The document discusses makhana (foxnut) production. It begins by outlining the objectives of the experiential learning program, which include developing student skills in makhana production, marketing, and enterprise management. It then provides an introduction to makhana, covering its history, morphology, distribution, nutritional value, use in Ayurveda, varieties, and cultivation methods. The document concludes by discussing post-harvest activities, value-added products, SWOT analysis, and a kisan mela farmer's fair.
This document discusses the health benefits of dragon fruit. It begins by introducing dragon fruit and describing its appearance and nutritional composition. It then outlines several health benefits of dragon fruit, including its ability to prevent high blood pressure and heart disease due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The document also notes benefits for skin health, immunity, and eye health. It concludes by discussing additional benefits of dragon fruit for pregnant women, such as aiding red blood cell formation and providing important nutrients.
This document summarizes the production technology of mangoes. It discusses that mangoes are the national fruit of India and are grown widely across states. It describes the botany of mango trees and their various uses. It provides details on suitable soil and climate conditions for mango cultivation. It also lists popular mango varieties grown in different regions of India. The document discusses mango hybrids and propagation through grafting. It describes the process of grafting and its various techniques. It concludes with information on flowering, fruiting and factors that influence fruit setting in mango trees.
This document discusses strategies for farmers in Rajasthan to increase their income through herbal farming, specifically aloe vera farming. It notes that regular crops grown in the drylands like bajra have low yields and profits for farmers. Cultivating high-demand medicinal plants like aloe vera provides greater financial returns due to consistent demand, lower production costs, and reduced risk of crop failure compared to traditional crops. The document recommends contract farming with private companies for assured sale prices and income. It also discusses the benefits of self-help groups for small farmers, including access to training, processing equipment, and markets. A case study highlights how one farmer in Jaisalmer increased his annual income from Rs. 2 l
Makhana, also known as foxnut or gorgon nut, is grown in India, Korea, Japan and Russia. It comes from lotus seeds and is high in nutrients, vitamins, minerals and fiber. Makhana is mainly cultivated in Bihar, India and has potential for growth in global markets. The makhana market is projected to grow at a 7% CAGR through 2023 due to rising demand for healthy snacks. Makhana has many health benefits and uses in food and cosmetics. However, the industry faces challenges around allergies and availability that need to be addressed to realize further growth opportunities.
This document provides information on several medicinal and aromatic plants including lemongrass, eucalyptus, basil, and long pepper. It describes their systematic position, species, varieties, uses of essential oils, and important breeding programs. The lemongrass section provides details on four main Cymbopogon species and nine popular varieties cultivated in India. Eucalyptus citriodora and E. globulus are outlined as the most common eucalyptus species grown. Sweet basil and holy basil are highlighted among the Ocimum genus, and eleven of their varieties are listed. Lastly, long pepper is native to South Asia and its spikes and roots contain medicinal alkaloids.
This document summarizes information about banana cultivation in Maharashtra, India. It discusses the leading banana varieties grown in the state like Basrai, key cultivation practices including soil and climate requirements, planting methods, irrigation, fertilization and intercultural operations. It also outlines some of the major banana diseases found in the region such as Panama wilt, sigatoka leaf spot and bunchy top virus, and their management strategies. Maharashtra is one of the top banana producing states in India with an average yield of 28.7 tons/ha, significantly higher than the national average of 13.8 tons/ha.
This document provides information on mango production, including that mango is known as the "king of fruit" and is India's national fruit. It is cultivated in over 60 countries and India is the largest producer. The document discusses mango varieties, production practices such as propagation, planting, irrigation, and pest and disease management. It also addresses factors that influence mango yields.
This document discusses the health benefits of dragon fruit. It begins by introducing dragon fruit and describing its appearance and nutritional composition. It then outlines several health benefits of dragon fruit, including its ability to prevent high blood pressure and heart disease due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The document also notes benefits for skin health, immunity, and eye health. It concludes by discussing additional benefits of dragon fruit for pregnant women, such as aiding red blood cell formation and providing important nutrients.
This document summarizes the production technology of mangoes. It discusses that mangoes are the national fruit of India and are grown widely across states. It describes the botany of mango trees and their various uses. It provides details on suitable soil and climate conditions for mango cultivation. It also lists popular mango varieties grown in different regions of India. The document discusses mango hybrids and propagation through grafting. It describes the process of grafting and its various techniques. It concludes with information on flowering, fruiting and factors that influence fruit setting in mango trees.
This document discusses strategies for farmers in Rajasthan to increase their income through herbal farming, specifically aloe vera farming. It notes that regular crops grown in the drylands like bajra have low yields and profits for farmers. Cultivating high-demand medicinal plants like aloe vera provides greater financial returns due to consistent demand, lower production costs, and reduced risk of crop failure compared to traditional crops. The document recommends contract farming with private companies for assured sale prices and income. It also discusses the benefits of self-help groups for small farmers, including access to training, processing equipment, and markets. A case study highlights how one farmer in Jaisalmer increased his annual income from Rs. 2 l
Makhana, also known as foxnut or gorgon nut, is grown in India, Korea, Japan and Russia. It comes from lotus seeds and is high in nutrients, vitamins, minerals and fiber. Makhana is mainly cultivated in Bihar, India and has potential for growth in global markets. The makhana market is projected to grow at a 7% CAGR through 2023 due to rising demand for healthy snacks. Makhana has many health benefits and uses in food and cosmetics. However, the industry faces challenges around allergies and availability that need to be addressed to realize further growth opportunities.
This document provides information on several medicinal and aromatic plants including lemongrass, eucalyptus, basil, and long pepper. It describes their systematic position, species, varieties, uses of essential oils, and important breeding programs. The lemongrass section provides details on four main Cymbopogon species and nine popular varieties cultivated in India. Eucalyptus citriodora and E. globulus are outlined as the most common eucalyptus species grown. Sweet basil and holy basil are highlighted among the Ocimum genus, and eleven of their varieties are listed. Lastly, long pepper is native to South Asia and its spikes and roots contain medicinal alkaloids.
This document summarizes information about banana cultivation in Maharashtra, India. It discusses the leading banana varieties grown in the state like Basrai, key cultivation practices including soil and climate requirements, planting methods, irrigation, fertilization and intercultural operations. It also outlines some of the major banana diseases found in the region such as Panama wilt, sigatoka leaf spot and bunchy top virus, and their management strategies. Maharashtra is one of the top banana producing states in India with an average yield of 28.7 tons/ha, significantly higher than the national average of 13.8 tons/ha.
