The document discusses climate change, its causes and impacts. It notes that warming trends are unequivocal and human activity is very likely the dominant cause since 1950. Projections show continued warming and increased climate impacts globally and regionally without mitigation efforts. Both adaptation and mitigation strategies are needed to avoid the worst effects, with estimated annual costs of $100 billion for adaptation in developing countries alone. Effective response requires participation and cooperation between developed and developing countries.
Climate change impact on se aagric-070511 [compatibility mode]-3Ridwan Centuri
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on agriculture in Southeast Asian countries. It finds that climate change is already affecting the region through increased extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and disruption of ecosystems. Agriculture in Southeast Asia will likely be negatively impacted through decreased water availability, declining crop yields for rice and other grains, and threats to food security for over 1.6 billion people in South and East Asia due to reduced calorie and cereal consumption as temperatures rise. Countries most vulnerable to these effects include Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Nepal.
This document provides an overview of climate variability and climate change impacts on agriculture in the Greater Mekong Sub-region. It discusses observed changes in temperature and precipitation trends based on historical data. Climate models project further increases in temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns, which could impact agriculture through changes in climate suitability and more frequent extreme weather events. The document emphasizes understanding historical climate variability and using downscaled climate projections to better assess impacts and develop adaptation strategies for agricultural systems in the region.
Climate change poses serious risks to human health, society, and the environment. The Earth's average surface temperature has risen about 1°C over the past century due to increased greenhouse gas emissions from human activities. If emissions continue at a high rate, global temperatures could increase by 4-5°C by 2100, causing sea level rise, more extreme weather events, declining crop yields, spread of diseases, deaths from heat waves, and displacement of populations. Impacts are projected to disproportionately affect vulnerable communities in developing nations. Urgent action is needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and build resilience against the effects of climate change.
This document discusses climate change and its political and scientific aspects. It provides background on key climate concepts like the 2 degree Celsius target and 350 ppm threshold. It outlines the history of the modern environmental movement from Rachel Carson's Silent Spring in 1962 to the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. The science section details direct observations of climate change through increasing temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events. It also examines greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane and their rising levels in the atmosphere. The politics section notes vulnerable areas like coastal zones in India and impacts on agriculture and health from climate change.
IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5oC : Key Findingsipcc-media
This document summarizes a presentation given by IPCC officials on the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C. It provides an overview of the IPCC and describes the key findings of the report, including that limiting warming to 1.5°C would require global net human-caused emissions of carbon dioxide to fall by about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching 'net zero' around 2050. Keeping warming to no more than 1.5°C would prevent the most severe impacts of climate change.
"Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis", assesses the current
scientific knowledge of the natural and human drivers of climate change,
observed changes in climate, the ability of science to attribute changes
to different causes, and projections for future climate change.
The report was produced by some 600 authors from 40 countries. Over 620
expert reviewers and a large number of government reviewers also
participated. Representatives from 113 governments reviewed and revised
the Summary line-by-line during the course of this week before adopting
it and accepting the underlying report.
“Climate Change
2007: The Physical Science Basis”, assesses the current scientific knowledge of
the natural and human drivers of climate change, observed changes in climate,
the ability of science to attribute changes to different causes, and projections
for future climate change.
The report was
produced by some 600 authors from 40 countries. Over 620 expert reviewers and a
large number of government reviewers also participated. Representatives from 113
governments reviewed and revised the Summary line-by-line during the course of
this week before adopting it and accepting the underlying
report.
Presentation held by Jasper Batureine Mwesigwa from IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC), at the learning event The Community Based Adaptation and Resilience in East and Southern Africa’s Drylands, held in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia by Care International Adaptation Learning Program for Africa (ALP), The CGIAR research program on Climate change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and African Insect Science for Food and Health (ICIPE)
Side Event - Climate Science for Policy - Global Warming of 1.5°Cipcc-media
This document summarizes a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on limiting global warming to 1.5°C. The report was authored by over 90 climate experts from 40 countries and reviewed by over 1,000 others. It finds that human activities have already caused 1°C of warming and at the current rate of increase, warming will reach 1.5°C by 2030-2050. To lower the risk of dangerous climate change impacts, the report calls for global CO2 emissions to decline substantially before 2030 through transitions to renewable energy, electric transportation, energy efficiency, and carbon removal.
Climate change impact on se aagric-070511 [compatibility mode]-3Ridwan Centuri
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on agriculture in Southeast Asian countries. It finds that climate change is already affecting the region through increased extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and disruption of ecosystems. Agriculture in Southeast Asia will likely be negatively impacted through decreased water availability, declining crop yields for rice and other grains, and threats to food security for over 1.6 billion people in South and East Asia due to reduced calorie and cereal consumption as temperatures rise. Countries most vulnerable to these effects include Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Nepal.
This document provides an overview of climate variability and climate change impacts on agriculture in the Greater Mekong Sub-region. It discusses observed changes in temperature and precipitation trends based on historical data. Climate models project further increases in temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns, which could impact agriculture through changes in climate suitability and more frequent extreme weather events. The document emphasizes understanding historical climate variability and using downscaled climate projections to better assess impacts and develop adaptation strategies for agricultural systems in the region.
Climate change poses serious risks to human health, society, and the environment. The Earth's average surface temperature has risen about 1°C over the past century due to increased greenhouse gas emissions from human activities. If emissions continue at a high rate, global temperatures could increase by 4-5°C by 2100, causing sea level rise, more extreme weather events, declining crop yields, spread of diseases, deaths from heat waves, and displacement of populations. Impacts are projected to disproportionately affect vulnerable communities in developing nations. Urgent action is needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and build resilience against the effects of climate change.
