This document discusses internal combustion engines and emission control systems. It states that internal combustion engines emit pollutants like carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides that are harmful to human health and the environment. Efforts are being made to reduce these emissions through improved exhaust systems without compromising power or fuel efficiency. The document then explains the formation mechanisms of some key pollutants. Carbon monoxide forms as an intermediate product of combustion when oxidation to carbon dioxide is incomplete. Hydrocarbons form due to incomplete combustion in locally rich fuel pockets with lower temperatures.
The document discusses air pollution, its causes, and its effects. It defines air pollution as the contamination of air by harmful substances. Major sources of air pollution include automobile exhaust, industrial emissions, burning of fossil fuels and coal, and natural sources like wildfires and volcanoes. The burning of coal in China contributes significantly to air pollution problems there. Indoor air pollution from activities like smoking, cooking and building materials can also be harmful. Major air pollutants that are discussed include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, ozone, nitrogen oxides and hazardous air pollutants. Air pollution is linked to many health issues and deaths worldwide.
The document discusses cellular respiration, which is the process by which cells break down glucose and release energy. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down these products in the mitochondria, producing more ATP. Finally, the electron transport chain uses electrons from the Krebs cycle to produce the most ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Aerobic respiration using oxygen is the most efficient process, while anaerobic respiration such as fermentation occurs without oxygen and produces less ATP. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration form a cycle of energy storage and use.
Ideally, air should have 21% Oxygen, 78% Nitrogen, and 1% other gases; this is the air you breathe in the mountains or open fields. Unfortunately, the oxygen level in our cities is low, and it is even lower in our homes and offices. Hence, we are all living with oxygen deficiency.
Visit Us Here: https://www.bonphulapl.com
The document discusses using pressure swing adsorption with silver zeolites to produce a continuous flow of 99% oxygen from air. It aims to develop portable and hospital oxygen separation devices. Pressure swing adsorption uses adsorbent materials like zeolites and carbon nanotubes in two columns to separate oxygen from nitrogen and argon through selective adsorption. The document evaluates different zeolite materials and their ability to produce high purity oxygen while also removing nitrogen and argon. It also considers the economics of using such a system in hospitals and portable devices.
The document is a seminar presentation on the dangers of inhaling generator fume given by Christopher Unyime Ebong. It discusses factors that affect the composition of generator fume, the health effects of exposure, and ways to minimize exposure. Specifically, it notes that generator fume contains carbon monoxide and particles that can cause respiratory illness. It recommends maintaining generators properly, using ventilation, and limiting exposure time to reduce health risks from inhaling generator fume.
reduce your carbon or else ur footprint is going to grow leaving large amount of CARBON FOOTPRINT!!!...
act before u r too late.
u suffer bt a ppt makes u to realise ur mistakes.
go for it.
reduce your footprint!!!..
This document discusses various topics related to air pollution and the environment. It begins with a section on acid rain that describes its causes as emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from the use of coal, smelting, and vehicle combustion. These pollutants are converted into acids that can travel long distances and return to earth as acid rain, snow, or fog, harming wildlife, plants, and infrastructure. Subsequent sections cover agricultural burning regulations and effects, how to file an air pollution complaint, health effects of carbon monoxide, CFCs and their impact on the ozone layer, ultra low sulfur diesel fuel standards, diesel particulate matter health risks, and the differences between stratospheric and ground level ozone.
This document discusses various types of bioreactors used for culturing cells and microorganisms. It begins with an introduction to bioreactors and factors that influence oxygen transfer. It then describes different methods of aeration including standing cultures, shake flasks, stirred tank reactors, bubble column reactors, and fluidized bed reactors. Critical dissolved oxygen levels are discussed for various microorganisms. Factors that can affect oxygen demand and supply in bioreactors are also summarized.
The document discusses air pollution, its causes, and its effects. It defines air pollution as the contamination of air by harmful substances. Major sources of air pollution include automobile exhaust, industrial emissions, burning of fossil fuels and coal, and natural sources like wildfires and volcanoes. The burning of coal in China contributes significantly to air pollution problems there. Indoor air pollution from activities like smoking, cooking and building materials can also be harmful. Major air pollutants that are discussed include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, ozone, nitrogen oxides and hazardous air pollutants. Air pollution is linked to many health issues and deaths worldwide.
The document discusses cellular respiration, which is the process by which cells break down glucose and release energy. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down these products in the mitochondria, producing more ATP. Finally, the electron transport chain uses electrons from the Krebs cycle to produce the most ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Aerobic respiration using oxygen is the most efficient process, while anaerobic respiration such as fermentation occurs without oxygen and produces less ATP. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration form a cycle of energy storage and use.
Ideally, air should have 21% Oxygen, 78% Nitrogen, and 1% other gases; this is the air you breathe in the mountains or open fields. Unfortunately, the oxygen level in our cities is low, and it is even lower in our homes and offices. Hence, we are all living with oxygen deficiency.
Visit Us Here: https://www.bonphulapl.com
The document discusses using pressure swing adsorption with silver zeolites to produce a continuous flow of 99% oxygen from air. It aims to develop portable and hospital oxygen separation devices. Pressure swing adsorption uses adsorbent materials like zeolites and carbon nanotubes in two columns to separate oxygen from nitrogen and argon through selective adsorption. The document evaluates different zeolite materials and their ability to produce high purity oxygen while also removing nitrogen and argon. It also considers the economics of using such a system in hospitals and portable devices.
The document is a seminar presentation on the dangers of inhaling generator fume given by Christopher Unyime Ebong. It discusses factors that affect the composition of generator fume, the health effects of exposure, and ways to minimize exposure. Specifically, it notes that generator fume contains carbon monoxide and particles that can cause respiratory illness. It recommends maintaining generators properly, using ventilation, and limiting exposure time to reduce health risks from inhaling generator fume.
reduce your carbon or else ur footprint is going to grow leaving large amount of CARBON FOOTPRINT!!!...
act before u r too late.
u suffer bt a ppt makes u to realise ur mistakes.
go for it.
reduce your footprint!!!..
This document discusses various topics related to air pollution and the environment. It begins with a section on acid rain that describes its causes as emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from the use of coal, smelting, and vehicle combustion. These pollutants are converted into acids that can travel long distances and return to earth as acid rain, snow, or fog, harming wildlife, plants, and infrastructure. Subsequent sections cover agricultural burning regulations and effects, how to file an air pollution complaint, health effects of carbon monoxide, CFCs and their impact on the ozone layer, ultra low sulfur diesel fuel standards, diesel particulate matter health risks, and the differences between stratospheric and ground level ozone.
This document discusses various types of bioreactors used for culturing cells and microorganisms. It begins with an introduction to bioreactors and factors that influence oxygen transfer. It then describes different methods of aeration including standing cultures, shake flasks, stirred tank reactors, bubble column reactors, and fluidized bed reactors. Critical dissolved oxygen levels are discussed for various microorganisms. Factors that can affect oxygen demand and supply in bioreactors are also summarized.
The document discusses the challenge of wastewater management on Cape Cod, where 85% of buildings use septic systems. Rapid population growth is increasing the nitrogen from septic systems, which is the main cause of deteriorating coastal water quality. Traditional septic systems convert nitrogen to nitrates, but advanced treatment systems aim to remove nitrogen by converting it to nitrogen gas. While innovative onsite systems can remove 50-70% of nitrogen, large treatment plants are generally more efficient at removal. The document also discusses alternatives to traditional wastewater management like composting toilets, which reduce the volume of waste.
The document discusses the transport of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood. O2 is carried by hemoglobin in red blood cells, with about 200 ml of O2 transported per liter of blood. CO2 diffuses into the blood and is transported in three ways: 10% dissolved in plasma, 30% bound to hemoglobin, and 60% as bicarbonate ions in red blood cells. The chloride shift transports bicarbonate out of red blood cells in exchange for chloride ions. Effects like the Bohr effect and Haldane effect influence O2 and CO2 binding to hemoglobin.
The document provides information about biogeochemical cycles. It discusses the water, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen cycles. For each cycle it describes the reservoirs, how the element moves into living things, how it is returned to the Earth, and human impacts. The document emphasizes that these are continuous cycles that have always recycled these essential elements between living things and the non-living environment.
The document summarizes topics related to cellular respiration and breathing mechanisms. It includes objectives on defining aerobic and anaerobic respiration, describing lactic acid removal in muscles and the effects of tobacco smoke. It discusses the parts of the respiratory tract, roles of structures in breathing, and differences between inspired and expired air. Pathways of air through the respiratory system are outlined. Types of respiration and word/chemical equations for aerobic and anaerobic processes in mammals and plants are provided.
This science project examines how exhaust gas from vehicles pollutes the environment. It defines exhaust gas as a result of fuel combustion containing pollutants like carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. Vehicle exhaust harms the environment and human health by causing issues like global warming, acid rain, and respiratory problems. The document discusses the components of exhaust and various emission control devices and methods that can be used to reduce exhaust gas pollution and create a cleaner, greener environment.
Respiration is defined as the burning of food molecules to release energy in the form of ATP or ADP. There are two types of respiration - aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen and produces more energy, and anaerobic respiration, which does not use oxygen and produces less energy. Respiration occurs in plants through their roots, stems, and leaves, and in animals through specialized respiratory systems like lungs. The respiratory system in humans includes the nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
Carbon is one of the most important elements and is the main building block of organisms. It can be found in many everyday items and is readily available on Earth. Carbon dioxide in the air is used by plants through photosynthesis and enters animals when they eat food, then it is released back into the air through respiration. Fossil fuels are formed from decayed plants and animals over millions of years and release carbon dioxide when burned.
Onel Badro - Production of Acetone by Dehydrogenation of Isopropyl Alcohol Po...Onel Badro
This document presents a poster on producing acetone through the dehydrogenation of isopropyl alcohol. It includes an introduction describing the process and objectives of designing a plant to produce 200 tons per year of acetone. Material and energy balance calculations are shown, along with design details and specifications for the heat exchanger, reactor, distillation columns, and pump used in the process. Safety and economic analyses are also presented. The conclusion discusses applying engineering principles to further study and potentially establish an acetone production plant.
The document discusses different types of energy resources. It defines energy as the ability to produce change or do work. Energy resources are divided into nonrenewable and renewable categories. Nonrenewable resources include fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas. These are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals. While nonrenewable resources allow for large-scale electricity production cheaply and ease of transport, their main disadvantage is pollution through carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide emissions, contributing to issues like global warming and acid rain.
AKTI publishes their second edition of "The Eco Beat" focusing on best practices to promote awareness of global warming and climate change. The issue discusses ozone depletion, global warming, water shortages, and melting ice sheets. It also summarizes AKTI's efforts to minimize environmental impact through initiatives like installing LED lights, upgrading looms, and indoor planting.
Air pollution occurs when gases, dust, smoke or odors are introduced into the atmosphere, making the air harmful. It has both primary pollutants like carbon monoxide that are directly emitted, and secondary pollutants that form through chemical reactions. Major causes are emissions from industry, vehicle exhaust, and household chemicals. The effects of air pollution include damage to health, vegetation, and acid rain. Both individual actions like using public transit and government regulations on companies are needed to reduce pollution and protect the future.
Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas existing in a miniscule concentration in the atmosphere (< 0.001%), and is a product of partial combustion. Carbon monoxide poisoning is associated with a high incidence of morbidity and mortality. Symptoms are usually non-specific and include fatigue, headache, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, cognitive impairment, and tachycardia; mimicking an influenza-like illness. Symptoms occurring in more than one person (belonging to the same family/office) simultaneously and the relief also occurring at the same point of time in them should sound the physician's mind for suspected carbon monoxide poisoning. A high index of suspicion and presence of a source of generation of carbon monoxide are the diagnostic aids which can be confirmed by blood carboxyhaemoglobin levels. Removal from the source of carbon monoxide generation, moving the person to fresh air immediately is most important. In the emergency room, oxygen therapy is the key. Immediate treatment with a high fraction of inspired oxygen and careful clinical evaluation are mandatory for effective management. Patients with a carboxyhaemoglobin level of 10% or more should always be treated and 100% oxygen for 8 hours is recommended for patients requiring artificial ventilation. Hyperbaric oxygen also holds promise in select cases specially those with a history of unconsciousness, cardiovascular instability or ischemia, persistent mental and/or neurologic deficits and probably in pregnant patients
Hemoglobin is the main carrier of oxygen in the blood. Each gram of hemoglobin can carry 1.34ml of oxygen. With a normal hemoglobin concentration of 15g/dl, the oxygen content of arterial blood is approximately 20ml/100ml. Oxygen is transported from the lungs to tissues via hemoglobin in red blood cells and dissolved in plasma. As blood flows through the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries based on the pressure gradient between alveolar and pulmonary arterial oxygen levels. This initiates the oxygen cascade whereby oxygen levels gradually decrease as oxygen is extracted by tissues throughout the body.
- The document provides a series of questions and multiple choice answers about carbon and its importance in biology, as well as functional groups and their roles in macromolecules.
- Carbon is a key element in biological molecules because it can form four covalent bonds, allowing it to link to other carbon atoms and different elements to create a diverse array of complex structures.
- Functional groups give macromolecules their specific chemical properties and enable their biological functions through reactions like hydrogen bonding.
The document discusses a business project by the group "Optimus" to create a device called "Ecofer" that converts carbon dioxide gas into oxygen. It aims to address issues like global warming and ozone depletion by utilizing a process similar to photosynthesis. The device would break down carbon dioxide into oxygen and carbon monoxide using solar energy. The oxygen could be released into the atmosphere while the carbon monoxide could be used as fuel. The document outlines how the group would establish the "Ecofer Company" through legal documents like a Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association to govern the business and ensure environmentally friendly operations.
The document discusses photosynthesis, including the chemical equation that summarizes the process, factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis, and some key experiments and results regarding photosynthesis in plants. It provides information about what plants need to make amino acids and proteins from glucose, and the gases plants take in and release in darkness versus sunlight.
The document discusses ozone science, including what ozone is, how it is created and destroyed, the ozone layer, the ozone hole, effects of ozone depletion, causes of depletion, and ways to save the ozone layer. Specifically, it explains that ozone is a gas that protects Earth from UV rays, the ozone layer blocks most UV-B and all UV-C radiation. The largest ozone hole is found over Antarctica due to cold temperatures and chemicals like CFCs from spray cans and refrigerants. Depletion allows more UV rays to reach the surface and harm life. The document recommends consumers support alternatives to ozone depleting substances to help preserve the protective ozone layer.
The document discusses the respiratory system and the process of breathing. It explains that gas exchange occurs in the lungs through the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles into tiny air sacs called alveoli. Oxygen passes from the alveoli into the bloodstream while carbon dioxide passes out of the bloodstream and into the alveoli. When we inhale, oxygen enters the body and when we exhale, carbon dioxide is released. The alveoli have a large surface area and tiny blood vessels to efficiently facilitate this gas exchange.
Microscopes And Cellular Respiration Reviewcjunsay
The document discusses microscopy and cellular respiration. It provides information about microscope use including focusing, identifying plant and animal cells, and visible organelles. Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria, using glucose and oxygen as reactants to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. The purpose of cellular respiration is to make energy in cells for living things.
Compose a 300-word (minimum) essay on the topic below. Essays mustLynellBull52
Compose a 300-word (minimum) essay on the topic below. Essays must be double-spaced and use APA-style in-text citations to reference ideas or quotes that are not your own. You must include a separate bibliography.