This document provides information on mango production, including that mango is known as the "king of fruit" and is India's national fruit. It is cultivated in over 60 countries and India is the largest producer. The document discusses mango varieties, production practices such as propagation, planting, irrigation, and pest and disease management. It also addresses factors that influence mango yields.
Costus speciosus: Medicinally Wild Edible Stout of OdishaSanjeet Kumar
- Costus speciosus is a wild rhizomatous plant found in Odisha, India that has nutritional and medicinal value. It is used extensively in traditional medicine by rural and tribal people.
- All parts of the plant (leaves, stems, rhizomes, roots, seeds, fruits) are used to treat various diseases like fever, diabetes, mental disorders, pneumonia, rheumatism, and more. The plant contains various bioactive compounds and antioxidants.
- In addition to its medicinal properties, C. speciosus is a good source of nutrients like vitamins, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Mass cultivation of the plant through tissue culture could help conserve it while
Organic farming , Definition , principle, objectives and scope in India.Mehboob Latief
Organic farming avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, relying instead on organic nutrient sources like compost and manure, as well as practices like crop rotation for pest management. The key principles of organic farming are health, ecology, fairness, and care. The objectives of organic farming are to produce high quality, nutritious food sustainably while protecting the environment for future generations. India has emerged as a world leader in certified organic farmland, and organic farming can boost the Indian economy by reducing imports and improving soil and environmental health.
This document discusses the arecanut (betel nut) crop. It provides details on:
1) India is the largest producer of arecanuts, with major cultivating states being Karnataka, Kerala, Assam, Tamil Nadu, Meghalaya and West Bengal.
2) Traditionally, arecanuts were harvested by trained climbers, but mechanized harvesters are now used which do not require expertise and allow women and youth to participate.
3) After harvesting, the nuts undergo various processing steps to produce different products like raw nuts, dried nuts (chali/kottapak), and flavored nuts (scented supari). Sundrying and mechanical drying are common methods used.
Tamarind is a plant with various parts that are used in herbal medicine. It contains organic acids, vitamins, minerals, fats, and other compounds. Its uses include as a laxative, for weight loss, and as an antioxidant. It has anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral properties. Tamarind can interact with anti-diabetic drugs and blood glucose levels, so monitoring is recommended when using it. Potential side effects include increased bleeding risk when combined with other drugs and lowering blood sugar levels.
High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
POST-HARVEST MANAGEMENT OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTSSubham Dwivedi
This document discusses the post-harvest management of medicinal and aromatic plants. It describes that post-harvest management includes cleaning, sorting, packaging, storage, transportation and distribution of harvested crops. It provides technical details of harvesting, drying, packing, storage, transportation and the equipment used. It emphasizes the importance of hygiene, cleaning, sorting and grading of harvested materials and stresses the need for training of personnel involved in post-harvest activities.
Post harvest management and value addition with special reference to asean co...Ramabhau Patil
1. The document discusses post-harvest management and value addition strategies with a focus on ASEAN countries. It summarizes production and post-harvest scenarios in India and key crops in ASEAN countries like rice, fruits and vegetables.
2. Reasons for post-harvest losses during handling and processing of agricultural produce are outlined. Higher value addition through improved post-harvest management can help reduce losses.
3. Common unit operations in post-harvest management of food grains, fruits and vegetables are described including harvesting, drying, storage and transportation methods.
Medicinal plants and their role in e economic development A Presentation By M...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Medicinal plants and their role in e economic development A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Short training Course on "Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , Boon for Enterprise development March 24th to 26th March 2017 at PFI Peshawar
This document summarizes information on several minor fruits found in India, including their botanical details, places of origin, genetic resources collected, and promising cultivars. It discusses bael, tamarind, lasoda, karonda, khirni, mahua, jamun, and phalsa, providing details on the genetic resources collected for each from various research organizations in India. It also lists some notable cultivars for several fruits, highlighting traits like fruit size, weight, TSS, and yield.
This document provides information on Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), including its botanical classification, traditional medicinal uses, growth requirements, cultivation practices, and yield. It states that Ashwagandha is traditionally used in Ayurveda to treat various symptoms and conditions. The document describes the plant's preferred soil and climate conditions, methods of propagation, planting, fertilization, harvesting, and post-harvest practices. It concludes by stating the typical yield range of 400-1200 kg/ha of dried roots and 200-500 kg/ha of seeds.
This document provides information on lavender, including its botanical name, family, origin, uses, important species, chemical composition, distribution, cultivation areas in India, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, varieties, irrigation, maintenance, harvesting, yields, and essential oil extraction. The key points are: lavender is native to the Mediterranean region; the three main cultivated species are L. angustifolia, L. latifolia, and L. hybrida; its main constituent is linalyl acetate, ranging from 30-60%; and about 10 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained per hectare, with an essential oil content of 0.5-1.1%.
Tamarind: Tamarindus indica is a common fruit tree of the tropics. Leaves, fruit, seeds hold various properties used in healing of diseases in herbal medicine.
This document provides information on the botany, cultivation practices, varieties, and uses of the jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus). It discusses the jackfruit's origin in India, describes several varieties and cultivars grown in different countries, and outlines considerations for its propagation, cultivation, and harvesting. The key points are that jackfruit is an important crop in South and Southeast Asia, known for its large size and nutritional and medicinal properties, and it can be propagated through seed germination or vegetative methods like grafting, layering, and micropropagation.
Mustard is an important rabi oilseed crop grown in temperate regions. It has a seed rate of 4-6 kg/ha and a spacing of 40x10 cm. Under rainfed conditions, it requires 60:40:20 kg/ha of NPK nutrients, while under irrigation 80:40:20 kg/ha of NPK is recommended. Mustard requires 200-300 mm of irrigation, applied in two stages. With proper agronomic management, the average yield of mustard is 400 kg/ha.
Production technology of isabgol (plantago ovata)Delince Samuel
- India is the largest producer of isabgol seeds, with a production of 97500 tonnes annually from 137778 hectares, mainly in the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan.
- The plant is an annual herb that is harvested when the leaves turn yellow and spikes turn brown, indicating maturity. Seeds and husk are then separated through threshing and winnowing.
- Husk production in India is 18-19,000 tonnes annually, with 14,000 tonnes exported mainly to the USA. Seed and husk have various medicinal and industrial uses.
