changes needed to address the climate crisis?
[2] Do you think humans are biased against animals, as moral philosophers like Peter Singer express with the term speciesism, and do you think this speciesism is comparable to other human biases such as racism, as Richard Ryder claimed in the 1970s? Why or why .
Envisaging leadership as a process centered on the interactions be.docxkhanpaulita
Envisaging leadership as a process centered on
the interactions between leaders and followers (dyads)
is better that envisaging leadership from the point of view of
the leader, (alone)
or
leader’s behaviour as informed by the follower’s characteristics, task characteristics and the context
.
Discuss critically. In your discussion, I want you to mention some of the leadership theories that have been developed from the italicized words.
400words
.
ENVIRONMENTALISM ITS ARTICLES OF FAITHNorthwest Environmental J.docxkhanpaulita
ENVIRONMENTALISM: ITS ARTICLES OF FAITH
Northwest Environmental Journal Vol. 5:1, (1989) p. 100
Victor Scheffer
Here I offer an interpretation of environmentalism, a body of principles and practices so recently manifest in national thought that its meanings are still disputed. It is called, for example, "a theology of the earth," "a religion of self restraint," and "a science rooted in resource management and ecology." I define it broadly as "a movement toward understanding humankind's natural bases of support while continuously applying what is learned toward perpetuating those bases."
The word environmentalism entered the American vernacular during the 1960s. An editorial in Science (Klopsteg 1966) noted that "one of the newest fads in Washington-and elsewhere-is 'environmental science.' The term has political potency even if its meaning is vague and questionable." Environmentalism was at first perceived by the public as merely a response to a crisis, but it quickly proved more than that. As Lord Ashby (1978:3) explained to a Stanford University group:
A crisis is a situation that will pass; it can be resolved by temporary hardship, temporary adjustment, technological and political expedients. What we are experiencing is not a crisis, it is a climacteric. For the rest of man's history on earth. . . he will have to live with problems of population, of resources, of pollution.
The vision of environmentalism is to preserve those things in nature which will allow the human enterprise, or civilization, to endure and improve. (I use the word nature for the world without humans, a concept which-like the square root of minus one-is unreal, but useful.) Because civilization depends absolutely on surroundings that are healthful and stimulating, environmentalism aims to protect both material and spiritual values. At the risk of oversimplifying, 1 review five articles of faith which support and energize the environmental movement. They reflect ideas developed by "earthkeepers" from the time of George Perkins Marsh (1801-1882) down to the present.
1) All things are connected. The cosmos is a set of dependencies so complex that its boundaries lie forever beyond understanding. Simply lifting a spadeful of garden soil disturbs a trillion protistan lives, impinges on the lifter's muscles and mind, and changes the landscape. The poet who mused, "Thou canst not stir a flower without troubling of a star," was struck by the unitary connectedness of all matter (Thompson 1966 [1897]:19). He was an environmentalist before his time. Now we technological beings have Spun a web of change around the whole earth and nearby space. Our artifacts range in scale from radiations and molecules to mountains and lakes. Yet never will we understand completely the spinoff effects of the environmental changes that we create, nor will we measure Our own,' independent influence in their creation. Consider the mysterious decline in the numbers of fur seals breeding on A.
Environmental Science and Human Population WorksheetUsing the .docxkhanpaulita
Environmental Science and Human Population Worksheet
Using the textbooks, the University Library, or other resources, answer each of the following questions in 100 to 200 words.
1.
What would you include in a brief summary on the history of the modern environmental movement, from the 1960s to the present?
2.
Explain the primary concern over exponential population growth. What promotes exponential population growth? What constrains exponential population growth?
3.
What is carrying capacity? Compare predictions for human population growth in developed countries versus developing countries. What will occur if carrying capacity is exceeded?
4.
How do individual choices affect natural ecosystem? Provide examples from your personal or community experience.
.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (EMSs) Theory and a.docxkhanpaulita
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (EMSs)
Theory and application
Companies have many and diverse stakeholders
There may be many and diverse issues to manage
The Master Plan
6. Managing the impacts of growth
6.1 Strategic environmental appraisal
6.2 Traffic and transport
6.3 Road transport
6.4 Noise
6.5 Air quality
6.6 Natural heritage
6.7 Surface water
6.8 Energy and waste
6.9 Waste
6.10 Economic and social impact
Environmental management clearly needs a systematic approach
Systems and standards in industry
are commonplace….
pick a card: any card …...
What should an effective environmental management system look like?
1
policy
2
planning
3
implementation
and
operation
4
checking
5
management
review
Typical EMS structure
1
policy
2
planning
3
implementation
and
operation
4
checking
5
management
review
A management system approach:
Written
commitment
to deal with
key issues
Includes setting
targets relating
to key issues
Putting management of key issues into practice
Auditing - measuring progress towards targets
Assessing success of
elements 1-4 and the system as a whole
StandardsAll BSi and ISO standards have identification numbers
This ensures clear identification by all parties
Standards identification numbers:
Certification
Organisations can be certified to ISO 14001
(often termed ‘certified against ISO 14001’)
ISO 14001
Why the strong growth of
ISO 14001?
ISO Survey of Management System Standard Certifications – 2016
EMSsOther forms of recognition exist
In Europe, EMAS is widely adopted
EMAS has since been dropped
- SAS reviewed the strategic benefits …
EMSs
Standards – environmental and others – are increasingly important for business
– a company may lose out if standards
are not gained
– a company may see business increase
through the achievement of standards
Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University
Nappy Happy
Author(s): Ice Cube and Angela Y. Davis
Source: Transition, No. 58 (1992), pp. 174-192
Published by: Indiana University Press on behalf of the Hutchins Center for African and
African American Research at Harvard University
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2934976
Accessed: 04-05-2017 18:36 UTC
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted
digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about
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Ensuring Proper Access Control
in Cloud
by Moen Zaf ar
Submission dat e : 16- Apr- 2019 08:04 AM (UT C+0500)
Submission ID: 1108935903
File name : Ensuring_pro per_access_co ntro l_in_clo ud.do cx (22.27 K)
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I. Indu, P. M. Rubesh Anand. "Hybrid
authentication and authorization model f or web
based applications", 2016 International
Conf erence on Wireless Communications,
Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET),
2016
Publicat ion
Ensuring Proper Access Control in Cloudby Moen ZafarEnsuring Proper Access Control in CloudORIGINALITY REPORTPRIMARY SOURCES
The economics of sporTs
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The economics of sporTs
F i f t h E d i t i o n
Michael A. Leeds
Temple University
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
Peter von Allmen
Skidmore College
The Pearson Series in Economics
Abel/Bernanke/Croushore
Macroeconomics*
Bade/Parkin
Foundations of Economics*
Berck/Helfand
The Economics of the Environment
Bierman/Fernandez
Game Theory with Economic
Applications
Blanchard
Macroeconomics*
Blau/Ferber/Winkler
The Economics of Women, Men and Work
Boardman/Greenberg/Vining/
Weimer
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Boyer
Principles of Transportation Economics
Branson
Macroeconomic Theory and Policy
Brock/Adams
The Structure of American Industry
Bruce
Public Finance and the American
Economy
Carlton/Perloff
Modern Industrial Organization
Case/Fair/Oster
Principles of Economics*
Caves/Frankel/Jones
World Trade and Payments:
An Introduction
Chapman
Environmental Economics: Theory,
Application, and Policy
Cooter/Ulen
Law & Economics
Downs
An Economic Theory of Democracy
Ehrenberg/Smith
Modern Labor Economics
Farnham
Economics for Managers
Folland/Goodman/Stano
The Economics of Health and
Health Care
Fort
Sports Economics
Froyen
Macroeconomics
Fusfeld
The Age of the Economist
Gerber
International Economics*
González-Rivera
Forecasting for Economics and
Business
Gordon
Macroeconomics*
Greene
E.