What would happen if the market price of nuclear-generated electricity included all the costs of the fuel cycle? Explain. How are the costs of the nuclear fuel cycle paid today? How would this affect the use of nuclear power to produce electricity? How would this affect the development of sustainable energy?
You should cite and quote from assigned readings, AVP's, videos, and module activities to support the ideas in your essay.
Compose a 300
-
word
(minimum) essay on the topic below. Essays must be double
-
spaced
and use APA
-
style in
-
text citations to reference ideas or quotes that are not your own.
You
must include a separate bibliography.
What would happen if the market price of
nuclear
-
generated electricity included all the
costs of the fuel cycle? Explain. How are the costs of the nuclear fuel cycle paid today?
How would this affect the use of nuclear power to produce electricity? How would this
affect the development of sustai
nable energy?
You should cite and quote from assigned readings, AVP's, videos, and module activities to
support the ideas in your essay.
Compose a 300-word (minimum) essay on the topic below. Essays must be double-spaced
and use APA-style in-text citations to reference ideas or quotes that are not your own. You
must include a separate bibliography.
What would happen if the market price of nuclear-generated electricity included all the
costs of the fuel cycle? Explain. How are the costs of the nuclear fuel cycle paid today?
How would this affect the use of nuclear power to produce electricity? How would this
affect the development of sustainable energy?
You should cite and quote from assigned readings, AVP's, videos, and module activities to
support the ideas in your essay.
Living in the Environment (MindTap Course List)
20th Edition
ISBN-13: 978-0357142202, ISBN-10: 0170291502
FUNDING FOR THIS PROGRAM IS
PROVIDED BY ANNENBERG MEDIA.
Narrator: THE WORLD NEEDS
ENERGY.
AND NEARLY 80% OF IT COMES
FROM BURNING FOSSIL FUELS --
OIL, NATURAL GAS, AND COAL.
BUT BURNING THESE FUELS
EMITS CARBON DIOXIDE
A GREENHOUSE GAS THAT
CONTRIBUTES TO CLIMATE
CHANGE.
HOW CAN WE CONTINUE TO
SUPPL YOUR EVER-GROWING
NEED FOR POWER
WITHOUT DAMAGING THE
ENVIRONMENT?
ONE POSSIBILITY IS TO PUT THE
CARBON DIOXIDE
BACK WHERE IT CAME FROM -- IN
UNDERGROUND ROCK
FORMATIONS.
THE MIDWEST REGIONAL CARBON
SEQUESTRATION PARTNERSHIP
IS INVESTIGATING THIS STRATEGY
WHICH WILL HELP MITIGATE THE
EFFECTS
OF THE CONTINUED USE OF
FOSSIL FUELS FOR ENERGY.
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
https://www.learner.org/series/the-habitable-planet-a-systems-approach-to-environmental-science/energy-challenges/energy-challenges-video/
ARE ANOTHER OPTION.
AND IN GOLDEN, COLORADO
...
Hydro electric energy hydroelectric power, also called hydropower, electricity produced from generators driven by turbines that convert the potential energy of falling or fast-flowing water into mechanical energy. In the early 21st century, hydroelectric power was the most widely utilized form of renewable energy; in 2019 it accounted for more than 18 percent of the world’s total power generation capacity.
In the generation of hydroelectric power, water is collected or stored at a higher elevation and led downward through large pipes or tunnels (penstocks) to a lower elevation; the difference in these two elevations is known as the head. At the end of its passage down the pipes, the falling water causes turbines to rotate. The turbines in turn drive generators, which convert the turbines’ mechanical energy into electricity. Transformers are then used to convert the alternating voltage suitable for the generators to a higher voltage suitable for long-distance transmission. The structure that houses the turbines and generators, and into which the pipes or penstocks feed, is called the powerhouse.Hydroelectric power plants are usually located in dams that impound rivers, thereby raising the level of the water behind the dam and creating as high a head as is feasible. The potential power that can be derived from a volume of water is directly proportional to the working head, so that a high-head installation requires a smaller volume of water than a low-head installation to produce an equal amount of power. In some dams, the powerhouse is constructed on one flank of the dam, part of the dam being used as a spillway over which excess water is discharged in times of flood. Where the river flows in a narrow steep gorge, the powerhouse may be located within the dam itself. In most communities the demand for electric power varies considerably at different times of the day. To even the load on the generators, pumped-storage hydroelectric stations are occasionally built. During off-peak periods, some of the extra power available is supplied to the generator operating as a motor, driving the turbine to pump water into an elevated reservoir. Then, during periods of peak demand, the water is allowed to flow down again through the turbine to generate electrical energy. Pumped-storage systems are efficient and provide an economical way to meet peak loads.
tidal power
tidal power
In certain coastal areas, such as the Rance River estuary in Brittany, France, hydroelectric power plants have been constructed to take advantage of the rise and fall of tides. When the tide comes in, water is impounded in one or more reservoirs. At low tide, the water in these reservoirs is released to drive hydraulic turbines and their coupled electric generators (see tidal power)Falling water is one of the three principal sources of energy used to generate electric power, the other two being fossil fuels and nuclear fuels. Hydroelectric power has certain advantages over these other s
geothermal power plant is a old technology used in the world as a renewable source of energy.Geothermal resources are reservoirs of hot water that exist at varying temperatures and depths below the Earth's surface. Mile-or-more-deep wells can be drilled into underground reservoirs to tap steam and very hot water that can be brought to the surface for use in a variety of applications, including electricity generation, direct use, and heating and cooling. In the United States, most geothermal reservoirs are located in the western states.Renewable—Through proper reservoir management, the rate of energy extraction can be balanced with a reservoir's natural heat recharge rate.
Baseload—Geothermal power plants produce electricity consistently, running 24 hours per day / 7 days per week, regardless of weather conditions.
Domestic—U.S. geothermal resources can be harnessed for power production without importing fuel.
Small Footprint—Geothermal power plants are compact; using less land per GWh (404 m2) than coal (3642 m2) wind (1335 m2) or solar PV with center station (3237 m2).*
Clean—Modern closed-loop geothermal power plants emit no greenhouse gasses; life cycle GHG emissions (50 g CO2 eq/kWhe) are four times less than solar PV, and six to 20 times lower than natural gas. Geothermal power plants consume less water on average over the lifetime energy output than the most conventional generation technologies.The Geothermal Technologies Office focuses on harnessing this clean, domestic natural resource to generate electricity by accelerating near-term hydrothermal and low-temperature adoption and boldly pursuing EGS as a transformative player by creating a commercial pathway to large-scale, reproducible systems.A geothermal resource requires fluid, heat, and permeability to generate electricity. Conventional hydrothermal resources contain all three components naturally. These geothermal systems can occur in widely diverse geologic settings, sometimes without clear surface manifestations of the underlying resource.
The lack of ability to accurately predict temperature and permeability at depth from the surface is a major cause of exploration risk. Additionally, subsurface characterization and imaging are critical for the efficient utilization of all types of geothermal resources, including low temperature and coproduced, permeable sedimentary and enhanced geothermal systems. The Geothermal Technologies Office is also focused on reducing the operations and maintenance (O&M) costs of hydrothermal systems. Low-Temperature & Coproduced Resources represent a small but growing sector of hydrothermal development in geothermal resources below 150°C (300°F). Considered non-conventional hydrothermal resources, these technologies are bringing valuable returns on investment in the near-term, using unique power production methods. The Geothermal Technologies Office (GTO) works with industry, academia, and national laboratories to develop and deploy new low-tempera
The document discusses the challenge of wastewater management on Cape Cod, where 85% of buildings use septic systems. Rapid population growth is increasing the nitrogen from septic systems, which is the main cause of deteriorating coastal water quality. Traditional septic systems convert nitrogen to nitrates, but advanced treatment systems aim to remove nitrogen by converting it to nitrogen gas. While innovative onsite systems can remove 50-70% of nitrogen, large treatment plants are generally more efficient at removal. The document also discusses alternatives to traditional wastewater management like composting toilets, which reduce the volume of waste.
The document discusses the transport of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood. O2 is carried by hemoglobin in red blood cells, with about 200 ml of O2 transported per liter of blood. CO2 diffuses into the blood and is transported in three ways: 10% dissolved in plasma, 30% bound to hemoglobin, and 60% as bicarbonate ions in red blood cells. The chloride shift transports bicarbonate out of red blood cells in exchange for chloride ions. Effects like the Bohr effect and Haldane effect influence O2 and CO2 binding to hemoglobin.
The document provides information about biogeochemical cycles. It discusses the water, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen cycles. For each cycle it describes the reservoirs, how the element moves into living things, how it is returned to the Earth, and human impacts. The document emphasizes that these are continuous cycles that have always recycled these essential elements between living things and the non-living environment.
The document summarizes topics related to cellular respiration and breathing mechanisms. It includes objectives on defining aerobic and anaerobic respiration, describing lactic acid removal in muscles and the effects of tobacco smoke. It discusses the parts of the respiratory tract, roles of structures in breathing, and differences between inspired and expired air. Pathways of air through the respiratory system are outlined. Types of respiration and word/chemical equations for aerobic and anaerobic processes in mammals and plants are provided.
This science project examines how exhaust gas from vehicles pollutes the environment. It defines exhaust gas as a result of fuel combustion containing pollutants like carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. Vehicle exhaust harms the environment and human health by causing issues like global warming, acid rain, and respiratory problems. The document discusses the components of exhaust and various emission control devices and methods that can be used to reduce exhaust gas pollution and create a cleaner, greener environment.
Respiration is defined as the burning of food molecules to release energy in the form of ATP or ADP. There are two types of respiration - aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen and produces more energy, and anaerobic respiration, which does not use oxygen and produces less energy. Respiration occurs in plants through their roots, stems, and leaves, and in animals through specialized respiratory systems like lungs. The respiratory system in humans includes the nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
Carbon is one of the most important elements and is the main building block of organisms. It can be found in many everyday items and is readily available on Earth. Carbon dioxide in the air is used by plants through photosynthesis and enters animals when they eat food, then it is released back into the air through respiration. Fossil fuels are formed from decayed plants and animals over millions of years and release carbon dioxide when burned.
Onel Badro - Production of Acetone by Dehydrogenation of Isopropyl Alcohol Po...Onel Badro
This document presents a poster on producing acetone through the dehydrogenation of isopropyl alcohol. It includes an introduction describing the process and objectives of designing a plant to produce 200 tons per year of acetone. Material and energy balance calculations are shown, along with design details and specifications for the heat exchanger, reactor, distillation columns, and pump used in the process. Safety and economic analyses are also presented. The conclusion discusses applying engineering principles to further study and potentially establish an acetone production plant.
The document discusses different types of energy resources. It defines energy as the ability to produce change or do work. Energy resources are divided into nonrenewable and renewable categories. Nonrenewable resources include fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas. These are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals. While nonrenewable resources allow for large-scale electricity production cheaply and ease of transport, their main disadvantage is pollution through carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide emissions, contributing to issues like global warming and acid rain.
AKTI publishes their second edition of "The Eco Beat" focusing on best practices to promote awareness of global warming and climate change. The issue discusses ozone depletion, global warming, water shortages, and melting ice sheets. It also summarizes AKTI's efforts to minimize environmental impact through initiatives like installing LED lights, upgrading looms, and indoor planting.
Air pollution occurs when gases, dust, smoke or odors are introduced into the atmosphere, making the air harmful. It has both primary pollutants like carbon monoxide that are directly emitted, and secondary pollutants that form through chemical reactions. Major causes are emissions from industry, vehicle exhaust, and household chemicals. The effects of air pollution include damage to health, vegetation, and acid rain. Both individual actions like using public transit and government regulations on companies are needed to reduce pollution and protect the future.
Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas existing in a miniscule concentration in the atmosphere (< 0.001%), and is a product of partial combustion. Carbon monoxide poisoning is associated with a high incidence of morbidity and mortality. Symptoms are usually non-specific and include fatigue, headache, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, cognitive impairment, and tachycardia; mimicking an influenza-like illness. Symptoms occurring in more than one person (belonging to the same family/office) simultaneously and the relief also occurring at the same point of time in them should sound the physician's mind for suspected carbon monoxide poisoning. A high index of suspicion and presence of a source of generation of carbon monoxide are the diagnostic aids which can be confirmed by blood carboxyhaemoglobin levels. Removal from the source of carbon monoxide generation, moving the person to fresh air immediately is most important. In the emergency room, oxygen therapy is the key. Immediate treatment with a high fraction of inspired oxygen and careful clinical evaluation are mandatory for effective management. Patients with a carboxyhaemoglobin level of 10% or more should always be treated and 100% oxygen for 8 hours is recommended for patients requiring artificial ventilation. Hyperbaric oxygen also holds promise in select cases specially those with a history of unconsciousness, cardiovascular instability or ischemia, persistent mental and/or neurologic deficits and probably in pregnant patients
Hemoglobin is the main carrier of oxygen in the blood. Each gram of hemoglobin can carry 1.34ml of oxygen. With a normal hemoglobin concentration of 15g/dl, the oxygen content of arterial blood is approximately 20ml/100ml. Oxygen is transported from the lungs to tissues via hemoglobin in red blood cells and dissolved in plasma. As blood flows through the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries based on the pressure gradient between alveolar and pulmonary arterial oxygen levels. This initiates the oxygen cascade whereby oxygen levels gradually decrease as oxygen is extracted by tissues throughout the body.
- The document provides a series of questions and multiple choice answers about carbon and its importance in biology, as well as functional groups and their roles in macromolecules.
- Carbon is a key element in biological molecules because it can form four covalent bonds, allowing it to link to other carbon atoms and different elements to create a diverse array of complex structures.
- Functional groups give macromolecules their specific chemical properties and enable their biological functions through reactions like hydrogen bonding.
The document discusses a business project by the group "Optimus" to create a device called "Ecofer" that converts carbon dioxide gas into oxygen. It aims to address issues like global warming and ozone depletion by utilizing a process similar to photosynthesis. The device would break down carbon dioxide into oxygen and carbon monoxide using solar energy. The oxygen could be released into the atmosphere while the carbon monoxide could be used as fuel. The document outlines how the group would establish the "Ecofer Company" through legal documents like a Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association to govern the business and ensure environmentally friendly operations.
The document discusses photosynthesis, including the chemical equation that summarizes the process, factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis, and some key experiments and results regarding photosynthesis in plants. It provides information about what plants need to make amino acids and proteins from glucose, and the gases plants take in and release in darkness versus sunlight.
The document discusses ozone science, including what ozone is, how it is created and destroyed, the ozone layer, the ozone hole, effects of ozone depletion, causes of depletion, and ways to save the ozone layer. Specifically, it explains that ozone is a gas that protects Earth from UV rays, the ozone layer blocks most UV-B and all UV-C radiation. The largest ozone hole is found over Antarctica due to cold temperatures and chemicals like CFCs from spray cans and refrigerants. Depletion allows more UV rays to reach the surface and harm life. The document recommends consumers support alternatives to ozone depleting substances to help preserve the protective ozone layer.
The document discusses the respiratory system and the process of breathing. It explains that gas exchange occurs in the lungs through the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles into tiny air sacs called alveoli. Oxygen passes from the alveoli into the bloodstream while carbon dioxide passes out of the bloodstream and into the alveoli. When we inhale, oxygen enters the body and when we exhale, carbon dioxide is released. The alveoli have a large surface area and tiny blood vessels to efficiently facilitate this gas exchange.
