This document provides information on the Enterobacteriaceae family of bacteria, including their characteristics, pathogenicity, and methods for identification. Some key points:
- Enterobacteriaceae are Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic rods that are normal inhabitants of the intestinal tract but can also cause infections.
- Identification involves examining colony morphology on selective media like MacConkey agar and evaluating biochemical reactions such as lactose fermentation, indole production, and citrate utilization.
- Biochemical tests including TSI, IMViC, and growth on EMB agar help differentiate bacterial genera within Enterobacteriaceae.
- Pathogenic members include Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia,
Enteroviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses that are transmitted through the fecal-oral route and can cause a variety of mild to severe infections. There are over 100 serotypes including poliovirus, coxsackie virus, and echovirus. Common symptoms include fever, rash, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, myocarditis, aseptic meningitis, and herpangina. Treatment is usually supportive as there are no antiviral medications; prevention relies on good hygiene and vaccination against poliovirus.
1. Meningococcal infection, caused by Neisseria meningitidis, manifests as meningitis or septicemia. It is a serious and life-threatening disease, especially in children.
2. N. meningitidis is a gram-negative coccus that colonizes the nasopharynx initially before invading the bloodstream and meninges. Virulence factors like capsular polysaccharides and pili aid in invasion and evading the immune system.
3. Diagnosis involves identifying the organism from blood or CSF cultures. Treatment involves antibiotics like ceftriaxone or penicillin. Outcomes range from full recovery to death, with purpura fulminans carrying the
Yersinia pestis is a gram-negative rod that causes plague. It is primarily transmitted between rodents like rats, mice and squirrels via flea bites. Humans are accidental hosts. There are three main forms of plague infection: bubonic plague causes swollen lymph nodes, septicemic plague causes fever and hypotension, and pneumonic plague causes cough and bloody sputum. Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis can cause gastrointestinal illness in humans after consuming contaminated food, especially pork.
1) COVID-19 infection in children is generally mild and self-limiting compared to adults, with most children recovering within 1-2 weeks. Symptoms are similar to adults but milder.
2) While infection rates are lower in children, infants may be at higher risk for severe illness. Asymptomatic transmission is still possible.
3) Diagnosis is made through RT-PCR testing of respiratory samples. Chest CT may show ground-glass opacities or consolidations.
4) Treatment is supportive and includes oxygen therapy. Antivirals like lopinavir/ritonavir are being studied but no proven therapy currently exists.
Acute infections of the nervous system like bacterial meningitis can be life-threatening if not recognized and treated early. The document discusses various acute infections including bacterial meningitis, viral meningitis, encephalitis, and fungal infections. It provides details on the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of bacterial meningitis, which is often characterized by the classic triad of fever, headache, and neck stiffness, and requires prompt lumbar puncture and antibiotic treatment to identify the pathogen and prevent complications.
Yersinia includes human pathogens Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and Y. enterocolitica. Y. pestis causes plague, a zoonotic disease transmitted by fleas that has caused several pandemics throughout history. Currently it remains endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, and Americas, causing thousands of cases annually. Yersiniosis is caused by Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica through consumption of contaminated food or water, commonly presenting as self-limiting gastroenteritis. Both diseases are diagnosed through culture, biochemical tests, and serology to identify the Yersinia species. Prevention focuses on flea control for plague and food safety for yers
The document discusses the treatment of febrile children, including non-specific treatments like rest, diet, and symptom relief as well as specific treatments targeting the infectious cause. It describes maculopapular rashes seen in various infectious diseases like measles, rubella, and scarlet fever. Prevention and treatment of complications through vaccination or immunoglobulin administration is also covered.
Enteroviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses that are transmitted through the fecal-oral route and can cause a variety of mild to severe infections. There are over 100 serotypes including poliovirus, coxsackie virus, and echovirus. Common symptoms include fever, rash, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, myocarditis, aseptic meningitis, and herpangina. Treatment is usually supportive as there are no antiviral medications; prevention relies on good hygiene and vaccination against poliovirus.
1. Meningococcal infection, caused by Neisseria meningitidis, manifests as meningitis or septicemia. It is a serious and life-threatening disease, especially in children.
2. N. meningitidis is a gram-negative coccus that colonizes the nasopharynx initially before invading the bloodstream and meninges. Virulence factors like capsular polysaccharides and pili aid in invasion and evading the immune system.
3. Diagnosis involves identifying the organism from blood or CSF cultures. Treatment involves antibiotics like ceftriaxone or penicillin. Outcomes range from full recovery to death, with purpura fulminans carrying the
Yersinia pestis is a gram-negative rod that causes plague. It is primarily transmitted between rodents like rats, mice and squirrels via flea bites. Humans are accidental hosts. There are three main forms of plague infection: bubonic plague causes swollen lymph nodes, septicemic plague causes fever and hypotension, and pneumonic plague causes cough and bloody sputum. Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis can cause gastrointestinal illness in humans after consuming contaminated food, especially pork.
1) COVID-19 infection in children is generally mild and self-limiting compared to adults, with most children recovering within 1-2 weeks. Symptoms are similar to adults but milder.
2) While infection rates are lower in children, infants may be at higher risk for severe illness. Asymptomatic transmission is still possible.
