This document summarizes a research paper that proposed an algorithm to improve road recognition for autonomous vehicles in shadow scenarios. The researchers conducted experiments to test their algorithm's performance on key metrics like true positive rate and error rate. Their algorithm first converted images to HSV color space to detect shadows, then used normalized difference index and morphological operations to eliminate shadow effects before segmentation and classification. Test results showed their algorithm enhanced road recognition in the presence of shadows, advancing autonomous vehicle navigation capabilities.
License plate recognition system is one of the core technologies in intelligent traffic control. In this paper, a new and tunable algorithm which can detect multiple license plates in high resolution applications is proposed. The algorithm aims at investigation into and identification of the novel Iranian and some European countries plate, characterized by both inclusion of blue area on it and its geometric shape. Obviously, the suggested algorithm contains suitable velocity due to not making use of heavy pre-processing operation such as image-improving filters, edge-detection operation and omission of noise at the beginning stages. So, the recommended method of ours is compatible with model-adaptation, i.e., the very blue section of the plate so that the present method indicated the fact that if several plates are included in the image, the method can successfully manage to detect it. We evaluated our method on the two Persian single vehicle license plate data set that we obtained 99.33, 99% correct recognition rate respectively. Further we tested our algorithm on the Persian multiple vehicle license plate data set and we achieved 98% accuracy rate. Also we obtained approximately 99% accuracy in character recognition stage.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Help the Genetic Algorithm to Minimize the Urban Traffic on IntersectionsIJORCS
Control of traffic lights at the intersections of the main issues is the optimal traffic. Intersections to regulate traffic flow of vehicles and eliminate conflicting traffic flows are used. Modeling and simulation of traffic are widely used in industry. In fact, the modeling and simulation of an industrial system is studied before creating economically and when it is affordable. The aim of this article is a smart way to control traffic. The first stage of the project with the objective of collecting statistical data (cycle time of each of the intersection of the lights of vehicles is waiting for a red light) steps where the data collection found optimal amounts next it is. Introduced by genetic algorithm optimization of parameters is performed. GA begin with coding step as a binary variable (the range specified by the initial data set is obtained) will start with an initial population and then a new generation of genetic operators mutation and crossover and will Finally, the members of the optimal fitness values are selected as the solution set. The optimal output of Petri nets CPN TOOLS modeling and software have been implemented. The results indicate that the performance improvement project in intersections traffic control systems. It is known that other data collected and enforced intersections of evolutionary methods such as genetic algorithms to reduce the waiting time for traffic lights behind the red lights and to determine the appropriate cycle.
Traffic sign detection via graph based ranking and segmentationPREMSAI CHEEDELLA
The majority of the existing traffic sign detection system use shape information, but the methods of remain limited in regard to detecting and segmenting traffic signs from a complex background.
Contour Line Tracing Algorithm for Digital Topographic MapsCSCJournals
Topographic maps contain information related to roads, contours, landmarks land covers and rivers etc. For any Remote sensing and GIS based project, creating a database using digitization techniques is a tedious and time consuming process especially for contour tracing. Contour line is very important information that these maps provide. They are mainly used for determining slope of the landforms or rivers. These contour lines are also used for generating Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for 3D surface generation from any satellite imagery or aerial photographs. This paper suggests an algorithm that can be used for tracing contour lines automatically from contour maps extracted from the topographical sheets and creating a database. In our approach, we have proposed a modified Moore's Neighbor contour tracing algorithm to trace all contours in the given topographic maps. The proposed approach is tested on several topographic maps and provides satisfactory results and takes less time to trace the contour lines compared with other existing algorithms.