Microscopes And Cellular Respiration Reviewcjunsay
The document discusses microscopy and cellular respiration. It provides information about microscope use including focusing, identifying plant and animal cells, and visible organelles. Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria, using glucose and oxygen as reactants to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. The purpose of cellular respiration is to make energy in cells for living things.
Compose a 300-word (minimum) essay on the topic below. Essays mustLynellBull52
Compose a 300-word (minimum) essay on the topic below. Essays must be double-spaced and use APA-style in-text citations to reference ideas or quotes that are not your own. You must include a separate bibliography.
What would happen if the market price of nuclear-generated electricity included all the costs of the fuel cycle? Explain. How are the costs of the nuclear fuel cycle paid today? How would this affect the use of nuclear power to produce electricity? How would this affect the development of sustainable energy?
You should cite and quote from assigned readings, AVP's, videos, and module activities to support the ideas in your essay.
Compose a 300
-
word
(minimum) essay on the topic below. Essays must be double
-
spaced
and use APA
-
style in
-
text citations to reference ideas or quotes that are not your own.
You
must include a separate bibliography.
What would happen if the market price of
nuclear
-
generated electricity included all the
costs of the fuel cycle? Explain. How are the costs of the nuclear fuel cycle paid today?
How would this affect the use of nuclear power to produce electricity? How would this
affect the development of sustai
nable energy?
You should cite and quote from assigned readings, AVP's, videos, and module activities to
support the ideas in your essay.
Compose a 300-word (minimum) essay on the topic below. Essays must be double-spaced
and use APA-style in-text citations to reference ideas or quotes that are not your own. You
must include a separate bibliography.
What would happen if the market price of nuclear-generated electricity included all the
costs of the fuel cycle? Explain. How are the costs of the nuclear fuel cycle paid today?
How would this affect the use of nuclear power to produce electricity? How would this
affect the development of sustainable energy?
You should cite and quote from assigned readings, AVP's, videos, and module activities to
support the ideas in your essay.
Living in the Environment (MindTap Course List)
20th Edition
ISBN-13: 978-0357142202, ISBN-10: 0170291502
FUNDING FOR THIS PROGRAM IS
PROVIDED BY ANNENBERG MEDIA.
Narrator: THE WORLD NEEDS
ENERGY.
AND NEARLY 80% OF IT COMES
FROM BURNING FOSSIL FUELS --
OIL, NATURAL GAS, AND COAL.
BUT BURNING THESE FUELS
EMITS CARBON DIOXIDE
A GREENHOUSE GAS THAT
CONTRIBUTES TO CLIMATE
CHANGE.
HOW CAN WE CONTINUE TO
SUPPL YOUR EVER-GROWING
NEED FOR POWER
WITHOUT DAMAGING THE
ENVIRONMENT?
ONE POSSIBILITY IS TO PUT THE
CARBON DIOXIDE
BACK WHERE IT CAME FROM -- IN
UNDERGROUND ROCK
FORMATIONS.
THE MIDWEST REGIONAL CARBON
SEQUESTRATION PARTNERSHIP
IS INVESTIGATING THIS STRATEGY
WHICH WILL HELP MITIGATE THE
EFFECTS
OF THE CONTINUED USE OF
FOSSIL FUELS FOR ENERGY.
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
https://www.learner.org/series/the-habitable-planet-a-systems-approach-to-environmental-science/energy-challenges/energy-challenges-video/
ARE ANOTHER OPTION.
AND IN GOLDEN, COLORADO
...
Hydro electric energy hydroelectric power, also called hydropower, electricity produced from generators driven by turbines that convert the potential energy of falling or fast-flowing water into mechanical energy. In the early 21st century, hydroelectric power was the most widely utilized form of renewable energy; in 2019 it accounted for more than 18 percent of the world’s total power generation capacity.
In the generation of hydroelectric power, water is collected or stored at a higher elevation and led downward through large pipes or tunnels (penstocks) to a lower elevation; the difference in these two elevations is known as the head. At the end of its passage down the pipes, the falling water causes turbines to rotate. The turbines in turn drive generators, which convert the turbines’ mechanical energy into electricity. Transformers are then used to convert the alternating voltage suitable for the generators to a higher voltage suitable for long-distance transmission. The structure that houses the turbines and generators, and into which the pipes or penstocks feed, is called the powerhouse.Hydroelectric power plants are usually located in dams that impound rivers, thereby raising the level of the water behind the dam and creating as high a head as is feasible. The potential power that can be derived from a volume of water is directly proportional to the working head, so that a high-head installation requires a smaller volume of water than a low-head installation to produce an equal amount of power. In some dams, the powerhouse is constructed on one flank of the dam, part of the dam being used as a spillway over which excess water is discharged in times of flood. Where the river flows in a narrow steep gorge, the powerhouse may be located within the dam itself. In most communities the demand for electric power varies considerably at different times of the day. To even the load on the generators, pumped-storage hydroelectric stations are occasionally built. During off-peak periods, some of the extra power available is supplied to the generator operating as a motor, driving the turbine to pump water into an elevated reservoir. Then, during periods of peak demand, the water is allowed to flow down again through the turbine to generate electrical energy. Pumped-storage systems are efficient and provide an economical way to meet peak loads.
tidal power
tidal power
In certain coastal areas, such as the Rance River estuary in Brittany, France, hydroelectric power plants have been constructed to take advantage of the rise and fall of tides. When the tide comes in, water is impounded in one or more reservoirs. At low tide, the water in these reservoirs is released to drive hydraulic turbines and their coupled electric generators (see tidal power)Falling water is one of the three principal sources of energy used to generate electric power, the other two being fossil fuels and nuclear fuels. Hydroelectric power has certain advantages over these other s
geothermal power plant is a old technology used in the world as a renewable source of energy.Geothermal resources are reservoirs of hot water that exist at varying temperatures and depths below the Earth's surface. Mile-or-more-deep wells can be drilled into underground reservoirs to tap steam and very hot water that can be brought to the surface for use in a variety of applications, including electricity generation, direct use, and heating and cooling. In the United States, most geothermal reservoirs are located in the western states.Renewable—Through proper reservoir management, the rate of energy extraction can be balanced with a reservoir's natural heat recharge rate.
Baseload—Geothermal power plants produce electricity consistently, running 24 hours per day / 7 days per week, regardless of weather conditions.
Domestic—U.S. geothermal resources can be harnessed for power production without importing fuel.
Small Footprint—Geothermal power plants are compact; using less land per GWh (404 m2) than coal (3642 m2) wind (1335 m2) or solar PV with center station (3237 m2).*
Clean—Modern closed-loop geothermal power plants emit no greenhouse gasses; life cycle GHG emissions (50 g CO2 eq/kWhe) are four times less than solar PV, and six to 20 times lower than natural gas. Geothermal power plants consume less water on average over the lifetime energy output than the most conventional generation technologies.The Geothermal Technologies Office focuses on harnessing this clean, domestic natural resource to generate electricity by accelerating near-term hydrothermal and low-temperature adoption and boldly pursuing EGS as a transformative player by creating a commercial pathway to large-scale, reproducible systems.A geothermal resource requires fluid, heat, and permeability to generate electricity. Conventional hydrothermal resources contain all three components naturally. These geothermal systems can occur in widely diverse geologic settings, sometimes without clear surface manifestations of the underlying resource.
The lack of ability to accurately predict temperature and permeability at depth from the surface is a major cause of exploration risk. Additionally, subsurface characterization and imaging are critical for the efficient utilization of all types of geothermal resources, including low temperature and coproduced, permeable sedimentary and enhanced geothermal systems. The Geothermal Technologies Office is also focused on reducing the operations and maintenance (O&M) costs of hydrothermal systems. Low-Temperature & Coproduced Resources represent a small but growing sector of hydrothermal development in geothermal resources below 150°C (300°F). Considered non-conventional hydrothermal resources, these technologies are bringing valuable returns on investment in the near-term, using unique power production methods. The Geothermal Technologies Office (GTO) works with industry, academia, and national laboratories to develop and deploy new low-tempera
The document discusses different types of ignition systems used in spark ignition engines. It describes the working of battery ignition systems which use a battery to provide current to the primary winding of an ignition coil. When the contact points open, a high voltage is generated in the secondary winding and sent to the spark plugs. Magneto ignition systems generate current in their primary windings via a rotating magnet instead of a battery, allowing them to operate without a battery. The document compares the advantages and disadvantages of battery and magneto ignition systems.
The document discusses various ignition and fuel injection systems used in automobiles. It describes the basic components and functioning of magneto ignition systems, battery coil ignition systems, and electronic ignition systems. It also discusses ignition system components like the distributor, condenser, contact breaker, ignition coil, centrifugal and vacuum advance mechanisms, and spark plugs. For fuel injection systems, it introduces feedback carburetor systems and throttle body injection (TBI) systems, explaining how they use sensors and electronic control units to continuously monitor and adjust the air-fuel ratio to improve emissions and engine performance.
Vehicular traffic is a major contributor to environmental pollution today. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted from vehicle exhaust are particularly harmful, as they are constituents of smog and contribute to acid rain and respiratory illnesses. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is an effective method to reduce NOx emissions from diesel engines. EGR works by recirculating exhaust gas back into the engine cylinders, which lowers combustion temperatures and reduces the amount of oxygen available for NOx formation.
This document summarizes the evolution of emission standards in India for vehicles. It discusses the introduction of Bharat Stage standards beginning in 2000 based on European regulations. BS III standards were implemented nationwide in 2010, while BS IV was introduced in 13 major cities in 2010 and nationwide in 2017. The Indian government decided to skip BS V and adopt the more stringent BS VI standards by 2020 to address air pollution issues. The document also provides an overview of emission standards introduced in India from 1991-2020, becoming progressively more strict over time.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
1. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667) SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
EMISSION REGULATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS
There has been a great concern, in recent years, that the
There has been a great concern, in recent years, that the
There has been a great concern, in recent years, that the
There has been a great concern, in recent years, that the I C Engines are
I C Engines are
I C Engines are
I C Engines are responsible
responsible
responsible
responsible
for too much atmospheric pollution, which is
for too much atmospheric pollution, which is
for too much atmospheric pollution, which is
for too much atmospheric pollution, which is detrimental to human health &
detrimental to human health &
detrimental to human health &
detrimental to human health & environment.
environment.
environment.
environment.
Thus concerted efforts are being made t
Thus concerted efforts are being made t
Thus concerted efforts are being made t
Thus concerted efforts are being made to reduce the responsible pollutants emitted
o reduce the responsible pollutants emitted
o reduce the responsible pollutants emitted
o reduce the responsible pollutants emitted
from the exhaust syst
from the exhaust syst
from the exhaust syst
from the exhaust system without sacrificing power &
em without sacrificing power &
em without sacrificing power &
em without sacrificing power & fuel consumption.
fuel consumption.
fuel consumption.
fuel consumption.
Air pollution can be defined as an addition to our atmosphere of any material which will
Air pollution can be defined as an addition to our atmosphere of any material which will
Air pollution can be defined as an addition to our atmosphere of any material which will
Air pollution can be defined as an addition to our atmosphere of any material which will
have a deleterious effect on life upon our planet. B
have a deleterious effect on life upon our planet. B
have a deleterious effect on life upon our planet. B
have a deleterious effect on life upon our planet. Besides
esides
esides
esides IC
IC
IC
IC engines other sources
engines other sources
engines other sources
engines other sources
such as electric power stations, industrial and domestic fuel consumers also add
such as electric power stations, industrial and domestic fuel consumers also add
such as electric power stations, industrial and domestic fuel consumers also add
such as electric power stations, industrial and domestic fuel consumers also add
pollution.
pollution.
pollution.
pollution.
MECHANISM OF POLLUTANTS
MECHANISM OF POLLUTANTS
MECHANISM OF POLLUTANTS
MECHANISM OF POLLUTANTS FORMATION
FORMATION
FORMATION
FORMATION (VTU
(VTU
(VTU
(VTU JAN 2007)
JAN 2007)
JAN 2007)
JAN 2007)
(MAIN
(MAIN
(MAIN
(MAIN POLLUTANTS
POLLUTANTS
POLLUTANTS
POLLUTANTS EMITTED BY
EMITTED BY
EMITTED BY
EMITTED BY PETROL ENGINE
PETROL ENGINE
PETROL ENGINE
PETROL ENGINE (VTU
(VTU
(VTU
(VTU FEB 2006
FEB 2006
FEB 2006
FEB 2006))
))
))
))
Pollutants are produced
Pollutants are produced
Pollutants are produced
Pollutants are produced by the incomplete burning of the air
by the incomplete burning of the air
by the incomplete burning of the air
by the incomplete burning of the air-
-
-
-fuel mixture in the
fuel mixture in the
fuel mixture in the
fuel mixture in the
combustion chamber. The major pollutants emitted from the exhaust due to incomplete
combustion chamber. The major pollutants emitted from the exhaust due to incomplete
combustion chamber. The major pollutants emitted from the exhaust due to incomplete
combustion chamber. The major pollutants emitted from the exhaust due to incomplete
combustion are:
combustion are:
combustion are:
combustion are:
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Hydrocarbons (HC)
Hydrocarbons (HC)
Hydrocarbons (HC)
Hydrocarbons (HC)
Oxides of nitrogen (NO).
Oxides of nitrogen (NO).
Oxides of nitrogen (NO).
Oxides of nitrogen (NO).
Other products produced are acetyl
Other products produced are acetyl
Other products produced are acetyl
Other products produced are acetylene, aldehydes etc. If,
ene, aldehydes etc. If,
ene, aldehydes etc. If,
ene, aldehydes etc. If, however, combustion
however, combustion
however, combustion
however, combustion is
is
is
is
complete
complete
complete
complete-
-
-
- -
-
-
- the only products being expelled from the exhaust would be water vapour
the only products being expelled from the exhaust would be water vapour
the only products being expelled from the exhaust would be water vapour
the only products being expelled from the exhaust would be water vapour
which is harmless, and carbon dioxide, which is an inert gas and, as such it is not
which is harmless, and carbon dioxide, which is an inert gas and, as such it is not
which is harmless, and carbon dioxide, which is an inert gas and, as such it is not
which is harmless, and carbon dioxide, which is an inert gas and, as such it is not
directly harmful to humans.
directly harmful to humans.
directly harmful to humans.
directly harmful to humans.
CARBON MONOX
CARBON MONOX
CARBON MONOX
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
IDE (CO)
IDE (CO)
IDE (CO) :
:
:
:
It is a colour
It is a colour
It is a colour
It is a colour less gas of about the same density as air.
less gas of about the same density as air.
less gas of about the same density as air.
less gas of about the same density as air. It is a poisonous gas which,
It is a poisonous gas which,
It is a poisonous gas which,
It is a poisonous gas which,
when inhaled, replaces the oxygen in the blood stream so that the body’s metabolism
when inhaled, replaces the oxygen in the blood stream so that the body’s metabolism
when inhaled, replaces the oxygen in the blood stream so that the body’s metabolism
when inhaled, replaces the oxygen in the blood stream so that the body’s metabolism
can not function correctly.
can not function correctly.
can not function correctly.
can not function correctly. Small amounts of CO concentrations, when brea
Small amounts of CO concentrations, when brea
Small amounts of CO concentrations, when brea
Small amounts of CO concentrations, when breathed in, slow
thed in, slow
thed in, slow
thed in, slow
down physical and mental activity and produces headaches, while large concentration
down physical and mental activity and produces headaches, while large concentration
down physical and mental activity and produces headaches, while large concentration
down physical and mental activity and produces headaches, while large concentration
will kill.
will kill.
will kill.
will kill.
2. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667) SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
Mechanism of formation of CO
Mechanism of formation of CO
Mechanism of formation of CO
Mechanism of formation of CO
CO is intermediate product of combustion remains in exhaust if the oxidation of CO to
CO is intermediate product of combustion remains in exhaust if the oxidation of CO to
CO is intermediate product of combustion remains in exhaust if the oxidation of CO to
CO is intermediate product of combustion remains in exhaust if the oxidation of CO to
C0
C0
C0
C02
2
2
2 is not complete. Theoretical
is not complete. Theoretical
is not complete. Theoretical
is not complete. Theoretically , it can be said that petrol engine exhaust is free of
ly , it can be said that petrol engine exhaust is free of
ly , it can be said that petrol engine exhaust is free of
ly , it can be said that petrol engine exhaust is free of
CO if the air fuel ratio is 15. However, some CO is always present in the exhaust even
CO if the air fuel ratio is 15. However, some CO is always present in the exhaust even
CO if the air fuel ratio is 15. However, some CO is always present in the exhaust even
CO if the air fuel ratio is 15. However, some CO is always present in the exhaust even
at lean mixture and can be as high as 1%.
at lean mixture and can be as high as 1%.
at lean mixture and can be as high as 1%.
at lean mixture and can be as high as 1%. CO is generally formed when the mixture is
CO is generally formed when the mixture is
CO is generally formed when the mixture is
CO is generally formed when the mixture is
rich in fuel. The amount
rich in fuel. The amount
rich in fuel. The amount
rich in fuel. The amount of CO formed increases the mixture becomes more and more
of CO formed increases the mixture becomes more and more
of CO formed increases the mixture becomes more and more
of CO formed increases the mixture becomes more and more
rich in fuel. A small amount of CO will come out of the exha
rich in fuel. A small amount of CO will come out of the exha
rich in fuel. A small amount of CO will come out of the exha
rich in fuel. A small amount of CO will come out of the exhaust
ust
ust
ust even when the mixture
even when the mixture
even when the mixture
even when the mixture
is slightly lean in fuel. This is due to the fact that equilibrium is not
is slightly lean in fuel. This is due to the fact that equilibrium is not
is slightly lean in fuel. This is due to the fact that equilibrium is not
is slightly lean in fuel. This is due to the fact that equilibrium is not est
est
est
established
ablished
ablished
ablished when the
when the
when the
when the
products pass to
products pass to
products pass to
products pass to the exhaust. At the high temperature developed during th
the exhaust. At the high temperature developed during th
the exhaust. At the high temperature developed during th
the exhaust. At the high temperature developed during the combustion
e combustion
e combustion
e combustion,
,
,
,
the products formed are unstable, and the following reactions take place before the
the products formed are unstable, and the following reactions take place before the
the products formed are unstable, and the following reactions take place before the
the products formed are unstable, and the following reactions take place before the
equilibrium i
equilibrium i
equilibrium i
equilibrium is established.
s established.
s established.
s established.
2H
2H
2H
2H2
2
2
2O
O
O
O+ O
+ O
+ O
+ O2
2
2
2 →
→
→
→ 2(1
2(1
2(1
2(1-
-
-
-y) H
y) H
y) H
y) H2
2
2
20 + 2yH
0 + 2yH
0 + 2yH
0 + 2yH2
2
2
2 + yO
+ yO
+ yO
+ yO2
2
2
2
where,
where,
where,
where, y is the fraction
y is the fraction
y is the fraction
y is the fraction of H
of H
of H
of H2
2
2
20
0
0
0 dissociated.
dissociated.
dissociated.
dissociated.
C+0
C+0
C+0
C+02
2
2
2 →
→
→
→ C0
C0
C0
C02
2
2
2 →
→
→
→ + (
+ (
+ (
+ (1
1
1
1-
-
-
-x)CO
x)CO
x)CO
x)CO2
2
2
2 +x CO +
+x CO +
+x CO +
+x CO + x/2 O
x/2 O
x/2 O
x/2 O2
2
2
2
As the products cool down to exhaust temperature, major part of CO reacts with oxygen
As the products cool down to exhaust temperature, major part of CO reacts with oxygen
As the products cool down to exhaust temperature, major part of CO reacts with oxygen
As the products cool down to exhaust temperature, major part of CO reacts with oxygen
form CO
form CO
form CO
form CO2
2
2
2 However, a relatively small amount of CO will remain in exhaust, its
However, a relatively small amount of CO will remain in exhaust, its
However, a relatively small amount of CO will remain in exhaust, its
However, a relatively small amount of CO will remain in exhaust, its
concentration creasing with
concentration creasing with
concentration creasing with
concentration creasing with rich mixtures.
rich mixtures.
rich mixtures.
rich mixtures.
2. HYDROCARBONS (HC):
2. HYDROCARBONS (HC):
2. HYDROCARBONS (HC):
2. HYDROCARBONS (HC):
The unburnt hydrocarbons emission is the direct result of incomplete combustion. The
The unburnt hydrocarbons emission is the direct result of incomplete combustion. The
The unburnt hydrocarbons emission is the direct result of incomplete combustion. The
The unburnt hydrocarbons emission is the direct result of incomplete combustion. The
emission amount of hydrocarbon is closely related to design variables and combustion
emission amount of hydrocarbon is closely related to design variables and combustion
emission amount of hydrocarbon is closely related to design variables and combustion
emission amount of hydrocarbon is closely related to design variables and combustion
chamber design and operating variables such as A
chamber design and operating variables such as A
chamber design and operating variables such as A
chamber design and operating variables such as A:F ratio, speed, load and mode of
:F ratio, speed, load and mode of
:F ratio, speed, load and mode of
:F ratio, speed, load and mode of
operation
operation
operation
operation as idling, running or accelerating.
as idling, running or accelerating.
as idling, running or accelerating.
as idling, running or accelerating. Surface to volume ratio and wall quenching
Surface to volume ratio and wall quenching
Surface to volume ratio and wall quenching
Surface to volume ratio and wall quenching
greatly affects in formation of HC.
greatly affects in formation of HC.
greatly affects in formation of HC.
greatly affects in formation of HC. Hydrocarbons, derived from unburnt fuel emitted, b
Hydrocarbons, derived from unburnt fuel emitted, b
Hydrocarbons, derived from unburnt fuel emitted, b
Hydrocarbons, derived from unburnt fuel emitted, by
y
y
y
exhausts, engine crankcase fumes
exhausts, engine crankcase fumes
exhausts, engine crankcase fumes
exhausts, engine crankcase fumes and vapour
and vapour
and vapour
and vapour escaping from the
escaping from the
escaping from the
escaping from the carburetor
carburetor
carburetor
carburetor are also
are also
are also
are also
harmful to health.
harmful to health.
harmful to health.
harmful to health.
Mechanism of formation of HC
Mechanism of formation of HC
Mechanism of formation of HC
Mechanism of formation of HC
Due to existence of local very rich mixture pockets at much lower temperatures than
Due to existence of local very rich mixture pockets at much lower temperatures than
Due to existence of local very rich mixture pockets at much lower temperatures than
Due to existence of local very rich mixture pockets at much lower temperatures than
combustion chambers, unburnt hydrocarbons may appear in the exhaust.The
combustion chambers, unburnt hydrocarbons may appear in the exhaust.The
combustion chambers, unburnt hydrocarbons may appear in the exhaust.The
combustion chambers, unburnt hydrocarbons may appear in the exhaust.The
hydrocarbons
hydrocarbons
hydrocarbons
hydrocarbons also appear due to flame quenching near the metallic walls.
also appear due to flame quenching near the metallic walls.
also appear due to flame quenching near the metallic walls.
also appear due to flame quenching near the metallic walls.
3. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667) SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
A significant portion of this unburnt hydrocarbon may burn during expansion and
A significant portion of this unburnt hydrocarbon may burn during expansion and
A significant portion of this unburnt hydrocarbon may burn during expansion and
A significant portion of this unburnt hydrocarbon may burn during expansion and
exha
exha
exha
exhaust
ust
ust
ust strokes if the oxygen concentration and exhaust temperature is suitable for
strokes if the oxygen concentration and exhaust temperature is suitable for
strokes if the oxygen concentration and exhaust temperature is suitable for
strokes if the oxygen concentration and exhaust temperature is suitable for
complete oxidati
complete oxidati
complete oxidati
complete oxidation
on
on
on Otherwise a l
Otherwise a l
Otherwise a l
Otherwise a large amount of hydrocarbon will go out with the
arge amount of hydrocarbon will go out with the
arge amount of hydrocarbon will go out with the
arge amount of hydrocarbon will go out with the
exhaust gases.
exhaust gases.
exhaust gases.
exhaust gases.
3. OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NO):
3. OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NO):
3. OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NO):
3. OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NO):
Oxides of N
Oxides of N
Oxides of N
Oxides of N2
2
2
2 generally occur mainly in the form of NO and N0
generally occur mainly in the form of NO and N0
generally occur mainly in the form of NO and N0
generally occur mainly in the form of NO and N02
2
2
2 .
.
.
. These are generally
These are generally
These are generally
These are generally
formed at high temperature. Hence high temperature and availability of 0
formed at high temperature. Hence high temperature and availability of 0
formed at high temperature. Hence high temperature and availability of 0
formed at high temperature. Hence high temperature and availability of 02
2
2
2 are
are
are
are the main
the main
the main
the main
reason for the formation of N0 and NO
reason for the formation of N0 and NO
reason for the formation of N0 and NO
reason for the formation of N0 and NO2
2
2
2 .Many other oxides like N
.Many other oxides like N
.Many other oxides like N
.Many other oxides like N2
2
2
2O
O
O
O4,
4,
4,
4, N
N
N
N2
2
2
2O
O
O
O,
,
,
, N
N
N
N2
2
2
2O
O
O
O3
3
3
3 ,N
,N
,N
,N2
2
2
2O
O
O
O5
5
5
5
are also formed in low concentration but they decompose spontaneously at ambient
are also formed in low concentration but they decompose spontaneously at ambient
are also formed in low concentration but they decompose spontaneously at ambient
are also formed in low concentration but they decompose spontaneously at ambient
conditions of NO
conditions of NO
conditions of NO
conditions of NO2
2
2
2. The maximum NO
. The maximum NO
. The maximum NO
. The maximum NOx
x
x
x levels are observed with A:F ratios of about
levels are observed with A:F ratios of about
levels are observed with A:F ratios of about
levels are observed with A:F ratios of about 10%
10%
10%
10%
above stoichiometric.
above stoichiometric.
above stoichiometric.
above stoichiometric. Oxides of nitrogen and other obnoxious substances are produced
Oxides of nitrogen and other obnoxious substances are produced
Oxides of nitrogen and other obnoxious substances are produced
Oxides of nitrogen and other obnoxious substances are produced
in very small
in very small
in very small
in very small quantities
quantities
quantities
quantities and, in certain environments, can cause pollution
and, in certain environments, can cause pollution
and, in certain environments, can cause pollution
and, in certain environments, can cause pollution,
,
,
, while
while
while
while
prolonged exposure is dang
prolonged exposure is dang
prolonged exposure is dang
prolonged exposure is danger
er
er
erous to health.
ous to health.
ous to health.
ous to health.
Mechanism of formation of nitric oxide (
Mechanism of formation of nitric oxide (
Mechanism of formation of nitric oxide (
Mechanism of formation of nitric oxide (NO)
NO)
NO)
NO)
At high combustion temperatures, the following chemical reactions take place behi
At high combustion temperatures, the following chemical reactions take place behi
At high combustion temperatures, the following chemical reactions take place behi
At high combustion temperatures, the following chemical reactions take place behind
nd
nd
nd
the flame:
the flame:
the flame:
the flame:
N
N
N
N2
2
2
2+ O
+ O
+ O
+ O2
2
2
2 →
→
→
→ 2NO
2NO
2NO
2NO
N
N
N
N2
2
2
2+
+
+
+ 2H
2H
2H
2H2
2
2
2 O
O
O
O →
→
→
→ 2NO
2NO
2NO
2NO+2H
+2H
+2H
+2H2
2
2
2
Chemical equilibrium calculations show that a significant amount of NO will be formed
Chemical equilibrium calculations show that a significant amount of NO will be formed
Chemical equilibrium calculations show that a significant amount of NO will be formed
Chemical equilibrium calculations show that a significant amount of NO will be formed
the end of combustion. The
the end of combustion. The
the end of combustion. The
the end of combustion. The majority of NO formed will however
majority of NO formed will however
majority of NO formed will however
majority of NO formed will however decompose at the low
decompose at the low
decompose at the low
decompose at the low
temperature
temperature
temperature
temperature of exhaust. But due to very low reaction rate at the exhaust temperature a
of exhaust. But due to very low reaction rate at the exhaust temperature a
of exhaust. But due to very low reaction rate at the exhaust temperature a
of exhaust. But due to very low reaction rate at the exhaust temperature a
part of NO form
part of NO form
part of NO form
part of NO formed
ed
ed
ed remains in exhaust. It is far in excess of the equilibrium composition
remains in exhaust. It is far in excess of the equilibrium composition
remains in exhaust. It is far in excess of the equilibrium composition
remains in exhaust. It is far in excess of the equilibrium composition
at that temperature as
at that temperature as
at that temperature as
at that temperature as t formation of NO freezes at low exhaust temperatures.
t formation of NO freezes at low exhaust temperatures.
t formation of NO freezes at low exhaust temperatures.
t formation of NO freezes at low exhaust temperatures. The NO
The NO
The NO
The NO
formation will be less in rich mixtures than in lean mixtures.
formation will be less in rich mixtures than in lean mixtures.
formation will be less in rich mixtures than in lean mixtures.
formation will be less in rich mixtures than in lean mixtures.
4.
4.
4.
4. SMOKE OR PARTICULATE
SMOKE OR PARTICULATE
SMOKE OR PARTICULATE
SMOKE OR PARTICULATE
Solid particles are usually formed by dehydrogenation, polymerisation and
Solid particles are usually formed by dehydrogenation, polymerisation and
Solid particles are usually formed by dehydrogenation, polymerisation and
Solid particles are usually formed by dehydrogenation, polymerisation and
agglome
agglome
agglome
agglomeration
ration
ration
ration.
.
.
. In the combustion
In the combustion
In the combustion
In the combustion process of different hydrocarbons, acetylene (C
process of different hydrocarbons, acetylene (C
process of different hydrocarbons, acetylene (C
process of different hydrocarbons, acetylene (C2
2
2
2H
H
H
H2
2
2
2)
)
)
) is
is
is
is
formed as intermediate product. These acetylene molecules after simultaneous
formed as intermediate product. These acetylene molecules after simultaneous
formed as intermediate product. These acetylene molecules after simultaneous
formed as intermediate product. These acetylene molecules after simultaneous
4. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667) SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
polymerisation
polymerisation
polymerisation
polymerisation dehydration
dehydration
dehydration
dehydration produce carbon particles, which are the main constituent of
produce carbon particles, which are the main constituent of
produce carbon particles, which are the main constituent of
produce carbon particles, which are the main constituent of
the particula
the particula
the particula
the particulate.
te.
te.
te.
5.
5.
5.