3) Diagnosis is made through RT-PCR testing of respiratory samples. Chest CT may show ground-glass opacities or consolidations.
4) Treatment is supportive and includes oxygen therapy. Antivirals like lopinavir/ritonavir are being studied but no proven therapy currently exists.
Acute infections of the nervous system like bacterial meningitis can be life-threatening if not recognized and treated early. The document discusses various acute infections including bacterial meningitis, viral meningitis, encephalitis, and fungal infections. It provides details on the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of bacterial meningitis, which is often characterized by the classic triad of fever, headache, and neck stiffness, and requires prompt lumbar puncture and antibiotic treatment to identify the pathogen and prevent complications.
Yersinia includes human pathogens Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and Y. enterocolitica. Y. pestis causes plague, a zoonotic disease transmitted by fleas that has caused several pandemics throughout history. Currently it remains endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, and Americas, causing thousands of cases annually. Yersiniosis is caused by Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica through consumption of contaminated food or water, commonly presenting as self-limiting gastroenteritis. Both diseases are diagnosed through culture, biochemical tests, and serology to identify the Yersinia species. Prevention focuses on flea control for plague and food safety for yers
The document discusses the treatment of febrile children, including non-specific treatments like rest, diet, and symptom relief as well as specific treatments targeting the infectious cause. It describes maculopapular rashes seen in various infectious diseases like measles, rubella, and scarlet fever. Prevention and treatment of complications through vaccination or immunoglobulin administration is also covered.
Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, also known by their taxonomic names Human alphaherpesvirus 1 and Human alphaherpesvirus 2, are two members of the human Herpesviridae family, a set of viruses that produce viral infections in the majority of humans. Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 are very common and contagious.
This document discusses the diagnostic approach for meningitis. It outlines the most common etiological agents which can cause meningitis including bacteria like Neisseria meningitidis, viruses like enteroviruses and herpes viruses, fungi such as Cryptococcus neoformans, and parasites including Entamoeba histolytica. The diagnostic approach involves clinical presentation, laboratory examination of cerebrospinal fluid including analysis of cell count, biochemistry, culture and microscopy, as well as blood tests and molecular methods if initial tests are negative. Lumbar puncture to obtain CSF is the mainstay of diagnosis, allowing for analysis of physical characteristics, biochemical features and cytological examination of the fluid.
Serious worm infections are common in parts of the world outside of western countries. There are three major types of pathogenic worms: tapeworms, roundworms, and flukes. Worms that penetrate the gut or travel through the lungs can cause symptoms like eosinophilia or respiratory issues. Diagnosis is usually based on finding the worm, its eggs, or larvae in samples or through serological tests. Common worms include tapeworms like beef and pig tapeworms, roundworms like hookworm and filarial worms that cause elephantiasis, and flukes like those that cause schistosomiasis.
Infectious mononucleosis (im) and epstein barr virusRashad Idrees
This document discusses infectious mononucleosis (IM) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV is a herpes virus that causes IM. IM presents as fever, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, and lymphocytosis. While most cases resolve in 2 weeks, complications can occasionally occur. Diagnosis involves detecting heterophile antibodies or EBV serology. Treatment is symptomatic and management focuses on rest. Shingles is also discussed, caused by reactivation of varicella zoster virus. It presents as a rash in dermatomal distributions, and postherpetic neuralgia can occur. Antiviral treatment can reduce symptoms and the vaccine prevents shingles.
A 30-year-old man from Yemen presented with fever and dyspnea for three weeks. He had a history of occasional smoking and unclear sexual history. On examination, he had rapid breathing and oxygen saturation of 91% on room air. Initial tests showed leukopenia and elevated LDH. Chest X-ray showed diffuse bilateral infiltrates. Given his symptoms and test results, Pneumocystis pneumonia was suspected as the cause of his dyspnea. Treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was recommended, with alternatives available for patients with sulfamethoxazole allergy.
Lecture 12- Medical Mycology- Blastomycosis.ppthabtamu biazin
Blastomycosis is caused by the dimorphic fungus Blastomyces dermatitidis, which lives in soil containing organic debris like wood and animal droppings. It commonly infects the lungs and skin through activities that disrupt soil, especially in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys in the US. The fungus exists in both yeast and mold forms, and diagnosis involves culturing samples at different temperatures to induce conversion between forms or using DNA probes to identify the mold form. Serological tests can also detect antibodies, though results may be delayed. Treatment involves antifungal drugs like amphotericin B or ketoconazole.
- There is an estimated 1 million people worldwide who have TB and HIV co-infection, with a high burden in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.
- People living with HIV are 26-31 times more likely to develop TB than those without HIV. TB is the most common illness in those with HIV and a major cause of HIV-related death.
- Clinical manifestations of TB in those with HIV depend on immune deficiency level, ranging from typical localized TB to atypical disseminated forms with more advanced HIV disease. Diagnosis involves screening algorithms, radiography, sputum smear microscopy, mycobacterial culture, and molecular and serological tests.
The document discusses different types of viral hepatitis, including Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. It provides details on the classification, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and prevention of each viral hepatitis type. It notes that Hepatitis A and E are typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route due to contaminated food or water, while Hepatitis B, C and D are transmitted through blood or bodily fluids. Vaccines exist for Hepatitis A and B but not the others.