Jackfruit is a tropical fruit native to India that grows on large trees. It is considered the national fruit of Bangladesh. The fruit is high in nutrients and used for many purposes including as a vegetable, in pickles, chips, and leather. India is a major producer of jackfruit, with Kerala being the largest producing state. There is potential to increase production and develop value-added products from jackfruit internationally and in India.
This document provides information about the Eclipta alba (Bhringraj) plant. It discusses the plant family, common names in several languages, distribution throughout tropical regions, agroclimatic requirements of warm temperatures and damp soil, cultivation methods of seed propagation or vegetative cuttings, inputs used, transplanting and aftercare, irrigation needs, pest and disease management, harvesting, yield, cost of cultivation, and medicinal uses to treat various health conditions and prevent greying of hair.
This document is a progress report submitted by Alekh Chandra Sahu, a student at Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Institute of Pharmacy, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Pharmacy degree. It discusses the "Project on Drumstick", focusing on the drumstick plant (Moringa oleifera). It describes the species, cultivation practices, nutritional and medicinal benefits, and modern uses of drumstick. It also provides references used in the project.
This document discusses developing villages in the mountains through nutrition and economy-driven secondary agriculture. It focuses on establishing "eVillages" through end-to-end technology, value chains from cultivation to products and markets, and functional and nutraceutical foods. It highlights various millet crops grown in Uttarakhand like finger millet, barnyard millet, foxtail millet, and their nutritional benefits. Developing value-added millet products and including millets in the public distribution system could provide food and nutritional security in Uttarakhand.
Costus speciosus: Medicinally Wild Edible Stout of OdishaSanjeet Kumar
- Costus speciosus is a wild rhizomatous plant found in Odisha, India that has nutritional and medicinal value. It is used extensively in traditional medicine by rural and tribal people.
- All parts of the plant (leaves, stems, rhizomes, roots, seeds, fruits) are used to treat various diseases like fever, diabetes, mental disorders, pneumonia, rheumatism, and more. The plant contains various bioactive compounds and antioxidants.
- In addition to its medicinal properties, C. speciosus is a good source of nutrients like vitamins, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Mass cultivation of the plant through tissue culture could help conserve it while
Organic farming , Definition , principle, objectives and scope in India.Mehboob Latief
Organic farming avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, relying instead on organic nutrient sources like compost and manure, as well as practices like crop rotation for pest management. The key principles of organic farming are health, ecology, fairness, and care. The objectives of organic farming are to produce high quality, nutritious food sustainably while protecting the environment for future generations. India has emerged as a world leader in certified organic farmland, and organic farming can boost the Indian economy by reducing imports and improving soil and environmental health.
This document discusses the arecanut (betel nut) crop. It provides details on:
1) India is the largest producer of arecanuts, with major cultivating states being Karnataka, Kerala, Assam, Tamil Nadu, Meghalaya and West Bengal.
2) Traditionally, arecanuts were harvested by trained climbers, but mechanized harvesters are now used which do not require expertise and allow women and youth to participate.
3) After harvesting, the nuts undergo various processing steps to produce different products like raw nuts, dried nuts (chali/kottapak), and flavored nuts (scented supari). Sundrying and mechanical drying are common methods used.
Tamarind is a plant with various parts that are used in herbal medicine. It contains organic acids, vitamins, minerals, fats, and other compounds. Its uses include as a laxative, for weight loss, and as an antioxidant. It has anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral properties. Tamarind can interact with anti-diabetic drugs and blood glucose levels, so monitoring is recommended when using it. Potential side effects include increased bleeding risk when combined with other drugs and lowering blood sugar levels.
High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
POST-HARVEST MANAGEMENT OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTSSubham Dwivedi
This document discusses the post-harvest management of medicinal and aromatic plants. It describes that post-harvest management includes cleaning, sorting, packaging, storage, transportation and distribution of harvested crops. It provides technical details of harvesting, drying, packing, storage, transportation and the equipment used. It emphasizes the importance of hygiene, cleaning, sorting and grading of harvested materials and stresses the need for training of personnel involved in post-harvest activities.
Post harvest management and value addition with special reference to asean co...Ramabhau Patil
1. The document discusses post-harvest management and value addition strategies with a focus on ASEAN countries. It summarizes production and post-harvest scenarios in India and key crops in ASEAN countries like rice, fruits and vegetables.
2. Reasons for post-harvest losses during handling and processing of agricultural produce are outlined. Higher value addition through improved post-harvest management can help reduce losses.
3. Common unit operations in post-harvest management of food grains, fruits and vegetables are described including harvesting, drying, storage and transportation methods.
Medicinal plants and their role in e economic development A Presentation By M...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Medicinal plants and their role in e economic development A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Short training Course on "Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , Boon for Enterprise development March 24th to 26th March 2017 at PFI Peshawar
This document summarizes information on several minor fruits found in India, including their botanical details, places of origin, genetic resources collected, and promising cultivars. It discusses bael, tamarind, lasoda, karonda, khirni, mahua, jamun, and phalsa, providing details on the genetic resources collected for each from various research organizations in India. It also lists some notable cultivars for several fruits, highlighting traits like fruit size, weight, TSS, and yield.
This document provides information on Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), including its botanical classification, traditional medicinal uses, growth requirements, cultivation practices, and yield. It states that Ashwagandha is traditionally used in Ayurveda to treat various symptoms and conditions. The document describes the plant's preferred soil and climate conditions, methods of propagation, planting, fertilization, harvesting, and post-harvest practices. It concludes by stating the typical yield range of 400-1200 kg/ha of dried roots and 200-500 kg/ha of seeds.
This document provides information on lavender, including its botanical name, family, origin, uses, important species, chemical composition, distribution, cultivation areas in India, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, varieties, irrigation, maintenance, harvesting, yields, and essential oil extraction. The key points are: lavender is native to the Mediterranean region; the three main cultivated species are L. angustifolia, L. latifolia, and L. hybrida; its main constituent is linalyl acetate, ranging from 30-60%; and about 10 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained per hectare, with an essential oil content of 0.5-1.1%.
Tamarind: Tamarindus indica is a common fruit tree of the tropics. Leaves, fruit, seeds hold various properties used in healing of diseases in herbal medicine.
This document provides information on the botany, cultivation practices, varieties, and uses of the jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus). It discusses the jackfruit's origin in India, describes several varieties and cultivars grown in different countries, and outlines considerations for its propagation, cultivation, and harvesting. The key points are that jackfruit is an important crop in South and Southeast Asia, known for its large size and nutritional and medicinal properties, and it can be propagated through seed germination or vegetative methods like grafting, layering, and micropropagation.