This document discusses climate change and its political and scientific aspects. It provides background on key climate concepts like the 2 degree Celsius target and 350 ppm threshold. It outlines the history of the modern environmental movement from Rachel Carson's Silent Spring in 1962 to the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. The science section details direct observations of climate change through increasing temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events. It also examines greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane and their rising levels in the atmosphere. The politics section notes vulnerable areas like coastal zones in India and impacts on agriculture and health from climate change.
IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5oC : Key Findingsipcc-media
This document summarizes a presentation given by IPCC officials on the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C. It provides an overview of the IPCC and describes the key findings of the report, including that limiting warming to 1.5°C would require global net human-caused emissions of carbon dioxide to fall by about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching 'net zero' around 2050. Keeping warming to no more than 1.5°C would prevent the most severe impacts of climate change.
"Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis", assesses the current
scientific knowledge of the natural and human drivers of climate change,
observed changes in climate, the ability of science to attribute changes
to different causes, and projections for future climate change.
The report was produced by some 600 authors from 40 countries. Over 620
expert reviewers and a large number of government reviewers also
participated. Representatives from 113 governments reviewed and revised
the Summary line-by-line during the course of this week before adopting
it and accepting the underlying report.
“Climate Change
2007: The Physical Science Basis”, assesses the current scientific knowledge of
the natural and human drivers of climate change, observed changes in climate,
the ability of science to attribute changes to different causes, and projections
for future climate change.
The report was
produced by some 600 authors from 40 countries. Over 620 expert reviewers and a
large number of government reviewers also participated. Representatives from 113
governments reviewed and revised the Summary line-by-line during the course of
this week before adopting it and accepting the underlying
report.
Presentation held by Jasper Batureine Mwesigwa from IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC), at the learning event The Community Based Adaptation and Resilience in East and Southern Africa’s Drylands, held in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia by Care International Adaptation Learning Program for Africa (ALP), The CGIAR research program on Climate change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and African Insect Science for Food and Health (ICIPE)
Side Event - Climate Science for Policy - Global Warming of 1.5°Cipcc-media
This document summarizes a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on limiting global warming to 1.5°C. The report was authored by over 90 climate experts from 40 countries and reviewed by over 1,000 others. It finds that human activities have already caused 1°C of warming and at the current rate of increase, warming will reach 1.5°C by 2030-2050. To lower the risk of dangerous climate change impacts, the report calls for global CO2 emissions to decline substantially before 2030 through transitions to renewable energy, electric transportation, energy efficiency, and carbon removal.
The document summarizes the key findings of the IPCC 5th Assessment Report from the Working Group I contribution on the physical science basis of climate change. It involved 259 authors from 39 countries, underwent extensive review by over 1000 experts, and assessed observed changes in the climate system, drivers of climate change, understanding of the climate system and projections for future climate change. The report found clear evidence that climate change poses a serious risk and is already affecting many natural and human systems across all continents and oceans.
Bill Hare, CEO of Climate Analytics, summarises the World Bank report Turn Down The Heat: Why a 4C Warmer World Must Be Avoided for The Climate Institute's Boardroom Lunch Conversation on 21 October 2013.
This document provides information on global climate change and its causes. It discusses how the average global temperature has generally increased over the past 120 years due to both natural and human factors. Natural causes include variations in solar output and volcanic eruptions, while human causes include burning fossil fuels, deforestation, agriculture, industries, and urbanization. These activities have increased greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere. The document also outlines impacts of climate change such as sea level rise, more extreme weather, and spread of diseases. Both international agreements like the Kyoto Protocol and national policies aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change impacts.
Climate Change Impacts Overview Delhi April 06_David Warrilo.pptFahadAli189139
This document discusses the impacts of climate change that are already evident such as melting glaciers and rising sea levels. It also outlines economic losses from extreme weather events like floods and hurricanes. Temperatures are predicted to continue rising significantly by 2100 which will further impact sectors like agriculture, human health, and sea level rise. While adaptation is necessary, it has limits, so mitigation of greenhouse gases through stabilization is needed to avoid dangerous climate change and allow for sustainable development.
Climate change is a variation in weather patterns over decades to millions of years caused by factors like biotic processes, solar radiation, plate tectonics, volcanic eruptions and human interference. The document discusses the global implications of climate change such as increasing average global temperatures by 2 to 11.5 degrees F by 2100 depending on greenhouse gas emissions. Other implications are changes in precipitation patterns, loss of sea ice, sea level rise, and ocean acidification. Global sea level has risen about 8 inches since 1870 and is projected to rise faster than the past 50 years.
This document summarizes key points from a presentation on climate risk given by Michel Rochette. The presentation covers physical evidence of climate change, observed and projected impacts such as rising temperatures and sea levels, government and industry efforts to address climate change, and risks to businesses from climate change including regulatory, investment, litigation, physical, and reputational risks. The presentation also discusses proposed disclosure requirements from organizations like the SEC, Carbon Disclosure Project, and Global Reporting Initiative regarding companies' climate-related risks and impacts.
The document discusses climate change impacts on UK agriculture. It notes that agriculture accounts for 7% of UK greenhouse gas emissions, primarily from methane and nitrous oxide. The Rural Climate Change Forum advises the government on reducing agricultural emissions through practices like improved fertilizer use and manure management. Climate change will impact UK agriculture through increased risks from pests, diseases and heat stress on livestock. Farmers need to both mitigate emissions and adapt to changes in climate and weather patterns.