License plate recognition system is one of the core technologies in intelligent traffic control. In this paper, a new and tunable algorithm which can detect multiple license plates in high resolution applications is proposed. The algorithm aims at investigation into and identification of the novel Iranian and some European countries plate, characterized by both inclusion of blue area on it and its geometric shape. Obviously, the suggested algorithm contains suitable velocity due to not making use of heavy pre-processing operation such as image-improving filters, edge-detection operation and omission of noise at the beginning stages. So, the recommended method of ours is compatible with model-adaptation, i.e., the very blue section of the plate so that the present method indicated the fact that if several plates are included in the image, the method can successfully manage to detect it. We evaluated our method on the two Persian single vehicle license plate data set that we obtained 99.33, 99% correct recognition rate respectively. Further we tested our algorithm on the Persian multiple vehicle license plate data set and we achieved 98% accuracy rate. Also we obtained approximately 99% accuracy in character recognition stage.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Help the Genetic Algorithm to Minimize the Urban Traffic on IntersectionsIJORCS
Control of traffic lights at the intersections of the main issues is the optimal traffic. Intersections to regulate traffic flow of vehicles and eliminate conflicting traffic flows are used. Modeling and simulation of traffic are widely used in industry. In fact, the modeling and simulation of an industrial system is studied before creating economically and when it is affordable. The aim of this article is a smart way to control traffic. The first stage of the project with the objective of collecting statistical data (cycle time of each of the intersection of the lights of vehicles is waiting for a red light) steps where the data collection found optimal amounts next it is. Introduced by genetic algorithm optimization of parameters is performed. GA begin with coding step as a binary variable (the range specified by the initial data set is obtained) will start with an initial population and then a new generation of genetic operators mutation and crossover and will Finally, the members of the optimal fitness values are selected as the solution set. The optimal output of Petri nets CPN TOOLS modeling and software have been implemented. The results indicate that the performance improvement project in intersections traffic control systems. It is known that other data collected and enforced intersections of evolutionary methods such as genetic algorithms to reduce the waiting time for traffic lights behind the red lights and to determine the appropriate cycle.
Traffic sign detection via graph based ranking and segmentationPREMSAI CHEEDELLA
The majority of the existing traffic sign detection system use shape information, but the methods of remain limited in regard to detecting and segmenting traffic signs from a complex background.
Contour Line Tracing Algorithm for Digital Topographic MapsCSCJournals
Topographic maps contain information related to roads, contours, landmarks land covers and rivers etc. For any Remote sensing and GIS based project, creating a database using digitization techniques is a tedious and time consuming process especially for contour tracing. Contour line is very important information that these maps provide. They are mainly used for determining slope of the landforms or rivers. These contour lines are also used for generating Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for 3D surface generation from any satellite imagery or aerial photographs. This paper suggests an algorithm that can be used for tracing contour lines automatically from contour maps extracted from the topographical sheets and creating a database. In our approach, we have proposed a modified Moore's Neighbor contour tracing algorithm to trace all contours in the given topographic maps. The proposed approach is tested on several topographic maps and provides satisfactory results and takes less time to trace the contour lines compared with other existing algorithms.
Street Mark Detection Using Raspberry PI for Self-driving SystemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Self driving is an autonomous vehicle that can follow the road with less human intervention. The development of self driving utilizes various methods such as radar, lidar, GPS, camera, or combination of them. In this research, street mark detection system was designed using webcam and raspberry-pi mini computer for processing the image. The image was processed by HSV color filtering method. The processing rate of this algorithm was 137.98 ms correspondinig to 7.2 FPS. The self-driving prototype was found to be working optimally for “hue” threshold of 0-179, “saturation” threshold of 0-30, and “value” threshold of 200-255. Street mark detection has been obtained from the coordinates of street mark object which had range 4-167 on x axis and 4-139 on y axis. As a result, we have successfully built the street mark detection by COG method more effectively and smoothly in detection in comparison with Hough transform method.
Automatic Road Extraction from Airborne LiDAR : A ReviewIJERA Editor
LiDAR is the powerful Remote Sensing Technology for the acquisition of 3D information from terrain surface. This paper surveys the state of the art on automated road feature extraction from airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data. It presents a bibliography of nearly 50 references related to this topic. This includes work related to various main approaches used for extracting road from LiDAR data, Feature extraction based on classification and filtering.