Mustard is an important rabi oilseed crop grown in temperate regions. It has a seed rate of 4-6 kg/ha and a spacing of 40x10 cm. Under rainfed conditions, it requires 60:40:20 kg/ha of NPK nutrients, while under irrigation 80:40:20 kg/ha of NPK is recommended. Mustard requires 200-300 mm of irrigation, applied in two stages. With proper agronomic management, the average yield of mustard is 400 kg/ha.
Production technology of isabgol (plantago ovata)Delince Samuel
- India is the largest producer of isabgol seeds, with a production of 97500 tonnes annually from 137778 hectares, mainly in the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan.
- The plant is an annual herb that is harvested when the leaves turn yellow and spikes turn brown, indicating maturity. Seeds and husk are then separated through threshing and winnowing.
- Husk production in India is 18-19,000 tonnes annually, with 14,000 tonnes exported mainly to the USA. Seed and husk have various medicinal and industrial uses.
Jackfruit is a tropical fruit native to India that grows on large trees. It is considered the national fruit of Bangladesh. The fruit is high in nutrients and used for many purposes including as a vegetable, in pickles, chips, and leather. India is a major producer of jackfruit, with Kerala being the largest producing state. There is potential to increase production and develop value-added products from jackfruit internationally and in India.
This document provides information about the Eclipta alba (Bhringraj) plant. It discusses the plant family, common names in several languages, distribution throughout tropical regions, agroclimatic requirements of warm temperatures and damp soil, cultivation methods of seed propagation or vegetative cuttings, inputs used, transplanting and aftercare, irrigation needs, pest and disease management, harvesting, yield, cost of cultivation, and medicinal uses to treat various health conditions and prevent greying of hair.
This document is a progress report submitted by Alekh Chandra Sahu, a student at Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Institute of Pharmacy, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Pharmacy degree. It discusses the "Project on Drumstick", focusing on the drumstick plant (Moringa oleifera). It describes the species, cultivation practices, nutritional and medicinal benefits, and modern uses of drumstick. It also provides references used in the project.
This document discusses developing villages in the mountains through nutrition and economy-driven secondary agriculture. It focuses on establishing "eVillages" through end-to-end technology, value chains from cultivation to products and markets, and functional and nutraceutical foods. It highlights various millet crops grown in Uttarakhand like finger millet, barnyard millet, foxtail millet, and their nutritional benefits. Developing value-added millet products and including millets in the public distribution system could provide food and nutritional security in Uttarakhand.
This document summarizes information about the medicinal plant Musa paradisiaca, commonly known as banana. It discusses the botanical classification of banana, its distribution in tropical regions, morphological features, chemical constituents, traditional medicinal uses, nutritional value, and pharmacological activities. The key pharmacological activities mentioned are antiurolithiatic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic, antiulcer, anti-diarrheal, hypocholesterolemic, hepatoprotective, and wound healing properties.
1. The document discusses opportunities for a Moringa leaves enterprise in Jabonga, Agusan del Norte, Philippines. It outlines opportunities in herbal products, personal care, fortified foods, feed meals, industrial uses, and more.
2. It describes challenges of limited planting materials and outlines Oxfam's plan to address this by providing loans for materials and empowering women farmers.
3. The plan aims to increase incomes of 72 small farmers and provide supplemental income for 120 women caretakers of seedlings through the Moringa enterprise.
Carbohydrates: Valuable energy source with lower glycemic index compared to grains like rice and wheat helping in better blood sugar control.
Proteins: Millets are relatively rich in protein, particularly when compared to rice and wheat. They provide essential amino acids, making them a valuable protein source.
Dietary Fiber: Millets are packed with dietary fiber, both soluble and insoluble aiding in digestion and supports overall gastrointestinal health.
Fats: Millets contain healthy fats, including essential fatty acids such as linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid. These fats play a role in various bodily functions, including cell membrane structure and inflammation regulation.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Package of practices and recent advances of papayaPawan Nagar
This document provides information about papaya including its introduction, area and production, plant description, varieties, climate and soil requirements, propagation methods, land preparation, planting seasons, and planting density. It discusses papaya's status as the "wonder fruit of the tropics" and outlines its nutritional value and health benefits. Key points include that India is the world's largest producer of papaya, the major producing states, and important papaya varieties such as Pusa Delicious, Pusa Majesty, and CO-1.
India has a great heritage of traditional foods. Every state has its own special food which is consumed in a particular season and occasion. Soru-chakli is one of such traditional food of West Bengal, consumed during rainy season and is made from the batter of raw rice flour and palmyra palm (Borassua flabellifer) pulp. It has an attractive yellow colour and pleasant flavor. The present study has the objectives of documenting the traditional knowledge pertaining to preparing soru-chakli. Traditional knowledge offers enormous potential for development of social-economic conditions of the particular area and state. Therefore, every effort must be made to preserve this traditional knowledge so that they can carry on with their aesthetic beauty & knowledge into prosperity.
The document proposes merging existing herbal supplement products and developing a new combined product. It discusses merging Pil Binari Puteri and Pil Manjakani to create a product for general women's health, and merging Pil Binari and Pil Wanita Manjakani Serapat to create a post-natal care product. The new products would have updated ingredients including Labisia pumila, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Piper longum to provide benefits such as cancer prevention. Market analysis suggests demand for herbal supplements is growing due to health concerns, and the new products could target women aged 18-60 in Malaysia, Asia and globally.
This document provides information about papaya including its introduction, area and production, plant description, varieties, climate and soil requirements, propagation methods, planting seasons and densities. Some key points:
- Papaya is known as the "wonder fruit of the tropics" and India is the second largest producer globally.
- Major producing states are Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh.
- Papaya has male, female and hermaphrodite sex forms and is propagated through seeds or asexual methods like tissue culture.
- Ideal climate includes temperatures between 21-33°C and well-drained soils between pH 6.0-6.5.
THIS IS ALL ABOUT THE BANANA. THE BENEFITS OF BANANA IN MALAYSIA INDUSTRY. WHAT ARE THE PROCESS OF MAKING BANANA AND WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF BANANA THAT CAN BE FOUND IN MALAYSIA. WHAT IS THE PERCENTAGE OF BANANA IN MALAYSIA. HOW CAN BANANA IMPROVES MALAYSIA'S INDUSTRIAL AREA
Scientific Name :- Trichosanthus dioica Roxb.
Common Name :- Parwal, Parmal
Origin :- India/Indo Malayan Region
Chromosome No :- 2n=22
It is a perennial cucurbit.