Climate change poses major public health challenges and disproportionately impacts lower-income countries. It is caused by both natural phenomena and human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation, which increase greenhouse gas emissions and lead to changes in climate patterns. India is particularly vulnerable due to factors like population growth, urbanization, and industrialization. Impacts include increased extreme weather, rising seas, and spread of diseases. Addressing climate change requires both adaptation and mitigation strategies, as well as international cooperation as outlined in agreements like the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol.
1. Climate change refers to substantial changes in weather patterns due to human activities that release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
2. The earth has warmed over 0.5°C in the last century and models predict further warming of 1.8-4.0°C by 2100, with rising sea levels and more extreme weather.
3. Human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation are the main causes of increasing greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Academia - SESSION 1: Findings of the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °Cipcc-media
This document summarizes the key findings of an IPCC report on limiting global warming to 1.5°C. It notes that human activities have already caused 1°C of warming and we are on track to reach 1.5°C between 2030-2050 at the current rate. To limit warming to 1.5°C, global CO2 emissions would need to fall by about 45% by 2030 and reach net zero by around 2050. This would require rapid and far-reaching transitions across energy, land, urban and industrial systems through measures like renewable energy expansion and carbon capture technologies. Limiting warming to 1.5°C rather than 2°C would significantly reduce impacts on ecosystems, weather extremes,
Variable weather n changing climate gateway2 complete slidescritter33
This document provides an overview of global climate change and the factors influencing it. It discusses how the Earth's climate has been irregularly increasing in temperature over the past 120 years. Natural causes of climate change include variations in solar output and volcanic eruptions. However, human activities like burning fossil fuels, deforestation, agriculture, industries and urbanization have significantly increased greenhouse gas emissions since the Industrial Revolution, enhancing the greenhouse effect. This has led to issues like sea level rise, more extreme weather events, and changes to growing seasons. The document also outlines international agreements like the Kyoto Protocol and Copenhagen Accord to reduce emissions, as well as examples of national policies in Singapore and India to respond to climate change.
General intro on European Climate Change and CID’s (guided by Factsheet Europe)ipcc-media
The document summarizes key findings from the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Working Group I on the physical science basis of climate change for the European region. It finds that temperatures are rising across Europe faster than the global average and heat waves are increasing, while cold spells are decreasing. Precipitation patterns are changing with more heavy rainfall in northern Europe in winter and drying in the Mediterranean in summer. Sea level rise and coastal flooding are increasing, and snow and ice cover is declining at high altitudes and latitudes. Specific regional impacts are also discussed, such as increased flooding in northern and western Europe but decreased flooding and increased fire risk in eastern Europe. The combination of changes poses increased risks
The document discusses the impacts of climate change in Africa and strategies for mitigation and adaptation. It finds that:
- Climate change will significantly impact water resources, agriculture, coastlines, and human health in Africa through increased drought, flooding, sea level rise, and disease spread. This poses major risks and challenges.
- Africa has a very low adaptive capacity due to factors like poverty, lack of technology, education, and infrastructure. Current coping strategies will not be enough to adapt to the scale of future climate impacts.
- Concerted action is needed both to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and help Africa adapt to the severe consequences of climate change through projects, policies, and financial mechanisms. International cooperation will be essential
Content:
Greenhouse effect: Effects
Global Warming & Climate Change: causes and impact
Air Quality Standard
Ambient Air Quality Standard: effects of poor air quality
Steps taken to control Air Pollution by Indian Government
Climate Change Case Study in Uttarakhand, India
This powerpoint presentation is produced by IPCC Working Group I for outreach purposes. It is based on the figures and approved text from the Working Group I Summary for Policymakers with some additional information on the process. The IPCC Working Group I website www.climatechange2013.org provides comprehensive access to all products generated by Working Group I during the fifth assessment cycle of the IPCC.
The document summarizes key findings from the IPCC 5th Assessment Report's Working Group 1 contribution on the physical science basis of climate change. It involved 259 authors from 39 countries, who found clear evidence that climate change poses a serious risk and is caused by human activity such as greenhouse gas emissions. If emissions continue at high levels, global temperatures will likely rise more than 2°C by 2100 and warming effects like sea level rise will be irreversible for hundreds of years. Immediate emissions reductions are required to limit global warming.
IPCC key messages from the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) and from the Special...ipcc-media
The document summarizes key findings from the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report and Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C. It finds that human influence has clearly warmed the climate and continued emissions will amplify risks. Limiting warming to 1.5°C would require global carbon neutrality by 2050 and deep emissions cuts by 2030, but provides greater benefits than 2°C. Rapid transitions are needed across energy, land, urban and industrial systems through measures like decarbonization, electrification, and carbon removal. Urgent action is required to mitigate climate change and ensure a sustainable future.
Gregor Mendel conducted early experiments in genetics using pea plants. He identified two laws of inheritance: the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment. The law of segregation states that alleles separate during gamete formation such that offspring receive one allele from each parent for each trait. The law of independent assortment states that genes assort independently, so the inheritance of one trait does not influence the inheritance of others. Mendel also described dominant and recessive alleles and used Punnett squares to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.
This document provides a list of various educational resources organized by subject area. It includes resources for science in general as well as specific topics like environmental science, biology, genetics, forensics, and literacy. The resources listed cover a wide range of types including diagrams, assessments, data sources, lesson plans, simulations, videos, and electronic textbooks. Many of the resources are free online sources for teachers and students.