TRAFFIC-SIGN RECOGNITION FOR AN INTELLIGENT VEHICLE/DRIVER ASSISTANT SYSTEM U...cseij
In order to be deployed in driving environments, Intelligent transport system (ITS) must be able to
recognize and respond to exceptional road conditions such as traffic signs, highway work zones and
imminent road works automatically. Recognition of traffic sign is playing a vital role in the intelligent
transport system, it enhances traffic safety by providing drivers with safety and precaution information
about road hazards. To recognize the traffic sign, the system has been proposed with three phases. They
are Traffic board Detection, Feature extraction and Recognition. The detection phase consists of RGBbased
colour thresholding and shape analysis, which offers robustness to differences in lighting situations.
A Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) technique was adopted to extract the features from the
segmented output. Finally, traffic signs recognition is done by k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) classifiers. It
achieves an classification accuracy upto 63%.
Leader Follower Formation Control of Ground Vehicles Using Dynamic Pixel Coun...ijma
This paper deals with leader-follower formations of non-holonomic mobile robots, introducing a formation
control strategy based on pixel counts using a commercial grade electro optics camera. Localization of the
leader for motions along line of sight as well as the obliquely inclined directions are considered based on
pixel variation of the images by referencing to two arbitrarily designated positions in the image frames.
Based on an established relationship between the displacement of the camera movement along the viewing
direction and the difference in pixel counts between reference points in the images, the range and the angle
estimate between the follower camera and the leader is calculated. The Inverse Perspective Transform is
used to account for non linear relationship between the height of vehicle in a forward facing image and its
distance from the camera. The formulation is validated with experiments.
CLASSIFICATION AND COMPARISON OF LICENSE PLATES LOCALIZATION ALGORITHMSsipij
The Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are the subject of a world economic competition. They are the
application of new information and communication technologies in the transport sector, to make the
infrastructures more efficient, more reliable and more ecological. License Plates Recognition (LPR) is the
key module of these systems, in which the License Plate Localization (LPL) is the most important stage,
because it determines the speed and robustness of this module. Thus, during this step the algorithm must
process the image and overcome several constraints as climatic and lighting conditions, sensors and angles
variety, LPs’ no-standardization, and the real time processing. This paper presents a classification and
comparison of License Plates Localization (LPL) algorithms and describes the advantages, disadvantages
and improvements made by each of them.
CLASSIFICATION AND COMPARISON OF LICENSE PLATES LOCALIZATION ALGORITHMSsipij
The Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are the subject of a world economic competition. They are the
application of new information and communication technologies in the transport sector, to make the
infrastructures more efficient, more reliable and more ecological. License Plates Recognition (LPR) is the
key module of these systems, in which the License Plate Localization (LPL) is the most important stage,
because it determines the speed and robustness of this module. Thus, during this step the algorithm must
process the image and overcome several constraints as climatic and lighting conditions, sensors and angles
variety, LPs’ no-standardization, and the real time processing. This paper presents a classification and
comparison of License Plates Localization (LPL) algorithms and describes the advantages, disadvantages
and improvements made by each of them.
REVIEW OF LANE DETECTION AND TRACKING ALGORITHMS IN ADVANCED DRIVER ASSISTANC...ijcsit
Lane detection and tracking is one of the key features of advanced driver assistance system. Lane detection is finding the white markings on a dark road. Lane tracking use the previously detected lane markers and adjusts itself according to the motion model. In this paper, review of lane detection and tracking algorithms developed in the last decade is discussed. Several modalities are considered for lane detection which
include vision, LIDAR, vehicle odometry information,information from global positioning system and digital maps. The lane detection and tracking is one of the challenging problems in computer vision.Different vision based lane detection techniques are explained in the paper. The performance of different lane detection and tracking algorithms is also compared and studied.
Implementation of a lane-tracking system for autonomous driving using Kalman ...Francesco Corucci
This project was developed for a Digital Control class. It consists of a system that is able to identify and track lane marks in a video acquired by webcam. It's interesting how the Kalman filter is used in such a context in order to make the lane detection computationally feasible in the small amount of time between two subsequent video frames
Multispectral Satellite Color Image Segmentation Using Fuzzy Based Innovative...Dibya Jyoti Bora
Multispectral satellite color images need special treatment for object-based classification like segmentation.