Environmental Kuznets Curve
Econ 328
Dr. Itziar Lazkano
Sustainable Development
Definition
Definition
Development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs
Source: The World Commission on Environment and Development.
The Brundtland Commission report “Our Common Future,” 1987.
Sustainable Development
Challenges
There are four causes of unsustainable economic growth:
1. Natural capital stock (environment and resources)
2. Population growth
3. Poverty and inequality
4. Institutions
Sustainable Development
Definition
What does sustainable development mean in economic terms?
I Continuous economic progress
I Natural capital stock should not decrease over time
Economic growth and environmental quality
The trade-off
Pessimistic view:
I There is a trade-off between economic growth and
environmental quality
I The current generation must stop growing to ensure the well
being of future generations
Evidence
I There are serious environmental dangers associated with
economic growth
I Depletion of exhaustible energy resources
I Such as coal and oil
I Deterioration of the environment
I Through such as CO2 emissions and other greenhouse gases
I Many examples illustrate the negative effect of economic
growth on environmental quality
I Pollution in Mexico city, Tehran, London during
industrialization
Environmental quality could improve with wealth
Some people, however, argue that environmental degradation is
only temporary
Environmental Kuznets Curve
Environmental quality improves with wealth
Recent research finds EKC for certain pollutants:
I Local pollutants (SO2): evidence
I As we become richer, we take care of our local environment
I Global pollutants (CO2): no evidence
I Taking care of our local environment, does not guarantee
better global environment
Technological progress
Optimistic view
The largest criticisms of the Club of Rome is that technological
progress was not taken into account
I New growth theories can reconcile economic growth with
environmental constraints
I New growth theory is based on innovations and directed
technical change
Environmental Kuznets Curve
1. What drives sustained growth in income per capita?
2. Is sustained economic growth possible without environmental
degradation?
Sulfur dioxide
1. Is there an Environmental Kuznets Curve for sulfur dioxide in
the US? Why? Why not?
Figure 4 and 5, SOX may have linear negative or “inverse-N” relationship with per
capita GDP and logarithmic per capita GDP.
Figure 2-5: Scatter plots of CO2, SOX and GDP
Combined with the qualitative analysis above, this paper uses Selden and Song's (1994)
cubic logarithmic polynomial form to establish the following model:
𝑙𝑛𝑌 = 𝛽0 + 𝛽1𝑙𝑛𝑋 + 𝛽2𝑙𝑛
2𝑋 + 𝛽3𝑙𝑛
3𝑋 + 𝜀
Y is the amount of yearly air pollution (CO2 and SOX), X is per capita GDP, 𝜀 is error
term. The regression of CO2 is divided into t
Environmental PoliciesThe National Park Service manages all the .docxkhanpaulita
Environmental Policies
The National Park Service manages all the national parks in the U.S. The agency also is tasked with the management of the monument. According to the environmental policy, the main purpose of this body is to offer recreational activities for citizens and at the same time preserving the ecosystems (Dale, 2015). The BLM and the Forest Service, on the other hand, plays the role of extraction of resources like timbers. The U.S Forest service agency operates within the U.S Department of Agriculture administering the national grasslands and forests. The Bureau of Land Management operates under the United States Department of the Interior tasked with the distribution of public land. Unlike the forest service which has land all over the country, BLM land is only located in the western half of the country.
Wild Horse and Burro Act are one of the agencies formed under federal land management to preserve the native plants. The act formed in 1971 had direct effects on the Bureau of land management since it limited the techniques of BLM eliminating wild horses or rather animals that could sustain oneself on the BLM lands but instead require their protection (Loomis, 2002). Initially, the BLM was of the idea that those animals be killed, but it had to change their direction and adopted a Horse program. The program used a more humane approach and responded to the growing population of the non-native species and the adverse effects they had on the native plants as well as the wildlife populations on BLM lands. The sole function of this agency was to protect the endangered species and ensure their continuity. The endangered species Act's roles revolve around conserving the threatened and endangered plants and the habitat they are found. The act has influenced the operations of the Wild Horse and Burro Act through funding it as well as foreseeing its operations so that it remains true to its mission of ensuring the continuation of the existence of species.
References
Dale, L. (2015). Environmental Policy (2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.
Loomis, J. B. (2002). Integrated public lands management: principles and applications to national forests, parks, wildlife refuges, and BLM lands. Columbia University Press.
Schwartz, E. R. (1977). Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 as amended.
.
Environmental PoliticsTake home Final Spring 2019Instruction.docxkhanpaulita
Environmental Politics
Take home Final
Spring 2019
Instructions: Write a three pages (double spaced, size 10 or 12 font, 1” margin, and typed) paper that answers the questions below (no less than three pages).
Include citations in the text and a bibliography/reference page). Please put your name on your exam, include a cover sheet (does not count as one of the three pages required), and number the pages. You may use any resources necessary to answer the questions, but need to document all sources
Assignment:
Discuss the ability of the United States to respond to, air pollution
You must discuss the appropriate level of response (national, state, local, grassroots, etc.) and type and level of response (legislative, executive, judicial, grassroots awareness, incentives/coercion, etc.).
.
Environmental Policy Report1. Each paper should be about 3.docxkhanpaulita
Environmental Policy Report
1. Each paper should be about 3-4 pages double spaced (not including figures/maps or references). Your report should include the following sections: Introduction, History of the issue, Specifics of the problem,
Solution
s, and Conclusion, though these may vary slightly depending on your topic.
2. Choose a specific topic that fits within the scope of the class. Find an environmental problem or novel solution and discuss some of the policy actions that have been taken to aid or hinder it. You may research a specific law, executive order, or even court cases. Discuss obstacles faced by environmentalists, legislators, and industries. You can also discuss other potential avenues to move forward with the issue. You will likely find more data on topics within the United States system, but you may also pick an international or collaborative issue.
3. Some potential examples are:
a.
b. Pollution
c. Soil Quality
d. Climate Change
e. Air Quality
f. Renewable energy
g. Green Power
h. Rainwater harvesting
i. Energy Conservation
j. Recycling
k. Water purification/ desalinization
l. Waste management
m. Ecosystem management
n. Organic gardening
o. Economics/ Global Development
p. Forest management
q. Wildlife (Plants and Animals)
r. Endangered Species
s. Public Health
4. Each report should include a minimum of 1 peer-reviewed journal articles for the report, although additional research is encouraged.
5. Science, Nature, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), Geophysical Research Letters, PLOS-One, etc.
6. Each report must contain a References/Works Cited section at the end of the report and have in-text citations. You may use any citation format (MLA, APA, etc.) as long as you are consistent throughout.
7. A 3-4 page (double spaced) report on your topic, due in hard copy in class on Wednesday, May 6h, 2019,
Once you have an idea, you must chat with me about it briefly before proceeding, either during office hours or through email.
.
Environmental FactorsIn this assignment, you will have a chance to.docxkhanpaulita
Environmental Factors
In this assignment, you will have a chance to discuss a topic that brings personality theory together with social psychology. Dealing with unhealthy groups like gangs or cults is an important issue in social psychology. However, you cannot fully address this issue if you do not first understand personality development and how one’s personality affects the choices that are made. Specifically, you will look at Skinner’s behavioral perspective on personality development and discuss how that theory can play a role in this issue of unhealthy groups.
Bob is an adolescent who grew up in a gang-infested part of a large city. His parents provided little supervision while he was growing up and left Bob mostly on his own. He developed friendships with several kids in his neighborhood who were involved in gangs, and eventually joined a gang himself. Now crime and gang activities are a way of life for Bob. These have become his way to identify with his peer group and to support himself.