The document discusses Pneumocystis jirovecii, formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii, the fungus that causes Pneumocystis pneumonia. It was renamed in 1999. It describes the morphology of the organism including its trophozoite, precyst, and cyst forms. It also discusses the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis including staining techniques, treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and prevention with chemoprophylaxis for at-risk patients.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Rickettsiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that can cause diseases like Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus. They are transmitted through arthropod bites like ticks, mites and fleas. Common symptoms include fever, headache and rash. Diagnosis involves serologic tests detecting IgM and IgG antibodies. Doxycycline is the treatment of choice. Clinical features along with exposure history and serology can help diagnose rickettsial infections.
This document discusses Listeria monocytogenes, which causes listeriosis. It is the only strain of Listeria that infects humans. It most commonly causes CNS listeriosis in neonates, elderly, and immunocompromised adults. Early diagnosis and treatment with ampicillin or penicillin plus gentamicin is important, as the mortality rate of CNS listeriosis is high. Survivors often experience neurologic sequelae.
Lecture 3. diseases caused by bacterial infectionIffah Raniya
This document provides an overview of bacterial skin diseases and infections. It discusses several gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus and Streptococcus that can cause infections. It describes common skin infections from Staphylococcus like folliculitis and boils. It also covers Streptococcus and the skin infection of scarlet fever. The document further discusses gram-negative pathogens such as Pseudomonas, Vibrio, E. coli, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Neisseriae that can infect the skin. It provides details on diseases associated with these bacteria and their characteristics, transmission, pathogenesis and symptoms.
Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, is caused by the Salmonella Typhi bacteria which is typically spread through contaminated food or water. It causes a systemic infection and symptoms include a sustained fever along with abdominal pain. Without treatment, it can cause severe complications and even death. The disease is diagnosed through blood, stool, or urine cultures and treated with antibiotics like fluoroquinolones for at least two weeks. Prevention involves handwashing, drinking boiled water, and getting vaccinated which is especially important for those traveling to areas where typhoid is common.
1. The document describes a case of meningococcal meningitis in a 14-year-old male student who presented with high fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, stiff neck and confusion. Examination found a positive Kernig's sign and white blood cell counts were elevated in both blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
2. The document then provides background information on meningococcal meningitis, including that it is caused by Neisseria meningitidis bacteria, signs and symptoms, routes of transmission, risk groups, treatment which includes antibiotics and supportive care, and prevention through vaccination and chemoprophylaxis of close contacts.
3. Differential diagnoses and diagnostic testing are also
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. It is classified based on the site and severity of infection into cutaneous, mucocutaneous, diffuse cutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. It is transmitted by the bite of infected sand flies. The parasite exists in three forms - amastigotes within macrophages, promastigotes in the sand fly gut, and paramastigotes during transmission between hosts. Clinical features vary depending on the infecting species and immune response. Diagnosis involves demonstration of the parasite or use of tests like the leishmanin skin test, histopathology, culture, or PCR.
This document provides information on HIV/AIDS, including its history, epidemiology, definition, characteristics, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations by system, opportunistic infections, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points are:
- HIV was first identified in the 1980s and has since infected over 38 million people worldwide. India has the third largest epidemic with over 2 million cases.
- Advanced HIV is defined as CD4 count <350 or WHO stage 3/4 disease. AIDS is defined as CD4 <200 or WHO stage 4 disease.
- HIV is transmitted sexually, through blood/blood products, or mother-to-child. It primarily targets CD4 cells and causes immunosuppression.
- Clinical
Cytomegalovirus is a herpesvirus that commonly infects humans. It can cause enlarged cells (cytomegalic inclusion disease) and poses a risk for severe infections in infants during pregnancy or birth as well as immunosuppressed individuals. The virus replicates slowly in human fibroblasts and establishes lifelong latent infections. Primary infection is usually asymptomatic but can resemble mononucleosis. Congenital infection may cause death, growth problems, or long-term neurological and vision issues in infants. Polymerase chain reaction testing and antigen detection are now used to diagnose active cytomegalovirus infections.
RSV is a common virus that usually causes mild upper respiratory tract infections but can sometimes lead to pneumonia or bronchiolitis in young children. It is transmitted through respiratory secretions and contaminated surfaces. While infection leads to immunity against that RSV subtype, reinfection is still possible. Diagnosis involves antigen detection, viral culture, or PCR from respiratory samples. Treatment is supportive, though ribavirin may help severe cases. Development of an effective vaccine remains an ongoing effort.
Enterobacteriaceae are a family of Gram-negative bacteria commonly found in the intestines. They include both pathogenic and non-pathogenic species. The document discusses the classification, characteristics, virulence factors and diseases caused by some important genera within Enterobacteriaceae, including Escherichia coli and Shigella. E. coli in particular produces toxins like heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins that can cause diarrhea. Laboratory tests are used to differentiate between lactose-fermenting and non-fermenting species on media like MacConkey agar.
Enterobacteriaceae , Enterobacter and their Biochemical TestMicrobiology
The document discusses the Enterobacteriaceae family of bacteria, which includes many pathogens. It focuses on the genus Enterobacter, describing it as a rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative bacterium that can cause opportunistic infections. Key tests used to identify Enterobacter include growth on EMB agar and testing for indole production using Kovac's reagent, with a positive result indicated by a red color change.
Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, also known by their taxonomic names Human alphaherpesvirus 1 and Human alphaherpesvirus 2, are two members of the human Herpesviridae family, a set of viruses that produce viral infections in the majority of humans. Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 are very common and contagious.
This document discusses the diagnostic approach for meningitis. It outlines the most common etiological agents which can cause meningitis including bacteria like Neisseria meningitidis, viruses like enteroviruses and herpes viruses, fungi such as Cryptococcus neoformans, and parasites including Entamoeba histolytica. The diagnostic approach involves clinical presentation, laboratory examination of cerebrospinal fluid including analysis of cell count, biochemistry, culture and microscopy, as well as blood tests and molecular methods if initial tests are negative. Lumbar puncture to obtain CSF is the mainstay of diagnosis, allowing for analysis of physical characteristics, biochemical features and cytological examination of the fluid.
Serious worm infections are common in parts of the world outside of western countries. There are three major types of pathogenic worms: tapeworms, roundworms, and flukes. Worms that penetrate the gut or travel through the lungs can cause symptoms like eosinophilia or respiratory issues. Diagnosis is usually based on finding the worm, its eggs, or larvae in samples or through serological tests. Common worms include tapeworms like beef and pig tapeworms, roundworms like hookworm and filarial worms that cause elephantiasis, and flukes like those that cause schistosomiasis.
Infectious mononucleosis (im) and epstein barr virusRashad Idrees
This document discusses infectious mononucleosis (IM) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV is a herpes virus that causes IM. IM presents as fever, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, and lymphocytosis. While most cases resolve in 2 weeks, complications can occasionally occur. Diagnosis involves detecting heterophile antibodies or EBV serology. Treatment is symptomatic and management focuses on rest. Shingles is also discussed, caused by reactivation of varicella zoster virus. It presents as a rash in dermatomal distributions, and postherpetic neuralgia can occur. Antiviral treatment can reduce symptoms and the vaccine prevents shingles.
A 30-year-old man from Yemen presented with fever and dyspnea for three weeks. He had a history of occasional smoking and unclear sexual history. On examination, he had rapid breathing and oxygen saturation of 91% on room air. Initial tests showed leukopenia and elevated LDH. Chest X-ray showed diffuse bilateral infiltrates. Given his symptoms and test results, Pneumocystis pneumonia was suspected as the cause of his dyspnea. Treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was recommended, with alternatives available for patients with sulfamethoxazole allergy.
Lecture 12- Medical Mycology- Blastomycosis.ppthabtamu biazin
Blastomycosis is caused by the dimorphic fungus Blastomyces dermatitidis, which lives in soil containing organic debris like wood and animal droppings. It commonly infects the lungs and skin through activities that disrupt soil, especially in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys in the US. The fungus exists in both yeast and mold forms, and diagnosis involves culturing samples at different temperatures to induce conversion between forms or using DNA probes to identify the mold form. Serological tests can also detect antibodies, though results may be delayed. Treatment involves antifungal drugs like amphotericin B or ketoconazole.
- There is an estimated 1 million people worldwide who have TB and HIV co-infection, with a high burden in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.
- People living with HIV are 26-31 times more likely to develop TB than those without HIV. TB is the most common illness in those with HIV and a major cause of HIV-related death.
- Clinical manifestations of TB in those with HIV depend on immune deficiency level, ranging from typical localized TB to atypical disseminated forms with more advanced HIV disease. Diagnosis involves screening algorithms, radiography, sputum smear microscopy, mycobacterial culture, and molecular and serological tests.
The document discusses different types of viral hepatitis, including Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. It provides details on the classification, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and prevention of each viral hepatitis type. It notes that Hepatitis A and E are typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route due to contaminated food or water, while Hepatitis B, C and D are transmitted through blood or bodily fluids. Vaccines exist for Hepatitis A and B but not the others.
The document discusses Pneumocystis jirovecii, formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii, the fungus that causes Pneumocystis pneumonia. It was renamed in 1999. It describes the morphology of the organism including its trophozoite, precyst, and cyst forms. It also discusses the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis including staining techniques, treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and prevention with chemoprophylaxis for at-risk patients.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Rickettsiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that can cause diseases like Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus. They are transmitted through arthropod bites like ticks, mites and fleas. Common symptoms include fever, headache and rash. Diagnosis involves serologic tests detecting IgM and IgG antibodies. Doxycycline is the treatment of choice. Clinical features along with exposure history and serology can help diagnose rickettsial infections.
This document discusses Listeria monocytogenes, which causes listeriosis. It is the only strain of Listeria that infects humans. It most commonly causes CNS listeriosis in neonates, elderly, and immunocompromised adults. Early diagnosis and treatment with ampicillin or penicillin plus gentamicin is important, as the mortality rate of CNS listeriosis is high. Survivors often experience neurologic sequelae.