Mostly cultivated in Bihar, Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Eastern U.P.
This document provides a business plan for producing nutritional supplements from Moringa oleifera trees. The plan proposes producing Moringa capsule supplements, liquid fertilizer, porridge flour, topical ointment, and herbal iodine powder. The major products will be porridge flour and capsules, targeting feeding programs in schools and orphanages across Western Kenya. The business expects to earn a net profit of $491,026 in year 1, $807,777 in year 2, and $124,587 in year 3, with annual sales reaching $2.3 million by year 3. The business aims to alleviate malnutrition and generate livelihoods through utilizing the abundant and underutilized Moringa tree resource in
This document provides information on the kokum fruit tree (Garcinia indica). It describes the tree's origin in southern India and distribution in tropical forests. It outlines the tree's taxonomy and classification. The document discusses the culinary, pharmaceutical and industrial uses of kokum fruit, rind and butter. It also describes the tree's sex types, varieties including the high yielding 'Konkan Amrit' variety, challenges around scattered production and short harvesting periods, and opportunities for popularizing kokum-based products.
This presentation provides information on pulses, including their nutritional composition and processing methods to improve digestibility. Pulses are a good source of protein but also contain anti-nutritional factors. Processing through soaking, germination, cooking, and fermentation can reduce these factors and increase protein availability. Proper processing is important to maximize the nutritional benefits of pulses.
Garcinia cambogia is a tree native to South and Southeast Asia. Its fruit rind contains hydroxycitric acid (HCA), which has been used traditionally and is now a popular weight loss supplement. The document provides details on the plant's description, cultivation, active compounds, traditional uses including weight loss and digestive health, and harvesting of its fruit for medical use.
This document provides information on Bajra and Guarbean, two important forage/fodder crops. It discusses their classification, origin, morphology, cultivation practices, and uses. Bajra is an annual grass grown for its grain and fodder. It originated in Africa and is cultivated in India and Pakistan. Guarbean is an annual legume grown for its edible pods and guar gum. It is thought to have originated in India and Pakistan. Both crops are drought tolerant and provide nutrients beneficial for health.
Horticulture plays an important role in addressing malnutrition issues. It can solve India's malnutrition problems due to the rich nutrient content of fruits and vegetables. Nearly half of Indian children under 3 are underweight or stunted, which will impact future workforce development. Horticulture is also economically, aesthetically, and environmentally important. It provides high yields, returns, and employment while improving air quality and preventing erosion. Focusing on horticulture can better utilize land and meet calorie needs compared to field crops like wheat. It also supports industries and employment throughout the year.
Banana is a perennial herb that originated in Southeast Asia. It is a nutritious fruit high in vitamin B6, potassium, and fiber. India is the second largest producer of bananas globally. The three main commercial varieties grown are dwarf cavendish, robusta, and poovan. Bananas are propagated primarily through vegetative division using suckers from mature plants. They grow best in tropical climates with high humidity and temperatures between 15-35°C. Deep, well-drained soil is ideal for cultivation.
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Enterprise Management Capability Through Makhana(Euryale ferox Salisb.) Production System Management.pptx
1. Bhola Paswan Shastri agricultural College
purnea , 854302
ICAR ELU-A PRESENTATION ON :-Enterprise Management Capability Through
Makhana(Euryale ferox Salisb.) Production System Management
Submitted to:-
ICAR-ELU
ELp MAKHANA
Dept. of Horticulture
Presented by:
Ankit Raj
Roll no. BPSAC/……..
Sem: 8th , year : 4th
B.Sc.(Hons.)Ag
2. Objectives of
Experiential
Learning
Programme
ElP –The Experiential Learning
Programme aims for promoting professional
skills and knowledge through hands on
experience, building confidence and ability to
work in project mode and acquire enterprise
management capabilities.
Objective:-
•To develop skill among UG students in Makhana
production system and marketing.
•To develop skill among UG students in better utilization
of field through suitable crops.eg.-pond bund and slope of
bund space can be utilized in the production of vegetables
and short canopy fruit crops.
•To develop enterprise management capability
•To build confidence among students to develop and
manage wetland as an important economic activity.
•It also aims to install greater confidence, competitiveness
and competence among the graduates to meet needs of
private sector and to undertake self-employment in
vocations of their choice.
3. Introduction
History of Makhana
Morphology of Makhana
Distribution of Makhana
Nutritional and Medicinal Value of
Makhana
Makhana and Ayurveda and Its
Medicinal Value
Varieties of Makhana
Makhana Cultivation
Activities carried out during
experiential learning programme
(Makhana package and practice )
Online CBP training on
"Strengthening of
Makhana Value Chain in
Bihar" on 16-20 June
2021
Post Harvesting
Value Added Products
and by product
Swot analysis
Kisan mela
Conclusion
4. Classification Description
Kingdom Plantae
Class Angiosperm
Order Nymphaeales
Family Nymphaeaceae
Genus Euryale
Species ferox
Sub species Salisb.
Makhana – the global food really needs no introduction. This popular
super food has travelled the globe and forms a part of daily lives of
all health freaks
Makhana as a crop is grown since century before by the farmers of
Bihar. It is an aquatic plant with large spherical floating leaves. The
flower is pink to purple in colour which is solitary terminal in position.
Spines are present on the whole plant including the leaves and the
rootstalk. The flowers are cleistogamous and predominantly self
pollinated
Botanical name- Euryale Ferox Salisb
Chromosome no- 58
Common Name - Makhana, Phool
Makhana, foxnut
Major makhana
producing state
Bihar
Propagated through- Seed only
A diploid aquatic plat (2n)
MAKHANA- AN INTRODUCTION
5. History of Makhana
o Makhana’s presence dates back
to more than 200 years ago. The
origin of cultivation of Makhana
took place at Madhubani, a
popular Mithilanchal region of
Bihar.
Bihar: In the Process of getting the
prestigious GI tag for Makhana.
Makhana has started getting
distributed to rest of the world
from Madhubani. Also called as the
black diamond, Makhana is in the
process of getting the Geographical
Indication Tag which will give a
huge boost to exports of Makhana
to other parts of the country.
Stringent tests of quality are done
before any produce of a region gets
the GI tag.