It is relatively easy to see that Bob’s environment has played a large role in his current lifestyle. This coincides with Skinner’s concept of environment being the sole determinant of how personality develops. Skinner believed that if you change someone’s environment and the reinforcements in that environment, you can change their behavior.
Use the Internet, Argosy University library resources, and your textbook to research Skinner’s concept of the environment and answer the following questions:
If you were to create an environment for Bob to change his behavior from that of a gang member to a respectable and law-abiding citizen, what types of environmental changes and positive reinforcements would you suggest and why?
What are some interventions that are used in the field currently? Are there any evidence-based programs that use these environmental and reinforcement interventions?
Write your initial response in 2–3 paragraphs. Apply APA standards to citation of sources.
By
Saturday, March 22, 2014
.
Environmental Impacts of DeforestationJennifer CroftYour.docxkhanpaulita
Environmental Impacts of Deforestation
Jennifer Croft
Your essay should include five paragraphs, as follows:
Paragraph 1 is your lead paragraph. It will contain an overview of what you have to say about these three topics: disruption of the carbon cycle, disruption of the hydrologic (water) cycle, and the reduction of species diversity.
Paragraphs 2, 3, and 4, are your body paragraphs.
Paragraph 2 should describe how deforestation disrupts the carbon cycle.
In paragraph 3, you’ll write about how deforestation disrupts the hydrologic (water) cycle.
In paragraph 4, you’ll explain how deforestation is related to declining species diversity.
Paragraph 5 is your conclusion paragraph. Here, you can describe how you feel about the three effects of deforestation discussed, and what we might do about it.
It’s permissible to use direct quotes from your reading, but don’t use too many. One to three such quotes should be your limit. Be sure to put a direct quote in quotation marks. For example: According to Smith, “Carbon dioxide is both our friend and our enemy.”
Begin by writing a first draft. Then, edit and rework your material to make it clear and concise. After you have reached a final draft, proofread the essay one last time to locate and correct grammar and spelling errors.
Hide Rubrics
Rubric Name: Assignment 4 Rubric
This table lists criteria and criteria group name in the first column. The first row lists level names and includes scores if the rubric uses a numeric scoring method.Criteria
ExemplarySatisfactoryUnsatisfactoryUnacceptableCriterion Score
Lead Paragraph10 points
Student provides a clear, logical overview of the disruption of the carbon cycle, disruption of the hydro (water) cycle, and the reduction of species diversity.
8 points
Student provides a mostly clear, logical overview of the disruption of the carbon cycle, disruption of the hydro (water) cycle, and the reduction of species diversity.
5 points
Student provides a weak or unclear overview of the disruption of the carbon cycle, disruption of the hydro (water) cycle, and the reduction of species diversity.
0 points
Student provides a poor overview of the disruption of the carbon cycle, disruption of the hydro (water) cycle, and the reduction of species diversity.
/ 10Paragraph 2: How deforestation disrupts the carbon cycle20 points
Student provides a clear, logical description of how deforestation disrupts the carbon cycle.
15 points
Student provides a mostly clear, logical description of how deforestation disrupts the carbon cycle.
10 points
Student provides a weak or unclear description of how deforestation disrupts the carbon cycle.
0 points
Student provides a poor description of how deforestation disrupts the carbon cycle.
/ 20Paragraph 3: How deforestation disrupts the hydro (water) cycle20 points
Student provides a clear, logical description of how deforestation disrupts the hydro (water) cycle.
15 points
Student provides a mostly .
Environmental Factors and Health Promotion Accident Prevention and .docxkhanpaulita
Environmental Factors and Health Promotion: Accident Prevention and Safety Promotion for Parents and Caregivers of Infants
The growth, development, and learned behaviors that occur during the first year of infancy have a direct effect on the individual throughout a lifetime. For this assignment, research an environmental factor that poses a threat to the health or safety of infants and develop a health promotion that can be presented to caregivers.
Create a 10-12 slide PowerPoint health promotion, with speaker notes, that outlines a teaching plan. For the presentation of your PowerPoint, use Loom to create a voice over or a video. Include an additional slide for the Loom link at the beginning, and an additional slide for references at the end.
Include the following in your presentation:
Describe the selected environmental factor. Explain how the environmental factor you selected can potentially affect the health or safety of infants.
Create a health promotion plan that can be presented to caregivers to address the environmental factor and improve the overall health and well-being of infants.
Offer recommendations on accident prevention and safety promotion as they relate to the selected environmental factor and the health or safety of infants.
Offer examples, interventions, and suggestions from evidence-based research. At least three scholarly resources are required. Two of the three resources must be peer-reviewed and no more than 6 years old.
Provide readers with two community resources, a national resource, and a Web-based resource. Include a brief description and contact information for each resource.
In developing your PowerPoint, take into consideration the health care literacy level of your target audience, as well as the demographic of the caregiver/patient (socioeconomic level, language, culture, and any other relevant characteristic of the caregiver) for which the presentation is tailored
Refer to the resource, "Creating Effective PowerPoint Presentations," located in the Student Success Center, for additional guidance on completing this assignment in the appropriate style.
Refer to the resource, "Loom," located in the Student Success Center, for additional guidance on recording your presentation.
While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the
LopesWrite Technical Support articles
for assistance.
.
Environmental Debate Do Antibiotics in Livestock Harm Humans.docxkhanpaulita
Environmental Debate: Do Antibiotics in Livestock Harm Humans?
Issues and Background
“Antimicrobial resistance is a public health problem of growing urgency. Mounting evidence is
confirming the view, long held in the public health community, that antimicrobial use in animals
can substantially reduce the efficacy of the human antimicrobial arsenal. Now is the time to act
to curb the overuse of antimicrobials in animals.” Union of Concerned Scientists (Hogging It:
Estimates of Antimicrobial Abuse in Livestock. 2001. M. Mellon, C. Benbrook, and K. L.
Benbrook; http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/food_and_agriculture/hog_front.pdf
“Animal antibiotics make our food supply safer and people healthier [and] are a critical tool to
prevent, control and treat disease in animals. In doing so, they also reduce the chance of
bacterial transmission from animals to humans [and produce] the safest food possible.” The
Animal Health Institute; (www.ahi.org)
Imagine that you get pneumonia and end up in the hospital, but the antibiotics you are given no
longer work. Or imagine that a loved one is suffering from malaria, but none of the anti-malaria
drugs being given are working. Or suppose terrorists release anthrax, but antibiotics cannot stop
people from getting sick or dying. These terrifying scenarios can happen because a growing
number of bacteria and other pathogens are becoming resistant (“superbugs”) to our most
powerful antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance develops in two ways: when medicines are overused
or used incorrectly, and from increased antibiotic use in animals we raise for food. Bacteria and
other pathogens that become resistant to the antibiotics used in livestock can remain on meat that
is spread to humans when handled or not cooked properly. If a person gets sick or develops an
infection, antibiotics will not work on the drug-resistant bacteria. As antibiotics lose their
effectiveness, doctors will be less able to fight infections, diseases, or infectious complications
due to chemotherapy, dialysis, organ transplants and surgery. Alternate antibiotics, if they are
even available, can be more dangerous, expensive and less effective. The CDC believes that
antimicrobial resistance is one of our most serious health threats—affecting 2 million people in
the U.S., and killing 23,000 each year. Longer hospital stays, costlier treatments and increased
disabilities cost $20 billion each year in healthcare costs, and $35 billion in lost productivity.
Why do we give antimicrobials or antibiotics to the animals we raise for food? Antimicrobials
kill or inhibit microorganisms, and antibiotics are antimicrobials produced by one microorganism
that kills or inhibits other microorganisms. Many antimicrobials used on livestock, such as
tetracycline, bacitracin, penicillins and sulfonamides are used in humans to treat pneumonia,
scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, venereal diseases, plague and anthrax. .