The document summarizes the key findings of the IPCC 5th Assessment Report from the Working Group I contribution on the physical science basis of climate change. It involved 259 authors from 39 countries, underwent extensive review by over 1000 experts, and assessed observed changes in the climate system, drivers of climate change, understanding of the climate system and projections for future climate change. The report found clear evidence that climate change poses a serious risk and is already affecting many natural and human systems across all continents and oceans.
Bill Hare, CEO of Climate Analytics, summarises the World Bank report Turn Down The Heat: Why a 4C Warmer World Must Be Avoided for The Climate Institute's Boardroom Lunch Conversation on 21 October 2013.
This document provides information on global climate change and its causes. It discusses how the average global temperature has generally increased over the past 120 years due to both natural and human factors. Natural causes include variations in solar output and volcanic eruptions, while human causes include burning fossil fuels, deforestation, agriculture, industries, and urbanization. These activities have increased greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere. The document also outlines impacts of climate change such as sea level rise, more extreme weather, and spread of diseases. Both international agreements like the Kyoto Protocol and national policies aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change impacts.
Climate Change Impacts Overview Delhi April 06_David Warrilo.pptFahadAli189139
This document discusses the impacts of climate change that are already evident such as melting glaciers and rising sea levels. It also outlines economic losses from extreme weather events like floods and hurricanes. Temperatures are predicted to continue rising significantly by 2100 which will further impact sectors like agriculture, human health, and sea level rise. While adaptation is necessary, it has limits, so mitigation of greenhouse gases through stabilization is needed to avoid dangerous climate change and allow for sustainable development.
Climate change is a variation in weather patterns over decades to millions of years caused by factors like biotic processes, solar radiation, plate tectonics, volcanic eruptions and human interference. The document discusses the global implications of climate change such as increasing average global temperatures by 2 to 11.5 degrees F by 2100 depending on greenhouse gas emissions. Other implications are changes in precipitation patterns, loss of sea ice, sea level rise, and ocean acidification. Global sea level has risen about 8 inches since 1870 and is projected to rise faster than the past 50 years.
This document summarizes key points from a presentation on climate risk given by Michel Rochette. The presentation covers physical evidence of climate change, observed and projected impacts such as rising temperatures and sea levels, government and industry efforts to address climate change, and risks to businesses from climate change including regulatory, investment, litigation, physical, and reputational risks. The presentation also discusses proposed disclosure requirements from organizations like the SEC, Carbon Disclosure Project, and Global Reporting Initiative regarding companies' climate-related risks and impacts.
The document discusses climate change impacts on UK agriculture. It notes that agriculture accounts for 7% of UK greenhouse gas emissions, primarily from methane and nitrous oxide. The Rural Climate Change Forum advises the government on reducing agricultural emissions through practices like improved fertilizer use and manure management. Climate change will impact UK agriculture through increased risks from pests, diseases and heat stress on livestock. Farmers need to both mitigate emissions and adapt to changes in climate and weather patterns.
Climate change poses major public health challenges and disproportionately impacts lower-income countries. It is caused by both natural phenomena and human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation, which increase greenhouse gas emissions and lead to changes in climate patterns. India is particularly vulnerable due to factors like population growth, urbanization, and industrialization. Impacts include increased extreme weather, rising seas, and spread of diseases. Addressing climate change requires both adaptation and mitigation strategies, as well as international cooperation as outlined in agreements like the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol.
1. Climate change refers to substantial changes in weather patterns due to human activities that release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
2. The earth has warmed over 0.5°C in the last century and models predict further warming of 1.8-4.0°C by 2100, with rising sea levels and more extreme weather.
3. Human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation are the main causes of increasing greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Academia - SESSION 1: Findings of the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °Cipcc-media
This document summarizes the key findings of an IPCC report on limiting global warming to 1.5°C. It notes that human activities have already caused 1°C of warming and we are on track to reach 1.5°C between 2030-2050 at the current rate. To limit warming to 1.5°C, global CO2 emissions would need to fall by about 45% by 2030 and reach net zero by around 2050. This would require rapid and far-reaching transitions across energy, land, urban and industrial systems through measures like renewable energy expansion and carbon capture technologies. Limiting warming to 1.5°C rather than 2°C would significantly reduce impacts on ecosystems, weather extremes,
Variable weather n changing climate gateway2 complete slidescritter33
This document provides an overview of global climate change and the factors influencing it. It discusses how the Earth's climate has been irregularly increasing in temperature over the past 120 years. Natural causes of climate change include variations in solar output and volcanic eruptions. However, human activities like burning fossil fuels, deforestation, agriculture, industries and urbanization have significantly increased greenhouse gas emissions since the Industrial Revolution, enhancing the greenhouse effect. This has led to issues like sea level rise, more extreme weather events, and changes to growing seasons. The document also outlines international agreements like the Kyoto Protocol and Copenhagen Accord to reduce emissions, as well as examples of national policies in Singapore and India to respond to climate change.
General intro on European Climate Change and CID’s (guided by Factsheet Europe)ipcc-media
The document summarizes key findings from the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Working Group I on the physical science basis of climate change for the European region. It finds that temperatures are rising across Europe faster than the global average and heat waves are increasing, while cold spells are decreasing. Precipitation patterns are changing with more heavy rainfall in northern Europe in winter and drying in the Mediterranean in summer. Sea level rise and coastal flooding are increasing, and snow and ice cover is declining at high altitudes and latitudes. Specific regional impacts are also discussed, such as increased flooding in northern and western Europe but decreased flooding and increased fire risk in eastern Europe. The combination of changes poses increased risks
The document discusses the impacts of climate change in Africa and strategies for mitigation and adaptation. It finds that:
- Climate change will significantly impact water resources, agriculture, coastlines, and human health in Africa through increased drought, flooding, sea level rise, and disease spread. This poses major risks and challenges.