5. ALDEHYDES
ALDEHYDES
ALDEHYDES
ALDEHYDES:
:
:
: Due
Due
Due
Due to very slow chemical reaction during delay period in the diesel
to very slow chemical reaction during delay period in the diesel
to very slow chemical reaction during delay period in the diesel
to very slow chemical reaction during delay period in the diesel
engines, aldehydes are formed as intermediate products. In some parts of the spray the
engines, aldehydes are formed as intermediate products. In some parts of the spray the
engines, aldehydes are formed as intermediate products. In some parts of the spray the
engines, aldehydes are formed as intermediate products. In some parts of the spray the
aldehydes will be left
aldehydes will be left
aldehydes will be left
aldehydes will be left after the initial reactions. These aldehydes may be oxidised in the
after the initial reactions. These aldehydes may be oxidised in the
after the initial reactions. These aldehydes may be oxidised in the
after the initial reactions. These aldehydes may be oxidised in the
later part o
later part o
later part o
later part of the cycle, if the mixture temperature is high, and if there is sufficient oxygen.
f the cycle, if the mixture temperature is high, and if there is sufficient oxygen.
f the cycle, if the mixture temperature is high, and if there is sufficient oxygen.
f the cycle, if the mixture temperature is high, and if there is sufficient oxygen.
At heavy loads, due to lack of oxygen, an increase in aldehyde emission in the exhaust
At heavy loads, due to lack of oxygen, an increase in aldehyde emission in the exhaust
At heavy loads, due to lack of oxygen, an increase in aldehyde emission in the exhaust
At heavy loads, due to lack of oxygen, an increase in aldehyde emission in the exhaust
is observed.
is observed.
is observed.
is observed.
Exhaust
Exhaust
Exhaust
Exhaust Pollutants Versus the A:F ratio:
Pollutants Versus the A:F ratio:
Pollutants Versus the A:F ratio:
Pollutants Versus the A:F ratio:
Figure shows ho
Figure shows ho
Figure shows ho
Figure shows how three main
w three main
w three main
w three main exhaust pollutant products (CO,HC and NO
exhaust pollutant products (CO,HC and NO
exhaust pollutant products (CO,HC and NO
exhaust pollutant products (CO,HC and NOX
X
X
X) vary from
) vary from
) vary from
) vary from
different air
different air
different air
different air-
-
-
-fuel ratio operating on either side of the stochiometric ratio for a very rich
fuel ratio operating on either side of the stochiometric ratio for a very rich
fuel ratio operating on either side of the stochiometric ratio for a very rich
fuel ratio operating on either side of the stochiometric ratio for a very rich
mixture (11:1) to very lean mixture (18:1).
mixture (11:1) to very lean mixture (18:1).
mixture (11:1) to very lean mixture (18:1).
mixture (11:1) to very lean mixture (18:1).
The amount of CO produced in the exhaust
The amount of CO produced in the exhaust
The amount of CO produced in the exhaust
The amount of CO produced in the exhaust
is about 8% for an 11: 1
is about 8% for an 11: 1
is about 8% for an 11: 1
is about 8% for an 11: 1 air
air
air
air-
-
-
-fuel, ratio, but
fuel, ratio, but
fuel, ratio, but
fuel, ratio, but
this percentage steadily decreases to zero
this percentage steadily decreases to zero
this percentage steadily decreases to zero
this percentage steadily decreases to zero
as the mixture is reduced to just beyond the
as the mixture is reduced to just beyond the
as the mixture is reduced to just beyond the
as the mixture is reduced to just beyond the
stoichiometric ratio (on the lean side).
stoichiometric ratio (on the lean side).
stoichiometric ratio (on the lean side).
stoichiometric ratio (on the lean side).
HC produced in the exhaust gases amounts
HC produced in the exhaust gases amounts
HC produced in the exhaust gases amounts
HC produced in the exhaust gases amounts
to about 1100 parts per million (ppm) with a
to about 1100 parts per million (ppm) with a
to about 1100 parts per million (ppm) with a
to about 1100 parts per million (ppm) with a
rich 11: 1 air
rich 11: 1 air
rich 11: 1 air
rich 11: 1 air-
-
-
-fuel
fuel
fuel
fuel ratio and, as the mixture
ratio and, as the mixture
ratio and, as the mixture
ratio and, as the mixture
strength approaches the stoichiometric ratio, it progressively falls to around 500 ppm. A
strength approaches the stoichiometric ratio, it progressively falls to around 500 ppm. A
strength approaches the stoichiometric ratio, it progressively falls to around 500 ppm. A
strength approaches the stoichiometric ratio, it progressively falls to around 500 ppm. A
further weakening of the mixture to 18: 1 air
further weakening of the mixture to 18: 1 air
further weakening of the mixture to 18: 1 air
further weakening of the mixture to 18: 1 air-
-
-
-fuel, ratio only reduces HC content to
fuel, ratio only reduces HC content to
fuel, ratio only reduces HC content to
fuel, ratio only reduces HC content to
approximately 350 ppm.
approximately 350 ppm.
approximately 350 ppm.
approximately 350 ppm.
Oxides of nitrogen products for
Oxides of nitrogen products for
Oxides of nitrogen products for
Oxides of nitrogen products formed during combustion are very low at 100 ppm with a
med during combustion are very low at 100 ppm with a
med during combustion are very low at 100 ppm with a
med during combustion are very low at 100 ppm with a
rich air
rich air
rich air
rich air-
-
-
-fuel ratio of 11: 1. As the mixture strength approaches the stoichiornetric ratio it
fuel ratio of 11: 1. As the mixture strength approaches the stoichiornetric ratio it
fuel ratio of 11: 1. As the mixture strength approaches the stoichiornetric ratio it
fuel ratio of 11: 1. As the mixture strength approaches the stoichiornetric ratio it
rises fairly rapidly to 2000 ppm, and a further reduction of the mixture strength to 15: 1
rises fairly rapidly to 2000 ppm, and a further reduction of the mixture strength to 15: 1
rises fairly rapidly to 2000 ppm, and a further reduction of the mixture strength to 15: 1
rises fairly rapidly to 2000 ppm, and a further reduction of the mixture strength to 15: 1
peaks the oxides o
peaks the oxides o
peaks the oxides o
peaks the oxides of nitrogen to something like 2,300 ppm, weakening the mixture
f nitrogen to something like 2,300 ppm, weakening the mixture
f nitrogen to something like 2,300 ppm, weakening the mixture
f nitrogen to something like 2,300 ppm, weakening the mixture
beyond this point rapidly reduces it until, at an 18: 1 air
beyond this point rapidly reduces it until, at an 18: 1 air
beyond this point rapidly reduces it until, at an 18: 1 air
beyond this point rapidly reduces it until, at an 18: 1 air-
-
-
-fuel ratio, it is 1000 ppm.
fuel ratio, it is 1000 ppm.
fuel ratio, it is 1000 ppm.
fuel ratio, it is 1000 ppm.
5. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667) SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
SOURCES
SOURCES
SOURCES
SOURCES OF POLLUTANTS F
OF POLLUTANTS F
OF POLLUTANTS F
OF POLLUTANTS FROM
ROM
ROM
ROM SI
SI
SI
SI ENGINE
ENGINE
ENGINE
ENGINE ( VTU JULY
( VTU JULY
( VTU JULY
( VTU JULY 2007)
2007)
2007)
2007)
The following are the three main sources for
The following are the three main sources for
The following are the three main sources for
The following are the three main sources form which pollutants are emitted from the SI
m which pollutants are emitted from the SI
m which pollutants are emitted from the SI
m which pollutants are emitted from the SI
engine:
engine:
engine:
engine:
The crankcase
The crankcase
The crankcase
The crankcase. Where piston blow
. Where piston blow
. Where piston blow
. Where piston blow-
-
-
-by fumes and oil mist are vented to the
by fumes and oil mist are vented to the
by fumes and oil mist are vented to the
by fumes and oil mist are vented to the
atmosphere.
atmosphere.
atmosphere.
atmosphere.
The fuel system
The fuel system
The fuel system
The fuel system. Where evaporative emissions from the
. Where evaporative emissions from the
. Where evaporative emissions from the
. Where evaporative emissions from the carburetor
carburetor
carburetor
carburetor or petrol
or petrol
or petrol
or petrol
injection air intake and fuel tank are vente
injection air intake and fuel tank are vente
injection air intake and fuel tank are vente
injection air intake and fuel tank are vented to the atmosphere.
d to the atmosphere.
d to the atmosphere.
d to the atmosphere.
The exhaust system
The exhaust system
The exhaust system
The exhaust system. Where the products of incomplete combustion are expelled
. Where the products of incomplete combustion are expelled
. Where the products of incomplete combustion are expelled
. Where the products of incomplete combustion are expelled
from the tail pipe into the atmosphere.
from the tail pipe into the atmosphere.
from the tail pipe into the atmosphere.
from the tail pipe into the atmosphere.
Crankcase Emission
Crankcase Emission
Crankcase Emission
Crankcase Emission
The piston and its rings are designed to form a gas
The piston and its rings are designed to form a gas
The piston and its rings are designed to form a gas
The piston and its rings are designed to form a gas-
-
-
-tight seal between the sliding piston
tight seal between the sliding piston
tight seal between the sliding piston
tight seal between the sliding piston
and
and
and
and c
c
c
cylinder walls. However, in practice there will always be some compressed charge
ylinder walls. However, in practice there will always be some compressed charge
ylinder walls. However, in practice there will always be some compressed charge
ylinder walls. However, in practice there will always be some compressed charge
and burnt fumes
and burnt fumes
and burnt fumes
and burnt fumes escape during
escape during
escape during
escape during compression and
compression and
compression and
compression and power stroke to crankcase.
power stroke to crankcase.
power stroke to crankcase.
power stroke to crankcase. These
These
These
These
gases
gases
gases
gases are usually
are usually
are usually
are usually unburnt air
unburnt air
unburnt air
unburnt air-
-
-
-fuel mixture hydrocarbons, or burnt (or partially burnt)
fuel mixture hydrocarbons, or burnt (or partially burnt)
fuel mixture hydrocarbons, or burnt (or partially burnt)
fuel mixture hydrocarbons, or burnt (or partially burnt)
products o
products o
products o
products of combustion, C0
f combustion, C0
f combustion, C0
f combustion, C02
2
2
2,
,
,
, H
H
H
H2
2
2
2O
O
O
O (steam) or CO.
(steam) or CO.
(steam) or CO.
(steam) or CO. These products also contaminate the
These products also contaminate the
These products also contaminate the
These products also contaminate the
lubricating oils.
lubricating oils.
lubricating oils.
lubricating oils.
6. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667) SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
Evaporative Emission
Evaporative Emission
Evaporative Emission
Evaporative Emission
Evaporative emissions account for 15 to 25% of total hydrocarbon emission from a
Evaporative emissions account for 15 to 25% of total hydrocarbon emission from a
Evaporative emissions account for 15 to 25% of total hydrocarbon emission from a
Evaporative emissions account for 15 to 25% of total hydrocarbon emission from a
gasoline engine. The following are two main sources of eva
gasoline engine. The following are two main sources of eva
gasoline engine. The following are two main sources of eva
gasoline engine. The following are two main sources of evaporative emissions:
porative emissions:
porative emissions:
porative emissions:
The fuel tank
The fuel tank
The fuel tank
The fuel tank
The carburettor.
The carburettor.
The carburettor.
The carburettor.
(i)
(i)
(i)
(i) Fuel tank losses
Fuel tank losses
Fuel tank losses
Fuel tank losses. The main factors governing the tank emissions are fuel volatility
. The main factors governing the tank emissions are fuel volatility
. The main factors governing the tank emissions are fuel volatility
. The main factors governing the tank emissions are fuel volatility
and the ambient temperature but the tank design and location can also influence the
and the ambient temperature but the tank design and location can also influence the
and the ambient temperature but the tank design and location can also influence the
and the ambient temperature but the tank design and location can also influence the
emissions as location affects the
emissions as location affects the
emissions as location affects the
emissions as location affects the temperature. Insulation of tank and vapour collection
temperature. Insulation of tank and vapour collection
temperature. Insulation of tank and vapour collection
temperature. Insulation of tank and vapour collection
systems have all been explored with a view to reduce the tank emission.
systems have all been explored with a view to reduce the tank emission.
systems have all been explored with a view to reduce the tank emission.
systems have all been explored with a view to reduce the tank emission.
(ii)
(ii)
(ii)
(ii) Carburettor losses
Carburettor losses
Carburettor losses
Carburettor losses. Although most internally vented carburettors have
. Although most internally vented carburettors have
. Although most internally vented carburettors have
. Although most internally vented carburettors have an external
an external
an external
an external
vent which opens
vent which opens
vent which opens
vent which opens at idle throttle position
at idle throttle position
at idle throttle position
at idle throttle position, the existing pressure forces prevent outflow of
, the existing pressure forces prevent outflow of
, the existing pressure forces prevent outflow of
, the existing pressure forces prevent outflow of
vapours to the atmosphere. Internally vented carburettor may enrich the mixture which
vapours to the atmosphere. Internally vented carburettor may enrich the mixture which
vapours to the atmosphere. Internally vented carburettor may enrich the mixture which
vapours to the atmosphere. Internally vented carburettor may enrich the mixture which
in turn increases exhaust emission.
in turn increases exhaust emission.
in turn increases exhaust emission.
in turn increases exhaust emission.
EXHAUST EMISSION
EXHAUST EMISSION
EXHAUST EMISSION
EXHAUST EMISSION
The different constituents which are exhausted from S.I. engine an
The different constituents which are exhausted from S.I. engine an
The different constituents which are exhausted from S.I. engine an
The different constituents which are exhausted from S.I. engine and different factors
d different factors
d different factors
d different factors
which will affect percentages of different constituents are discussed below:
which will affect percentages of different constituents are discussed below:
which will affect percentages of different constituents are discussed below:
which will affect percentages of different constituents are discussed below:
Hydrocarbons (HC)
Hydrocarbons (HC)
Hydrocarbons (HC)
Hydrocarbons (HC)
The emission amount of HC (due to incomplete co
The emission amount of HC (due to incomplete co
The emission amount of HC (due to incomplete co
The emission amount of HC (due to incomplete combustion) is closely related to
mbustion) is closely related to
mbustion) is closely related to
mbustion) is closely related to
D
D
D
Design variables
esign variables
esign variables
esign variables, Operating variables and engine condition. T
, Operating variables and engine condition. T
, Operating variables and engine condition. T
, Operating variables and engine condition. The Surface to volume
he Surface to volume
he Surface to volume
he Surface to volume
7. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667) SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
ratio greatly
ratio greatly
ratio greatly
ratio greatly affects
affects
affects
affects the HC emission. Higher the S/V
the HC emission. Higher the S/V
the HC emission. Higher the S/V
the HC emission. Higher the S/V ratio, higher the HC emission
ratio, higher the HC emission
ratio, higher the HC emission
ratio, higher the HC emission
irrespective of whether mixture is rich or lean. When the Mixture supplied is lean or rich,
irrespective of whether mixture is rich or lean. When the Mixture supplied is lean or rich,
irrespective of whether mixture is rich or lean. When the Mixture supplied is lean or rich,
irrespective of whether mixture is rich or lean. When the Mixture supplied is lean or rich,
the flame propagation becomes weak which causes in turn c
the flame propagation becomes weak which causes in turn c
the flame propagation becomes weak which causes in turn c
the flame propagation becomes weak which causes in turn causes incomplete
auses incomplete
auses incomplete
auses incomplete
combustion and results in HC emission.
combustion and results in HC emission.
combustion and results in HC emission.
combustion and results in HC emission.
