This document discusses the concept and context of entrepreneurship development. It provides an overview of how entrepreneurial activity has emerged in developing countries as they transition from subsistence to market economies. It then reviews several major theories and definitions of entrepreneurship proposed by economists and social scientists over time, focusing on risk-taking, innovation, and exploiting opportunities. Finally, it examines alternative socio-cultural, psychological, trait-based, and demographic approaches that have been used to understand entrepreneurial behavior.
This document discusses entrepreneurship and provides information about entrepreneurs and their characteristics. It begins by defining entrepreneurship and describing the different types of entrepreneurial activities and organizations that support entrepreneurs. It then discusses the stages of evolution of entrepreneurship from hunting and pastoral stages to the current industrial stage. The document also differentiates between entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs as well as entrepreneurs and managers. Finally, it outlines several key attributes of successful entrepreneurs such as having a vision, belief in themselves, a clear plan, focus on customers, thinking creatively, and building a strong team.
This document discusses entrepreneurship, including its evolution, schools of thought, theories, stages, cycle, and essential criteria. It covers several topics:
- The history of entrepreneurship from the Industrial Revolution to modern times and influential eras like the post-war period.
- Different schools of thought on entrepreneurship including macro views on external factors and micro views focusing on internal control. It also discusses theories like risk-bearing, innovation, and strategic formulation.
- The typical stages of entrepreneurship like seed and development, start-up, growth, expansion, and maturity or exit.
- Frameworks for analyzing the business environment including scanning, monitoring, forecasting, and assessing.
- Es
This document discusses types of entrepreneurs and portfolio entrepreneurship. It defines portfolio entrepreneurs as individuals who own minority or majority stakes in two or more independent businesses simultaneously. The document notes that portfolio entrepreneurs ideally delegate tasks and leverage partnerships to manage multiple businesses. It discusses factors like families and networks that enable portfolio entrepreneurship. Finally, it provides an example of a portfolio entrepreneur, Christopher Fogg, and concludes that portfolio entrepreneurship is important for rural economic growth.
There are several ways to classify types of entrepreneurs based on factors like the type of business, use of technology, ownership structure, gender, size of enterprise, and behavior. Some of the main types include trading entrepreneurs, manufacturing entrepreneurs, agricultural entrepreneurs, technical entrepreneurs, non-technical entrepreneurs, private entrepreneurs, state entrepreneurs, joint entrepreneurs, men entrepreneurs, women entrepreneurs, small-scale entrepreneurs, medium-scale entrepreneurs, large-scale entrepreneurs, solo operators, active partners, inventors, challengers, buyers, and life-timers. An entrepreneur is ultimately someone who creates a product or service that people will buy by building an organization to support sales of that product or service.
This document discusses theories and definitions of entrepreneurship from various scholars and researchers. It provides definitions from Richard Cantillon, Adam Smith, Jean Baptiste Say, Joseph Schumpeter, Frank Knight, Ludwig von Mises, Israel Kirzner and others. It also discusses key individual characteristics associated with entrepreneurship, including the need for achievement, internal locus of control, risk-taking propensity, and personal entrepreneurial competencies. The overall purpose is to introduce students to the theory of entrepreneurship and dimensions like characteristics that are important for entrepreneurs.
The document classifies entrepreneurs based on several factors: nature of operations (trading, manufacturing, agriculture, services), ownership (sole trader, partnership, private, state, joint), gender (men, women), size of business (small, medium, large), participation in operations (full-time, part-time), environment (internal, external), and classification by Clarence Danhof (innovating, imitative, fabian, drone). It also discusses entrepreneurship as a process involving idea generation, resource availability, capital creation, machinery purchase, registration, and permitting. Key characteristics of successful entrepreneurs include hard work, achievement motivation, optimism, independence, organization, innovation, perseverance, teamwork, energy, ambition, self
This document discusses different types of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs. It defines entrepreneurship and differentiates it from entrepreneurs. It then classifies types of entrepreneurship into corporate, private, intrapreneurship, social, public sector, and academic entrepreneurship. It also describes types of entrepreneurs such as corporate, independent, social, public, and academic. The document aims to disseminate knowledge about the different types of entrepreneurship and differentiate between them.
This document discusses factors that contribute to the success of entrepreneurs and small businesses, including innovation, leadership, and thinking globally. It provides examples of both the Scottish salmon farming company and Japanese automaker Mitsubishi to illustrate these concepts. While Scotland has found success with entrepreneurship, Japan lags behind other countries due to cultural factors, though the Prime Minister is working to change attitudes to encourage more entrepreneurial activity and small business growth in Japan. Thinking innovatively and internationally are important for any company that wishes to thrive in today's globalized economy.
This document discusses entrepreneurship and provides information about entrepreneurs and their characteristics. It begins by defining entrepreneurship and describing the different types of entrepreneurial activities and organizations that support entrepreneurs. It then discusses the stages of evolution of entrepreneurship from hunting and pastoral stages to the current industrial stage. The document also differentiates between entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs as well as entrepreneurs and managers. Finally, it outlines several key attributes of successful entrepreneurs such as having a vision, belief in themselves, a clear plan, focus on customers, thinking creatively, and building a strong team.
This document discusses entrepreneurship, including its evolution, schools of thought, theories, stages, cycle, and essential criteria. It covers several topics:
- The history of entrepreneurship from the Industrial Revolution to modern times and influential eras like the post-war period.
- Different schools of thought on entrepreneurship including macro views on external factors and micro views focusing on internal control. It also discusses theories like risk-bearing, innovation, and strategic formulation.
- The typical stages of entrepreneurship like seed and development, start-up, growth, expansion, and maturity or exit.
- Frameworks for analyzing the business environment including scanning, monitoring, forecasting, and assessing.
- Es
This document discusses types of entrepreneurs and portfolio entrepreneurship. It defines portfolio entrepreneurs as individuals who own minority or majority stakes in two or more independent businesses simultaneously. The document notes that portfolio entrepreneurs ideally delegate tasks and leverage partnerships to manage multiple businesses. It discusses factors like families and networks that enable portfolio entrepreneurship. Finally, it provides an example of a portfolio entrepreneur, Christopher Fogg, and concludes that portfolio entrepreneurship is important for rural economic growth.
There are several ways to classify types of entrepreneurs based on factors like the type of business, use of technology, ownership structure, gender, size of enterprise, and behavior. Some of the main types include trading entrepreneurs, manufacturing entrepreneurs, agricultural entrepreneurs, technical entrepreneurs, non-technical entrepreneurs, private entrepreneurs, state entrepreneurs, joint entrepreneurs, men entrepreneurs, women entrepreneurs, small-scale entrepreneurs, medium-scale entrepreneurs, large-scale entrepreneurs, solo operators, active partners, inventors, challengers, buyers, and life-timers. An entrepreneur is ultimately someone who creates a product or service that people will buy by building an organization to support sales of that product or service.
This document discusses theories and definitions of entrepreneurship from various scholars and researchers. It provides definitions from Richard Cantillon, Adam Smith, Jean Baptiste Say, Joseph Schumpeter, Frank Knight, Ludwig von Mises, Israel Kirzner and others. It also discusses key individual characteristics associated with entrepreneurship, including the need for achievement, internal locus of control, risk-taking propensity, and personal entrepreneurial competencies. The overall purpose is to introduce students to the theory of entrepreneurship and dimensions like characteristics that are important for entrepreneurs.
The document classifies entrepreneurs based on several factors: nature of operations (trading, manufacturing, agriculture, services), ownership (sole trader, partnership, private, state, joint), gender (men, women), size of business (small, medium, large), participation in operations (full-time, part-time), environment (internal, external), and classification by Clarence Danhof (innovating, imitative, fabian, drone). It also discusses entrepreneurship as a process involving idea generation, resource availability, capital creation, machinery purchase, registration, and permitting. Key characteristics of successful entrepreneurs include hard work, achievement motivation, optimism, independence, organization, innovation, perseverance, teamwork, energy, ambition, self
This document discusses different types of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs. It defines entrepreneurship and differentiates it from entrepreneurs. It then classifies types of entrepreneurship into corporate, private, intrapreneurship, social, public sector, and academic entrepreneurship. It also describes types of entrepreneurs such as corporate, independent, social, public, and academic. The document aims to disseminate knowledge about the different types of entrepreneurship and differentiate between them.
This document discusses factors that contribute to the success of entrepreneurs and small businesses, including innovation, leadership, and thinking globally. It provides examples of both the Scottish salmon farming company and Japanese automaker Mitsubishi to illustrate these concepts. While Scotland has found success with entrepreneurship, Japan lags behind other countries due to cultural factors, though the Prime Minister is working to change attitudes to encourage more entrepreneurial activity and small business growth in Japan. Thinking innovatively and internationally are important for any company that wishes to thrive in today's globalized economy.