- Africa has a very low adaptive capacity due to factors like poverty, lack of technology, education, and infrastructure. Current coping strategies will not be enough to adapt to the scale of future climate impacts.
- Concerted action is needed both to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and help Africa adapt to the severe consequences of climate change through projects, policies, and financial mechanisms. International cooperation will be essential
Content:
Greenhouse effect: Effects
Global Warming & Climate Change: causes and impact
Air Quality Standard
Ambient Air Quality Standard: effects of poor air quality
Steps taken to control Air Pollution by Indian Government
Climate Change Case Study in Uttarakhand, India
This powerpoint presentation is produced by IPCC Working Group I for outreach purposes. It is based on the figures and approved text from the Working Group I Summary for Policymakers with some additional information on the process. The IPCC Working Group I website www.climatechange2013.org provides comprehensive access to all products generated by Working Group I during the fifth assessment cycle of the IPCC.
The document summarizes key findings from the IPCC 5th Assessment Report's Working Group 1 contribution on the physical science basis of climate change. It involved 259 authors from 39 countries, who found clear evidence that climate change poses a serious risk and is caused by human activity such as greenhouse gas emissions. If emissions continue at high levels, global temperatures will likely rise more than 2°C by 2100 and warming effects like sea level rise will be irreversible for hundreds of years. Immediate emissions reductions are required to limit global warming.
IPCC key messages from the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) and from the Special...ipcc-media
The document summarizes key findings from the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report and Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C. It finds that human influence has clearly warmed the climate and continued emissions will amplify risks. Limiting warming to 1.5°C would require global carbon neutrality by 2050 and deep emissions cuts by 2030, but provides greater benefits than 2°C. Rapid transitions are needed across energy, land, urban and industrial systems through measures like decarbonization, electrification, and carbon removal. Urgent action is required to mitigate climate change and ensure a sustainable future.
Gregor Mendel conducted early experiments in genetics using pea plants. He identified two laws of inheritance: the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment. The law of segregation states that alleles separate during gamete formation such that offspring receive one allele from each parent for each trait. The law of independent assortment states that genes assort independently, so the inheritance of one trait does not influence the inheritance of others. Mendel also described dominant and recessive alleles and used Punnett squares to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.
This document provides a list of various educational resources organized by subject area. It includes resources for science in general as well as specific topics like environmental science, biology, genetics, forensics, and literacy. The resources listed cover a wide range of types including diagrams, assessments, data sources, lesson plans, simulations, videos, and electronic textbooks. Many of the resources are free online sources for teachers and students.
The document discusses the key factors of production in the Philippines including land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship. It provides details on the country's natural resources like agriculture, minerals, marine resources, as well as the types of human and man-made resources. The economic geography of the Philippines is also summarized, highlighting aspects like its location, climate, and vulnerability to natural hazards.
This document outlines genetic engineering methods and applications in a flow chart. It shows that genetic engineering involves inserting new genes, replacing genes, removing genes, or mutating existing genes. These methods are used to create genetically modified organisms (GMOs). GMOs are then used to produce fuels, plastics, drugs through bacteria, disease-resistant and insect-resistant crops through plants, and to track protein production and detect disease through animals.
This document discusses biodiversity and its importance. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including diversity of genes, species, and ecosystems. Biodiversity is important because it creates stable environments and provides benefits like oxygen, food, clean water, and medicine. However, biodiversity is threatened by habitat destruction, pollution, species introductions, climate change, and exploitation. The document warns that Earth is losing species at an alarming rate, with thousands going extinct each year, and stresses the importance of protecting biodiversity.
The document summarizes key concepts from a chapter in an environmental science textbook about biodiversity and evolution. It discusses how amphibians are vanishing due to multiple threats, the importance of biodiversity at multiple levels, how life changes over time through evolution and natural selection, how geological and climate changes impact evolution, how human activities negatively affect biodiversity through habitat loss and extinction, the role of different species in ecosystems, and some animation and video resources related to these topics.
The document discusses key concepts in ecology, including producers, consumers, trophic levels, and ecological interactions. It defines ecology as the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment. Producers, like plants, capture energy from the sun through photosynthesis. Consumers rely on producers or other consumers for food and include herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and decomposers. Food chains and webs show the transfer of energy between trophic levels in an ecosystem. Ecological pyramids illustrate the decrease in biomass and energy at higher trophic levels due to only 10% of energy being transferred between levels. Ecological niches describe an organism's role and interactions within its habitat
The document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and genetically engineered organisms. It defines GMOs as organisms whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering or biotechnology. It describes different types of genetic modifications such as transgenic, cisgenic/intragenic, RNAi, and subgenic modifications. It provides examples of commonly modified traits in crops like herbicide tolerance, insect tolerance, improved nutrition, and disease resistance. It also lists some crops that have been genetically engineered and commercialized in the US as well as some that have been approved but not yet commercialized.
The document provides instructions for students to create a pedigree chart tracing their own family history or a fictional family. It specifies that the pedigree chart must include at least grandparents, parents and the student's generation, and designate one simple dominant or recessive trait. The chart must be computer-generated on short bond paper, labeled professionally, and submitted by February 5-6, 2020 for grading.