Carbon Mono oxide (HC)
Carbon Mono oxide (HC)
Carbon Mono oxide (HC)
Carbon Mono oxide (HC)
If the oxidation of CO to CO is not complete, CO remains in the exhaust. It can be said
If the oxidation of CO to CO is not complete, CO remains in the exhaust. It can be said
If the oxidation of CO to CO is not complete, CO remains in the exhaust. It can be said
If the oxidation of CO to CO is not complete, CO remains in the exhaust. It can be said
theoretically that, the petrol engine exhaust can be made free from CO by operating it
theoretically that, the petrol engine exhaust can be made free from CO by operating it
theoretically that, the petrol engine exhaust can be made free from CO by operating it
theoretically that, the petrol engine exhaust can be made free from CO by operating it at
at
at
at
A/F ratio = 15. However, some CO is always present in the exhaust even at lean
A/F ratio = 15. However, some CO is always present in the exhaust even at lean
A/F ratio = 15. However, some CO is always present in the exhaust even at lean
A/F ratio = 15. However, some CO is always present in the exhaust even at lean
mixture and can be as high as 1 per cent. CO emissions are lowest during acceleration
mixture and can be as high as 1 per cent. CO emissions are lowest during acceleration
mixture and can be as high as 1 per cent. CO emissions are lowest during acceleration
mixture and can be as high as 1 per cent. CO emissions are lowest during acceleration
and at steady speeds. They are, however, high during idling and reach maximum during
and at steady speeds. They are, however, high during idling and reach maximum during
and at steady speeds. They are, however, high during idling and reach maximum during
and at steady speeds. They are, however, high during idling and reach maximum during
de
de
de
deceleration.
celeration.
celeration.
celeration.
Oxides o
Oxides o
Oxides o
Oxides of nitrogen (NO)
f nitrogen (NO)
f nitrogen (NO)
f nitrogen (NO)
Oxides of nitrogen occur mainly in the form of NO and NO and are generally formed at
Oxides of nitrogen occur mainly in the form of NO and NO and are generally formed at
Oxides of nitrogen occur mainly in the form of NO and NO and are generally formed at
Oxides of nitrogen occur mainly in the form of NO and NO and are generally formed at
high temperature.
high temperature.
high temperature.
high temperature. • The maximum NO levels are observed with A/F ratios of about 10
• The maximum NO levels are observed with A/F ratios of about 10
• The maximum NO levels are observed with A/F ratios of about 10
• The maximum NO levels are observed with A/F ratios of about 10
percent above stoichiometric
percent above stoichiometric
percent above stoichiometric
percent above stoichiometric.
.
.
. It has also been obse
It has also been obse
It has also been obse
It has also been observed that NO increases with
rved that NO increases with
rved that NO increases with
rved that NO increases with
increasing manifold pressure, engine load and compression ratio. This characteristic is
increasing manifold pressure, engine load and compression ratio. This characteristic is
increasing manifold pressure, engine load and compression ratio. This characteristic is
increasing manifold pressure, engine load and compression ratio. This characteristic is
different from HC and CO emission which is nearly independent of engine load except
different from HC and CO emission which is nearly independent of engine load except
different from HC and CO emission which is nearly independent of engine load except
different from HC and CO emission which is nearly independent of engine load except
for idling and deceleration.
for idling and deceleration.
for idling and deceleration.
for idling and deceleration.
Lead emission
Lead emission
Lead emission
Lead emission
Lead emissio
Lead emissio
Lead emissio
Lead emissions come only from S.I. engines. In the fuel, lead is present as
ns come only from S.I. engines. In the fuel, lead is present as
ns come only from S.I. engines. In the fuel, lead is present as
ns come only from S.I. engines. In the fuel, lead is present as antiknock
antiknock
antiknock
antiknock
agents in SI Engine.
agents in SI Engine.
agents in SI Engine.
agents in SI Engine. It may not be possible to eliminate lead completely from all petrols
It may not be possible to eliminate lead completely from all petrols
It may not be possible to eliminate lead completely from all petrols
It may not be possible to eliminate lead completely from all petrols
immediately because a large number of existing engines rely upon the lubrication
immediately because a large number of existing engines rely upon the lubrication
immediately because a large number of existing engines rely upon the lubrication
immediately because a large number of existing engines rely upon the lubrication
provided b
provided b
provided b
provided by a lead film to prevent rapid wear of exhaust valve seats.
y a lead film to prevent rapid wear of exhaust valve seats.
y a lead film to prevent rapid wear of exhaust valve seats.
y a lead film to prevent rapid wear of exhaust valve seats.
8. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667) SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
S
S
S
SI ENGINE EMISSION CONTROL
I ENGINE EMISSION CONTROL
I ENGINE EMISSION CONTROL
I ENGINE EMISSION CONTROL ( VTU JULY 2007)
( VTU JULY 2007)
( VTU JULY 2007)
( VTU JULY 2007)
The main methods, among various methods, for S.I. engine emission control are:
The main methods, among various methods, for S.I. engine emission control are:
The main methods, among various methods, for S.I. engine emission control are:
The main methods, among various methods, for S.I. engine emission control are:
Modification in the engine design and operating parameters.
Modification in the engine design and operating parameters.
Modification in the engine design and operating parameters.
Modification in the engine design and operating parameters.
Treatment of exhaust products of combustion.
Treatment of exhaust products of combustion.
Treatment of exhaust products of combustion.
Treatment of exhaust products of combustion.
Modification of the fuels.
Modification of the fuels.
Modification of the fuels.
Modification of the fuels.
Modification in the Engine Design and Operating Parameters
Modification in the Engine Design and Operating Parameters
Modification in the Engine Design and Operating Parameters
Modification in the Engine Design and Operating Parameters
Modification of
Modification of
Modification of
Modification of combustion chamber involves avo
combustion chamber involves avo
combustion chamber involves avo
combustion chamber involves avoiding flame quenching zones
iding flame quenching zones
iding flame quenching zones
iding flame quenching zones
where combustion might otherwise be incomplete a
where combustion might otherwise be incomplete a
where combustion might otherwise be incomplete a
where combustion might otherwise be incomplete and resulting in high HC
nd resulting in high HC
nd resulting in high HC
nd resulting in high HC
emission. This includes:
emission. This includes:
emission. This includes:
emission. This includes: Reduction of surface to volume (SAT) ratio,
Reduction of surface to volume (SAT) ratio,
Reduction of surface to volume (SAT) ratio,
Reduction of surface to volume (SAT) ratio, R
R
R
Reduced
educed
educed
educed
space around piston ring
space around piston ring
space around piston ring
space around piston ring
Lower compression ratio: Lower compression ratio reduces the quenching effect
Lower compression ratio: Lower compression ratio reduces the quenching effect
Lower compression ratio: Lower compression ratio reduces the quenching effect
Lower compression ratio: Lower compression ratio reduces the quenching effect
by reducing the quenching area, thus reducing HC.Lo
by reducing the quenching area, thus reducing HC.Lo
by reducing the quenching area, thus reducing HC.Lo
by reducing the quenching area, thus reducing HC.Lower compression ratio also
wer compression ratio also
wer compression ratio also
wer compression ratio also
reduces NO emissions due to lower maximum temperature.
reduces NO emissions due to lower maximum temperature.
reduces NO emissions due to lower maximum temperature.
reduces NO emissions due to lower maximum temperature. Lower compression,
Lower compression,
Lower compression,
Lower compression,
however, reduces thermal efficiency and increases fuel consumption.
however, reduces thermal efficiency and increases fuel consumption.
however, reduces thermal efficiency and increases fuel consumption.
however, reduces thermal efficiency and increases fuel consumption.
Treatment of exhaust products of combustion.
Treatment of exhaust products of combustion.
Treatment of exhaust products of combustion.
Treatment of exhaust products of combustion.
The exhaust gas coming out of exhaust ma
The exhaust gas coming out of exhaust ma
The exhaust gas coming out of exhaust ma
The exhaust gas coming out of exhaust manifold is treated to reduce JIC and CO
nifold is treated to reduce JIC and CO
nifold is treated to reduce JIC and CO
nifold is treated to reduce JIC and CO
emissions. The devices used to accomplish
emissions. The devices used to accomplish
emissions. The devices used to accomplish
emissions. The devices used to accomplish are After burner , Exhaust manifold reactor
are After burner , Exhaust manifold reactor
are After burner , Exhaust manifold reactor
are After burner , Exhaust manifold reactor
and Catalytic converter.
and Catalytic converter.
and Catalytic converter.
and Catalytic converter.
After
After
After
After-
-
-
-burner
burner
burner
burner:
:
:
: is a burner where air is supplied
is a burner where air is supplied
is a burner where air is supplied
is a burner where air is supplied
to the exhaust gases and mixture is burnt with
to the exhaust gases and mixture is burnt with
to the exhaust gases and mixture is burnt with
to the exhaust gases and mixture is burnt with
the help o
the help o
the help o
the help of ignition system. The HC and CO
f ignition system. The HC and CO
f ignition system. The HC and CO
f ignition system. The HC and CO
which are formed in the engine combustion
which are formed in the engine combustion
which are formed in the engine combustion
which are formed in the engine combustion
because of inadequate 02 and inadequate
because of inadequate 02 and inadequate
because of inadequate 02 and inadequate
because of inadequate 02 and inadequate
time to burn are further brunt by providing air in a separate box, known as after
time to burn are further brunt by providing air in a separate box, known as after
time to burn are further brunt by providing air in a separate box, known as after
time to burn are further brunt by providing air in a separate box, known as after-
-
-
-burner.
burner.
burner.
burner.
Exhaust manifold reactor
Exhaust manifold reactor
Exhaust manifold reactor
Exhaust manifold reactor is a further development
is a further development
is a further development
is a further development of after
of after
of after
of after-
-
-
-burner where the design is
burner where the design is
burner where the design is
burner where the design is
changed so as to minimize the heat loss and to provide sufficient time for mixing of
changed so as to minimize the heat loss and to provide sufficient time for mixing of
changed so as to minimize the heat loss and to provide sufficient time for mixing of
changed so as to minimize the heat loss and to provide sufficient time for mixing of
exhaust and secondary air.
exhaust and secondary air.
exhaust and secondary air.
exhaust and secondary air. 3. Catalytic converter:
3. Catalytic converter:
3. Catalytic converter:
3. Catalytic converter:
A catalytic converter
A catalytic converter
A catalytic converter
A catalytic converter is a device which is placed in the vehicle exhaust system to r
is a device which is placed in the vehicle exhaust system to r
is a device which is placed in the vehicle exhaust system to r
is a device which is placed in the vehicle exhaust system to reduce
educe
educe
educe
HC and CO by oxidizing catalyst and NO by reducing catalyst.
HC and CO by oxidizing catalyst and NO by reducing catalyst.
HC and CO by oxidizing catalyst and NO by reducing catalyst.
HC and CO by oxidizing catalyst and NO by reducing catalyst.
9. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667) SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
Modification of the fuels
Modification of the fuels
Modification of the fuels
Modification of the fuels
The ability of a fuel to burn in mixtures leaner than stoichiometric ratio is a rough
The ability of a fuel to burn in mixtures leaner than stoichiometric ratio is a rough
The ability of a fuel to burn in mixtures leaner than stoichiometric ratio is a rough
The ability of a fuel to burn in mixtures leaner than stoichiometric ratio is a rough
indication of its potential emission reducing characteristics and reduced fu
indication of its potential emission reducing characteristics and reduced fu
indication of its potential emission reducing characteristics and reduced fu
indication of its potential emission reducing characteristics and reduced fuel
el
el
el
consumption.
consumption.
consumption.
consumption. If gasoline is changed to propane as engine fuel CO emission can
If gasoline is changed to propane as engine fuel CO emission can
If gasoline is changed to propane as engine fuel CO emission can
If gasoline is changed to propane as engine fuel CO emission can
substantially be reduced with reduced HC and NO and in changing from propane to
substantially be reduced with reduced HC and NO and in changing from propane to
substantially be reduced with reduced HC and NO and in changing from propane to
substantially be reduced with reduced HC and NO and in changing from propane to
methane the CO as well HC emission touch zero level and only the NO remains as a
methane the CO as well HC emission touch zero level and only the NO remains as a
methane the CO as well HC emission touch zero level and only the NO remains as a
methane the CO as well HC emission touch zero level and only the NO remains as a
significant fa
significant fa
significant fa
significant factor.• From pollution point of vi
ctor.• From pollution point of vi
ctor.• From pollution point of vi
ctor.• From pollution point of view
ew
ew
ew both
both
both
both methane and steam reformed
methane and steam reformed
methane and steam reformed
methane and steam reformed
hexane
hexane
hexane
hexane are very
are very
are very
are very attract
attract
attract
attractive fuels but we are unable to use at present for want of
ive fuels but we are unable to use at present for want of
ive fuels but we are unable to use at present for want of
ive fuels but we are unable to use at present for want of
technological progress.
technological progress.
technological progress.
technological progress.
CONTROL OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN
CONTROL OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN
CONTROL OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN
CONTROL OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN ( VTU July
( VTU July
( VTU July
( VTU July 07
07
07
07/JAN 07/Aug05/July06
/JAN 07/Aug05/July06
/JAN 07/Aug05/July06
/JAN 07/Aug05/July06)
)
)
)
The concentration
The concentration
The concentration
The concentration of oxides of nitrogen in the exhaust is closely related to the peak
of oxides of nitrogen in the exhaust is closely related to the peak
of oxides of nitrogen in the exhaust is closely related to the peak
of oxides of nitrogen in the exhaust is closely related to the peak
cycle temperature. The following are the three methods (investigated so f
cycle temperature. The following are the three methods (investigated so f
cycle temperature. The following are the three methods (investigated so f
cycle temperature. The following are the three methods (investigated so far) for
ar) for
ar) for
ar) for
reducing peak cycle tem
reducing peak cycle tem
reducing peak cycle tem
reducing peak cycle temperature and thereby reducing NO emission.
perature and thereby reducing NO emission.
perature and thereby reducing NO emission.
perature and thereby reducing NO emission.
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ( VTU
( VTU
( VTU
( VTU Jan 2007)
Jan 2007)
Jan 2007)
Jan 2007)
Catalyst
Catalyst
Catalyst
Catalyst ( VTU Aug 2005/ July 2006)
( VTU Aug 2005/ July 2006)
( VTU Aug 2005/ July 2006)
( VTU Aug 2005/ July 2006)
Water injection.
Water injection.
Water injection.