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY - MooreLIVING .docx
1. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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LIVING WITH THE EARTH
CHAPTER 3
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
AND FOOD SECURITY
Cooking a meal in Africa
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Objectives for this Chapter
A student reading this chapter will be able to:
1. Discuss the impact of population on resources and
ecosystems.
2. Define the following terms and explain their response to
population growth: retrogression, soil erosion, desertification,
deforestation, wetlands destruction, and wildlife destruction
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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2. Objectives for this Chapter
3. Define the term food security and discuss the reasons leading
to food insecurity among many nations worldwide.
4. List the suggested steps that might be taken to minimize
global food insecurity.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Objectives for this Chapter
5. Explain the most likely reasons for a growing food insecurity
in the United States.
6. List and discuss the demographics of the populations in the
United States at risk to food insecurity.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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LIVING WITH THE EARTH
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
INTRODUCTION: THE DEBATE
The ability of our planet to sustain and feed the dramatic
increases in human population growth has been an on-going
debate stretching back over 200 years.
3. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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The Viewpoint of Malthus and Followers
Neo-Malthusians (Malthus, 1789)
Human growth is logarithmic and plants grow arithmetically.
Growth will eventually surpass the ability of the land to feed
the expanding population.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Technology and Policy Will Save the Day
Cornucopians
The real threat to global stability is the failure of nations to
pursue economic trade and research policies that increase food
production, more evenly distribute food and resources, and limit
environmental pollution.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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4. Technology and Policy Will Save the Day
The Green Revolution
Strains of plants are being developed that resist diseases, pests,
drought and flooding.
So striking has been the increased production, that the
incorporation of these new variety of seeds and processes
became known as the “Green Revolution.”
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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The Green Revolution
The world markets and the “Green Revolution” may promote
monocultural technology that could prove to be ecologically
unstable (Fig. 3-1).
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Fig. 3-1
5. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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The Green Revolution
Cross-breeding (Fig. 3-2)
Induced Mutation (Fig. 3-2)
Gene Transfer (Fig. 3-3)
Precision Farming (Fig. 3-4)
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Fig. 3-2. Cross-breeding and Mutation
Hybridization- pollination or cross breeding. Corn with thin
stalk and multiple ears + corn with thick stalk and few ears—
select corn with thick stalk and multiple ears
Induced mutation- Seeds are grown to produce second
generation. Gamma or ultraviolet irradiation of seeds– select
corn with thick stalk and multiple ears
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
6. - Moore
Fig. 3-3. Gene Transfer
Adapted from Budiansky.6
“Gene gun”- recently developed “gene guns” propel gold
particles coated with DNA by bursts of helium. .22 caliber
blank cartridge is used to propel plastic bullet containing
desirable genes. The plastic bullet impacts against stopping
plate and explosively releases genes. Genes strike and pierce
plant cells at more than 1400 feet a second. Leaf cells with new
DNA are placed in agar dishes with growth hormones. New
shoots develop with many having the desired characteristics.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Fig. 3-4 Precision Farming
Global positioning satellite (GPS) sends specific signals on
location and local soil condition to receiving systems on
7. tractors. Computers onboard tractor receive signal from GPS
satellite and determine field coordinates, then adjust fertilizer
dispersion.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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The Green Revolution
These advances in agricultural technologies have contributed
significantly to reducing hunger in millions of people.
However, the growth of the human population in many of the
lesser developed countries has exceeded the capacity of even
these technological wonders in agricultural production.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Energy
Wood is being used at such a rapid pace in some LDCs that
forested regions have been decimated, and the collection of
wood for fuel may require several hours each day or as much as
25 percent of average income.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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8. Energy
On the other hand, the history of fuel use in the developed
nations moved from wood to more efficient fuels.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Energy
The impact of human activity on environments can be
summarized by the following relationship:
I=P*A*T
Paul Errlich, Stanford
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Energy
I=P*A*T
Where:
I: the impact of human energy-related activity on the globe
P: is the population size
A: is the affluence in terms of per capita consumption
T: is the technologies to supply each unit of consumption
9. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Attitude and Behavior
Will we progress in a smooth transition to a world of global
stability and health, or will national and personal interests
prevail at the expense of the larger global community?
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Attitude and Behavior
What are the attitudes and behaviors that may have an impact on
this outcome?
Tragedy of the Commons
Many members of any society will likely pass on the
consequences of their destructive actions if they will benefit in
the short term and receive little or no negative consequences
from that action.
Garrett Harden
10. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Attitude and Behavior
The Pioneer
The consequences of laying waste to a land in the past were
minimized by the ability of the population to emigrate.
The pioneer mentality cannot be continued indefinitely in the
presence of massive population increases.
We must seek a sustainable development.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Attitude and Behavior
Declining Investment in Technologies
Government funding for organizations which are largely
responsible for the Green Revolution has been falling.
The major gains in food crops experienced as part of the Green
Revolution are unlikely to continue in the absence of investment
in research and development.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Attitude and Behavior
11. Family Planning Cuts
The United States reduced overall foreign assistance in 1996
with a 25 percent decrease in USAIDs funds and a 35 percent
cut in the family planning/population assistance budget.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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These cuts could result in:
220 million unintended pregnancies;
117,000 additional maternal deaths and 1.5 million women who
experience permanent impairment;
9.3 million additional deaths of infants and young children.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT
As the population increases the need for food increases.
As the need for food increases, land is cleared, soil is degraded,
and desertification occurs.
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Deforestation
Biomes include tropical rainforests, temperate forests, prairies,
deserts, and arctic tundra.
The majority of tropical forest biomes occur in areas of the
world at risk from overpopulation and many are being
threatened with slash and burn techniques to make room for
croplands.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Deforestation
Defined as the permanent decline in crown cover of trees to a
level that is less than 10 percent of the original cover.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Deforestation
The Benefits of Rainforests are:
a major producer of oxygen for the global atmosphere;
the major carbon dioxide sink;
13. a potential source of new pharmaceuticals useful in the
treatment of human disease;
and an important source of species diversity.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Deforestation
Rainforests (Fig. 3-5, 3-6)
In spite of the numerous benefits from rainforests, they are
disappearing at an alarming rate.
By 1987, tropical rainforests were disappearing at the rate of 42
million acres each year, representing a loss of 115,000 acres
each day.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Fig. 3-5
Source from NASA..24
14. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Fig. 3-6
Adapted from NASA.24
Map that highlights the locations of some of the world’s major
rainforests, including Mexico, Belize, Honduras, Guatemala, El
Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Columbia, Ecuador,
Venezuela, Brazil, Cote d Ivoire, Nigeria, Central African
Republic, Congo, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and Papua
New Guinea
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Soil Degradation
What is soil?
Soil consists of small particles of rock and minerals mixed with
a major proportion of plant and animal matter in various stages
of decay.
15. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Soil Degradation
Plants are called autotrophic because they synthesize their own
food from inorganic substances.
Plants also derive nutrients from soil
Micronutrients
Macronutrients
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Soil Degradation
Loam
Soils best suited for agriculture consist of sand, silt, and some
clay in a homogeneous mixture referred to as loam.
Humus
Complex organic matter that has been biologically broken down
so that original plant and animal matter is unrecognizable.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Soil Degradation
16. Humus serves to:
retain moisture much as a sponge;
serve as an insulator to heat and cold;
and to bind and release nutrients to plants in useable forms.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Fig. 3-7 Major Soil Biomes
Map of major soil biomes. Tundra are in the top half of the
globe. Taiga is in the upper third of the globe under Tundra.
Temperate forest, grassland and woodland are below Taiga.