Traditional algorithms are not efficient enough for performing segmentation of such high-resolution images as
they often result in a serious problem: over-segmentation. So, an innovative approach for segmentation of
multispectral color images is proposed in this paper to tackle the same. The proposed approach consists of two
phases. In the first phase, the pre-processing of the selected bands is conducted for noise removal and contrast
enhancement of the input multispectral satellite color image on the HSV color space. In the second phase, fuzzy
segmentation of the enhanced version of the image obtained in the first phase is carried out by FCM algorithm
through optimal parameter passing. Final shifting from HSV to RGB color space presents the segmentation
result by separating different regions of interest with proper and distinguished color labeling. The results found
are quite promising and comparatively better than the other state of the art algorithms.
Robotic navigation algorithm with machine vision IJECEIAES
In the field of robotics, it is essential to know the work area in which the agent is going to develop, for that reason, different methods of mapping and spatial location have been developed for different applications. In this article, a machine vision algorithm is proposed, which is responsible for identifying objects of interest within a work area and determining the polar coordinates to which they are related to the observer, applicable either with a fixed camera or in a mobile agent such as the one presented in this document. The developed algorithm was evaluated in two situations, determining the position of six objects in total around the mobile agent. These results were compared with the real position of each of the objects, reaching a high level of accuracy with an average error of 1.3271% in the distance and 2.8998% in the angle.
A Much Advanced and Efficient Lane Detection Algorithm for Intelligent Highwa...cscpconf
This paper presents a much advanced and efficient lane detection algorithm. The algorithm is based on (ROI) Region of Interest segmentation. In this algorithm images are pre-processed by top-hat transform for de-noising and enhancing contrast. ROI of a test image is then extracted. For detecting lines in the ROI, Hough transform is used. Estimation of the distance between Hough origin and lane-line midpoint is made. Lane departure decision is made based on the difference between these distances. As for the simulation part we have used Matlab software.Experiments show that the proposed algorithm can detect the lane markings accurately and quickly.
APPLYING R-SPATIOGRAM IN OBJECT TRACKING FOR OCCLUSION HANDLINGsipij
Object tracking is one of the most important problems in computer vision. The aim of video tracking is to extract the trajectories of a target or object of interest, i.e. accurately locate a moving target in a video sequence and discriminate target from non-targets in the feature space of the sequence. So, feature descriptors can have significant effects on such discrimination. In this paper, we use the basic idea of many trackers which consists of three main components of the reference model, i.e., object modeling, object detection and localization, and model updating. However, there are major improvements in our system. Our forth component, occlusion handling, utilizes the r-spatiogram to detect the best target candidate. While spatiogram contains some moments upon the coordinates of the pixels, r-spatiogram computes region-based compactness on the distribution of the given feature in the image that captures richer features to represent the objects. The proposed research develops an efficient and robust way to keep tracking the object throughout video sequences in the presence of significant appearance variations and severe occlusions. The proposed method is evaluated on the Princeton RGBD tracking dataset considering sequences with different challenges and the obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
SENSORLESS VECTOR CONTROL OF BLDC USING EXTENDED KALMAN FILTER sipij
This Paper mainly deals with the implementation of vector control technique using the brushless DC motor
(BLDC). Generally tachogenerators, resolvers or incremental encoders are used to detect the speed. These
sensors require careful mounting and alignment, and special attention is required with electrical noises. A
speed sensor need additional space for mounting and maintenance and hence increases the cost and size of
the drive system. These problems are eliminated by speed sensor less vector control by using Extended
Kalman Filter and Back EMF method for position sensing. By using the EKF method and Back EMFmethod, the sensor less vector control of BLDC is implemented and its simulation using MATLAB/SIMULINK and hardware kit is implemented.