Water injection.( VTU Aug 2005/ July 2006)
( VTU Aug 2005/ July 2006)
( VTU Aug 2005/ July 2006)
( VTU Aug 2005/ July 2006)
EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION ( E G R )
EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION ( E G R )
EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION ( E G R )
EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION ( E G R )
This method is commonly used to reduce NO
This method is commonly used to reduce NO
This method is commonly used to reduce NO
This method is commonly used to reduce NOx
x
x
x in petrol as well as diesel engines. In S.I
in petrol as well as diesel engines. In S.I
in petrol as well as diesel engines. In S.I
in petrol as well as diesel engines. In S.I
engines, about 10 percent recirculation r
engines, about 10 percent recirculation r
engines, about 10 percent recirculation r
engines, about 10 percent recirculation reduces NO
educes NO
educes NO
educes NOx
x
x
x emission by 50 percent.
emission by 50 percent.
emission by 50 percent.
emission by 50 percent. U
U
U
Unfortu
nfortu
nfortu
nfortu
nately, the consequently poorer combustion directly increases HC emission and calls
nately, the consequently poorer combustion directly increases HC emission and calls
nately, the consequently poorer combustion directly increases HC emission and calls
nately, the consequently poorer combustion directly increases HC emission and calls
for mixture enrichment to restore combustion regularity which gives a further indirect in
for mixture enrichment to restore combustion regularity which gives a further indirect in
for mixture enrichment to restore combustion regularity which gives a further indirect in
for mixture enrichment to restore combustion regularity which gives a further indirect in
crease of both HC and CO.
crease of both HC and CO.
crease of both HC and CO.
crease of both HC and CO.
Figure sho
Figure sho
Figure sho
Figure shows
ws
ws
ws the arrangement of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system. A portion
the arrangement of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system. A portion
the arrangement of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system. A portion
the arrangement of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system. A portion
(about 10 to 15%) of the exhaust gases is re
(about 10 to 15%) of the exhaust gases is re
(about 10 to 15%) of the exhaust gases is re
(about 10 to 15%) of the exhaust gases is re-
-
-
-circulated to cylinder intake charge, an
circulated to cylinder intake charge, an
circulated to cylinder intake charge, an
circulated to cylinder intake charge, and
d
d
d
this reduces the quantity of O
this reduces the quantity of O
this reduces the quantity of O
this reduces the quantity of O2
2
2
2 availa
availa
availa
available for combustion. The exhaust
ble for combustion. The exhaust
ble for combustion. The exhaust
ble for combustion. The exhaust gas for
gas for
gas for
gas for
recirculation is take
recirculation is take
recirculation is take
recirculation is taken through an orifice and passed through control valve for regulation
n through an orifice and passed through control valve for regulation
n through an orifice and passed through control valve for regulation
n through an orifice and passed through control valve for regulation
of the quantity of recirculation.
of the quantity of recirculation.
of the quantity of recirculation.
of the quantity of recirculation.
10. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667) SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
T
T
T
The effect of A/F ratio of NO
he effect of A/F ratio of NO
he effect of A/F ratio of NO
he effect of A/F ratio of NOx
x
x
x emis
emis
emis
emission taking EGR
sion taking EGR
sion taking EGR
sion taking EGR
parameter is shown in figure. It may be observed
parameter is shown in figure. It may be observed
parameter is shown in figure. It may be observed
parameter is shown in figure. It may be observed
that, maximum emission of NO takes place during
that, maximum emission of NO takes place during
that, maximum emission of NO takes place during
that, maximum emission of NO takes place during
lean mixture limits when gas recirculation is least
lean mixture limits when gas recirculation is least
lean mixture limits when gas recirculation is least
lean mixture limits when gas recirculation is least
effective. Whereas, for emission of hydro carbon
effective. Whereas, for emission of hydro carbon
effective. Whereas, for emission of hydro carbon
effective. Whereas, for emission of hydro carbon
(HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) lean mixture is
(HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) lean mixture is
(HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) lean mixture is
(HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) lean mixture is
preferred, 15 percent recycling
preferred, 15 percent recycling
preferred, 15 percent recycling
preferred, 15 percent recycling
re
re
re
reduces NO
duces NO
duces NO
duces NOx
x
x
x by 80 percent but in creases HC and CO by 50 to 80%. These are t
by 80 percent but in creases HC and CO by 50 to 80%. These are t
by 80 percent but in creases HC and CO by 50 to 80%. These are t
by 80 percent but in creases HC and CO by 50 to 80%. These are two
wo
wo
wo
conflicting requirements of this emission control system and this problem has been
conflicting requirements of this emission control system and this problem has been
conflicting requirements of this emission control system and this problem has been
conflicting requirements of this emission control system and this problem has been
solved by adopting package system which have both NO and HC/CO control devices.
solved by adopting package system which have both NO and HC/CO control devices.
solved by adopting package system which have both NO and HC/CO control devices.
solved by adopting package system which have both NO and HC/CO control devices.
Catalyst.
Catalyst.
Catalyst.
Catalyst. A few types of catalysts have been tested to reduce the emission of NO
A few types of catalysts have been tested to reduce the emission of NO
A few types of catalysts have been tested to reduce the emission of NO
A few types of catalysts have been tested to reduce the emission of NOx
x
x
x,
,
,
, a
a
a
a
cop
cop
cop
copper catalyst has been used in the presence of CO for this purpose. The research is
per catalyst has been used in the presence of CO for this purpose. The research is
per catalyst has been used in the presence of CO for this purpose. The research is
per catalyst has been used in the presence of CO for this purpose. The research is
going on to develop a good catalyst.
going on to develop a good catalyst.
going on to develop a good catalyst.
going on to develop a good catalyst. The research is on for newer good catalyst.
The research is on for newer good catalyst.
The research is on for newer good catalyst.
The research is on for newer good catalyst.
Water injection.
Water injection.
Water injection.
Water injection. It has been observed that the specific fuel consumption decreases a
It has been observed that the specific fuel consumption decreases a
It has been observed that the specific fuel consumption decreases a
It has been observed that the specific fuel consumption decreases a
few pe
few pe
few pe
few percent at medium water injection rate. Attempts have been made to use water as a
rcent at medium water injection rate. Attempts have been made to use water as a
rcent at medium water injection rate. Attempts have been made to use water as a
rcent at medium water injection rate. Attempts have been made to use water as a
device for controlling the N0
device for controlling the N0
device for controlling the N0
device for controlling the N0x
x
x
x .
.
.
.This method, because of its complexity, is rarely used.
This method, because of its complexity, is rarely used.
This method, because of its complexity, is rarely used.
This method, because of its complexity, is rarely used.
11. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667) SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
TOTAL EMISSION CONTROL PACKAGES ( VTU Feb 2006)
TOTAL EMISSION CONTROL PACKAGES ( VTU Feb 2006)
TOTAL EMISSION CONTROL PACKAGES ( VTU Feb 2006)
TOTAL EMISSION CONTROL PACKAGES ( VTU Feb 2006)
We know that any method which
We know that any method which
We know that any method which
We know that any method which is use
is use
is use
is used to decrease NO tries to increase HC and CO
d to decrease NO tries to increase HC and CO
d to decrease NO tries to increase HC and CO
d to decrease NO tries to increase HC and CO
and vice
and vice
and vice
and vice-
-
-
-versa. Thus it is of paramount importance to develop a method/system which
versa. Thus it is of paramount importance to develop a method/system which
versa. Thus it is of paramount importance to develop a method/system which
versa. Thus it is of paramount importance to develop a method/system which
should reduce emissions of NO HC, CO to a desired level simultaneously. After a long
should reduce emissions of NO HC, CO to a desired level simultaneously. After a long
should reduce emissions of NO HC, CO to a desired level simultaneously. After a long
should reduce emissions of NO HC, CO to a desired level simultaneously. After a long
and detailed experimental study of various
and detailed experimental study of various
and detailed experimental study of various
and detailed experimental study of various possible systems, the following two
possible systems, the following two
possible systems, the following two
possible systems, the following two
systems/packages have been developed to achieve the required results
systems/packages have been developed to achieve the required results
systems/packages have been developed to achieve the required results
systems/packages have been developed to achieve the required results
1. Thermal reactor package
1. Thermal reactor package
1. Thermal reactor package
1. Thermal reactor package
2. Catalytic converter package.
2. Catalytic converter package.
2. Catalytic converter package.
2. Catalytic converter package.
Using this approach, the following are the three basic methods of emission control:
Using this approach, the following are the three basic methods of emission control:
Using this approach, the following are the three basic methods of emission control:
Using this approach, the following are the three basic methods of emission control:
Thermal
Thermal
Thermal
Thermal reactors, which rely on homogeneous oxidation to control CO and HC;
reactors, which rely on homogeneous oxidation to control CO and HC;
reactors, which rely on homogeneous oxidation to control CO and HC;
reactors, which rely on homogeneous oxidation to control CO and HC;
Oxidation catalyst for CO and HC;
Oxidation catalyst for CO and HC;
Oxidation catalyst for CO and HC;
Oxidation catalyst for CO and HC;
Dual catalyst system (here a reduction catalyst for NO and an oxidation catalyst
Dual catalyst system (here a reduction catalyst for NO and an oxidation catalyst
Dual catalyst system (here a reduction catalyst for NO and an oxidation catalyst
Dual catalyst system (here a reduction catalyst for NO and an oxidation catalyst
for CO and HC are connected in series).
for CO and HC are connected in series).
for CO and HC are connected in series).
for CO and HC are connected in series).
Thermal reactor package:
Thermal reactor package:
Thermal reactor package:
Thermal reactor package: ( VTU
( VTU
( VTU
( VTU July 2007)
July 2007)
July 2007)
July 2007)
A thermal reactor is a chamber which is designed to provide adequate residence time
A thermal reactor is a chamber which is designed to provide adequate residence time
A thermal reactor is a chamber which is designed to provide adequate residence time
A thermal reactor is a chamber which is designed to provide adequate residence time
for allowing appreciable oxidation of CO and HC to take place. For enhancing the
for allowing appreciable oxidation of CO and HC to take place. For enhancing the
for allowing appreciable oxidation of CO and HC to take place. For enhancing the
for allowing appreciable oxidation of CO and HC to take place. For enhancing the
conversion of CO to CO
conversion of CO to CO
conversion of CO to CO
conversion of CO to CO2
2
2
2 the exhaust temperature is increased by retarding the s
the exhaust temperature is increased by retarding the s
the exhaust temperature is increased by retarding the s
the exhaust temperature is increased by retarding the spark.
park.
park.
park.
Actual thermal
Actual thermal
Actual thermal
Actual thermal
reactor (made of
reactor (made of
reactor (made of
reactor (made of
high nickel steel)
high nickel steel)
high nickel steel)
high nickel steel)
that is used on a
that is used on a
that is used on a
that is used on a car
car
car
car
consists of two
consists of two
consists of two
consists of two
enlarged exhaust
enlarged exhaust
enlarged exhaust
enlarged exhaust
manifolds which
manifolds which
manifolds which
manifolds which
allow greater
allow greater
allow greater
allow greater
residence time for burning HC and CO with oxygen in the pumped in air. For keeping a
residence time for burning HC and CO with oxygen in the pumped in air. For keeping a
residence time for burning HC and CO with oxygen in the pumped in air. For keeping a
residence time for burning HC and CO with oxygen in the pumped in air. For keeping a
flame constantly burning (a
flame constantly burning (a
flame constantly burning (a
flame constantly burning (and there by assuming complete combustion) a secondary air
nd there by assuming complete combustion) a secondary air
nd there by assuming complete combustion) a secondary air
nd there by assuming complete combustion) a secondary air
pump injects fresh air into the reactor; this reduces HC and CO. About 10 to 75 percent
pump injects fresh air into the reactor; this reduces HC and CO. About 10 to 75 percent
pump injects fresh air into the reactor; this reduces HC and CO. About 10 to 75 percent
pump injects fresh air into the reactor; this reduces HC and CO. About 10 to 75 percent
of the gas is re
of the gas is re
of the gas is re
of the gas is re-
-
-
-circulated after cooling in the intercooler to reduce the formation of NO
circulated after cooling in the intercooler to reduce the formation of NO
circulated after cooling in the intercooler to reduce the formation of NO
circulated after cooling in the intercooler to reduce the formation of NOx
x
x
x
12. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667) SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
In this packing sy
In this packing sy
In this packing sy
In this packing system are also included the following
stem are also included the following
stem are also included the following
stem are also included the following
Enriched and stage carburettor temperature controls;
Enriched and stage carburettor temperature controls;
Enriched and stage carburettor temperature controls;
Enriched and stage carburettor temperature controls;
Crankcase valve to control blow
Crankcase valve to control blow
Crankcase valve to control blow
Crankcase valve to control blow-
-
-
-by gases;
by gases;
by gases;
by gases;
Special evaporation control valves.
Special evaporation control valves.
Special evaporation control valves.
Special evaporation control valves.
In this package emission of NO
In this package emission of NO
In this package emission of NO
In this package emission of NOx
x
x
x ,
,
,
,HC and CO are reduced to a required level but at the
HC and CO are reduced to a required level but at the
HC and CO are reduced to a required level but at the
HC and CO are reduced to a required level but at the
co
co
co
cost of 20 per cent less power and 10 per cent more fuel
st of 20 per cent less power and 10 per cent more fuel
st of 20 per cent less power and 10 per cent more fuel
st of 20 per cent less power and 10 per cent more fuel consumption. This
consumption. This
consumption. This
consumption. This converter
converter
converter
converter
can be employed for a run of 1
can be employed for a run of 1
can be employed for a run of 1
can be employed for a run of 15
5
5
5000
000
000
000 km.
km.
km.
km.
Catalytic Converter Package: ( VTU July 2007
Catalytic Converter Package: ( VTU July 2007
Catalytic Converter Package: ( VTU July 2007
Catalytic Converter Package: ( VTU July 2007,July 2006
,July 2006
,July 2006
,July 2006)
)
)
)
The
The
The
The working principle of this package is to control the emission levels of va
working principle of this package is to control the emission levels of va
working principle of this package is to control the emission levels of va
working principle of this package is to control the emission levels of various
rious
rious
rious
pollutants by changing the chemical characteristics of the exhaust gases. The catalytic
pollutants by changing the chemical characteristics of the exhaust gases. The catalytic
pollutants by changing the chemical characteristics of the exhaust gases. The catalytic
pollutants by changing the chemical characteristics of the exhaust gases. The catalytic
converter package as com pared to thermal reactor package requires non
converter package as com pared to thermal reactor package requires non
converter package as com pared to thermal reactor package requires non
converter package as com pared to thermal reactor package requires non-
-
-
-leaded fuel
leaded fuel
leaded fuel
leaded fuel
as lead reduces the catalytic action.
as lead reduces the catalytic action.
as lead reduces the catalytic action.
as lead reduces the catalytic action.
The major advantage of this converter (a
The major advantage of this converter (a
The major advantage of this converter (a
The major advantage of this converter (as compared to thermal reactor) is that it allows
s compared to thermal reactor) is that it allows
s compared to thermal reactor) is that it allows
s compared to thermal reactor) is that it allows
a partial decoupling of emission control from engine operation in that the conversion
a partial decoupling of emission control from engine operation in that the conversion
a partial decoupling of emission control from engine operation in that the conversion
a partial decoupling of emission control from engine operation in that the conversion
efficiencies for HC and CO are very high at normal exhaust temperatures.
efficiencies for HC and CO are very high at normal exhaust temperatures.
efficiencies for HC and CO are very high at normal exhaust temperatures.
efficiencies for HC and CO are very high at normal exhaust temperatures.
Converters for HC and CO and NO
Converters for HC and CO and NO
Converters for HC and CO and NO
Converters for HC and CO and NOx
x
x
x are arranged
are arranged
are arranged
are arranged as shown in the figure. The NO
as shown in the figure. The NO
as shown in the figure. The NO
as shown in the figure. The NOx
x
x
x
catalyst is the first element in the gas flow path, does not cause release of any heat.
catalyst is the first element in the gas flow path, does not cause release of any heat.
catalyst is the first element in the gas flow path, does not cause release of any heat.
catalyst is the first element in the gas flow path, does not cause release of any heat.