Deserts are below Temperate forest and below tropical
rainforests, which are sandwiched between the two prominent
desert regions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Soil Degradation
Soil Erosion
As woods are cut and fields are plowed to plant crops, soils are
17. lost to the effects of wind and runoff water (Fig. 3-8).
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Fig. 3-8
Adapted from Turk and Turk.7
Pie Chart of soil erosion. Woods have 0.4% moisture loss and 0
tons of topsoil loss. Grass cover has 1.9% moisture loss, 0 tons
of topsoil loss. Grain crops have 26% moisture loss, 86 tons of
topsoil loss. Freshly tilled soil has 50.4% moisture loss, 161
tons of topsoil loss. About ¼ of the chart is labeled as “other”
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Soil Degradation
Farming techniques practiced to reduce soil erosion are:
Rotation
Fallowing
Terracing
18. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Soil Erosion
Globally, soil erosion claims over a billion acres every year,
and 1.2 billion acres of global cropland is losing topsoil so
rapidly that these acres are expected to become unproductive in
the next few decades.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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The Process of Desertification
What is desertification?
Land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas
resulting from various factors, including climactic variations
and human activities.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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19. Desertification
About 15 billion acres or one third of the earth is dry land, and
2.5 billion (or 16 percent of the earth’s surface) of these
dryland acres are hyperarid deserts where there is little or no
growth.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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The Process of Desertification
Poverty and the need for food is an enormous pressure that
defies a flexible land use response and leads to desertification
(Fig. 3-9).
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Fig. 3-9
Once forested land in Africa
20. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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The Process of Desertification
The Costs of Desertification
Economic losses from desertification are calculated to be $40
billion while the cost of recovering these lands worldwide is
estimated at $10 billion annually.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Wetlands – What are they?
Wetlands are those areas of land where water saturation is the
major factor influencing the nature of soil development and the
communities of plants and animals that live in the soil and on
the surface.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Wetlands
Types of wetlands (Fig.3-10):
Swamps
Bogs
Prairie potholes
21. Bottomland Hardwood Forests
Estuaries
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Fig. 3.10
Source> USEPA, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watershed.
40
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Freshwater Marshes & Swamps
Source> USEPA, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watershed.
40
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
22. - Moore
Bogs
Source> USEPA, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watershed.
40
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Prairie potholes
Source> USEPA, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watershed.
40
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Bottomland Hardwood Forests
Source> USEPA, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watershed.
40
23. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Coastal Marshes and Estuaries
Source> USEPA, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watershed.
40
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Benefits of Wetlands
Wetlands purify and replenish water supplies.
Wetlands are extremely rich in biomass (the amount of plant
and animal life).
Wetlands are an important source of food.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Benefits of Wetlands
Wetlands absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide from the air.
Wetlands control flooding in low-lying areas as they work like
sponges
24. Wetlands protect coastal areas from storms.
Wetlands provide recreation and beauty.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Wetland Losses
An estimated 300,000 acres (120,000 hectares) of wetlands are
drained or filled every year in the U.S.
Wetlands were considered a nuisance to farmers and settlers and
these areas were filled in.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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The Loss of Biodiversity and Extinction of Species
Biodiversity refers to the range of animal and plant species and
the genetic variability among those species.
Why is biodiversity important?
The greater the range of genetic variation, the more likely there
will be a survivor species in the event of major catastrophies.
25. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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The Loss of Biodiversity and Extinction of Species
Background
99% of all species that ever existed are thought to be extinct.
The Permian extinction caused 90 percent of all species in the
oceans to disappear, two thirds of reptiles and amphibian
families perished, and up to 30 percent of insect orders were
lost.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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The Loss of Biodiversity and Extinction of Species
Background
Records of fossils show that entire groups of organisms
including fish, reptiles, birds and mammals have replaced one
another over long periods of time (Fig. 3-11).
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Fig. 3-11
26. Graph of relative number of species in correlation with millions
of years ago from 330-recent. The majority of species have been
reptiles, with birds and mammals arriving in the last 80 million
years.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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The Loss of Biodiversity and Extinction of Species
Background
It appears that the planet is now losing more species than are
being created, and that the activities of humans are the reason
for a rapidly growing species extinction and loss in
biodiversity.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Loss in Biodiversity
Of the 4,327 known mammal species, 1,096 are at risk, and 169
are in extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the
immediate future (Fig. 3-12)
27. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Fig. 3-12
Adpated from Doyle. 51
Map showing areas of the world where more than 15% of
mammal species are threatened in gray, and countries with the
most threatened mammal species and including 43% of the
world’s population in blue. The countries are China and India
with 75 species apiece, and Indonesia with 128 species.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Threats to Biodiversity
Loss of Habitat
Most significant threat to biodivesity today is elimination of
habitat for agriculture and housing. Half of 300 mussel species
lost in US to pollution of rivers and creation of dams.
Over-harvesting
Cod in the North Sea off New England are heavily exploited
with as much 60 percent of the fishable stock being removed
annually.
28. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Threats to Biodiversity
Non-native Species
Rainbow trout never encountered “whirling disease” before the
parasite was unknowingly transplanted here from Europe.
Pollution
The acidification of lakes and streams has led to juvenile
recruitment failure among fish resulting in the disappearance of
many species in a number of industrialized countries.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Protecting Endangered and Threatened species
Legislation first aimed at protecting wildlife in the United
States was introduced as a bill in 1926.
In 1973, the Endangered Species Act (ESA) was promulgated in
the United States (Fig. 3-13). The Act currently protects 1,135
speciesof plants and animals.
29. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Fig. 3-13
Species being restored
Source> US Fish & Wildlife Service: Whooping Crane-Steve
Hillebrand; Grizzly bear – Don Redfern; Bald eagle – Robert
Fields; Gray wolf - USFWS
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Protecting Endangered and Threatened species
Many environmentalists praise the ESA for reducing the
extinction rate of some animal species in the United States, and
even increasing numbers in as many as 65 species.
Others have attacked the Act as interfering with livelihood and
taking away personal property rights.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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30. Babbitt tells Nation: Species protection Works
May 7, 1998, Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt announced
29 different animals, plants and birds have recovered
sufficiently to take off the ESA list.
Paul Nickerson, head of the Endangered Species Div of the Fish
and Wildlife ‘s Northeast Regional Office, Hadley sees
continued protection of species under State law.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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FOOD SECURITY
One of the biggest debates for the 21st century concerns
whether or not the world can produce enough food to feed
another few billion people.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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FOOD SECURITY
Food security is said to occur when all people have physical and
economic access to the basic food they need to work and
function normally.
31. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Food Production
For nearly 40 years, the world production of grain has risen by
more than 2 percent a year, but declined to scarcely 1 percent a
year in the 1990s.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Food Production
Countries with critical or low food security are shown in figure
3-14.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Fig. 3-14
Adapted from Brown and Kane. 69
32. Countries facing critical or low food security include Peru,
Bolivia, Mali, Niger, Sudan, Chad, Somalia, Central African
Republic, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zambia,
Angola, Cameroon, Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana, Liberia,
Sierra Leone, Burkina, Mali, and Afghanistan
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Reasons for Regional Food Shortages
Food production fell behind population growth in 64 of 105
developing countries between 1985 to 1995.
The main reasons for food shortages in eastern Africa derive
mainly from recent droughts followed by floods.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Reasons for Regional Food Shortages
If countries are to feed the 9 billion expected by the year 2050,
Africa would have to increase production by 300 percent, Latin
America by 80 percent, Asia by 70 percent, and North America
by 30 percent (Fig. 3-15).
33. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Fig.3-15
Adapted from FAO. 10
Bar graphs for the world, Asia, Africa, Russia, and Latin
America showing the percent change from 1961 where per
capita food production equals 100 and the years between 1961-
1994.