Makhana in Indian Mythology
o Makhana has been a part of every
religious practice and rituals.
o Makhana has been considered as a
“Satvik Bhojan” that is offered to
idols of Gods and Goddesses
o In Jain community, both
Svetambara and Digambara are
very particular about their food
intake during fasts and Pooja.
o Makhana is considered pure during
Pooja and Havens during Hindu
ceremony. People observing fasts
during Navratri and Durga Pooja
have Makhana as a food to eat.
o Makhana is very famous option
even in Muslim community during
Ramazan. People observe Roza or
fast and eat Makhana in different
forms
6. MORPHOLOGY OF MAKHANA
Makhana is an aquatic and floating leaf emergent
macrophyte . It does not bear stem but the rootstalks are
short, thick and fibrous comprising 3 to 5 clusters, each
consisting of about 15 rootlets.
The leaves are orbicular, floating, green and deep
purple beneath, supported by stout, porous & prickly
ribs Each fruit consists of 20-25 seeds, which are small.
The full-grown leaves are of 1.2 - 1.5 m in diameter .
The leaves have a quilted texture, although the stems,
flowers, and leaves which float on the surface are
covered in sharp prickles. Other leaves are submerged
Fig:- leaf of makhana
Fig:-Dorsal view of leaf
Fig:-Makhana flower
Fig ;-Mature fruit
stage
Fig:-Popped makhana
Fig:-Makhana seed
7. The plant is cultivated for its seeds in lowland ponds in
India, China, and Japan. The Chinese have cultivated
the plant for centuries.
. In India, it is cultivated in an area of 20,000ha. Out of
which 80% areas is in Bihar. The average production
and productivity of Makhana crop in Bihar is 3.19 lakh
Q and 21.25q/ha, respectively.
At present 40-45 %of Makhana crop is cultivated in
low land rice field condition and rest are traditionally
grown in the pond system.
Global Distribution of Makhana
With E-commerce and online sales, World has
become a global village. Manufacturers in
developing countries like India are getting
orders from another end of the world with a
click of a button. E-commerce has given a big
boost to the exports of Makhana.
Makhana is highly popular in countries such as
India, China , Japan, and Thailand. The
potential of the Makhana market in Western
countries such as the UK and the US is still
untapped.
Production of fox-nut in Bihar
Districts and cities including
Darbhanga, Madhubani, Saharsa,
Katihar, Purnea, Supaul,
Kishanganj, Araria and Sitamarhi
are major producers of Makhana.
SN GENERAL DISTRIBUTION COMMERCIAL CULTIVATION AREAS
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
West Bengal
Assam
Manipur
Tripura
Meghalaya
Eastern Odisha
Madhya Pradesh
Chhattisgarh
Rajasthan
Eastern Uttar Pradesh
BIHAR:
Darbhanga, Sitamarhi, Madhubani,
Saharsa, Supaul, Katihar Purina,
Araria, & Kishanganj
9. Fox nut has a low Glycaemic Index (GI),
which means that is slowly absorbed by the
body and does not shoot the sugar level in
human beings. Therefore, it is also helpful for
people suffering for diabetes.
High Fiber Content: High fiber acts as an
absorbent and is helpful for the body, in heart
management, keeping the body fit and fine.
Low in Calories, fox nuts can be eaten on a
daily basis in different forms to regulate
normal body functions. It is advisable to
consult a health management expert regarding
that quantity that can be consumed every day.
High in Potassium and also contains Vitamin
B1, carotene, iodine, iron, and phosphorous in
addition to calcium.
The natural sodium content in makhana is
insignificant which is also helpful to manage
blood pressure
Makhana -The Indian Superfood
Makhana is considered to be one of the
most potent Indian super foods
Makhana due to its different nutritional
and healing properties have also found a
lot of use in Ayurveda and also the
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).
Potent source of carbohydrates, fiber,
plant-based protein, nutrients including
magnesium, potassium, phosphorous,
iron and zinc to name a few.
Small and white puffed seeds are also
low in fat and sodium.
The magnesium content present in
makhanaseeds also makes them useful
for those suffering from high blood
pressure, heart disease, diabetes and
obesity.
Makhana is also known to have an anti-
aging enzyme that assists in repairing
damaged cells and proteins.
10. NUTRITIONALAND MEDICINAL VALUE
OF MAKHANA
Parameter Raw Makhana
content
Popped Makhana
Content
Carbohydrate 76.9% 84.9%
Protien 9.7% 9.5%
Fat 0.1% 0.5%
Moisture 12.8% 4%
Calorific value 362kcal/100g 328kcal/100g
Nutritionl value
11. It very beneficial and interacts
positively with most medicinal
systems and supplements.
It is widely used in Ayurveda
and Traditional Chinese
Medicine. Also makhana or
lotus seeds do not react with
homeopathic medicine.
Good Digestion:
Makhana Seeds have a
cold potency, balances
Vata and Pitta dosha
because of these
properties having
makhana regularly is
advised in Ayurved.
Anti-Ageing: Makhana
seeds have naturally
occurring anti-ageing
enzymes and properties,
Anti-Inflammatory:
Excellent source of
various important
minerals require by
human body including
protein, magnesium,
iron, zinc and
phosphorous it act as
anti-inflammatory
substances and protect
the human body from a
number of inflammation
related diseases.
Improving Sexual Performance: It helps in
improving the sexual performance. This property of
makhana is referred to as “Vrushya” in Ayurveda.
These seeds also ensure a safe pregnancy, also
known as “Garbha Sansthapaka”
Reduces Fatigue: In Ayurvedic
treatment, Makhana seeds are often
prescribed for reducing fatigue.
12. Makhana In Diabetes-(Type 2 diabetes )Makhanas come as a relief to a
diabetic patient as it is not only low in calories but also high in taste.
Makhana A Wonder Nut for pregnant women-Makhana is apt when it
comes to providing essential vitamins to women.
Makhana is packed with high level of B vitamins, amino acids and
antioxidants calcium that helps in maintaining the bone density of women,
helps in better growth of the fetus. It also helps in balancing the hormones
during pregnancy.
Makhana has been known to cure diseases like cardiovascular
diseases, obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure etc. Makhanas seeds and
flakes are known for having low sodium and high potassium which helps
in overall health of people with heart conditions. The high potassium helps
decrease the blood pressure levels among patients having High blood
pressure.
There are a number of women suffering from PCOD/PCOS (polycystic
Ovarian Syndrome). Such individuals often develop resistance to insulin
due to excess weight gain and hormonal imbalance. Consuming food such
as makhana with low GI helps in maintaining an optimal weight and
overcoming the ailment.
Food with low GI, improve the mental alertness, cognitive performance
by providing a steady and sustained release of energy to the brain. During
childhood and growing up years also, it is important that well balanced and
nutritional food with low index is given to children for better learning
ability and improved concentration.