The next is HC/CO catalyst, which releases heat to such a great extent that may cause
The next is HC/CO catalyst, which releases heat to such a great extent that may cause
The next is HC/CO catalyst, which releases heat to such a great extent that may cause
The next is HC/CO catalyst, which releases heat to such a great extent that may cause
overheating and burning of the element. This is t
overheating and burning of the element. This is t
overheating and burning of the element. This is t
overheating and burning of the element. This is taken care of by injecting air through
aken care of by injecting air through
aken care of by injecting air through
aken care of by injecting air through
13. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667) SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
secondary air pump.
secondary air pump.
secondary air pump.
secondary air pump. A bypass valve ahead of converter is used to increase the
A bypass valve ahead of converter is used to increase the
A bypass valve ahead of converter is used to increase the
A bypass valve ahead of converter is used to increase the
converter life
converter life
converter life
converter life.
.
.
. For better control of NO
For better control of NO
For better control of NO
For better control of NOx
x
x
x, exhaust gas is circulated via an intercooler back
, exhaust gas is circulated via an intercooler back
, exhaust gas is circulated via an intercooler back
, exhaust gas is circulated via an intercooler back
to air cleaner. For this system, the power loss
to air cleaner. For this system, the power loss
to air cleaner. For this system, the power loss
to air cleaner. For this system, the power loss is about 30% and the fuel consumption is
is about 30% and the fuel consumption is
is about 30% and the fuel consumption is
is about 30% and the fuel consumption is
about 10% more than normal.
about 10% more than normal.
about 10% more than normal.
about 10% more than normal.
Oxidizing Systems
Oxidizing Systems
Oxidizing Systems
Oxidizing Systems Catalytic Converter
Catalytic Converter
Catalytic Converter
Catalytic Converter Thermal Reactor
Thermal Reactor
Thermal Reactor
Thermal Reactor
Advantages
Advantages
Advantages
Advantages
R
R
R
Reduction of HC and CO
eduction of HC and CO
eduction of HC and CO
eduction of HC and CO 80
80
80
80-
-
-
-90 %
90 %
90 %
90 % 80
80
80
80-
-
-
-90 %
90 %
90 %
90 %
Reduction of NO
Reduction of NO
Reduction of NO
Reduction of NO No
No
No
No No
No
No
No
Reduction of Aldehydes
Reduction of Aldehydes
Reduction of Aldehydes
Reduction of Aldehydes 50% or more
50% or more
50% or more
50% or more 50% or more
50% or more
50% or more
50% or more
Use sa
Use sa
Use sa
Use same design for all
me design for all
me design for all
me design for all
vehicles
vehicles
vehicles
vehicles
possible
possible
possible
possible possible
possible
possible
possible
Life
Life
Life
Life Up to 80000 km
Up to 80000 km
Up to 80000 km
Up to 80000 km Up to 165000 km
Up to 165000 km
Up to 165000 km
Up to 165000 km
Disadvantages
Disadvantages
Disadvantages
Disadvantages
Cost
Cost
Cost
Cost High
High
High
High High
High
High
High
Volume
Volume
Volume
Volume High
High
High
High Higher
Higher
Higher
Higher
Engine Mounting required
Engine Mounting required
Engine Mounting required
Engine Mounting required No
No
No
No Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Weight added
Weight added
Weight added
Weight added Some
Some
Some
Some Significant
Significant
Significant
Significant
Container durability Problem
Container durability Problem
Container durability Problem
Container durability Problem Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Raises engine com
Raises engine com
Raises engine com
Raises engine compartment
partment
partment
partment
temperature
temperature
temperature
temperature
Depends on location
Depends on location
Depends on location
Depends on location Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Requires Non leaded fuel
Requires Non leaded fuel
Requires Non leaded fuel
Requires Non leaded fuel Probably
Probably
Probably
Probably No
No
No
No
Requires air injection
Requires air injection
Requires air injection
Requires air injection Some do
Some do
Some do
Some do Some do
Some do
Some do
Some do
Lowers fuel economy
Lowers fuel economy
Lowers fuel economy
Lowers fuel economy No
No
No
No Probably yes
Probably yes
Probably yes
Probably yes
Decreases power
Decreases power
Decreases power
Decreases power Depends on back pressure
Depends on back pressure
Depends on back pressure
Depends on back pressure Depends on back pressure
Depends on back pressure
Depends on back pressure
Depends on back pressure
Loss of catalytic material
Loss of catalytic material
Loss of catalytic material
Loss of catalytic material due
due
due
due
to attrition
to attrition
to attrition
to attrition
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes No
No
No
No
May emit other toxic material
May emit other toxic material
May emit other toxic material
May emit other toxic material Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes No
No
No
No
14. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667) SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
EFFECT OF ENGINE EMISSION ON HUMAN HEALTH ( VTU July 2007
EFFECT OF ENGINE EMISSION ON HUMAN HEALTH ( VTU July 2007
EFFECT OF ENGINE EMISSION ON HUMAN HEALTH ( VTU July 2007
EFFECT OF ENGINE EMISSION ON HUMAN HEALTH ( VTU July 2007)
)
)
)
The effects of different engine emissions on human health are discussed below:
The effects of different engine emissions on human health are discussed below:
The effects of different engine emissions on human health are discussed below:
The effects of different engine emissions on human health are discussed below:
Sulphur dioxide (SO
Sulphur dioxide (SO
Sulphur dioxide (SO
Sulphur dioxide (SO2
2
2
2)
)
)
)
It is an irritant gas and
It is an irritant gas and
It is an irritant gas and
It is an irritant gas and affects the mucous membrane when inhaled. In the
affects the mucous membrane when inhaled. In the
affects the mucous membrane when inhaled. In the
affects the mucous membrane when inhaled. In the
presence of water vapour it forms sulphurous and sulphuric acids These acids
presence of water vapour it forms sulphurous and sulphuric acids These acids
presence of water vapour it forms sulphurous and sulphuric acids These acids
presence of water vapour it forms sulphurous and sulphuric acids These acids
cause severe bronchospasma at very low levels of concentration.
cause severe bronchospasma at very low levels of concentration.
cause severe bronchospasma at very low levels of concentration.
cause severe bronchospasma at very low levels of concentration.
Diseases like bronchi
Diseases like bronchi
Diseases like bronchi
Diseases like bronchitis and astham
tis and astham
tis and astham
tis and asthama are aggravated by a high conc
a are aggravated by a high conc
a are aggravated by a high conc
a are aggravated by a high concentration of
entration of
entration of
entration of
SO
SO
SO
SO2
2
2
2
Carbon
Carbon
Carbon
Carbon-
-
-
-monoxide (CO):
monoxide (CO):
monoxide (CO):
monoxide (CO):
It has a strong affinity (200 times) for combining with the haemoglobin of the
It has a strong affinity (200 times) for combining with the haemoglobin of the
It has a strong affinity (200 times) for combining with the haemoglobin of the
It has a strong affinity (200 times) for combining with the haemoglobin of the
blood to form carboxyhaemoglobin. This reduces the ability of the haemoglobin
blood to form carboxyhaemoglobin. This reduces the ability of the haemoglobin
blood to form carboxyhaemoglobin. This reduces the ability of the haemoglobin
blood to form carboxyhaemoglobin. This reduces the ability of the haemoglobin
to carry oxygen to the blood tissues.
to carry oxygen to the blood tissues.
to carry oxygen to the blood tissues.
to carry oxygen to the blood tissues.
CO affects the central
CO affects the central
CO affects the central
CO affects the central nervous system.
nervous system.
nervous system.
nervous system.
It is also responsible for heart attacks and a high mortality rate.
It is also responsible for heart attacks and a high mortality rate.
It is also responsible for heart attacks and a high mortality rate.
It is also responsible for heart attacks and a high mortality rate.
Oxides of nitrogen (NO
Oxides of nitrogen (NO
Oxides of nitrogen (NO
Oxides of nitrogen (NOx
x
x
x):
):
):
):
These are known to cause occupational diseases. It is estimated that eye and
These are known to cause occupational diseases. It is estimated that eye and
These are known to cause occupational diseases. It is estimated that eye and
These are known to cause occupational diseases. It is estimated that eye and
nasal irritation will be observed after exposure to about 15 p.p.m.
nasal irritation will be observed after exposure to about 15 p.p.m.
nasal irritation will be observed after exposure to about 15 p.p.m.
nasal irritation will be observed after exposure to about 15 p.p.m. of nitrogen
of nitrogen
of nitrogen
of nitrogen
oxide, and pulmonary discomfort after brief exposure to 25 p.p.m. of nitrogen
oxide, and pulmonary discomfort after brief exposure to 25 p.p.m. of nitrogen
oxide, and pulmonary discomfort after brief exposure to 25 p.p.m. of nitrogen
oxide, and pulmonary discomfort after brief exposure to 25 p.p.m. of nitrogen
oxide.
oxide.
oxide.
oxide.
It also aggrevates diseases like bronchitis and asthama.
It also aggrevates diseases like bronchitis and asthama.
It also aggrevates diseases like bronchitis and asthama.
It also aggrevates diseases like bronchitis and asthama.
Hydrocarbon vapours:
Hydrocarbon vapours:
Hydrocarbon vapours:
Hydrocarbon vapours:
They are primarily irritating.
They are primarily irritating.
They are primarily irritating.
They are primarily irritating.
They are major contributors to eye and respiratory
They are major contributors to eye and respiratory
They are major contributors to eye and respiratory
They are major contributors to eye and respiratory irritation caused by
irritation caused by
irritation caused by
irritation caused by
photochemical smog
photochemical smog
photochemical smog
photochemical smog
Compounds of Incomplete combustion
Compounds of Incomplete combustion
Compounds of Incomplete combustion
Compounds of Incomplete combustion
Exhaust discharge from IC engines carry compounds of incomplete combustion
Exhaust discharge from IC engines carry compounds of incomplete combustion
Exhaust discharge from IC engines carry compounds of incomplete combustion
Exhaust discharge from IC engines carry compounds of incomplete combustion
(polycyclic organic compounds and aliphatic hydrocarbons), which act as
(polycyclic organic compounds and aliphatic hydrocarbons), which act as
(polycyclic organic compounds and aliphatic hydrocarbons), which act as
(polycyclic organic compounds and aliphatic hydrocarbons), which act as
carcinogenic agents and are resp
carcinogenic agents and are resp
carcinogenic agents and are resp
carcinogenic agents and are responsible for lungs cancer.
onsible for lungs cancer.
onsible for lungs cancer.
onsible for lungs cancer.
15. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667)
(ELECTIVE) (ME667) SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
SIXTH SEMESTER
Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Inorganic lead compounds (discharged from vehicles using leaded petrol) cause
Inorganic lead compounds (discharged from vehicles using leaded petrol) cause
Inorganic lead compounds (discharged from vehicles using leaded petrol) cause
Inorganic lead compounds (discharged from vehicles using leaded petrol) cause
a variety of human health disorders.
a variety of human health disorders.
a variety of human health disorders.
a variety of human health disorders.
The effects include gastrointestinal damage, liver and kidney damage,
The effects include gastrointestinal damage, liver and kidney damage,
The effects include gastrointestinal damage, liver and kidney damage,
The effects include gastrointestinal damage, liver and kidney damage,
abnormality in fertility and pregnancy
abnormality in fertility and pregnancy
abnormality in fertility and pregnancy
abnormality in fertility and pregnancy etc.
etc.
etc.
etc.
Smoke
Smoke
Smoke
Smoke
It is visible carbon particles.
It is visible carbon particles.
It is visible carbon particles.
It is visible carbon particles.
It causes irritation in eyes and lungs, and visibility reduction. It also, causes other
It causes irritation in eyes and lungs, and visibility reduction. It also, causes other
It causes irritation in eyes and lungs, and visibility reduction. It also, causes other
It causes irritation in eyes and lungs, and visibility reduction. It also, causes other
respiratory diseases.
respiratory diseases.
respiratory diseases.
respiratory diseases.
Generally speaking,
Generally speaking,
Generally speaking,
Generally speaking, Susceptibility to the effects of exhaust emissions is greatest
Susceptibility to the effects of exhaust emissions is greatest
Susceptibility to the effects of exhaust emissions is greatest
Susceptibility to the effects of exhaust emissions is greatest
amongst infants and
amongst infants and
amongst infants and
amongst infants and the elderly. Those with chronic diseases of lungs or heart are
the elderly. Those with chronic diseases of lungs or heart are
the elderly. Those with chronic diseases of lungs or heart are
the elderly. Those with chronic diseases of lungs or heart are
thought to be at great risk.
thought to be at great risk.
thought to be at great risk.
thought to be at great risk.
4 stroke I C engine is economical and less pollutant than 2 stroke engine
4 stroke I C engine is economical and less pollutant than 2 stroke engine
4 stroke I C engine is economical and less pollutant than 2 stroke engine
4 stroke I C engine is economical and less pollutant than 2 stroke engine –
–
–
– Justify.
Justify.
Justify.
Justify.
In two
In two
In two
In two-
-
-
-stroke engine the charge has to be compressed outside for scavenging an
stroke engine the charge has to be compressed outside for scavenging an
stroke engine the charge has to be compressed outside for scavenging an
stroke engine the charge has to be compressed outside for scavenging and
d
d
d
charg
charg
charg
charging
ing
ing
ing (this consumes some engine power). A part of this charge escapes directly
(this consumes some engine power). A part of this charge escapes directly
(this consumes some engine power). A part of this charge escapes directly
(this consumes some engine power). A part of this charge escapes directly
through
through
through
through exhaust ports (short circuiting). Thus power spent in compressing this fraction
exhaust ports (short circuiting). Thus power spent in compressing this fraction
exhaust ports (short circuiting). Thus power spent in compressing this fraction
exhaust ports (short circuiting). Thus power spent in compressing this fraction
of the charge is wasted. Particularly in S.I. engines the charge consists of air
of the charge is wasted. Particularly in S.I. engines the charge consists of air
of the charge is wasted. Particularly in S.I. engines the charge consists of air
of the charge is wasted. Particularly in S.I. engines the charge consists of air-
-
-
-fu
fu
fu
fuel
el
el
el
mixture. This loss of power and charge is absent in 4
mixture. This loss of power and charge is absent in 4
mixture. This loss of power and charge is absent in 4
mixture. This loss of power and charge is absent in 4-
-
-
-stroke engine. Therefore 4
stroke engine. Therefore 4
stroke engine. Therefore 4
stroke engine. Therefore 4-
-
-
-stroke
stroke
stroke
stroke
engine is always economical than 2
engine is always economical than 2
engine is always economical than 2
engine is always economical than 2-
-
-
-stroke engine.
stroke engine.
stroke engine.
stroke engine.
Further the loss of charge increases HC in the exhaust in case of two
Further the loss of charge increases HC in the exhaust in case of two
Further the loss of charge increases HC in the exhaust in case of two
Further the loss of charge increases HC in the exhaust in case of two-
-
-
-stroke engines,
stroke engines,
stroke engines,
stroke engines,
Hence 4
Hence 4
Hence 4
Hence 4-
-
-
-stroke engine is also
stroke engine is also
stroke engine is also
stroke engine is also less pollutant than 2
less pollutant than 2
less pollutant than 2
less pollutant than 2-
-
-
-stroke engine.
stroke engine.
stroke engine.
stroke engine.