There are four types of entrepreneurship:
1. Small business entrepreneurship which makes up the majority of businesses and employs half of non-government workers. These entrepreneurs focus on profitability and feeding their families rather than rapid growth.
2. Scalable startup entrepreneurship which aims to change the world through rapid growth and attracting venture capital. These make up a small percentage of businesses but attract most risk capital.
3. Large company entrepreneurship where established companies pursue disruptive innovation through acquisitions or internal development to respond to market changes, though culture makes this difficult.
4. Social entrepreneurship which solves social problems through products and services, with the goal of improving society rather than profit or market share.
This document discusses different classifications and types of entrepreneurs. It begins by defining an entrepreneur and outlining Clarence Danhof's classification of four types of entrepreneurs based on their level of innovation. It then discusses various ways entrepreneurs can be classified such as by type of business, use of technology, motivation, stages of development, capital ownership, gender and age, area, and scale of business. Specific types of entrepreneurs are also defined within each classification. The document concludes by listing 10 famous entrepreneurs from India.
What is an Entrepreneur?
One who creates a new business in the face of risk and uncertainty for the purpose of achieving profit and growth by identifying and assembling the necessary resources to capitalize on them.
This document discusses entrepreneurship and provides definitions, characteristics, types, and benefits. It defines an entrepreneur as someone who runs a small business and assumes its risks and rewards. Successful entrepreneurs tend to be goal-oriented, committed, hands-on, able to handle uncertainty, continuously look for opportunities, willing to take risks, and creative. The document outlines five types of entrepreneurship and distinguishes entrepreneurs from managers. Finally, it notes national benefits of entrepreneurship including fostering economic growth, creating new technologies and products, increasing competition, and improving productivity.
The document discusses the history and definitions of entrepreneurship. It traces how the definition of an entrepreneur has evolved from the 17th century view of entrepreneurs as undertakers or contractors, to the modern view of entrepreneurs as innovators and managers who start new business ventures. The document also profiles several famous modern entrepreneurs like Bill Gates, Michael Dell, and Oprah Winfrey, and discusses characteristics of successful entrepreneurs like determination, passion, and risk-taking.
The document defines entrepreneurship and discusses its importance. It provides several definitions of entrepreneurship from early economists like Cantillon, Marshall, and Schumpeter. Entrepreneurship is described as a dynamic process of creating value by recognizing opportunities and mobilizing resources to introduce new products or processes. The document compares small businesses to entrepreneurial ventures and outlines the importance of entrepreneurship in driving economic development, mobilizing resources, fostering innovation, generating employment, promoting equitable distribution of income, and developing backward regions through case studies of large Indian companies.
Entrepreneurship Development - IntroductionSOMASUNDARAM T
Introduction to Entrepreneur; Entrepreneurship and Enterprise; Importance and relevance of the entrepreneur; Factors influencing entrepreneurship; Pros and Cons of being an entrepreneur; Women entrepreneur; problems and promotion (SHGs); Types of Entrepreneurs; Characteristics of a successful entrepreneur; Competency requirement for entrepreneurs; Awareness of self-competence.
types of entrepreneurs business managementPradeep Patil
This document discusses the different types of entrepreneurs. It categorizes entrepreneurs based on the type of business, stage of development, motivation, technology used, and capital ownership. Some of the key types mentioned include business entrepreneurs, trading entrepreneurs, corporate entrepreneurs, agricultural entrepreneurs, first generation entrepreneurs, second generation entrepreneurs, pure entrepreneurs, induced entrepreneurs, technical entrepreneurs, non-technical entrepreneurs, professional entrepreneurs, private entrepreneurs, state entrepreneurs, and joint entrepreneurs. In conclusion, the document states that entrepreneurs organize factors of production and establish profitable business ventures, driving economic development.
About Entrepreneurship Development , Need, types, functions, characteristics, barriers, Entrepreneurship Development Cycle
Life cycle of a Business venture
Identification of Potential Entrepreneurs
Strategies for ED
Business Incubation
There are many ways to classify entrepreneurs based on the type of business, stage of development, motivation, technology used, capital ownership, gender, age, area, and scale. Entrepreneurs can be business owners, traders, corporate managers, farmers, first or second generation business owners, purely profit-motivated or induced by incentives, technical or non-technical focused, private or state funded, operating at large, medium, small, or tiny scales, or focusing on spiritual, social, or educational missions. An entrepreneur organizes resources to establish and profitably operate a business venture, driving economic development through industrial growth.
fundamentals of entrepreneurship
,
what do you mean by entrepreneur/ who is an entrep
,
a brief summary of the entrepreneurial profile
,
10 deadly mistakes of entrepreneurship
,
ways to avoid the pitfalls
,
benefits of entrepreneurship
,
risks of an entrepreneur
,
potential drawbacks of entrepreneurship
,
risks of entrepreneurs
,
forces for building an entrepreneur
There are many types of entrepreneurs, which can be classified in various ways. Some key classifications include innovative entrepreneurs, who introduce new products or ideas; imitative entrepreneurs, who copy innovations; and business entrepreneurs, who establish enterprises to produce new products or services. Entrepreneurs can also be classified based on their industry, such as technical entrepreneurs, who focus on production, or non-technical entrepreneurs, who focus on marketing. The document also discusses spontaneous, induced, motivated, first generation, inherited, and third generation entrepreneurs.
An entrepreneur is a person who starts and operates a business, assuming the risk for potential profit. Key qualities of entrepreneurs include courage, focus, passion, creativity, risk-taking, competitiveness, and hard work. Early entrepreneurship programs involved activities like raising livestock and growing crops. Today, entrepreneurial activities are more varied. Entrepreneurship refers to identifying market opportunities and generating business ideas to address them by committing resources despite risks. Successful entrepreneurs drive business creation and have skills like thinking ability, human relations, communication, and technical expertise. The advantages of entrepreneurship are independence, profits, and flexibility, while the disadvantages include long hours, costs, regulations, and difficult decisions.
This document discusses the origins and nature of entrepreneurship through the perspectives of several influential thinkers. It provides biographies of Joseph Schumpeter, Karl Vesper, Howard Stevenson, and Peter Drucker, who were early contributors to the study and understanding of entrepreneurship. The document also outlines seven steps to becoming an entrepreneur: 1) finding the right business, 2) determining if education is needed, 3) planning the business, 4) finding the target audience, 5) networking, 6) selling the business idea, and 7) marketing. Overall, the document provides foundational information about entrepreneurship through the lens of important scholars and offers practical guidance for aspiring entrepreneurs.
Entrepreneurship refers to individuals who notice opportunities and mobilize resources to create new goods and services, often working independently or within large companies to drive innovation. The document defines entrepreneurship and outlines key entrepreneur traits like risk tolerance and leadership. It also describes common entrepreneurship functions such as developing business plans and analyzing opportunities/threats. The text lists advantages like independence but also challenges including long hours and high stress. Finally, it provides examples of successful Indian entrepreneurs from companies like OYO, Ola, Paytm and Zomato.
This document provides an overview of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs. It defines an entrepreneur as someone who perceives opportunities, organizes resources to exploit opportunities, and exploits opportunities. The document discusses different definitions of entrepreneurs, their qualities and functions. It also describes types of entrepreneurs, the concept of entrepreneurship, the development of entrepreneurship through education and training programs, and the role of culture in fostering an entrepreneurial mindset.
Entrepreneurship development in agriculture provides many opportunities for entrepreneurs. These include diversifying crops, organic farming, food processing and packaging, floriculture, and producing agro-inputs. Entrepreneurs in agriculture require certain characteristics like being a risk taker, goal-setter, hard worker, and flexible. Developing these skills can expand entrepreneurship in agriculture and help utilize resources, generate employment, and boost farm incomes and rural development.
This document discusses theories and concepts of entrepreneurship. It provides definitions of entrepreneurship from various scholars throughout history. It also discusses the importance of entrepreneurship to the Malaysian economy and introduces concepts of Islamic entrepreneurship, including that it is an integral part of the religion guided by principles from the Quran and Hadith. The session objectives are for students to understand various theories and concepts of entrepreneurship and have a deeper understanding of the discipline.
Entrepreneurs play a vital role in tourism development through identifying opportunities and transforming resources into tourist attractions. The document discusses different classifications of entrepreneurs, including by innovativeness, ownership, and scale of enterprise. Entrepreneurship is especially important in emerging destinations and rural areas for tourism development where large companies are less likely to invest. Entrepreneurs help satisfy new tourist needs through experience-based products and help lead to more responsible and inclusive tourism development.