13. SWARN VAIDEHI-
First ever variety of Makhana released in India. for Bihar,
Assam, Chhattisgarh and Odisha on 15th November, 2013.
This variety developed through pure line selection
It has ’seed yield-28-30 q/ha the production potential in
farmers’ field which is almost two fold higher than the
productivity of traditional cultivars & pop recovery 35-40
percent
The variety of makhana has been developed and released
by ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna,
for the first time in India.
The seeds of Swarna Vaidehi are bold with average
productivity of 28— 30 q/ha. variety showed 60 per cent
higher seed yield compared to local check.
Seeds of Swarn Vaidehi
leaf of Swarn
Vaidehi
Fig: Seeds, field view and Pop of Swarn
14. SABOUR MAKHANA-1:-
Sabour Makhana-1 are suitable for Bihar, Assam,
Chhattisgarh and Odisha regions of the Country.
Seed (Guri) yield of 32-35q/ha and pop , recovery of 55-60
per cent as compared to ‘Swarn Vaidehi’(seed yield-28-30
q/ha & pop recovery 35-40 per cent only) and other
genotypes under test.
It is moderately field resistant to important insect pests viz.,
Aphid, Case worm, leaf Midge (Chironomus spp.)
It is also moderately field resistant to Leaf blight disease
(Altenariaspp).
Maturity range of seed is 240-250 days.
It has large spherical leaf, dark purple flowers, medium size
fruit; small, oval and smooth seeds with very thin seed
coat(0.29mm).
Fig: Seeds of Sabour Makhana-1
Pop of Sabour Makhana-
15. Nursery Management in the Field
Land Preparation and Inter-culture Operations
Transplantation-Transplant seedlings when they are-Seedlings are uprooted from
nursery pond at 60-65 days after sowing for transplanting in mainfield.
Maintain inter row spacing- of 1.25m x 1.25m
Complete the transplanting within February to March to achieve higher yield
Carry out gap filling where and when required.
Weed Management-The weeds need to be kept under control especially during early
stages after transplanting
Insect Pest Management-In field system, Crop is moderately resistance to important
insect pests
In pond system, application of Neem cake@ 2 q/ha at the time of last
ploughing/planting + foliar sprays of Neem Seed Kernel Extract @ 5% at 25 days
interval from 40 Days After Transplanting(DAT) could be useful to prevent and
control insect pest attack.
Disease management-Apply Foliar spray of Neem Seed Kernel Extract @ 5% at 25
days' interval from 40 Days After Transplanting(DAT) to very effective against Leaf
blight disease /Altenaria spp.)
Irrigation Management-Standing water (minimum 6 inch) should be maintained in
main field from transplanting to flower initiation i.e. up to first fort night of April.
Thereafter, the depth is to be increased to one foot and continued to maturity as well
as harvesting (buharai) of Makhana seed (Gurri)i.e. up to first fort night of August in
field condition.
In pond system standing water (minimum 3 feet and maximum 7 feet) should be
maintained.
This practice helps in good plant establishment and weed control
16. 1.Site selection and discussion on land preparation for Makhana cultivation
On 13 February 2021, Dr. Pankaj Yadav sir, Addressed site for cultivation of makhana. 22 plots of
30m length and 10m width were allotted to each student group. One was allotted to me in group of 2
student. Allotment of plot is done for cultivation of makhana and its better management of field.
2.Collection of soil sample – Each sample collected by us is a true representative of the
area being sampled. Utility of the results was obtained from our laboratory analysis depends on
the sampling precision. Hence, we have done collection of large number of samples.
I Collected 13 samples from each sampling unit in zig zag manner
After collecting soil :- Quartering is done
by dividing the thoroughly mixed sample
into four equal parts. I discarded two
opposite quarters and remaining two
quarters are remixed and the process
repeat until the desired sample size is
obtained
17. Continued
• Proper sanitation of the plot by removing the all weed from the plot.
• Tillage practice done properly with spade to loosen the soil to all plot
Before Preparation of field
Fig: Field preparation at BPSAC Farm
Fig: Prepared field
18. Prepared the plots
for water filling
Continued
Fig : Water filling in plots
4.Water filling in plot –
Depth of water in field system
should be minimum 6 inch
Depth of water in pond system
should be maximum 5-6 ft
19. TRANSPLANT
ING
Transplanting
stage of
sapling is 55-
60 days after
sowing when
the sapling
bears 4-5 light
green leaves
with soft
spines.
Spacing done
is 1.25x1.25m
Germinated seeds early stage of plant ready for transplanting stage
Fig: Uprooting the saplings from nursery
Fig: Transplanting of saplings in main
field
(during 1st week of March)
20. REGULAR VISIT( FOR WEED
MANAGEMENT)
• Regular visit of field and removal of aquatic weeds from the
plots
• 2-3 manual weeding in early stage till the water surface
covered by Makhana leaves
Fig: Removing of aquatic weed
Fig:Weed & algae infestation
Fig: After weeding
Major weeds which we came
across in the makhana field
were:
1. Marsilea quadrifolia
2. Eichhornia crassipes
3. Ipomoea aquatica
4. Azolla pinnata
5. Cyperus difformis
6. Hydrilla verticillate
Fig:Infestation of
Ipomoea aquatica
21. We were visiting Makhana plots regularly
during this period we observed- various
types of weeds, insects, pests & diseases
and also observed morphological changes
in Makhana plant.
Fig. At Regular Field Inspection
BPSAC Makhana Plot visit
22. HARVESTING OF
MAKHANA
Agri-innovation for the harvesting of Makhana by
BPSAC, Purnea
Since, harvesting of makhana is a labour intensive as
well as a tedious task, the innovation of this machine
with easily available components and that too at low
cost makes it feasible. The costs incurred is around 1.2-
1.5 lakh for making it from scratch.
And, thus it can be considered that the machine will
provide great relief to the growers by saving them time
as well expenses Fig: Demonstration of Makhana
harvester in Kisan Mela 2021at
BAU,Sabour
The suction pumps
that brings up the
seeds
Fig:Fully mature makhana plant
Fig:Flowering & fruit setting
Fig:Mature fruit stage
Mature fruit bursting Harvesting /sweeping of Makhana
seeds from bottom of pond
Harvested, threshed&
cleaned Makhana seeds
Makhana seeds should be collected in late summer and
early autumn.
The optimum harvesting time is 2nd fortnight of July to
1st fortnight of August.