The document provides learning competencies and objectives about bioenergetics. It explains how cells carry out functions required for life through photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Photosynthetic organisms use carbon dioxide and water to form energy-rich compounds. Organisms obtain and utilize energy by tracing it from the environment to cells. The document then discusses parts of the cell including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and how photosynthesis and cellular respiration work.
Molecular polarity depends on two factors: the type of bonds in a molecule and the arrangement of those bonds. For diatomic molecules, bond polarity and molecular polarity are the same. However, for larger molecules the arrangement of bonds must be considered. A molecule may contain polar bonds but not be polar itself if it is symmetric, as the "pull" from one polar bond cancels out the "pull" from another. Symmetry can be determined by the presence of at least one mirror plane. Nonpolar molecules like CO2 are symmetric with polar bonds that cancel out, while polar molecules like H2O are asymmetric with polar bonds that do not cancel out.
There were three main reactions that led to the formation of elements:
1) Nucleosynthesis during the Big Bang formed the lightest elements hydrogen, helium, and lithium.
2) Nuclear fusion in stars formed heavier elements up to iron through processes like the proton-proton chain and triple alpha process.
3) Neutron capture reactions during supernovae formed elements heavier than iron, as they require more energy to form than can be provided by fusion. The temperature and density conditions of supernovae provided the right environment for these reactions.
This document contains closing prayers from a meeting. It thanks God for guiding the meeting and providing wisdom. It asks God to continue directing follow through on decisions and remind individuals of their responsibilities. It also prays for God's help in serving others with Christ's love despite challenges, and for the Holy Spirit to guide handling diverse individuals. It concludes by asking St. Vincent de Paul, St. Louise de Marillac, St. John of God and Mary to pray for them.
The document discusses minerals and rocks, noting that minerals are the building blocks of rocks and have distinct physical and chemical properties. It classifies rocks as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic based on characteristics like texture, presence of fossils, and sound when tapped. The rock cycle is also defined as the process by which rocks continuously transform between the three rock types through geological processes.
This document provides instructions for a 15 question quiz on research methods. Students are told to number their paper from 1 to 15, avoid cheating as cheaters will get a zero and be reported. The quiz contains questions on identifying primary and secondary sources for literature reviews, examples of Boolean parameters, reference styles, and enumerating 5 recommended search engines for scientific research.
This document provides instructions for a 15 question quiz on research methods. Students are told to number their paper from 1 to 15, avoid cheating as cheaters will get a zero and be reported. The quiz contains questions on identifying primary and secondary sources for literature reviews, examples of Boolean parameters, reference styles, and enumerating 5 recommended search engines for scientific research.
I plan to conduct interviews with open-ended questions to gather rich qualitative data on people's lived experiences and perspectives. Developing an interview guide with questions on relevant topics will help ensure I cover the necessary areas for understanding the issue while still allowing flexibility in the discussion. Recording and transcribing the interviews will help me analyze the data carefully and considerately.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
envi..green
1. Climate Change:
The Current State of Knowledge
Secretariat Presentation of the WTO-UNEP Trade and
Climate Change Report, WTO, Geneva, 16 February 2010
2. Outline
• Introduction: Greenhouse gases, climate change and
climate change projections
• Climate change impacts: Global, regional and
sectoral dimensions
• Approaches for dealing with climate change:
Mitigation and adaptation:
– Potential
– Practices
– Technologies
– Costs
• Concluding remarks
3. Introduction
“Warming of the climate system is
unequivocal.”
"Most of the observed increase in global
average temperatures since the mid-20th
century is very likely due to the observed
increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas
concentrations.“
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (2007)
4. Climate versus weather
• Climate: A statistical description of the mean and
variability of temperature, precipitation, wind, etc.
over a period of time ranging from months to
thousands or millions of years
• Weather: The present condition of the above
elements, typically over periods up to two weeks
• Climate change: A change in the state of the mean
and/or variability of these elements that can be
identified statistically and that persists over a longer
period, typically decades or longer.
5. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and
global warming
• Sharp increase in the emissions of GHGs and their
concentration in the earth’s atmosphere since the
onset of industrialisation
• GHGs cause heat from the sun to be retained in the
atmosphere contributing to global warming and CC
• Atmospheric concentration of CO2 increased by 36%
over the past 250 years
• More than 60% of this increase has taken place in
the last 50 years
6. Current contribution to global warming of
major GHGs
Carbon dioxide, mainly from burning of fossil fules and
deforestation: 77%
Methane, mainly from land-use and agriculture changes:
14%
Nitrous oxide (agriculture), ozone (e.g. vehicles), and
halocarbons and other industrial process gases: 9%
7. ‘Translating’ emissions into warming
• Predictions of future climate change and its likely impacts
are based on projections of greenhouse gas emissions
and climate model estimation of associated impacts
• IPCC scenarios provided in the Special Report on
Emission Scenarios (SRES) in 2000, present most
frequently used baselines for climate change projections:
– Four different ‘families’ of storylines provide a wide range of
possible future emissions up to 2100 that can be used as
baselines for climate modelling and economic analyses of
climate change.
– Each storyline and corresponding scenario has different
assumptions about technologies and energy sources/use,
rate of economic growth, governance structures, etc.