Lecture 3. diseases caused by bacterial infectionIffah Raniya
This document provides an overview of bacterial skin diseases and infections. It discusses several gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus and Streptococcus that can cause infections. It describes common skin infections from Staphylococcus like folliculitis and boils. It also covers Streptococcus and the skin infection of scarlet fever. The document further discusses gram-negative pathogens such as Pseudomonas, Vibrio, E. coli, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Neisseriae that can infect the skin. It provides details on diseases associated with these bacteria and their characteristics, transmission, pathogenesis and symptoms.
Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, is caused by the Salmonella Typhi bacteria which is typically spread through contaminated food or water. It causes a systemic infection and symptoms include a sustained fever along with abdominal pain. Without treatment, it can cause severe complications and even death. The disease is diagnosed through blood, stool, or urine cultures and treated with antibiotics like fluoroquinolones for at least two weeks. Prevention involves handwashing, drinking boiled water, and getting vaccinated which is especially important for those traveling to areas where typhoid is common.
1. The document describes a case of meningococcal meningitis in a 14-year-old male student who presented with high fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, stiff neck and confusion. Examination found a positive Kernig's sign and white blood cell counts were elevated in both blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
2. The document then provides background information on meningococcal meningitis, including that it is caused by Neisseria meningitidis bacteria, signs and symptoms, routes of transmission, risk groups, treatment which includes antibiotics and supportive care, and prevention through vaccination and chemoprophylaxis of close contacts.
3. Differential diagnoses and diagnostic testing are also
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. It is classified based on the site and severity of infection into cutaneous, mucocutaneous, diffuse cutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. It is transmitted by the bite of infected sand flies. The parasite exists in three forms - amastigotes within macrophages, promastigotes in the sand fly gut, and paramastigotes during transmission between hosts. Clinical features vary depending on the infecting species and immune response. Diagnosis involves demonstration of the parasite or use of tests like the leishmanin skin test, histopathology, culture, or PCR.
This document provides information on HIV/AIDS, including its history, epidemiology, definition, characteristics, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations by system, opportunistic infections, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points are:
- HIV was first identified in the 1980s and has since infected over 38 million people worldwide. India has the third largest epidemic with over 2 million cases.
- Advanced HIV is defined as CD4 count <350 or WHO stage 3/4 disease. AIDS is defined as CD4 <200 or WHO stage 4 disease.
- HIV is transmitted sexually, through blood/blood products, or mother-to-child. It primarily targets CD4 cells and causes immunosuppression.
- Clinical
Cytomegalovirus is a herpesvirus that commonly infects humans. It can cause enlarged cells (cytomegalic inclusion disease) and poses a risk for severe infections in infants during pregnancy or birth as well as immunosuppressed individuals. The virus replicates slowly in human fibroblasts and establishes lifelong latent infections. Primary infection is usually asymptomatic but can resemble mononucleosis. Congenital infection may cause death, growth problems, or long-term neurological and vision issues in infants. Polymerase chain reaction testing and antigen detection are now used to diagnose active cytomegalovirus infections.
RSV is a common virus that usually causes mild upper respiratory tract infections but can sometimes lead to pneumonia or bronchiolitis in young children. It is transmitted through respiratory secretions and contaminated surfaces. While infection leads to immunity against that RSV subtype, reinfection is still possible. Diagnosis involves antigen detection, viral culture, or PCR from respiratory samples. Treatment is supportive, though ribavirin may help severe cases. Development of an effective vaccine remains an ongoing effort.
Enterobacteriaceae are a family of Gram-negative bacteria commonly found in the intestines. They include both pathogenic and non-pathogenic species. The document discusses the classification, characteristics, virulence factors and diseases caused by some important genera within Enterobacteriaceae, including Escherichia coli and Shigella. E. coli in particular produces toxins like heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins that can cause diarrhea. Laboratory tests are used to differentiate between lactose-fermenting and non-fermenting species on media like MacConkey agar.
Enterobacteriaceae , Enterobacter and their Biochemical TestMicrobiology
The document discusses the Enterobacteriaceae family of bacteria, which includes many pathogens. It focuses on the genus Enterobacter, describing it as a rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative bacterium that can cause opportunistic infections. Key tests used to identify Enterobacter include growth on EMB agar and testing for indole production using Kovac's reagent, with a positive result indicated by a red color change.
The document discusses the Enterobacteriaceae family of bacteria, which includes many pathogens. It focuses on the genus Enterobacter, describing it as a rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative bacterium that can cause opportunistic infections. Key tests used to identify Enterobacter include growth on EMB agar and testing for indole production using Kovac's reagent, with a positive result indicated by a red color change.
The document discusses the Enterobacteriaceae family of bacteria, which includes many pathogens. It focuses on the genus Enterobacter, describing it as a rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative bacterium that can cause opportunistic infections. Common media used to culture Enterobacter include Nutrient Agar, EMB agar, and MacConkey agar. Biochemical tests like the indole, citrate, and TSI tests can help identify Enterobacter species.
This document provides information on Enterobacteriaceae, a family of Gram-negative bacteria commonly found in the intestines. It describes their characteristics, including being non-spore forming rods that ferment glucose and reduce nitrates. Major genera discussed include Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, and Proteus. E. coli is examined in more depth, outlining its morphology, culture characteristics, biochemical reactions, antigens, and virulence factors such as toxins. Pathogenic E. coli types are classified and their diseases and toxins described, including enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, enterohemorrhagic, and enteroinvasive E. coli.