Harvesting &Processing of seed is still carried out by
traditional method(Manually)
Seed (Guri) yield is around 32-35 q/hac
23. We had been assigned to survey farmers and learn from them the
package and practices they follow and the contrivances they face in their
daily lives.
As a part of the survey, I met Mr. Md. Mohusadh Alam who had been
field method of makhana cultivation.
Problems faced by him-
Before ripening of fruit get distorted because of insect pest infestation.
Lack of a regulated market Price Goes Up and down. Some time they
have to sell at low price
Harvesting issue.
Not Satisfied with seed quality that they are use to grow .
Fig. Survey and Interaction With Makhana Farmar
1. Name Mr. Md Mohusdha Alam
2. Address Kishanganj
3. Mobile Number 7766869066
4. Source of knowledge Traditional farmer
5. Area 22acre
6. Mode of cultivation Field system
7. Mode of irrigation Rainfed as well as irrigated
8. Record of soil testing No
9. Source of seeds From paikar
10. Crop duration Jan- Sep
11. Crop pattern Makhana- fish-Makhana
12. Yield 1-1.2q/acre
Bata, Cattla and Rehu, Glass Carp
24. Online CBP training on "Strengthening of Makhana Value Chain in Bihar" on 16-
20 June 2021
Due to the entry COVID-19 19 2nd wave in India led to a shutdown in most of
the states of India, effective in Bihar from mid-April with the orders of
Government of Bihar.
I am very thankful to my teachers and to the education system that protected us
from collapsing and providing us with constant learning through digital media
and updated us with the ELU proceedings and others.
Due to lockdown, we could not proceed beyond Transplanting and Weed
Management and stayed at home, continuing everything in online mode.
25. During COVID 19 2nd wave lockdown, We have attended online capacity
building programme entitled “Strengthening of Makhana Value Chain in
Bihar” organized by Bhola Paswan Paswan Shastri Agricultural College ,
Purnea, and sponsored by MANAGE, Hyderabad scheduled on
16to20.06.2021,which was organized on the auspicious occasion of 11th
Foundation Day of BPSAC, purnia
Fig. Online CBP training on "Strengthening of Makhana Value Chain in Bihar"
26. I also attended the EXPERIENTIAL
LEARNING SERIES conducted by Bihar
agricultural university, Sabour. By
considering the COVID 19 pandemic
situation, for the benefits of undergraduate
students in the field of agriculture and allied
sciences, the BAU organized lecture series on
Experiential Learning Programme. As a part of
this experiential learning series, lectures
delivered by Dr. P. S. Panday , Dr. Shridhar
Patil, By Dr. Ahmar Aftab and Shridhar
Patil.
27. Step 1: Makhana
Seeds kept in pond
Step 2:
Drying of
seeds
Step 3: Sieving
through 16
sieves
Step 4:
Frying of
seeds
Step 5: Manual
popping Ready for
popping
Ready for
transportation
28. Makhana pop has highly relished food consumed as namkeen, snacks, kheer, curry,
breakfast cereals and so forth. Popped Makhana is used in the preparation of a number of
delicious and rich sweet dishes like Makhana kheer, vermicelli, halwa, flour, puddings and
various other sweet dishes. The Flour produced from Makhana is used as substitute of
Arrow Root. The flour is also used to make delicious dishes like sweet meat, soups,
Makhana kheer and as thickener in different foods preparations.
29. SWOT ANALYSIS OF MAKHANA
SECTOR.
Bihar is the highest producer and also have
skilled labour about makhana cultivation
Basic traditional knowledge
High nutritive and medicinal value
Can be grown in flooded areas or high water
table areas i.e. utilization of wetlands
Export potential quite high
Strengths
Lack of awareness about its capacity
Lack of risk taking ability
Lack of infrastructural processing
facilities
Silting and Eutrophication of water
bodies (algal deposit)
Weakness
Geographical condition of Bihar Promote its
Cultivation.
Lots of Value added Makhana products
Still more innovations can be done by using this
product
Commercial production of makhana
Scope of socio-economic improvement
Scope of a integrated farming approach
Opportunities
Sometime climate get adverse for it.
Migration of skilled workers to other
states for employment
Shifting riverbeds and recurring
flooding
Shrinkage of Water bodies
Threats
30. ACTIVELY PARTICIPATED IN KISAN
MELA(20-22ND FEB 2021)
Actively participated in “Kisan Mela-cum-
Agri Expo”. We as a team member , prepared
a model Of “Integrated Farming System” to
present in Kisan Mela at BAU, Sabour,
under the guidance of our Respected
Principal sir (Dr Paras Nath) , Dr. Anil
Kumar & Dr. Pankaj Yadav.
Team members : Miss Ankit Raj, Miss Sakshi
suman, Miss Shobha kumari, Mr Ankit Raj,
Mr Rahul Rai, Mr Neelabh Singh, Mr Nitish
Gaurav, Mr Mayank..
Our college participated in Kisan mela 2021 together
with the student of Experiential Learning Programme for
the Demonstration of Makhana harvester ( Agri-
Innovation of our college BPSAC,PURNEA). Our college
got first prize for stall presentation .
31. Makhana Cultivation is a very tedious painful process from farm to our plate
Makhana Cultivation is a profitable farming business if it done by scientific manner with proper
skill and using modern technique
Innovative Skill and Modern Improved Machinery may bring revolutionary change in makhana
farming and processing.
If by some mean, I Realized in process of ELP if it became possible to make affable Spine-less
makhana plant with the help of biotechnology-engineering then it will be the game changer for
makhana cultivation.
Still there is a need of more innovation in this field so that we can reach up to more then 90%
popping percentage of seed.
There is a need of innovation in harvesting process of makhana seed
There is a need of more research and survey how it helps to resolve the health issues So that more
popularity of this product can be raised among the people
Lack of knowledge among farmers for new variety and cropping pattern is another challenge.
Lack of risk taking ability for new farmers for the cultivation and processing of this product.
Lack of Processing plants is another issue towards connectivity
Lack of FPOs formation too results in backwardness.
This EL Program gave us the opportunity to have practical exposure of surrounding environment &
different aspects of Makhana production . We learnt Inculcation of art of listening and art of
negotiation , Confidence in addressing realistic problems , Development of skill of group formation,
group action and on field management , Understanding farming process at ground level.
Overall, the duration of this whole program made us more knowledgeable and experienced in field
activities and prepared us for many future endeavors. I want to express my sincere gratitude towards
Scientists, members of college, farmers, and my batchmates for making this journey of 6 month
memorable , beneficial and educational.