Russia has had the greatest decrease, Asia has had the greatest
increase, and the others have maintained relatively stable over
time.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Reasons for Regional Food Shortages
Growth rates in cereal production have been declining from 2.8
percent in the 1960s, to nearly 2.1 percent in 1992 (Fig. 3-16).
34. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Fig. 3-16
Adapted from FAO. 10
3 graphs. The first shows world growth rate in cereal
production. From 1961-1969 it grew 4%, from 1970-1979 it
grew 3%, from 1980-1988 it grew 1.25% , and from 1990-1996
it grew 1 %.
The second graph shows world growth rate in agricultural
production. From 1961-1969, it grew 3.25%, from 1970-1979 it
grew 2.5%, from 1980-1988 it grew 2.5% , and from 1990-1996
it grew 2.25 %.
The third graph shows growth rates in yields of all cereals in 93
developing countries. From 1961-1969 it grew 3%, from 1970-
1979 it grew 2.75%, from 1980-1988 it grew 2.5% , and from
1990-1996 it grew 1 %.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Sources – Where will the Food Come From?
Increases in food supply must come from one or more of the
following sources (Fig. 3-17):
increases in yield (tons per acre);
increases in arable land placed under cultivation;
35. and cropping intensity (fewer fallow periods or more than one
crop per year or field).
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Fig. 3-17
Adapted from FAO. 10
Increases in food supply pie chart. 66% comes from increased
yields (tons of crops harvested per acre), 21% from arable land
expansion, and 13% from increasing cropping intensity (fewer
fallow periods or more than one crop per year or field)
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Sources
There are scientists who believe that the ability to expand
cropland is limited, and that it is disappearing in many areas of
the world.
36. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Sources
The potential for increasing agricultural land is limited by:
the significant costs of developing an infrastructure in remote
areas;
the lesser productivity of these alternative areas;
and the trade-offs in environmental destruction of sensitive
ecosystems.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Sources
Alternative strategies are being evaluated and promoted that are
more friendly to the environment.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Sources
37. These strategies are:
improved irrigation systems;
structured water pricing to reduce overuse;
alternative rotation of crops;
selective pesticide use;
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Sources
These strategies are:
use of pest-resistant varieties;
improved soil testing and fertilizer application;
regional crop breeding programs;
and more education to farmers.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Food Security
Worldwide
Chronic undernutrition is a difficult and pervasive problem
resulting in a food security crisis in many LDCs.
Net imports to LDCs are expected to increase from 90 to 160
million tons in the years from 1990 to 2010.
38. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Hunger in America
More than 25 million Americans, almost 50 percent of them
under 17, resort to using food distribution programs such as
soup kitchens and food pantries (Fig. 3-18).
Nearly 35 million Americans live in hungry or food-insecure
households.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FOOD SECURITY
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Fig. 3-18
Adapted from Roberts and Roberts. 80
4 pie charts describing the makeup of Americans using food
distribution programs. The sex distribution is 62.4% female,
37.6% male. The age distribution is 46% are between 16-64,
39. 38% are less than 15 and 16% are more than 65. The race
distribution is 47.7% White, 2.1 % black, 14.6% Hispanic, 2.5%
Native American, 2.5% other, and 0.7% Asian.
HUMAN POPULATION - Moore
LIVING WITH THE EARTH
CHAPTER 2
HUMAN POPULATION
HUMAN POPULATION - Moore
Objectives for this Chapter
A student reading this chapter will be able to:
1. Define the attributes of populations including birth and death
rates, growth rate, density, and mobility (immigration and
emigration).
2. Calculate rate of natural increase from birth and death rates,
and mathematically demonstrate the effects of age-sex
composition on a population.
HUMAN POPULATION - Moore
40. Objectives for this Chapter
3. Define biotic potential and maximum growth rate, and list the
various limits to growth
4. Identify, list, and explain the population growth forms.
5. Recognize and explain the concept of population explosion
with respect to complete and incomplete demographic
transition. Define population implosion and discuss the
conditions that lead to this phenomena.
HUMAN POPULATION - Moore
Objectives for this Chapter
6. Explain the role of urbanization in influencing sustainability
of populations.
7. Explain global population projections and differentiate
between developed and lesser developed countries with respect
to those projections.
8. List and discuss the various options for fertility control
methods, while contrasting the effectiveness, risks, and benefits
of each type.
HUMAN POPULATION - Moore
LIVING WITH THE EARTH
HUMAN POPULATION
41. INTRODUCTION
Understanding the dynamics of human populations is a first
order of business in beginning the study of environmental
health.
There is growing realization that surging populations,
environmental degradation, and ethnic conflict are strongly
intertwined.
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LESSER DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Overpopulation, infectious disease, unprovoked crime, few
resources, and the influx of more refugees, increases the erosion
of nation-states leading to the empowerment of private armies,
security firms and international drug cartels.
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LESSER DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
This is a vision of the early 21st century in many parts of the
lesser developed countries (LDCs), and threatens to expand
along with the growth of human populations.
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THE CHARACTERISTICS OF POPULATIONS
Species
A species is normally considered to be a group of organisms
that can breed together with the production of a viable and
fertile offspring.
Different species not only have differing physical attributes, but
they also differ in the population characteristics.
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Population
A population is considered to be the breeding group for an
organism.
Each population has characteristics that help to identify it.
Some of these characteristics are birth rate, death rate, rate of
natural increase, age distribution, and sex ratio.
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Birth Rate
Birth rate refers to the number of individuals added to a
population through reproduction (live births) and is normally
43. expressed as the number of live births per 1,000 population
(counting the population at the midpoint of the year)(Fig. 2-1).
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Death Rate
Death rate is also similarly calculated using total deaths divided
by the mid-year total population (Fig. 2-1).
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Rate of Natural Increase
The rate of natural increase is determined by subtracting the
death rate from the birth rate (Fig. 2-1).
The rate of natural increase reflects the growth rate in which
migration is not considered.
The growth of a population in the absence of migration must
depend on the birth rate being higher than the death rate.
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44. Fig. 2-1
Birth rate equals the number of live children born in a year per
1 000 total population
Birth rate in year Y = Number of live children born in year Y
over the midyear population in year Y
Birth rate in year 1998= 4,345,600 (children born in 1998) over
271,600,000 (population in mid-1998)= 16/1000
Death rate in year y= 2,172,800 (deaths in 1998) over
271,600,000 (population in mid-1998) = 8/1000
Rate of natural increase in year 1998 = (Birth rate - Death rate)
= 811000 or 0.8 percent*
*These are approximate numbers for the United States used only
for example.
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Age Distribution
The age-sex composition of the population has a profound effect
on the birth and death rates of a country because the probability
of dying or giving birth within any given year depends upon the
age and sex of the population members Fig. 2-2.
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Age Distribution (Fig. 2-2)
Graph showing the age distribution in different regions. The
reproductive ages are noted as 15-50, which has the most people
in stable and declining populations. Expanding populations have
more children under 14 than any other ages
Expanding populations: Mexico, Asia, and Africa have a bell
curve distribution between relationship of percentage of
population and age, with 7% of the population being under the
age of 14 and 2-3% over the age of 55.
The United States is a stable population with a much steeper,
more jagged bell curve with people over 55 making up 3% of
the population and children making about 3.5% of the
population
Western Europe and Japan are declining populations with an
even steeper curve, with only 3% children and 1-2% adults over
55
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46. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF POPULATIONS
Total Fertility Rates
Total fertility rates(TFR) represent the number of children a
woman in a given population is likely to bear during her
reproductive lifetime providing that birth rates remain constant
for at least a generation.