The document discusses the Enterobacteriaceae family of bacteria. It notes that they are commonly found in the large intestine of humans and are gram-negative rods that ferment glucose with acid production and reduce nitrates. The document provides classifications of Enterobacteriaceae and describes some characteristics and pathogenic members like Escherichia coli. It summarizes methods for identifying lactose fermenters versus non-fermenters and discusses virulence factors and toxins produced by pathogenic E. coli strains.
The document provides information on identifying an unknown organism through a series of biochemical tests. A number of tests were performed on the unknown organism including oxidase, lactose fermentation, triple sugar iron, indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, citrate, motility, and hydrogen sulfide tests. Based on the results, the unknown organism was identified as Bacillus cereus. The tests help determine an organism's metabolic capabilities and pathways, which can be used to differentiate between organisms.
This document provides information on biochemical tests used to identify bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae. It discusses tests such as indole, methyl red/Voges Proskauer, citrate, urease, amino acid decarboxylation, and hydrogen sulfide production. The document also provides tables summarizing the biochemical characteristics and reactions of important genera like E. coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella, and Shigella.
The document discusses Enterobacteriaceae, a family of Gram-negative bacteria commonly found in the intestines. It describes their characteristics, classification, and important pathogenic members. Key points include:
- Enterobacteriaceae are facultative anaerobes that ferment glucose and reduce nitrates. They include both commensals and pathogens.
- Major pathogenic genera include Escherichia, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella, and Proteus.
- E. coli is further classified based on virulence factors and infections caused, including gastroenteritis from enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, enterohemorrhagic, and enteroaggregative strains.
Methods to detect potability of water samplevimala rodhe
Water is precious and it is the base for living, Several disease causing pathogens are transmitted through water. There are various methods to detect the presence of pathogens in drinking water samples.Some of the methods to detect microbiological quality of water are discussed.
This document discusses Escherichia coli (E. coli) as both a commensal bacteria normally found in the intestines and an opportunistic pathogen. It describes some of the characteristics of E. coli, including that there are many strains with different virulence properties. Key pathogenic strains discussed are enterotoxigenic E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli, enterohemorrhagic E. coli, and enteroaggregative E. coli, each known to cause specific gastrointestinal diseases. E. coli is also a common cause of urinary tract infections. The document provides details on laboratory identification and diagnosis of E. coli from various clinical specimens.
Microbiology of the GIT , Abdallh dwayat.pdf8y4xzv9rqd
1. The document discusses Gram-negative rods related to the enteric tract, including E. coli, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, and others.
2. It covers the major clinical manifestations of enteric infections like diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
3. Laboratory diagnosis of enteric bacteria involves using differential and selective media like MacConkey agar and Eosin methylene blue agar to differentiate lactose fermenters from non-fermenters. Tests like triple sugar iron agar also help identify bacteria.
Medical Microbiology Laboratory (Enterobacteriaceae - III)Hussein Al-tameemi
This document provides information about Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella species. It discusses the taxonomy and classification of Enterobacteriaceae, describing their characteristics. Salmonella is highlighted as an important genus. The document outlines methods for culturing and identifying Salmonella from clinical specimens such as blood and stool. Biochemical tests and serological identification methods like the Widal test are also summarized.
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF NLF BACTERIA IN VARIOUS SAMPLES.Daisy Saini
IDENTIFICATION AND ISOLATION OF NON-LACTOSE FEREMNTING BACTERIA IN VARIOUS CLINICAL SAMPLES IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL IN INDIA, INCLUDE BIOCHEMICAL TEST BASE ON THEIR ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTAION OF THEIR DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO SEX RATION , AGE GROUP, SAMPLE AND THEIR PROFILE.
The document describes several biochemical tests used to identify bacteria, including the catalase test, coagulase test, DNase test, oxidase test, indole test, urease test, citrate test, and triple sugar iron (TSI) test. It provides the purpose, principle, method, and results for each test. It also discusses how to specifically identify Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes through microscopic examination, culture characteristics, and biochemical properties.
Biochemical tests and physiological tests for various groups of BacteriaHARISH J
This document discusses various biochemical and physiological tests that can be used to identify and characterize different groups of bacteria. It provides details on 14 common biochemical tests including IMVIC, citrate utilization, catalase production, urease, carbohydrate fermentation, and gelatin liquefaction. It also describes 6 physiological tests to determine factors like temperature range, pH tolerance, carbon source utilization, and oxygen relationship. The tests examine the enzymatic activities and metabolic pathways of bacteria, which can help identify them at the genus and species level.
This document discusses the definitions, etiology, and laboratory diagnosis of diarrheal diseases. It defines diarrhea, gastroenteritis, and dysentery. It lists common bacterial, viral, protozoan, and opportunistic pathogens that can cause these diseases. It then provides details on specimen collection and testing methods for identifying various pathogens, including culture-based and antigen/toxin detection techniques. These laboratory methods are described for bacteria like Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, C. difficile, as well as parasites like Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Entamoeba histolytica.