The document discusses different types of entrepreneurs categorized in several ways:
- By innovation: innovative, imitative, fabian, drone, forced, empire entrepreneurs
- By behavior: sole, active partner, inventor, challenger, buyer, life-time entrepreneurs
- By focus group: women, minority, corporate, part-time entrepreneurs
- By nature of business: industrial, trading, agricultural entrepreneurs
It provides details on innovative entrepreneurs who launch new products/markets, imitative entrepreneurs who duplicate successful innovations, and fabian entrepreneurs who are skeptical of change and prefer existing techniques.
Concept of Entrepreneurship Development and promotionGabriel Konayuma
This presentation looks at the concept of Entrepreneurship Development and the
Role of Entrepreneurship Development. It concludes with identifying various approaches to Entrepreneurship Development
Challenges Faced By Women Entrepreneurs In IndiaLatha setna
In the current business world, women entrepreneurs are playing a vital role and they have become important part of the economic development and social progress. Development Compared to other countries the development of women entrepreneurship is very low in India. The educated women have to go a long way to achieve equal rights and position because traditions are deep rooted in Indian society where the sociological set up has been a male dominated one. Despite all the social hurdles, Indian women entrepreneurs stand tall from the rest of the crowd and are applauded for their achievements in their respective field. This paper focuses on women entrepreneurs, reasons women become entrepreneurs, the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs and suggestions for the growth of women entrepreneurs.
There are four types of entrepreneurship:
1. Small business entrepreneurship which makes up the majority of businesses and employs half of non-government workers. These entrepreneurs focus on profitability and feeding their families rather than rapid growth.
2. Scalable startup entrepreneurship which aims to change the world through rapid growth and attracting venture capital. These make up a small percentage of businesses but attract most risk capital.
3. Large company entrepreneurship where established companies pursue disruptive innovation through acquisitions or internal development to respond to market changes, though culture makes this difficult.
4. Social entrepreneurship which solves social problems through products and services, with the goal of improving society rather than profit or market share.
This document discusses different classifications and types of entrepreneurs. It begins by defining an entrepreneur and outlining Clarence Danhof's classification of four types of entrepreneurs based on their level of innovation. It then discusses various ways entrepreneurs can be classified such as by type of business, use of technology, motivation, stages of development, capital ownership, gender and age, area, and scale of business. Specific types of entrepreneurs are also defined within each classification. The document concludes by listing 10 famous entrepreneurs from India.
What is an Entrepreneur?
One who creates a new business in the face of risk and uncertainty for the purpose of achieving profit and growth by identifying and assembling the necessary resources to capitalize on them.
This document discusses entrepreneurship and provides definitions, characteristics, types, and benefits. It defines an entrepreneur as someone who runs a small business and assumes its risks and rewards. Successful entrepreneurs tend to be goal-oriented, committed, hands-on, able to handle uncertainty, continuously look for opportunities, willing to take risks, and creative. The document outlines five types of entrepreneurship and distinguishes entrepreneurs from managers. Finally, it notes national benefits of entrepreneurship including fostering economic growth, creating new technologies and products, increasing competition, and improving productivity.
The document discusses the history and definitions of entrepreneurship. It traces how the definition of an entrepreneur has evolved from the 17th century view of entrepreneurs as undertakers or contractors, to the modern view of entrepreneurs as innovators and managers who start new business ventures. The document also profiles several famous modern entrepreneurs like Bill Gates, Michael Dell, and Oprah Winfrey, and discusses characteristics of successful entrepreneurs like determination, passion, and risk-taking.
The document defines entrepreneurship and discusses its importance. It provides several definitions of entrepreneurship from early economists like Cantillon, Marshall, and Schumpeter. Entrepreneurship is described as a dynamic process of creating value by recognizing opportunities and mobilizing resources to introduce new products or processes. The document compares small businesses to entrepreneurial ventures and outlines the importance of entrepreneurship in driving economic development, mobilizing resources, fostering innovation, generating employment, promoting equitable distribution of income, and developing backward regions through case studies of large Indian companies.
Entrepreneurship Development - IntroductionSOMASUNDARAM T
Introduction to Entrepreneur; Entrepreneurship and Enterprise; Importance and relevance of the entrepreneur; Factors influencing entrepreneurship; Pros and Cons of being an entrepreneur; Women entrepreneur; problems and promotion (SHGs); Types of Entrepreneurs; Characteristics of a successful entrepreneur; Competency requirement for entrepreneurs; Awareness of self-competence.
types of entrepreneurs business managementPradeep Patil
This document discusses the different types of entrepreneurs. It categorizes entrepreneurs based on the type of business, stage of development, motivation, technology used, and capital ownership. Some of the key types mentioned include business entrepreneurs, trading entrepreneurs, corporate entrepreneurs, agricultural entrepreneurs, first generation entrepreneurs, second generation entrepreneurs, pure entrepreneurs, induced entrepreneurs, technical entrepreneurs, non-technical entrepreneurs, professional entrepreneurs, private entrepreneurs, state entrepreneurs, and joint entrepreneurs. In conclusion, the document states that entrepreneurs organize factors of production and establish profitable business ventures, driving economic development.
About Entrepreneurship Development , Need, types, functions, characteristics, barriers, Entrepreneurship Development Cycle
Life cycle of a Business venture
Identification of Potential Entrepreneurs
Strategies for ED
Business Incubation
There are many ways to classify entrepreneurs based on the type of business, stage of development, motivation, technology used, capital ownership, gender, age, area, and scale. Entrepreneurs can be business owners, traders, corporate managers, farmers, first or second generation business owners, purely profit-motivated or induced by incentives, technical or non-technical focused, private or state funded, operating at large, medium, small, or tiny scales, or focusing on spiritual, social, or educational missions. An entrepreneur organizes resources to establish and profitably operate a business venture, driving economic development through industrial growth.
fundamentals of entrepreneurship
,
what do you mean by entrepreneur/ who is an entrep
,
a brief summary of the entrepreneurial profile
,
10 deadly mistakes of entrepreneurship
,
ways to avoid the pitfalls
,
benefits of entrepreneurship
,
risks of an entrepreneur
,
potential drawbacks of entrepreneurship
,
risks of entrepreneurs
,
forces for building an entrepreneur
There are many types of entrepreneurs, which can be classified in various ways. Some key classifications include innovative entrepreneurs, who introduce new products or ideas; imitative entrepreneurs, who copy innovations; and business entrepreneurs, who establish enterprises to produce new products or services. Entrepreneurs can also be classified based on their industry, such as technical entrepreneurs, who focus on production, or non-technical entrepreneurs, who focus on marketing. The document also discusses spontaneous, induced, motivated, first generation, inherited, and third generation entrepreneurs.
An entrepreneur is a person who starts and operates a business, assuming the risk for potential profit. Key qualities of entrepreneurs include courage, focus, passion, creativity, risk-taking, competitiveness, and hard work. Early entrepreneurship programs involved activities like raising livestock and growing crops. Today, entrepreneurial activities are more varied. Entrepreneurship refers to identifying market opportunities and generating business ideas to address them by committing resources despite risks. Successful entrepreneurs drive business creation and have skills like thinking ability, human relations, communication, and technical expertise. The advantages of entrepreneurship are independence, profits, and flexibility, while the disadvantages include long hours, costs, regulations, and difficult decisions.
This document discusses the origins and nature of entrepreneurship through the perspectives of several influential thinkers. It provides biographies of Joseph Schumpeter, Karl Vesper, Howard Stevenson, and Peter Drucker, who were early contributors to the study and understanding of entrepreneurship. The document also outlines seven steps to becoming an entrepreneur: 1) finding the right business, 2) determining if education is needed, 3) planning the business, 4) finding the target audience, 5) networking, 6) selling the business idea, and 7) marketing. Overall, the document provides foundational information about entrepreneurship through the lens of important scholars and offers practical guidance for aspiring entrepreneurs.
Entrepreneurship refers to individuals who notice opportunities and mobilize resources to create new goods and services, often working independently or within large companies to drive innovation. The document defines entrepreneurship and outlines key entrepreneur traits like risk tolerance and leadership. It also describes common entrepreneurship functions such as developing business plans and analyzing opportunities/threats. The text lists advantages like independence but also challenges including long hours and high stress. Finally, it provides examples of successful Indian entrepreneurs from companies like OYO, Ola, Paytm and Zomato.
