Global warming is caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere from human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. This traps heat and causes the planet to warm. Effects of global warming include climate change, rising sea levels, changes to water availability, and increased health risks from the spread of diseases. Scientists agree that human activities are the dominant cause of global warming since the mid-20th century based on extensive peer-reviewed research. Ways to prevent further global warming include reducing greenhouse gas emissions through policies, more sustainable energy sources, and changes to transportation and land use.
Global Warming is one of the biggest global problem.It is affecting us and the environment day by day.
The Presesentation consists of the causes of global warming, the effects and then finally will tell you the solutions of it so that we can save the earth and the environment.
this is a ppt bout'global warming and greenhouse effect u can learn many thing from this ppt so grow more trees use paper bags be sustainable share this with everyone and comment below bout'this ppt.thank you
Effect of global warming PPT EVS
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Global Warming is one of the biggest global problem.It is affecting us and the environment day by day.
The Presesentation consists of the causes of global warming, the effects and then finally will tell you the solutions of it so that we can save the earth and the environment.
this is a ppt bout'global warming and greenhouse effect u can learn many thing from this ppt so grow more trees use paper bags be sustainable share this with everyone and comment below bout'this ppt.thank you
Effect of global warming PPT EVS
effect of global warming ppt ,effect of global warming ,evs project ,ppt on evs project ,evs project on global warming ,natural resources evs ppt ,project report on evs ,global warming topics
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Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
3. Index
– Introduction
– What causes global warming
– Effects of global warming
– How to prevent global warming
– Scientific discussion on global warming
– Facts on global warming
4. Introduction
– he rise in earth’s surface temperature as a consequence of greenhouse effect is
called Global Warming. The thickening of earth atmosphere because of
presence of increased carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases is called
greenhouse effect.
5. What causes global
warming?
Deforestation and industrial emissions result to an increase greenhouse gases (such
as carbon-dioxide) around earth’s atmosphere.
hese greenhouse gases traps and absorbs atmospheric heat and ultimately causes
Global warming (an increase earth’s surface temperature).
Global warming is primarily a problem of too much carbon dioxide (CO2) in the
atmosphere—which acts as a blanket, trapping heat and warming the planet. As we
burn fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas for energy or cut down and burn forests
to create pastures and plantations, carbon accumulates and overloads our
atmosphere. Certain waste management and agricultural practices aggravate the
problem by releasing other potent global warming gases, such as methane and
nitrous oxide. See the pie chart for a breakdown of heat-trapping global warming
emissions by economic sector.
6.
7. Effects of global warming
If Global warming continues the world would be in danger. The major effects and impacts of Global Warming are:
1. Climate Change: Global warming is causing climate change. The world’s is becoming warmer and warmer. There
is also prediction of regional climate changes along the ecosystem.
2. Sea Level Change: One major consequence of global warming arising out of greenhouse effect is the rise in sea
level. Four major changes take place prior to this. They are: Thermal expansion, mountain glacier melting,
Greenland ice sheet melting and Polar (Arctic and Antarctic) ice sheet melting. Thus, the coastal cities and ports
may be submerged under sea-water. Many islands may vanish from the earth surface as well as from the world
map.
3. Water Balance: Although changes in sea-level have received much publicity, problems of water availability are
likely to be more serious and perhaps more expensive to solve. In future, warmer world will face water crisis in
some parts while in other regions it will be wetter than it is now.
There is uncertainty regarding regional forecasts of future precipitation as warming of globe makes it difficult to
predict. Also, pattern of agricultural changes, or effects on ecosystems in general are fairly unpredictable.
4. Human Health: The human health is put at risk because of Global warming. In recent years, there have been
newer reports of spread of major tropical diseases with changing climate. As the earth becomes warmer, more
and more people are likely to be affected by tropical diseases.
8. How to prevent global warming
The problem of Global Warming can be controlled by minimizing the emission of greenhouse gases
into the environment. The following preventive steps would help save the earth from the harmful
effects of Global Warming.
Laws. The Laws that governs pollution and greenhouse gases should be followed.
Reduction in thermal power generating stations. Reduced dependence on thermal power for our
electricity need would help towards reducing the quantity if carbon dioxide in the environment. The
use of fossil fuels for generating conventional energy is a major of greenhouse gases.
We should not waste paper. We can save paper by keeping documents in electronic format and by
not printing emails.
Planting Trees. Trees absorb carbon dioxide and releases oxygen. Trees are helpful in reducing the
problem of global warming.
Sharing our car. We can share our car while going to office or performing other scheduled activities.
On one hand, we will save money, and on the other, we will emit less greenhouse gases.
9. Scientific discussion on global
warming ……
– There is continuing discussion through published peer-reviewed scientific papers, which are
assessed by scientists working in the relevant fields taking part in the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change. The scientific consensus as of 2013 stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report is
that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed
warming since the mid-20th century". A 2008 report by the U.S. National Academy of
Sciences stated that most scientists by then agreed that observed warming in recent decades was
primarily caused by human activities increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
In 2005 the Royal Society stated that while the overwhelming majority of scientists were in
agreement on the main points, some individuals and organizations opposed to the consensus on
urgent action needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have tried to undermine the science and
work of the IPCC. National science academies have called on world leaders for policies to cut global
emissions.
– In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have
increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of
greenhouse gases. No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view.
10. Facts about global warming….
– Fact 1: Emissions like carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and other greenhouses gases will remain in the atmosphere for
many years making impossible to eliminate global warming for several decades.
– Fact 2: According to IPCC 2007 report, sea levels will rise by 7-23 inches by the end of this century due to global
warming.
– Fact 3: Since 1880, the average temperature has risen by 1.4-Fahrenheit degrees.
– Fact 4: Due to global warming and pollution, coral reefs are suffering the worst bleaching with the highest dying
record since 1980.
– Fact 5: The last two decades of the 20th century have been hottest in the last 400 years, according to climate studies.
– Fact 6: The Arctic is one of the worst places to be effected by global warming.
– Fact 7: According to the multinational Arctic Climate Impact Assessment report compiled between 2000 and 2004,
the average temperature in Alaska, Western Canada and Russia have risen at twice the global average.
– Fact 8: The Arctic ice is melting rapidly. By 2040 the region is expected to have a completely ice free summer, or even
earlier.
– Fact 9: The Montana Glacier National Park has only 25 glaciers instead of 150 that were there in the year 1910.