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THE CHARACTERISTICS OF POPULATIONS
Immigration
In nature, when the density of organisms becomes too great, the
intense competition for food, water, and other resources
damages the entire population. Some species have the ability to
disperse or migrate out of the area and in doing so, temporarily
relieve the overcrowding.
This process is called emigration.
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Immigration
When species emigrate from an area, they must immigrate or
enter into another area.
Driven by natural disasters, war, disease, and disappearing
resources, the numbers of refugees worldwide may exceed 15
million, with about 880,000 to 1.4 million immigrants entering
47. the United States each year, including more than 200,000 who
enter illegally.
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POPULATIONS DYNAMICS
There are periodic upsurges in many populations that lead to
overwhelming numbers.
Whether these population explosions occur in rabbits,
lemmings, soldier ants, or locusts, there is always some natural
pressures that bring the population back into balance with their
natural surroundings.
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POPULATIONS DYNAMICS
Biotic Potential
The unrestricted growth of populations resulting in the
maximum growth rate for a particular population is called its
biotic potential.
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POPULATIONS DYNAMICS
The biotic potential of species differs markedly and is
influenced by: (1) the frequency of reproduction; (2) the total
number of times the organism reproduces; (3) the number of
offspring from each reproductive cycle; and (4) the age at which
reproduction starts.
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POPULATIONS DYNAMICS
Environmental Resistance
Environmental resistance refers to those pressures that limit
population and may include such factors as disease, wars,
predatory behavior, toxic waste accumulation, or species
competition (Fig. 2-3).
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Fig 2-3
49. Biotic potential – environmental resistance = actual rate of
resistance.
Graph with population on y axis and time on x axis
Environmental resistance is food, light, or space shortage,
climate changes, disease, predatory behavior, toxic wastes,
competition
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POPULATIONS DYNAMICS
By plating bacteria as outlined in figure 2-4, one can examine
and then plot a bacterial growth curve (Fig. 2-5).
Lag Phase
The initial part of the curve in which the organisms show no
increase in growth rate, but are preparing for the exponential
growth phase which follows.
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Fig. 2-4
50. Original inoculum is diverted into various test tubes, one to
another, so it loses potency.
The first tube creates too many confluent colonies to count on a
nutrient agar plate, the next creates less, the third less than that,
and the final creates 2x10 to the sixth power colonies/ml
Calculation: Number of colonies on plate x reciprocal of
dilution of sample= bacteria/ml. In this example, there are 20
colonies on the plate of 1:100,000 dilution = 2 million
bacteria/ml. A growth curve can be constructed if the original
inoculum is counted by this process hourly for 24 to 48 hours.
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Fig. 2-5
Graph with time up to 24 hours on the x axis and log of numbers
of bacteria on the y axis. An S curve shoes the lag phase for the
first 6 hours, the log or exponential growth phase for the next
six hours, the stationary phase for six hours after that and the
death or logarithmic decline phase for the remaining 12 hours
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Fig. 2-6
If an organism grows too rapidly and the population escalates
beyond the carrying capacity of the environment in which it is
located, a “J” type growth curve may develop (Fig. 2-6).
X axis is time and y axis is log of numbers of organisms. A
short lag phase is followed by a steep log or exponential growth
phase which exceeds carrying capacity
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POPULATIONS DYNAMICS
This behavior sometimes oscillates every few years as in the
case of lemmings that inhabit the arctic tundra north of the
Canadian forest.
Every 3 to 4 years the population explodes, then crashes the
following year, followed by a 2 year cycle of slow recovery
(Fig 2-7).
Figure 2.8 shows the effects of predators on populations.
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Fig. 2-7
Graphic depiction of lemming population cycles. Every 3 to 4
years the population explodes, then crashes the following year,
followed by a 2 year cycle of slow recovery.
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Fig. 2-8
Population size cycles but is relatively constant. This can be
effected by the presence of predators. Graphic shows a squiggly
but relatively constant rate of population for animals’
53. population size, then the same population over time in the
presence of a predator, with a pronounced decline.
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POPULATIONS DYNAMICS
k-Strategy (type I”)
When large organisms with relatively long life spans have only
a few offspring, but devote their energies to protecting and
nurturing the offspring to enhance their individual survival until
they can reproduce (Fig.2-9).
Density dependent factors include such items as food supply,
which becomes more limiting as the size of the population
grows.
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POPULATIONS DYNAMICS
r-Strategy
r-strategy populations are typically small, short-lived
organisms, which produce large numbers of offspring and
receive little or no parental care (Fig. 2-9).
These organisms are limited by density-independent factors
such as a drought that dries up a pond, or sudden climactic
changes such as El nino which alters the temperature of the
water making it uninhabitable for certain species.
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Fig. 2-9
Adapted from Turk & Turk. 7
Graph of r-strategy, Type II and k strategy/type I populations
with number of survivors on the y axis and age on the x axis.
R-strategy populations are Type III: insects, fungi, fish,
mollusks, plants. They produce large numbers of offspring and
receive little or no parental care. They don’t live long. K-
strategy organisms with relatively long life spans have only a
few offspring, but devote their energies to protecting and
nurturing the offspring to enhance their individual survival until
they can reproduce. Type II populations are some birds, and
humans experiencing malnutrition and disease.
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POPULATION TRENDS IN THE WORLD
55. Demographers use the information on population size, fertility
rates, migration, birth and death rates, growth rates, infant
mortality, density, age-sex composition and other factors to
statistically characterize human populations.
Their purpose is to predict what will happen to that population
over time.
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POPULATION TRENDS IN THE WORLD
Historical Trends
After earth’s temperature stabilized about 10,000 years ago,
humans began to domesticate animals and cultivate crops, this
allowed the human population to increase (Fig. 2-10).
Since then, the world growth rate has increased dramatically,
although we are currently experiencing a downward trend (Fig
2.11).
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Fig. 2-10
Adapted from Turk & Turk. 7
56. Graph with population in billions on the y axis ranging from 0
to 6 and year on the x axis. Ranging from 2 million BC to 1998.
2 million BC to 0 BC is considered to be before the Christian
era. Once the Christian era began, population began to steadily
increase and spiked in 1998, when it reached 6 billion.
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Fig. 2-11
Graph showing thesteady increase in the annual rate on natural
population increase in the world from 1700 to modern times.
There was a spike in population in 1970, with a 2.06%
increase and slow decline to a 1.4% increase in 1997.
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57. HUMAN POPULATION - Moore
Historical Trends
Growth Rate
The rate of births is the ratio of births to the population, and
death rates represent the ratio of deaths to the population.
Growth rate is then determined by the birth rate minus the death
rate.
The population has grown so much, that even the smaller
growth rates lead to additions of larger numbers of people to the
global population (Fig 2-12).
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Fig. 2-12
Graph of population growth from 1960-2000. Year is depicted
on the x axis. Annual increase in world population from 0-90
million on the y axis. Even smaller growth rates lead to
additions of larger numbers of people to the global population,
growing 1.7% in 1960 lead to 51 million more people and a
total population of 3 billion, whereas growing 1.4% between
1998-2000 lead to 85 million more people and a total population
of 6 billion.
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Historical Trends
Doubling Time
Another useful way to demonstrate growth rate is to present it
as doubling time (Fig. 2-13), or the number of years for a
human population to double its size. The doubling time can be
calculated according to the following relationship:
doubling time = 0.70 / growth rate
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Fig. 2-13
Doubling time in years from 0 to 700 on the y axis, countries
and regions on the x axis. Northern Europe has taken 700 years
to double at 0.1 %- the rate of natural increase. Southern Europe
has taken 350 years to increase .2%, Western Europe has taken
233 to increase .3%, U.S, 87.5 to grow .8%, Oceania 53.8 to
59. grow 1.3%, Asia 50 to grow 1.4%, South America 46.6 to grow
1.5%, and Africa 26.9 years to grow 2.6%
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Historical Trends
Demographic Transition
Developed countries have exhibited slowly declining birth and
death rates over the last century.