This document discusses various types of culture media and biochemical tests used in microbiology. It provides details on basal, enriched, selective, indicator, transport, and storage media. It also describes several common biochemical tests including the indole, triple sugar iron, citrate, urea, phenylpyruvic acid, mannitol motility, and gram staining tests. The document explains the procedures and expected results for each of these tests which are used to identify and differentiate between bacterial species.
This document provides information about diagnostic microbiology techniques. It discusses collecting specimens correctly and transporting them to the lab properly. It also summarizes various microbiology techniques like microscopy, culture, and sensitivity testing used to diagnose bacterial infections. These include staining methods like Gram stain and acid-fast stain to identify bacteria under the microscope. It also describes different types of culture media used for isolation, identification, and quantification of bacteria. Identification methods involve examining morphology, growth characteristics, and biochemical properties of bacteria. The document lists various non-cultural diagnostic techniques as well.
Similar to Enterobacteriaceae 120413233647-phpapp02 (20)
3. Commonly
present in large intestine
Non sporing , Non Acid fast, Gram –
bacilli.
A complex family of organisms,
Some are non pathogenic
A few are highly Pathogenic,
Some commensals turn out to be
pathogenic. as in UTI after
catheterization.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
2/20/2014
4. • Are facultative anaerobes
• If motile, motility is by peritrichous flagella
• Many are normal inhabitants of the
intestinal tract of man and other animals
• Some are enteric pathogens and others are
urinary or respiratory tract pathogens
• Differentiation is based on biochemical
reactions and differences in antigenic
structure
5. • Most grow well on a variety of lab media
including a lot of selective and differential
media originally developed for the
selective isolation of enteric pathogens.
Most of this media is selective by
incorporation of dyes and bile salts that
inhibit G+ organisms and may suppress the
growth of nonpathogenic species of
Enterobacteriaceae.
Many are differential on the basis of whether
or not the organisms ferment lactose and/or
produce H2S.
6. All
•
•
•
•
Enterobacteriaceae
Gram-negative rods
Ferment glucose with acid production
Reduce nitrates into nitrites
Oxidase negative
Facultative
anaerobic
Motile except Shigella and Klebsiella
Non-capsulated except Klebsiella
Non-fastidious
Grow on bile containing media (MacConkey
agar)
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 2/20/2014
7. All
•
•
•
•
Enterobacteriaceae
Gram-negative rods
Ferment glucose with acid production
Reduce nitrates into nitrites
Oxidase negative
Facultative
anaerobic
Motile except Shigella and Klebsiella
Non-capsulated except Klebsiella
Non-fastidious
Grow on bile containing media (MacConkey
agar)
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 2/20/2014
8. Gram
negative bacilli or coccobacilli
Non-spore forming
Colony morphology on BAP or CA of
little value, as they look the same,
except for Klebsiella
Selective and differential media are
used for initial colony evaluation
(ex. MacConkey, HE, XLD agars)
9. Some
•
•
•
•
Enterobacteriaceae are true pathogens
Salmonella spp.
Shigella spp.
Yersinia spp.
Certain strains of E. coli (ETEC, EPEC, EIEC, EHEC)
Most
members of the Enterobacteriaceae are
opportunistic or cause secondary infections of
wounds, the urinary and respiratory tracts, and
the circulatory system e.g. E. coli.
Enterobacteriaceae divided into TWO main
groups according to action on LACTOSE
• Lactose Fermenters (LF)
E. coli, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter
• Lactose Non-Fermenters (LNF)
Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, Yersinia
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
2/20/2014
10. Enterobacteriaceae
Lactose fermenters
E. coli, Citrobacter,
Klebsiella, Enterobacter
Non-lactose fermenter
Salmonell, Shigella
Proteus, Yersinia
There are several selective and differential media used to
isolate distinguishes between LF & LNF
The most important media are:
MacConkey agar
Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar
Salmonella Shigella (SS) agar
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
In addition to Triple Sugar 2/20/2014
Iron (TSI) agar
11. Oxidase Test
Negative
Positive
Enterobacteriaceae
Pseudomonas
MacConkey’s agar
& TSI
O/F test: O+/F Nitrate test: +ve further
reduction to N2
Pink colonies on MacConkey colorless colonies on MacConkey
& acidic butt and slant on TSI & acidic butt alkaline slant onTSI
Growth on cetrimide agar:
Lactose non-fermenter
Pale colonies with green
pigmentation
Lactose fermenter
IMViC test
& EMB
IMViC
++ - & black colonies
with metalic
shines on EMB
E.coli
No H2S production
(no blacking in TSI)
IMViC
- - ++
Shigella
Urease production
+ve
Motility
Not motile
H2S production
(blacking in TSI)
-ve
SS agar
Motile
colorless colonies with black centers
Proteus
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 2/20/2014
Salmonella
12. MacConkey agar is selective & differential medium for Enterobacteriaceae
MacConkey Agar
Contains
Bile salts
Crystal violet
Inhibit growth of G+ve bacteria
Lactose
Cause of differential
Cause of selectivity
Lactose feremnters
Pink coloniesDr.T.V.Rao MD
Neutral red
pH indicator
Acidic: Pink
Lactose non feremnters
colorless colonies
2/20/2014
16. Growth of Enterobacteriaceae on SS agar
Both are lactose fermenters
Both Salmonella sp. & Proteus product H2S
Pseudomonas colonies are nearly colorless
18. Principle
Acidic pathway
Glucose
Or
Acety methyl carbinol
(ACETOIN)
Mixed acids
pH less than 4.4
Barrit’s A
Barrit;s B
Methyl Red
indicator
Red color
Neutral pathway
VP positive
MR positive
Klebsiella
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 2/20/2014
E. coli
Pink color
19. Indole,
Methyl Red, VogesProsakaur, Citrate (IMViC) Tests:
• The following four tests comprise a
series of important determinations that
are collectively called the IMViC series of
reactions
• The IMViC series of reactions allows for
the differentiation of the various
members of Enterobacteriaceae.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
2/20/2014
20. Principle
Certain microorganisms can metabolize
tryptophan by tryptophanase
The enzymatic degradation leads to the
formation of pyruvic acid, indole and ammonia
The presence of indole is detected by addition
of Kovac's reagent.