This document provides an overview of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs. It defines an entrepreneur as someone who perceives opportunities, organizes resources to exploit opportunities, and exploits opportunities. The document discusses different definitions of entrepreneurs, their qualities and functions. It also describes types of entrepreneurs, the concept of entrepreneurship, the development of entrepreneurship through education and training programs, and the role of culture in fostering an entrepreneurial mindset.
Entrepreneurship development in agriculture provides many opportunities for entrepreneurs. These include diversifying crops, organic farming, food processing and packaging, floriculture, and producing agro-inputs. Entrepreneurs in agriculture require certain characteristics like being a risk taker, goal-setter, hard worker, and flexible. Developing these skills can expand entrepreneurship in agriculture and help utilize resources, generate employment, and boost farm incomes and rural development.
This document discusses theories and concepts of entrepreneurship. It provides definitions of entrepreneurship from various scholars throughout history. It also discusses the importance of entrepreneurship to the Malaysian economy and introduces concepts of Islamic entrepreneurship, including that it is an integral part of the religion guided by principles from the Quran and Hadith. The session objectives are for students to understand various theories and concepts of entrepreneurship and have a deeper understanding of the discipline.
Entrepreneurs play a vital role in tourism development through identifying opportunities and transforming resources into tourist attractions. The document discusses different classifications of entrepreneurs, including by innovativeness, ownership, and scale of enterprise. Entrepreneurship is especially important in emerging destinations and rural areas for tourism development where large companies are less likely to invest. Entrepreneurs help satisfy new tourist needs through experience-based products and help lead to more responsible and inclusive tourism development.
The document discusses different types of entrepreneurs categorized in several ways:
- By innovation: innovative, imitative, fabian, drone, forced, empire entrepreneurs
- By behavior: sole, active partner, inventor, challenger, buyer, life-time entrepreneurs
- By focus group: women, minority, corporate, part-time entrepreneurs
- By nature of business: industrial, trading, agricultural entrepreneurs
It provides details on innovative entrepreneurs who launch new products/markets, imitative entrepreneurs who duplicate successful innovations, and fabian entrepreneurs who are skeptical of change and prefer existing techniques.
Concept of Entrepreneurship Development and promotionGabriel Konayuma
This presentation looks at the concept of Entrepreneurship Development and the
Role of Entrepreneurship Development. It concludes with identifying various approaches to Entrepreneurship Development
Challenges Faced By Women Entrepreneurs In IndiaLatha setna
In the current business world, women entrepreneurs are playing a vital role and they have become important part of the economic development and social progress. Development Compared to other countries the development of women entrepreneurship is very low in India. The educated women have to go a long way to achieve equal rights and position because traditions are deep rooted in Indian society where the sociological set up has been a male dominated one. Despite all the social hurdles, Indian women entrepreneurs stand tall from the rest of the crowd and are applauded for their achievements in their respective field. This paper focuses on women entrepreneurs, reasons women become entrepreneurs, the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs and suggestions for the growth of women entrepreneurs.
entrepreneurship and small business management unit ivPENDYSINGH
The document discusses various support institutions that provide assistance to small businesses in India. It describes the roles of District Industries Centres (DICs), the Small Industries Development Organization (SIDO), and the Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI). DICs act as the primary agency supporting small industries at the district level. SIDO is the national agency for SME development, providing services like training, testing, and consultancy. SIDBI is the principal financial institution that promotes and finances micro, small, and medium enterprises in India.
This document provides a syllabus for an Entrepreneurial Development course. It outlines 4 units that will be covered: (1) entrepreneur traits and types, (2) competing theories of entrepreneurship and entrepreneur development programs, (3) entrepreneur motivation and behavior, and (4) searching for business ideas and preparing feasibility reports. The syllabus also includes sample questions that will be asked to assess students, focusing on defining key terms and explaining concepts covered in the various units.
This document provides an overview of women entrepreneurs in India. It defines women entrepreneurs and outlines their key qualities like ambition and hard work. It discusses the functions of women entrepreneurs in planning, organizing, innovating, and decision making. It also examines the general and specific problems faced by women entrepreneurs, as well as government programs and remedies to support them. Statistics are presented on the growth of women-owned businesses in India over time and by state. Several famous successful Indian women entrepreneurs are profiled. In conclusion, it notes that while Indian society has traditionally been male-dominated, the government is taking initiatives to promote greater women's participation in entrepreneurship.
The document discusses entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial process. It defines entrepreneurship as taking risks to create new value through time and effort. The key functions of entrepreneurs are innovation, risk taking, and organizing new businesses. The stages of the entrepreneurial process include opportunity analysis, planning, acquiring funding, implementing plans, and growing the business. A business plan is also essential, outlining the industry, product/services, marketing, finances, and risks of the new venture.
This document discusses the search for a theory of entrepreneurship. It notes that economists currently lack an economic theory that fully explains the role of entrepreneurship in economic development. Prior studies have focused on identifying traits or personality patterns of successful entrepreneurs, but these have produced inconsistent results. The authors argue for developing a theoretical model that includes both an economic model showing how entrepreneurship contributes to the economic process, and an identification of critical entrepreneurial behaviors that lead to success in different economic environments. The document reviews literature on definitions of entrepreneurship and studies of entrepreneurial traits and personalities. It also discusses limitations of traditional economic theories in accounting for the role of entrepreneurship.
Social sciences perspectives on entrepreneurshipAlexander Decker
This document discusses social science perspectives on entrepreneurship from various scholars. It provides an overview of Joseph Schumpeter's economic perspective, viewing the entrepreneur as an innovator and agent of change. It also discusses David McClelland's psychological perspective, identifying achievement motivation as an important factor for entrepreneurship and economic growth. Finally, it mentions Max Weber's perspective that cultural values play a role in determining whether economic potential becomes an actuality through entrepreneurship.
Social sciences perspectives on entrepreneurshipAlexander Decker
This document discusses social science perspectives on entrepreneurship from various scholars. It provides an overview of Joseph Schumpeter's economic perspective, viewing the entrepreneur as an innovator and agent of change. It also discusses David McClelland's psychological perspective, identifying achievement motivation as an important factor for entrepreneurship and economic growth. Finally, it mentions Max Weber's perspective that cultural values play a role in determining whether economic potential becomes an actuality through entrepreneurship.
This document provides an overview of entrepreneurship, including definitions, personality traits, and global trends. It begins by reviewing various definitions of entrepreneurship before settling on one from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Key personality traits of successful entrepreneurs are discussed, like achievement motivation and risk tolerance. An example is given of Fred Smith, the founder of Federal Express. Global data on entrepreneurship from 42 countries is examined, finding most entrepreneurs are motivated by opportunity and have consumer service businesses. Men are more likely to start businesses, and rates vary with country development level.
small business & epreneurship development U1.pdfkittustudy7
Entrepreneurship involves discovering opportunities, organizing enterprises, and contributing to economic growth. It requires imagination, risk-taking ability, mobilizing resources, and working as a team. There are several theories of entrepreneurship. Hoselitz's theory proposes that marginal social groups stimulate entrepreneurship. Drucker's theory emphasizes that entrepreneurs innovate by utilizing resources to create value for customers. Kao's ECO model views entrepreneurship as arising from the interrelationship between an individual, their tasks, and the organizational context.
1. The document discusses the evolution and definitions of entrepreneurship in India. It traces entrepreneurship from pre-colonial times when Indian trade was at its peak, to the colonial period when British control stifled Indian business, to modern times with economic reforms since 1991.
2. Entrepreneurship is defined by many economists and writers over time, capturing elements like risk-taking, innovation, seeing and seizing opportunities. The document contrasts entrepreneurs with traditional/corporate managers, finding entrepreneurs more directly involved and motivated by independence.
3. The structure and organization of pre-colonial Indian villages is described, which were self-sustaining with agriculture, crafts and interdependence providing the basis for
The document discusses the evolution of entrepreneurship and its relevance to economic development and society. It provides definitions of entrepreneurship from various contributors over time. Entrepreneurship has evolved from being associated with risk-taking and innovation to also include opportunity-seeking and resource mobilization. The document highlights that entrepreneurship is seen in Philippine society as a means of social and economic advancement. It also lists notable Filipino and global entrepreneurs as examples. Entrepreneurial activity is recognized as an important driver of economic growth and national development.
Industrial Psychology & Collective BargainingHumayoun Aziz
This research proposal examines factors affecting social entrepreneurship in Pakistan. It aims to investigate the impact of Islamic values, social structures, and financial resources on social entrepreneurship. The study will examine 100-150 respondents from social enterprises in Pakistan using a quantitative cross-sectional research design. The proposal develops hypotheses that Islamic values, social structures, and financial resources each have a positive relationship with social entrepreneurship. A literature review covers definitions of entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship, and factors influencing entrepreneurial activity.