8. ‘Translating’ emissions into warming
Scenario Projections:
• Increase in GHG
emissions 25-90% for
2000-2030
• Warming: 0.2° C per
decade up to 2020
• After 2020, temperature
projections increasingly
depend on the specific
scenario
Climate model estimates:
• Global average
temperature rise from 1.4
to 6.4° C between 1990
and 2100
9. CC is a concentration problem as well as an
emission problem
• Many greenhouse gases remain in the atmosphere for
very long periods
• Time lag between the moment of emission and the new
equilibrium of the climate system
• World Bank (2008) estimate: Global warming
of around 2°C is probably unavoidable by now
• The corresponding best estimate from the
IPCC (2007) is 1.8°C
→ Global warming will continue to affect the
natural systems of the earth for several hundred
years, even if greenhouse gas emissions were
substantially reduced or ceased altogether today
10. Increased certainty on the links between
warming and impacts
• Improved analyses of temperature records
• Use of new computer models to estimate variability and
climate system responses to both natural and man-made
causes
• Increased understanding of climate processes enabling
incorporation of more detailed information:
– Sea-ice dynamics
– Ocean heat transport
– Water vapour
→ Greater certainty that the links observed between
warming and its impacts are reliable
11. Global, regional, and sectoral dimensions
Observed and projected climate change
impacts
12. Observed temperature changes
• Global average temperatures and the rate of change have
increased over the past 150 years :
– The global average surface temperature increased by about
0.74°C between 1906 and 2005,
– The warming trend per decade has been almost twice as
high for the last 50 years compared to the trend for the past
100 years
– From 1976 to 2007, the rate of temperature change was
three times higher than the rate for the past 100 years
• Measurements from weather balloons and satellites
indicate that warming rates in the atmospheric
temperature are similar to those observed in surface
temperature
14. Changes in precipitation
Observed changes:
• Significant increases:
– Northern Europe
– Northern and central Asia
– Eastern parts of North and
South America
• Decreases:
– Parts of southern Asia
– The Mediterranean
– The Sahel
– Southern Africa
Projected changes:
• Substantial increases in
annual mean precipitation:
– Most high latitude regions
– Eastern Africa
– Central Asia
• Substantial decreases:
– The Mediterranean region
– The Caribbean region
– Sub-tropical regions
15. Climate variability and extreme events
• Frequency and intensity of extreme weather events
are observed and are projected to increase even with
small temperature increases
• Heavy precipitation events projected to have potential
negative impacts on trade through disruption to
infrastructure and as a result of may not be limited to
direct damage to agricultural outputs
• Climate variability and extreme events exacerbate
the general impacts of climate change in specific
locations at specific points in time
16. Sea level rise and changes in snow, ice and
frozen ground
• Sea level rise projections vary significantly depending
on climate models and assumptions
• Changes in sea ice may lead to availability of new
shipping routes with significant implications for
transport and exploitation of resources, including
fossil fuels
• Changes in permafrost and increasing ground
instability has implications for transport, industry and
infrastructure
18. Examples of projected regional CC impacts
Africa Significant water shortages; lower agricultural production; hunger and
malnutrition; increase in arid and semi-arid lands; sea-level rise affecting
low lying coastal areas and populations
Asia Decreased freshwater availability; flooding in heavily populated mega-
deltas, etc.; endemic morbidity and mortality from increase in diarrhoeal
diseases; additional pressure on environment and natural resources
Australia and
New Zealand
Significant loss of biodiversity; water security problems; decreased
agricultural and forestry production; ongoing coastal development not
climate proofed
Europe Inland flash floods; coastal flooding and erosion; glacier retreat; reduced
snow cover with negative impacts on winter tourism; extensive species
loss; severe impacts for Southern Europe (droughts, etc.)
Latin America Decreases in crop and livestock productivity; changes to tropical forests
and vegetation; increase in population at risk of hunger; changes in
precipitation patterns and glacier melting posing severe problems
North
America
Decreased snowpack in western mountains, winter flooding and reduced
summer flows; first increased agricultural yields in some regions;
challenges for crops close to temperature thresholds; heat waves
19. Approaches for dealing with climate
change: Mitigation and Adaptation
Avoiding the unmanageable
and
Managing the unavoidable
UNCSD 2007
20. Mitigation: Avoiding the unmanageable
• Mitigation is defined by the IPCC as technological
change and substitution that reduce resource inputs
and emissions per unit of output
• Requires implementation of policies and measures to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions and/or enhance
carbon sinks
21. Trends in GHG emissions
• Global GHG emissions have increased by 100% from
1970s to 2005
• GHG emissions projected to increase another 80%
by 2050 if there are no significant changes to current
policies
• CO2 emissions are the fastest growing and annual
growth rates have increased from 1.1% in the 1990s
to more than 3.0% in 2000-2004
→ Current trends in GHG emissions indicate that we
are heading towards the higher end of the IPCC
scenarios
22. Trends in the structure of GHG emissions
• Industrialised countries bear main responsibility for past
emissions and current atmospheric concentrations of GHGs
• Emissions per capita in industrialized countries are around four
times higher than those in developing countries’
• CO2 intensity of developing countries > industrialized country –
Indicating a significant potential for efficiency gains
• Annual energy-related carbon dioxide emissions from non-
OECD countries now surpass emissions from OECD countries.