This has resulted in a diminishing difference between birth rates
and death rates and a very low rate of natural increase resulting
in a stable population with very long doubling times (Fig. 2-14).
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Fig. 2-14
Adapted from United nations Population Fund. 3
DeBirth rate vs. death rate in more developed countries between
1750-2000. Slowly declining birth and death rates have resulted
60. in a low rate of natural increase. Birth rate = 11/1000
Death rate = 10/1000. 11-10=0.1 rate of natural increase and a
doubling time of 700 years
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Historical Trends
Incomplete Demographic Transition
LDCs do not have the resources to institute social security, and
have unstable policies that fail to capture the trust of its
citizens.
The populations had remained stable with high birth rates and
high death rates.
Developed countries introduced better sanitation and nutrition
to LDCs, resulting in a decrease of the death rate (Fig. 2-15).
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Fig. 2-15
Adapted from United nations Population Fund. 3
61. Less developed countries have high birth rates and newly lower
death rates, with a high rate of natural increase. Birth rate =
31/1000. Death rate = 10/1000. 31 – 10= 2.1 rate of natural
increase. Doubling time = 33 years.
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Current Population Trends
The world’s population is growing at a rate of 1.4 percent
annually and is expected to reach six billion people by the
middle of 1999
Almost 98 percent of the annual increase in the world’s
population is occurring in the LDCs.
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Population Decreases in the Developed Countries
Declines in Fertility
In 1970 there were 19 countries reporting declining fertility
rates while in 1997 over 57 countries have reported below-
replacement fertility rates.
By the year 2060, Europe will have lost almost 25 percent of its
population.
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Population Decreases in the Developed Countries
Concerns About Decline
There is a concern throughout Europe and Japan that the
declining population will result in decreasing house and land
prices as the demand declines along with the population.
In the southern island of Kyushu, Japan, officials are offering a
gift of $5,000 to parents who have a fourth or subsequent child.
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Population Decreases in the Developed Countries
Concerns About Decline
Higher education for women with new aspirations and higher
incomes, is considered to be a factor for declining fertility rates
in many countries.
In fact, as illiteracy among women decreases in a country, the
average number of children born to those women declines (Fig.
2-16).
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63. Fig. 2-16
The greater the level of illiteracy among women, the more
children they are likely to have. The more money a woman
earns in the home, the fewer children she is likely to have.
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Population Decreases in the Developed Countries
Fertility Rates in the United States
The replacement TFR level for most countries is accepted as
being 2.1.
Subtle changes in social attitude appeared to produce rather
significant changes in fertility rates (Fig. 2-17).
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Fig. 2-17
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census
64. Total fertility rate on y axis between 0 and 4.0. X axis has the
years between 1920-1997. The replacement TFR is 2.1. The US
has spent more than 20 years at below replacement level.
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Population Decreases in the Developed Countries
Immigration and the Changing Racial Landscape in the United
States
Although the TFR has remained below replacement levels,
immigration adds at least another 850,000 to 1.2 million people
to the United States each year.
The expanding population of elderly white will be expecting
support from a working population of tremendous diversity and
proportionally fewer workers per retiree (Fig. 2-18).
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Fig. 2-18
65. In 1950 there were 16.5 workers per retiree. In 1997 there were
3.3 workers per retiree/ By 2025 there will only be 2.2 workers
per retiree.
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Current Population Trends in the Less Developed Countries
More than 80 percent of the world lives in the LDCs.
In the next 20 years 1.76 billion children will be born in the
LDCs (Fig. 2-19).
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Fig. 2-19
Adapted from Population reference Bureau 2 and the United
Nations Population Fund.3
66. Population in a bar graph showing contrast between developed
and lesser developed countries from 1750 to 2100. Developed
countries have a significantly slower population growth. By
2100, 2 billion people will live in developed countries and 12
billion in lesser developed countries.
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Predicted Future Trends in Populations
The median or best estimate by the United Nations is that the
world population will stabilize at 11.5 billion people around the
year 2150 if the world fertility rate drops to 2.06 and life
expectancy is 85 years (Fig.2-20).
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Fig. 2-20
Adapted from Doyle18 and Motavallui.19
Projections of population growth. With a TFR of 2.5 there will
be 28 billion people in 2150. With a TFR of 2.06 there will be
11.5 billion. With a TFR of 1.7 there will be 4 billion in 2150.
67. Living with the Earth - Gary Moore
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Urbanization - What is it?
The mass migration of people to the cities.
Megacities
Defined as having a population of more than 10 million, will be
commonplace by the year 2015, with 9 of the 10 largest cities
being in the the developing countries. (Figs.2-21, 22).
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Fig. 2-21
Adapted from the Environment.17
Bar graph of urbanization across the globe, will Tokyo being
the only city in a developed country that houses much of the
population at about 30 million, Bombay India has roughly the
same amount. Lagos Nigeria and Shanghai China have about 22
million. Jakarta Indonesia has just over 20 million, Sao Paulo
Brazil and Karachi Pakistan have about 20 million Beijing
China, Dhaka Bangladesh, and Mexico City Mexico have about
68. 18-19 million.
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Fig. 2-22. Borders of W. Africa merged by megacities
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Urbanization
Facilitates the spread of disease.
Potential increase in violence
Environmental degradation
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THE CONTROL OF POPULATION
Empowerment or Force
69. Countries attempting to bring population growth under control
without first empowering women and providing effective birth
control have often resorted to oppressive population control
policies.
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Population Policies in Some Countries
India
India was the first country to introduce family planning in 1951,
with the rhythm method.
China
China continues to enforce a one-child policy in the nation’s
largest cities such as Beijing and Shanghai.
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Family Planning Versus Population Control
Population Control
Government directed programs that set a policy for establishing
an optimum population size.
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Family Planning Versus Population Control
Family planning
Population control is in contrast to family planning programs
that are directed at assisting couples in having the number of
children they desire regardless of how many.
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METHODS OF FERTILITY CONTROL
Introduction
Methods that prevent fertilization of the egg are called
contraception.
Methods vary in their risks to health, their efficacy in
preventing pregnancies, ease of use, acceptance, and costs.
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Contraceptive Methods that are Reversible
Natural Birth Control and Family Planning
Hormonal
Oral Contraceptives (Fig. 2-23)
Depo-Provera
Norplant (Fig. 2-24)
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Fig. 2-23
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Fig 2-24
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Contraceptive Methods that are Reversible
Spermicides (Fig. 2-25)
Barrier Methods
Male Condom (Fig.2-26)
Female Condom (Fig. 2-27), Diaphragms, and Cervical Caps
(Fig. 2-28)
Intrauterine Devices (IUD’s) (Fig. 2-29)
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Fig. 2-25
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Fig. 2-26
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Fig. 2-27
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73. Fig. 2-28
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Fig. 2-29
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Contraceptive Methods that are Permanent
Sterilization has become one of the most popular methods for
contraception in the United States among married couples who
have achieved their desired level of parenthood
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Contraceptive Methods that are Permanent
Vasectomy
Male sterilization by making an incision on either side of the
74. scrotum and snipping out a piece of the vas deferens.
Tubal Ligation
Blocks the entry of eggs into uterus, eggs released from the
ovaries dissolve and are reabsorbed into the body.
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Contraceptive Methods that are Permanent
Abortion
The medical means of terminating a pregnancy.
Nearly 60 million abortions occur annually on a worldwide
basis.
Abortion can also be safely induced within the first 9 weeks of
pregnancy by administering the drug RU-486.