Is greed an essential ingredient to be a successful entrepreneur 6rajadosabah
This document discusses the history and development of entrepreneurship and examines whether greed is an essential part of being a successful entrepreneur. It provides background on definitions of entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial process. The history of entrepreneurship is traced from early periods through the middle ages and into the 16th-18th centuries when risk began to be associated with entrepreneurial activities. Literature on entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship, and the entrepreneurial process is reviewed. The objective is to determine if greed is necessary for entrepreneurial success and whether entrepreneurial greed is ethical or unethical.
Here are the answers to the quiz:
1. Homo economicus
2. Neoclassical economics
3. People
4. Homo humanus
5. Juan Antonio Perez Lopez
6. Leadership capacity or “transcendent motives”
7. Theory of Human Action in Organizations
8. Viewing the Firm from a Virtue Theory Lens
9. Transcendental leadership
10. Transcendent motives
Environmental factors and entrepreneurship development1sameershare
This document discusses environmental factors that influence entrepreneurship development in Nigeria. It examines some of Nigeria's policy programs aimed at entrepreneurship development and finds that most are moribund or ineffective. Specifically, it finds that many programs have been discontinued by successive governments or lack adequate resources for operation. Where programs are still in place, their impact is not felt across all societal levels due to a skewed implementation. The document recommends auditing programs to avoid duplication, ensuring continuity of implementation, expanding credit institutions' activities beyond current areas, and sustained entrepreneurship education programs.
The document summarizes three main theories of entrepreneurship: psychological, sociological, and economic. The psychological theory views entrepreneurship as a psychological process influenced by factors like personality traits, motivation, and creativity. The sociological theory sees entrepreneurship as shaped by social and cultural elements such as community, values, and status. Finally, the economic theory proposes that entrepreneurial behavior stems from the motivation for economic gains and profit.
Entrepreneurship involves identifying opportunities, establishing a vision, gathering resources, and creating new ventures or products. There are various types of entrepreneurs including achievement entrepreneurs who take initiatives, salesman entrepreneurs who focus on marketing, technology entrepreneurs who develop ideas, and manager entrepreneurs who prefer larger organizations. While entrepreneurship provides opportunities such as new markets and business models, it also faces challenges including knowledge gaps between countries, cultural differences, and political instability.
Weber’s Theory of social change
Hoselitz Sociological Theory
Trait Theory of Entrepreneurship
Economic Theory of Entrepreneurship
Theory of Innovation by Schumpeter
Theory of Psychology by McClelland
Leibenstein’s X-Efficiency Theory
Share of utilizing information (in a systematic search) and alertness in pred...Amirreza Amouha
1. The document discusses the relationship between entrepreneurial alertness, utilizing information through systematic search, and firm innovation. It reviews literature on alertness and innovation, and notes discrepancies in how entrepreneurship has been defined.
2. The study aims to investigate how alertness and utilizing information can predict entrepreneurial behavior and firm innovation. It will survey entrepreneurs using questionnaires and use regression analysis to analyze the data.
3. The expected results are that alertness and utilizing information both significantly predict entrepreneurial behavior and innovation, and combining them increases predictive power. This would show they play an important role in entrepreneurial behavior and firm innovations.
An entrepreneur is someone who starts a business or venture with risk and initiative. The article discusses the history and definitions of entrepreneurship. It covers characteristics like innovation, risk-taking, leadership and opportunity recognition. Entrepreneurs can be classified based on their functions, development angle, business type, and personality traits. Factors like peers, social environment and genetic factors may influence someone's likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur.
This document provides an introduction to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial concepts. It defines key terms like entrepreneur, entrepreneurship, and characteristics of entrepreneurs. It describes different types of entrepreneurs and the entrepreneurial process. The document also discusses opportunities and challenges related to entrepreneurship and provides references at the end.
This document provides an overview of entrepreneurship and its role in economic development in India. It defines entrepreneurship as applying knowledge and skills to launch a new enterprise or diversify an existing one to pursue growth and generate wealth and social good. Entrepreneurship involves risk-taking, innovation, and starting new profitable businesses. The document reviews various definitions of entrepreneurship from literature. It discusses India's tradition of entrepreneurship in trading communities and the diaspora. Recent studies suggest India has potential to be a world leading economy by 2050 due to its demographic advantages and growing private markets. Entrepreneurs play a vital role in economic development by catalyzing industrialization, technological progress, job creation, income growth, and balanced
This document discusses emerging trends in entrepreneurship in India. It notes that entrepreneurial activity has increased significantly over the last two decades. More business services are being outsourced across firm and national boundaries. The government has also introduced many programs and funding to support entrepreneurs, especially for technological startups and self-employment opportunities in rural areas. This is important as traditional large employers may not be able to sustain high employment levels in the future, so entrepreneurs will need to create new jobs and opportunities.
This document provides an introduction to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial concepts. It defines key terms like entrepreneur, entrepreneurship, and characteristics of entrepreneurs. It describes different types of entrepreneurs and the entrepreneurial process. The document also discusses opportunities and challenges related to entrepreneurship and provides references at the end.
Venture capital provides risk capital to startups and growing companies in exchange for equity. It is invested through various financing rounds as companies progress from seed to growth stages. Venture capitalists obtain funds from institutional investors and aim to exit their investments through IPOs or acquisitions within 3 to 7 years to generate returns exceeding traditional investments. They conduct extensive due diligence on management teams and business plans before structuring investments using various equity and debt instruments.
The document outlines the key steps to writing an effective business plan: 1) Determine your audience and type of funding, 2) Create an outline, 3) Conduct research on the industry, customers, competitors, etc., 4) Organize research into files corresponding to plan sections, 5) Write an industry overview, 6) Analyze research findings, 7) Develop financial projections, 8) Write the executive summary last, and 9) Review and edit the full plan thoroughly. Following this process and including all relevant details for the intended audience will help ensure a successful, well-written business plan.
The document discusses women entrepreneurship in India. It provides context on why women take up employment, categorizes women entrepreneurs based on factors like location, industry, and education level. It outlines government support programs for women's economic activities and entrepreneurship, including financial support, training programs, and industry associations. Key statistics on women work participation rates in India over time are presented. Examples of successful women entrepreneurs in different fields are provided. Challenges faced by women entrepreneurs and suggestions to address them are also mentioned.
The document outlines an Entrepreneurship Development course offered at ANSAL Institute of Technology in Gurgaon, including objectives to develop an entrepreneurial mindset among students and transform their approach from job-seekers to risk-takers. The 4-credit course covers various topics across 6 units taught over 4 lectures per week, and evaluates students based on assignments, tests, and a final business plan presenting their own entrepreneurial idea.
The document discusses the importance of conducting a feasibility study before starting a new business venture. A feasibility study evaluates the potential risks and chances of success for a proposed business idea. It involves analyzing the market, competition, financial requirements, operational processes and other factors to determine if the business idea is viable and worth pursuing through creating a full business plan. The feasibility study establishes the foundation for the business plan and helps decide whether to proceed with the new venture idea or not.
The document discusses various topics related to entrepreneurship development including perspectives on entrepreneurship, creating entrepreneurial ventures, project management, reasons for entrepreneurial failure, and support for women entrepreneurs. It also defines entrepreneurship, describes the role of entrepreneurs, and outlines concepts like venture capital, tax concessions, leasing, hire purchase, support systems, market research, credit policies, and support organizations.
1. Women entrepreneurs in India face several challenges including lack of access to financial capital and social/cultural barriers. Family obligations and lack of independence make it difficult for women to devote sufficient time to business.
2. Attitudinal issues also present challenges, as women often lack confidence in their abilities and face skepticism from banks and investors in assessing creditworthiness. Women entrepreneurs also have less access to education, technology, and business networks relative to their male counterparts.
3. Overcoming these obstacles requires support through targeted training programs, access to financing, and initiatives to change social norms regarding women's roles in the economy and empower them to participate fully in entrepreneurship.
The document outlines the typical contents of a business plan, including an executive summary, analysis of the industry and company, market research, economics, management team, and financial plan. It provides detailed guidance on the information to include in each section, such as descriptions of customers, competitors, products, strategy, costs, risks, and financial projections. The goal is to present all relevant information to potential investors to obtain funding for the new business.
1. A void agreement is one that is not enforceable by law and does not create any legal obligations.
2. Certain types of agreements are considered void, including those made by incompetent parties, under mutual mistake, with an unlawful consideration/object, in restraint of marriage or trade, or that are uncertain or involve wagering.