Tryptophane
amino acids
Tryptophanase
Indole + Pyurvic acid + NH3
Kovac’s Reagent
Red color Dr.T.V.Rao MD organic layer`
in upper 2/20/2014
21. Method:
Inoculate tryptone water with the
tested microorganism
Incubate at 37 C for 24 hours
After incubation interval, add 1 ml
Kovacs reagent, shake the tube
gently and read immediately
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
2/20/2014
22. Negative test
e.g. Klebsiella
Result:
A bright pink color in the top
layer indicates the presence
of indole
The absence of color means
that indole was not produced
i.e. indole is negative
Special Features:
Used in the differentiation of
genera and species. e.g. E. coli
(+) from Klebsiella (-).
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
2/20/2014
Positive test
e.g. E. coli
23.
Inoculate the tested organism into One tube of MRVP broth
Incubate the tubes at 37 C for 24 hours
AFTER INCUBATION: Pour 1/3 of the suspension into a clean
nonsterile tube:
Run the MR test in the tube with 2/3, and the VP test in the open tube with
1/3.
For methyl red: Add 6-8 drops of methyl red reagent.
For Voges-Proskauer: Add 12 drops of Barritt's A (-naphthol),
mix, 4 drops of Barritt's B (40% KOH), mix
Let sit, undisturbed, for at least 1hour
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
2/20/2014
24. Results
Voges-Proskauer test
Methyl Red test
Pink: Positive VP (Klebsiella)
Red: Positive MR (E. coli)
Yellow or orange: Negative MR (Klebsiella)
No pink: Negative VP (E. coli)
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
2/20/2014
25. Principle:
Citrate
Citrate Utilization Test
Pyruvate
Na2CO3
CO2 + Na + H2O
Alkaline,↑pH
Simmone’s Citrate media
Contains Citrate as a sole of C source
Bromothymol blue
Positive test
Blue colour
Positive test: Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter
Negative test: E. coli
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
2/20/2014
26. Method
Streak a Simmon's Citrate agar slant with
the organism
Incubate at 37 C for 24 hours.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
2/20/2014
27. Result
Examine
for growth (+)
Growth on the medium
is accompanied by a
rise in pH to change the
medium from its initial
green color to deep
blue
Positive
Klebsiella, Enterobacter 2/20/2014
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
Negative
E. coli
28. Principle
Urea
Urea agar contains urea and phenol red
Urease is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of
urea to CO2 and NH3
Ammonia combines with water to produce ammonium
hydroxide, a strong base which ↑ pH of the medium.
↑ in the pH causes phenol red r to turn a deep pink.
This is indicative of a positive reaction for urease
Urease
H2O
CO2 + NH3
NH4 OH
↑ in pH
Phenol Red
Method
Streak a urea agar tube with the organism
incubate at 37 C for 24 h
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
2/20/2014
Pink
Positive test
29. Result
If color of medium turns
from yellow to pink
indicates positive test.
Proteus give positive
reaction after 4 h while
Kelebsiella and
Enterobacter gave
positive results after 24 h
Positive test
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
2/20/2014
Negative test
30. TSI contains
•
Three different types of sugars
Lactose (10 part)
•
Glucose (1 part)
Sucrose (10 part)
Phenol red (acidic: Yellow)
TSI dispensed in tubes with equal butt & slant
Principle
•
To determine the ability of an organism to attack a specific
carbohydrate incorporated into a basal growth medium, with or
without the production of gas, along with the determination of
possible hydrogen sulphide production.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
2/20/2014
31. Method:
•
Inoculate TSI medium with an
organism by inoculating needle by
stabbing the butt and streaking the
slant
• Incubate at 37 C for 24 hours
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
2/20/2014
32. Reaction on TSI
Butt color
Slant color
Yellow
Red
Yellow
Red
Yellow
Yellow
Red
Red
H2 S
Negative
Positive
black in butt
Negative
Negative
Result
s Result
Example
A/Alk/(Glucose fermented)
LNF
e.g. Shigella
A/Alk/+
(Glucose fermented with H2S)
LNF
e.g. Salmonella &
Proteus
A/A/(three sugars are fermented)
LF
e.g. E. coli, Klebsiella,
Enterobacter
Alk/Alk/(No action on sugars)
Non fermenter e.g.
Pseudomonas