• Total annual GHG emissions of industrialized countries and
developing countries are now roughly the same
• 8 out of the top 20 GHG emitting countries are DCs
• Developing countries account for roughly 2/3 of the flow of new
emissions
• Average annual increase in emissions for 2005-2030 projected
at 2.5% for non-OECD countries and 0.5% for OECD countries
→ Any effective response to climate change must
include both industrialised and developing countries
23. Global flow of GHG emissions by sector
and end-use Activity
Source: Baumert et al. (2005)
24. Mitigation options and potential
• Significant emission reductions requires exploiting mitigation
potentials across all sectors - involving a broad range of
technologies
• Key options for mitigation include:
– Using energy more efficiently to reduce the emissions from fossil
fuel use
– Switching to zero- or low-carbon energy technologies
– Reducing deforestation
– Introducing improved farming practices and waste treatment
• Deployment of existing technologies and technologies currently
under development would enable realisation even of ambitious
emission targets
25. Stabilisation targets and associated cost
estimates
Two stabilization targets widely discussed and analysed:
• Limiting increases in temperature to 2°C (corresponding to
a GHG concentration range of 445-490 parts per million)
to avoid dangerous anthropogenic interference with the
climate system
– Advocated e.g. by the EU
• Limiting increases in temperature to approximately 3°C,
corresponding to a stabilisation of CO2 levels in the
atmosphere at around twice the pre-industrial level
– More extensively studied in science, and suggested by the
IPCC as an upper threshold for avoiding dangerous human
interference with the climate system
26. Mitigation and cost implications of the two
stabilisation targets
• 2°C target:
– Emissions reduction: 50-85% relative to 2000 level by 2050
– Macro-economic costs: annual reduction in global GDP of
more than 3% (IPCC)
• 3°C target:
– Emissions reduction: 30% lover to 5% higher than emission
levels in 2000 by 2050
– Macro-economic costs: annual reduction in global GDP of
0.2-2.5% (IPCC); 1% (Stern Review)
27. Carbon prices
• Carbon pricing: Equalising the marginal cost of CO2
emission reductions for all sources of emissions by
introducing a price per tonne of CO2 -equivalent GHG
emissions reduced
• Enables comparison of emission reduction potentials
for sectors and technologies at various carbon prices
• Creates incentives to undertake research and
development and to innovations in energy-saving and
climate-friendly technologies
28. Mitigation potentials by sector and as a
function of carbon prices, I
• Building sector: Largest potential for GHG emission
reductions, much at low cost. Technologies include
energy efficiency; improved cooking stoves; solar
heating; and, efficient lighting and appliances.
• Energy supply sector: High potential and increasing with
carbon prices up to 50 USD. Technologies include:
Improved supply and distribution efficiency; fuel-
switching from coal to gas; nuclear power; renewable
heat and power sources; combined heat and power;
early applications of Carbon Capture and Storage
• Industrial sector: High potential that increases with
carbon prices. Technologies include efficient end-use
equipment; heat and power recovery; material recycling
and substitution; carbon Capture and Storage
29. Mitigation potentials by sector and as a
function of carbon prices, II
• Agriculture and forestry: High potential at all levels of
carbon prices. Available technologies include
Improved crop, livestock, forest and land
management and cultivation techniques; restoration
of cultivated peaty soils and degraded lands;
improved nitrogen fertilizer application techniques;
dedicated energy crops to replace fossil fuel use;
improved energy efficiency; afforestation; reduced
deforestation
• Transport and waste sector: GHG emission reduction
potential not very responsive to carbon price
increases. Technologies include fuel-efficient, hybrid
and cleaner diesel vehicles; biofuels; shifts from road
transport to rail and public transport systems; non-
motorized transport; land use and transport planning.
30. Global GHG abatement cost curve
Source: McKinsey & Companys Global GHG Abatement Cost Curve v2.0
31. Adaptation: Managing the unavoidable
• Adaptation is defined by the IPCC as an “adjustment
in natural or human systems in response to actual or
expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which
moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.”
• Effective options for adaptation depend on specific
geographical and climate risk factors as well as on
socio-economic, institutional, political and financial
circumstances
32. Typology of adaptation technologies
• Hard technologies: tools, equipment, physical
facilities, etc.
• Soft technologies: management, behavioral changes,
knowledge to use tools and machinery.
• “Org-ware”: institutional framework or organisation
required to implement the technology.
• Sectors commonly used: freshwater resources,
forests and ecosystems, agriculture, coastal systems,
industry, and health
33. Differences between adaptation and
mitigation technologies
• Climate adaptation is often the continuation of an ongoing
process where the same techniques have been used for
generations (e.g. houses on stilts)
• Few technologies are specifically designed for adaptation, rather
they respond to broader sustainable development needs (e.g.
improved water quality)
• Adaptation technologies are often less capital intensive, suitable
to small-scale interventions and local variations and context
• The effects/outcomes of adaptation cannot be measured by a
single indicator (such as reduction in CO2-equivalent
emissions), and are interlinked with broader development issues
• Transfers of adaptation technologies does not necessarily follow
a north-south approach of equipment and practices.
Technologies may already be in place but face barriers to
implementation and use
34. Adaptation costs
• Consensus that the costs of adaptation will generally be
smaller than the benefits, and that climate change impacts
and the associated need for adaptation will increase the
cost of, and potential for, economic development in
developing countries
• Few adaptation cost and benefit estimates have been
carried out to date, but more studies are becoming
available, particularly for specific adaptation options at
regional or project level
• Global adaptation cost figures are limited and the
assumptions about climate change impacts and
adaptation activities and technologies underlying their
derivation still coarse
35. Estimates of global annual adaptation costs
in developing countries
New estimates from the World Bank (2010) indicates that
annual costs are in the order of $100 billion annually
36. Concluding remarks
• Scientific evidence on climate change and its impacts is
conclusive
• Climate change is a concentration problem as well as an
emission problem and both mitigation and adaptation is
needed in an effective response
• Any effective mitigation response strategy must include
both industrialised and developing countries
• Copenhagen…Good COP or Bad COP?
– Never have so many heads of state given such priority to the issue
– COP 15 moved climate change to the relevant level of political
engagement: Issues go beyond environmental aspects and affect
key economic development, trade and equity questions