3. For an agreement to be considered a void wagering agreement, it must involve a promise to pay money or its equivalent based on an uncertain event outside the parties' control, where neither party has any other interest in the outcome.
The document summarizes the Sale of Goods Act of 1930 in India. Some key points:
- It defines and amends laws around the sale of goods in India.
- It covers the formation of sales contracts, including defining buyers and sellers, delivery, implied conditions around quality and fitness for purpose.
- It distinguishes between a sale where property is immediately transferred, and an agreement to sell where property transfer is conditional or at a future time.
- It addresses issues like goods perishing before or after an agreement is made, setting prices, and conditions versus warranties in a sales contract.
The document discusses key concepts in contracts for the sale of goods under the Sale of Goods Act 1930 including:
1) A contract of sale involves the transfer of property in goods from a seller to a buyer in exchange for a price.
2) A sale involves the immediate transfer of property, while an agreement to sell involves transfer at a future time or when conditions are met.
3) Essential elements of a valid sale contract are two parties, goods, price, and transfer of property.
4) Key differences between a sale and hire purchase agreement are that a sale transfers full ownership to the buyer, while a hire purchase agreement transfers ownership only after installments are paid in full.
This document discusses various remedies available for breach of contract, including rescission, damages, payment of interest, quantum meruit, specific performance, injunction, and rectification or cancellation. Damages can include ordinary damages, special damages, vindictive or exemplary damages, nominal damages, and damages for loss of reputation, inconvenience, and discomfort. Payment of interest may include default interest rates and compound interest. Specific remedies depend on the type of contract and breach.
The document discusses various aspects of performing contracts including:
1. The requisites of a valid tender including being unconditional, for the whole quantity, by an authorized person, at the proper time and place, and to the proper person.
2. Circumstances where contracts do not need to be performed such as when performance becomes impossible or the parties agree to modify or rescind the contract.
3. Who is responsible for contract performance - the promisor, their agent, legal representatives, or a third party. Joint promisors' obligations can devolve through default or release.
4. Time and place of performance depends on what is specified in the contract or prescribed by the promisee
The document summarizes key changes to the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission's (COSO) internal control framework, including:
1) It adds three new components - internal environment, objective setting, and event identification - expanding the original five components.
2) It adds a strategic objective to the original three objectives of operations, reporting, and compliance.
3) It provides overviews of the eight components and four objectives, outlining factors and processes within each.
The framework is intended to help organizations effectively manage enterprise risks and achieve objectives.
The document discusses the legal concepts of offer and acceptance. It defines an offer as a proposal made by one party to another to enter into a legally binding agreement. For an offer to be valid, it must be definite, unambiguous, and communicated to the offeree. An acceptance is the manifestation of assent by the offeree to the terms of the offer, creating a legally binding promise. For an acceptance to be valid, it must be absolute, within a reasonable time period, and communicated to the offeror. The document outlines the rules and legal requirements regarding offer, acceptance, revocation, and rejection.
The document discusses negotiable instruments under the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881. It defines negotiable instruments as written documents that transfer ownership rights to another person upon delivery (if payable to bearer) or endorsement and delivery (if payable to order). The key characteristics are that the instrument must be payable to order or bearer, freely transferable, presume the holder as a holder in due course with valid title, and presume consideration. Common negotiable instruments are promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. A promissory note contains an unconditional promise to pay a definite sum of money to a specific person or bearer. A bill of exchange is an unconditional order to pay a definite sum of money
The document discusses the nature of contracts under Indian law. It notes that the Indian Contract Act of 1872 lays out general principles and some special contracts, and covers indemnity and guarantee. A contract is defined as an agreement enforceable by law, consisting of an agreement and enforceability. There must be consensus between the parties for a valid contract. Essential elements include offer and acceptance, lawful consideration, capacity and consent of parties, lawful object, and agreements not declared void. Contracts are classified based on validity, formation, and performance.
An object or agreement is considered illegal if:
1) It is forbidden by law or would defeat the provisions of any law.
2) It is fraudulent or involves injury to another's person or property.
3) A court regards it as immoral or opposed to public policy.
Indemnity and guarantee are both types of contracts where one party promises to compensate another for loss or liability. [1] Indemnity involves two parties, where the indemnifier promises to reimburse the indemnified for losses caused by the indemnifier or third parties. [2] Guarantee involves three parties, where the guarantor promises the creditor payment or performance by the principal debtor. [3] The rights and obligations of each party differ between indemnity and guarantee.
The document discusses different ways in which consent can be flawed in a contract, specifically coercion, undue influence, misrepresentation, and mistake. It defines coercion as committing or threatening a criminal act, and undue influence as exploiting a position of power over another party. Misrepresentation requires a false statement of material fact made knowingly to deceive the other party. Consent obtained through any of these flawed means can make a contract voidable.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Building RAG with self-deployed Milvus vector database and Snowpark Container...Zilliz
This talk will give hands-on advice on building RAG applications with an open-source Milvus database deployed as a docker container. We will also introduce the integration of Milvus with Snowpark Container Services.
Building RAG with self-deployed Milvus vector database and Snowpark Container...
Entrepreneurship development
1. Entrepreneurship Development: Concept and Context
Many developing countries including India are in a state of transition. They are striving to move
from a subsistence-oriented, tightly integrated, inward looking local economy to a surplus
seeking, market led, outward looking economy. Such a move is possible only with the
emergences of a multitude of a small-scale and rural enterprise in all works of life. This requires
building up of a wider base of population capable of entrepreneurial behaviour. If we take India
as an example in the context of development, we find that the initial build up of entrepreneurial
activity took place in urban center. This was followed by a trickle down effect in rural
communities over time. Development strategy today, however, seeks a more proactive and
immediate change in India. While much of policy making in this regard treats enterprise creation
as a function of appropriate economic conditions(made possible through institutional and
economic interventions), others have emphasized training and attitude change as vital elements
in the process. But it needs systematic observations and research into the process through which
entrepreneurship emerges and sustains itself.
Enterprises and entrepreneurs have been in the center stage of modernization since the days of
Industrial Revolution. Economists, sociologists, psychologists and anthropologists have studied
this concept, usually within the frontiers of their respective disciplines.
Models of entrepreneurship and research associated with them have identified several major
issues such vagueness in definition, conceptualizing entrepreneurship as a trait, significance of
innovation in entrepreneurship, meaning of activities in the post-enterprise creation stage,
validity of measures of entrepreneurial propensity and significance of demographic factors.
Evolution, Frontiers, divergence & Stagnation
For a long time there was no equivalent for the term „entrepreneur‟ in the English language.
Three words were commonly used to connote the sense the French term carried: adventurer,
undertaker and projector; these were used interchangeably and lacked the precision and
characteristics of a scientific expression (Gopakumar, 1995).
Richard Cantillon (1680-1734), gave the concept some analytical treatment and assigned the
entrepreneur an economic role by emphasizing on „risk‟ as a prominent entrepreneurial function
(Gopakumar, 1995).
J.B say and J.H. von Thunen. Jean Baptiste say (1767-1832), the French political economist
assigned the entrepreneur with a crucial role-„coordination‟ and made a distinction between the
entrepreneur and capitalist (Say,1967).
A dynamic theory of entrepreneurship was first advocated by Schumpeter (1949) who considered
entrepreneurship as the catalyst that disrupts the stationary circular flow of the economy and
thereby initiates and sustains the process of development. Embarking upon „new combinations‟
of the factors of production-which he succinctly terms innovation-the entrepreneur activates the
2. economy to a new level of development. The concept of innovation and its corollary
development embraces five functions: 1) introduction of a new good, 2) introduction of a new
method of production, 3) opening of a new market, 4) conquest of a new source of supply of raw
materials and 5) carrying out of a new organization of any industry. Schumpeter represents a
synthesis of different notions of entrepreneurship. His concept of innovation included the
elements of risk taking, superintendence and coordination. However, Schumpeter stressed the
fact that these attributes unaccompanied by the ability to innovate would not be sufficient to
account for entrepreneurship (Gopakumar, 1995).
According to the Havard School (Cole,1949) entrepreneurship comprises any purposeful activity
that initiate, maintain or develop a profit-oriented business in interaction with internal situation
of the business or with the economic, political and social circumstances surrounding the
business. This approach emphasized two types of activities: the organization or coordination
activity, and the sensitivity to the environmental characteristics that effect decision making.
Despite its stress on the human factor in the production system, the Havard tradition never
explicitly challenged the equilibrium – obsessed orthodox economic theory. This was challenged
by the neo-Austrian School who argued that disequilibrium, rather than equilibrium, was the
likely scenario and as such, entrepreneurs operate under fairly uncertain circumstances. The
essence of entrepreneurship consists in the alertness of market participants to profit
opportunities. A typical entrepreneur, according to Kirzner (1979) is the arbitrageur, the person
who discovers opportunity at low prices and sells the same items at high prices because of
intertemporal and interspatial demands.
To sum up, major theories and expositions from Cantillon to Kirzner view the entrepreneur as
performing various functional roles as risk taker, decision maker, organizer or coordinator,
innovator, employer of factors of production, gap seeker and input completer, arbitrageur, etc.
The most appropriate definition of entrepreneurship that would fit into the rural development
context, argued here, is the broader one, the one which defines entrepreneurship as: “a force that
mobilizes other resources to meet unmet market demands”, “the ability to create and build
something from practically nothing”, “the process of creating value by pulling together a unique
package of resources to exploit an opportunity”.
Alternative Approaches
Socio-Cultural Approaches
Some scholars have stressed the importance of socio-cultural milieu in entrepreneurship
development. They suggested that the socio-cultural history accounts for the performance of
entrepreneurial functions by a considerable number of individuals.
Several writers have used a comparative framework to highlight the ways in which different
societies, with differing interests, attitudes, systems of stratification and the like, operate to
produce different kinds of businessmen and different patterns of entrepreneurial behaviour
(Swayer,1952).
3. Psychological Approaches
The focus in entrepreneurship shifted from the act to the actors (Shacer & Scott,1991) in the
work of McClelland(1961). According to McClelland and Winter(1969) need for achievement
(n-Ach) is responsible for economic development. Greater the development of n-Ach, during
early socialization of people, the more likely the economic development will be achieved. A
society with a generally high level of n-Ach will produce more rapid economic growth.
Achievement motivation could be included through training in self reliance, rewarding hard
work and persistence in goal achievement, and creating interest in excellence. In spite of being
criticized (Schatz,1971; Smelser,1976), McClelland‟s(1987) analysis has triggered off the „traits
approach‟ to comprehended entrepreneurial behaviour.
In another psycho-social theory Hagen(1962) relegates economic variables to a relatively minor
role and has put an emphasis on certain aspects of the personality. More recently, several other
psychological approaches to entrepreneurship have been suggested. Hisrich(1990) identifies
several characteristics of entrepreneurs in terms of (a) conditions that make entrepreneurship
desirable and possible,(b) the childhood family background, (c) the education level, personal
values and motivations and (d) role modeling effects and other support systems. Bird(1989) has
also examined entrepreneurial behaviour by focusing on work and the family background,
personal values and motivations.
Contemporary Focus
The two most common approaches used in researching the characteristics of entrepreneurs have
been the trait approach and the demographic approach (Robinson et al.,1991). In the trait
approach, the entrepreneur is assumed to be a particular personality type whose characteristics
are key to explaining entrepreneurship as a phenomenon (Gartner,1988;1989). Following
McClelland(1961,1987), many other researchers have explored areas such as achievement
motive, locus of control, risk taking, innovation etc.
In demographic approach, demographic information is used to arrive at a profile of a typical
entrepreneur assuming that people with similar background posses similar underlying stable
characteristics. The approach presumes that by identifying demographic characteristics of known
entrepreneurs it will be possible to predict entrepreneurship in unknown populations (Robinson
et al.,1991). The demographic variables found most examined are family background, birth
order, role model, marital status, age, education level of parents and self, socio-economic status,
previous work experience and work habits.
First, the approach assumes that human behaviour is strongly influenced by demographic
characteristics such as sex, race, or birth order.
Second, the practice of using demographic characteristics as surrogates for personality
characteristics is not appropriate. There is also a lack of adequate empirical evidence in this
regard.
4. Third, the approach does not help predict who will or will not be an entrepreneur on the basis of
knowledge of one‟s birth order, level of education or parental heritage. Besides, demographic
characteristics being static in nature cannot explain a dynamic multifaceted phenomenon like
entrepreneurship.
Hannan and Freeman(1977) have used the population-ecology model (PEM), to analyze the
concept of entrepreneurship. The PEM seeks to predict the probability of births and deaths
within a population of firms within a given industry niche, conferring the environment rather
than the person with the status of the key entity in determining organizational survival. Recent
research following this approach are focused on the presence, characteristics and change in a
population or organization in an ecological context provided by the host society (Reynolds,
1991). Deficiencies of this model have been pointed out by Bygrave and Hoffer(1991). These
models, while making statistical predictions at the population level, fail to predict the fate of
specific firms.
Entrepreneurship: An Integrative Behavioural Framework
The key elements identified are Personal Resourcefulness, Achievement Orientation, Strategic
Vision, Opportunity Seeking and Innovativeness.
Personal Resourcefulness
The root of the entrepreneurial process can be traced to the initiative taken by some individuals
to go beyond the existing way of life. The emphasis is on initiative rather than reaction, although
events in the environment may have provided the trigger for the person to express initiative. This
aspect seems to have been subsumed within „innovation‟ which has been studied more as the
„change‟ or „newness‟ associated with the term rather „proactiveness‟.
„Personal resourcefulness‟ in the belief in one‟s own capability for initiating actions directed
towards creation and growth of enterprises. Such initiating process requires cognitively mediated
self regulations of internal feelings and emotions, thoughts and actions as suggested by Kanungo
and Misra(1992).
Achievement-Orientation
While personal initiative and purposeful behaviour can be view as a good starting point of an
entrepreneurial effort, many such initiatives fail. The archetype successful entrepreneur is
supposed to epitomize achievement motivation (McClelland,1961) which facilitates the creation
and development of enterprises in competitive environments. While critics have raised serious
5. questions regarding the unique or overarching significance of n-Ach in the emergence of
entrepreneurship (Smelser,1976), this element of personality has continued in the mainstream of
entrepreneurship theory (Shaver & Scott,1991). People with high n-Ach are known to seek and
assume high degree of personal responsibility, set challenging but realistic goals, work with
concrete feedback, research their environment and choose partners with expertise in their work
(Kanungo & Bhatnagar, 1978). Such characteristics of high n-Ach people contribute to
successful completion of tasks that they venture to take up. Hence, we see achievement
orientation as a set of cognitive and behavioural tendencies that are oriented towards ensuring
that outcomes such as enterprise creation, survival and growth are realized.
Opportunity-Seeking
The context in which an individual brings to bear his/her initiative, achievement orientation and
visioning have a strong bearing on what it produces; when these forces are directed towards
realizing surplus or value in a market environment, over a period of time, we see the creation of
enterprises. This perspective of the entrepreneur as a merchant adventurer, who in Cantillon‟s
view balances out imperfections in the market (Gopakumar,1995) in pursuit of what Bentham
terms wealth, provided the historical basis for the development of entrepreneurship. The wealth
is seen as the reward the entrepreneurial individual gains for the risk taken or exercise of
judgment where there is greater possibility for error; this distinguishes between certain return
from wage labour, and return from risk-oriented production for the market. Hence „opportunity
seeking‟ would include one‟s ability to see situations in terms of unmet needs, identifying
markets or gaps for which product concepts are to be evolved, and the search for creating and
maintaining a competitive advantage to derive benefits on a sustained basis.
Innovativeness
Schumpeter(1949) went on to conceptualize entrepreneurs as persons who are not necessarily
capitalists or those having command over resources, but as ones who create new combinations of
the factors of production and the market to derive profit. Innovativeness refers to creation of new
products, markets, product-market combinations, methods of production and organization, and
the like that enable the enterprise to gain competitive advantage in the market.
It is evident that each of the dispositions referred to may be found in all types of individuals
(entrepreneurs and non- entrepreneurs). Then how can we relate these dispositions to
entrepreneurship? We propose that when these five elements converge at high intensities, in non-
restrictive environments, it is likely to give rise to enterprise formation. Therefore, one may find
individuals who had created enterprises in the past now turning weak because they may no
longer be proactive enterprise creators; instead they may be content to play the role of managers
in their stable business, or turn to community leadership, and the like. Hence, this perspective
lends to a process view of entrepreneurship.
6. Problems of Women Entrepreneurs in India
Introduction
Women Entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or a group of women who initiate,
organize and operate a business enterprise. Government of India has defined women
entrepreneurs as an enterprise owned and controlled by a women having a minimum
financial interest of 51% of the capital and giving at least 51% of employment generated in
the enterprise to women. Like a male entrepreneurs a women entrepreneur has many
functions. They should explore the prospects of starting new enterprise; undertake risks,
introduction of new innovations, coordination administration and control of business and
providing effective leadership in all aspects of business.
Push-Pull factors and Women in business
Women in business are a recent phenomenon in India. By and large they had confide
themselves to petty business and tiny cottage industries. Women entrepreneurs engaged in
business due to push and pull factors. Which encourage women to have an independent
occupation and stands on their on legs. A sense towards independent decision-making on
their life and career is the motivational factor behind this urge. Saddled with household
chores and domestic responsibilities women want to get independence Under the influence
of these factors the women entrepreneurs choose a profession as a challenge and as an
urge to do some thing new. Such situation is described as pull factors. While in push factors
women engaged in business activities due to family compulsion and the responsibility is
thrust upon them.
Problems of Women Entrepreneurs in India
Women in India are faced many problems to get ahead their life in business. A few
problems cane be detailed as;
1. The greatest deterrent to women entrepreneurs is that they are women. A kind of
patriarchal – male dominant social order is the building block to them in their way towards
business success. Male members think it a big risk financing the ventures run by women.
2. The financial institutions are skeptical about the entrepreneurial abilities of women. The
bankers consider women loonies as higher risk than men loonies. The bankers put
unrealistic and unreasonable securities to get loan to women entrepreneurs. According to a
report by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), "despite
evidence that women's loan repayment rates are higher than men's, women still face more
difficulties in obtaining credit," often due to discriminatory attitudes of banks and informal
lending groups (UNIDO, 1995b).
3. Entrepreneurs usually require financial assistance of some kind to launch their ventures -
be it a formal bank loan or money from a savings account. Women in developing nations
have little access to funds, due to the fact that they are concentrated in poor rural
communities with few opportunities to borrow money (Starcher, 1996; UNIDO, 1995a). The
women entrepreneurs are suffering from inadequate financial resources and working
capital. The women entrepreneurs lack access to external funds due to their inability to
provide tangible security. Very few women have the tangible property in hand.
4. Women's family obligations also bar them from becoming successful entrepreneurs in
7. both developed and developing nations. "Having primary responsibility for children, home
and older dependent family members, few women can devote all their time and energies to
their business" (Starcher, 1996, p. 8).The financial institutions discourage women
entrepreneurs on the belief that they can at any time leave their business and become
housewives again. The result is that they are forced to rely on their own savings, and loan
from relatives and family friends.
5. Indian women give more emphasis to family ties and relationships. Married women have
to make a fine balance between business and home. More over the business success is
depends on the support the family members extended to women in the business process
and management. The interest of the family members is a determinant factor in the
realization of women folk business aspirations.
6. Another argument is that women entrepreneurs have low-level management skills. They
have to depend on office staffs and intermediaries, to get things done, especially, the
marketing and sales side of business. Here there is more probability for business fallacies
like the intermediaries take major part of the surplus or profit. Marketing means mobility
and confidence in dealing with the external world, both of which women have been
discouraged from developing by social conditioning. Even when they are otherwise in control
of an enterprise, they often depend on males of the family in this area.
7. The male - female competition is another factor, which develop hurdles to women
entrepreneurs in the business management process. Despite the fact that women
entrepreneurs are good in keeping their service prompt and delivery in time, due to lack of
organisational skills compared to male entrepreneurs women have to face constraints from
competition. The confidence to travel across day and night and even different regions and
states are less found in women compared to male entrepreneurs. This shows the low level
freedom of expression and freedom of mobility of the women entrepreneurs.
8. Knowledge of alternative source of raw materials availability and high negotiation skills
are the basic requirement to run a business. Getting the raw materials from different souse
with discount prices is the factor that determines the profit margin. Lack of knowledge of
availability of the raw materials and low-level negotiation and bargaining skills are the
factors, which affect women entrepreneur's business adventures.
9. Knowledge of latest technological changes, know how, and education level of the person
are significant factor that affect business. The literacy rate of women in India is found at low
level compared to male population. Many women in developing nations lack the education
needed to spur successful entrepreneurship. They are ignorant of new technologies or
unskilled in their use, and often unable to do research and gain the necessary training
(UNIDO, 1995b, p.1). Although great advances are being made in technology, many
women's illiteracy, strucutural difficulties, and lack of access to technical training prevent
the technology from being beneficial or even available to females ("Women Entrepreneurs in
Poorest Countries," 2001). According to The Economist, this lack of knowledge and the
continuing treatment of women as second-class citizens keeps them in a pervasive cycle of
poverty ("The Female Poverty Trap," 2001). The studies indicates that uneducated women
donot have the knowledge of measurement and basic accounting.
10. Low-level risk taking attitude is another factor affecting women folk decision to get into
business. Low-level education provides low-level self-confidence and self-reliance to the
women folk to engage in business, which is continuous risk taking and strategic cession
making profession. Investing money, maintaining the operations and ploughing back money
for surplus generation requires high risk taking attitude, courage and confidence. Though
8. the risk tolerance ability of the women folk in day-to-day life is high compared to male
members, while in business it is found opposite to that.
11. Achievement motivation of the women folk found less compared to male members.
The low level of education and confidence leads to low level achievement and advancement
motivation among women folk to engage in business operations and running a business
concern.
12. Finally high production cost of some business operations adversely affects the
development of women entrepreneurs. The installation of new machineries during expansion
of the productive capacity and like similar factors dissuades the women entrepreneurs from
venturing into new areas.
How to Develop Women Entrepreneurs?
Right efforts on from all areas are required in the development of women entrepreneurs and
their greater participation in the entrepreneurial activities. Following efforts can be taken
into account for effective development of women entrepreneurs.
1. Consider women as specific target group for all developmental programmes.
2. Better educational facilities and schemes should be extended to women folk from
government part.
3. Adequate training programme on management skills to be provided to women
community.
4. Encourage women's participation in decision-making.
5. Vocational training to be extended to women community that enables them to
understand the production process and production management.
6. Skill development to be done in women's polytechnics and industrial training institutes.
Skills are put to work in training-cum-production workshops.
7. Training on professional competence and leadership skill to be extended to women
entrepreneurs.
8. Training and counselling on a large scale of existing women entrepreneurs to remove
psychological causes like lack of self-confidence and fear of success.
9. Counselling through the aid of committed NGOs, psychologists, managerial experts and
technical personnel should be provided to existing and emerging women entrepreneurs.
10. Continuous monitoring and improvement of training programmes.
11. Activities in which women are trained should focus on their marketability and
profitability.
12. Making provision of marketing and sales assistance from government part.
13. To encourage more passive women entrepreneurs the Women training programme
should be organised that taught to recognize her own psychological needs and express
9. them.
14. State finance corporations and financing institutions should permit by statute to extend
purely trade related finance to women entrepreneurs.
15. Women's development corporations have to gain access to open-ended financing.
16. The financial institutions should provide more working capital assistance both for small
scale venture and large scale ventures.
17. Making provision of micro credit system and enterprise credit system to the women
entrepreneurs at local level.
18. Repeated gender sensitisation programmes should be held to train financiers to treat
women with dignity and respect as persons in their own right.
19. Infrastructure, in the form of industrial plots and sheds, to set up industries is to be
provided by state run agencies.
20. Industrial estates could also provide marketing outlets for the display and sale of
products made by women.
21. A Women Entrepreneur's Guidance Cell set up to handle the various problems of women
entrepreneurs all over the state.
22. District Industries Centres and Single Window Agencies should make use of assisting
women in their trade and business guidance.
23. Programmes for encouraging entrepreneurship among women are to be extended at
local level.
24. Training in entrepreneurial attitudes should start at the high school level through well-
designed courses, which build confidence through behavioral games.
25. More governmental schemes to motivate women entrepreneurs to engage in small scale
and large-scale business ventures.
26. Involvement of Non Governmental Organisations in women entrepreneurial training
programmes and counselling.
Conclusion
Independence brought promise of equality of opportunity in all sphere to the Indian women
and laws guaranteeing for their equal rights of participation in political process and equal
opportunities and rights in education and employment were enacted. But unfortunately, the
government sponsored development activities have benefited only a small section of
women. The large majority of them are still unaffected by change and development
activities have benefited only a small section of women i.e. the urban middle class women.
The large majority of them are still unaffected by change and development. The reasons are
well sighted in the discussion part of this article. It is hoped that the suggestions forwarded
in the article will help the entrepreneurs in particular and policy-planners in general to look
into this problem and develop better schemes, developmental programmes and
opportunities to the women folk to enter into more entrepreneurial ventures. This article
10. here tries to recollect some of the successful women entrepreneurs like Ekta Kapoor,
Creative Director, Balaji Telefilms, Kiran Mazumdar Shaw, CEO, Biocon, Shahnaz Husain and
Vimalben M Pawale, Ex President, Sri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad (SMGULP).