Street Mark Detection Using Raspberry PI for Self-driving SystemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Self driving is an autonomous vehicle that can follow the road with less human intervention. The development of self driving utilizes various methods such as radar, lidar, GPS, camera, or combination of them. In this research, street mark detection system was designed using webcam and raspberry-pi mini computer for processing the image. The image was processed by HSV color filtering method. The processing rate of this algorithm was 137.98 ms correspondinig to 7.2 FPS. The self-driving prototype was found to be working optimally for “hue” threshold of 0-179, “saturation” threshold of 0-30, and “value” threshold of 200-255. Street mark detection has been obtained from the coordinates of street mark object which had range 4-167 on x axis and 4-139 on y axis. As a result, we have successfully built the street mark detection by COG method more effectively and smoothly in detection in comparison with Hough transform method.
Automatic Road Extraction from Airborne LiDAR : A ReviewIJERA Editor
LiDAR is the powerful Remote Sensing Technology for the acquisition of 3D information from terrain surface. This paper surveys the state of the art on automated road feature extraction from airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data. It presents a bibliography of nearly 50 references related to this topic. This includes work related to various main approaches used for extracting road from LiDAR data, Feature extraction based on classification and filtering.
TRAFFIC-SIGN RECOGNITION FOR AN INTELLIGENT VEHICLE/DRIVER ASSISTANT SYSTEM U...cseij
In order to be deployed in driving environments, Intelligent transport system (ITS) must be able to
recognize and respond to exceptional road conditions such as traffic signs, highway work zones and
imminent road works automatically. Recognition of traffic sign is playing a vital role in the intelligent
transport system, it enhances traffic safety by providing drivers with safety and precaution information
about road hazards. To recognize the traffic sign, the system has been proposed with three phases. They
are Traffic board Detection, Feature extraction and Recognition. The detection phase consists of RGBbased
colour thresholding and shape analysis, which offers robustness to differences in lighting situations.
A Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) technique was adopted to extract the features from the
segmented output. Finally, traffic signs recognition is done by k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) classifiers. It
achieves an classification accuracy upto 63%.
Leader Follower Formation Control of Ground Vehicles Using Dynamic Pixel Coun...ijma
This paper deals with leader-follower formations of non-holonomic mobile robots, introducing a formation
control strategy based on pixel counts using a commercial grade electro optics camera. Localization of the
leader for motions along line of sight as well as the obliquely inclined directions are considered based on
pixel variation of the images by referencing to two arbitrarily designated positions in the image frames.
Based on an established relationship between the displacement of the camera movement along the viewing
direction and the difference in pixel counts between reference points in the images, the range and the angle
estimate between the follower camera and the leader is calculated. The Inverse Perspective Transform is
used to account for non linear relationship between the height of vehicle in a forward facing image and its
distance from the camera. The formulation is validated with experiments.
CLASSIFICATION AND COMPARISON OF LICENSE PLATES LOCALIZATION ALGORITHMSsipij
The Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are the subject of a world economic competition. They are the
application of new information and communication technologies in the transport sector, to make the
infrastructures more efficient, more reliable and more ecological. License Plates Recognition (LPR) is the
key module of these systems, in which the License Plate Localization (LPL) is the most important stage,
because it determines the speed and robustness of this module. Thus, during this step the algorithm must
process the image and overcome several constraints as climatic and lighting conditions, sensors and angles
variety, LPs’ no-standardization, and the real time processing. This paper presents a classification and
comparison of License Plates Localization (LPL) algorithms and describes the advantages, disadvantages
and improvements made by each of them.
CLASSIFICATION AND COMPARISON OF LICENSE PLATES LOCALIZATION ALGORITHMSsipij
The Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are the subject of a world economic competition. They are the
application of new information and communication technologies in the transport sector, to make the
infrastructures more efficient, more reliable and more ecological. License Plates Recognition (LPR) is the
key module of these systems, in which the License Plate Localization (LPL) is the most important stage,
because it determines the speed and robustness of this module. Thus, during this step the algorithm must
process the image and overcome several constraints as climatic and lighting conditions, sensors and angles
variety, LPs’ no-standardization, and the real time processing. This paper presents a classification and
comparison of License Plates Localization (LPL) algorithms and describes the advantages, disadvantages
and improvements made by each of them.
REVIEW OF LANE DETECTION AND TRACKING ALGORITHMS IN ADVANCED DRIVER ASSISTANC...ijcsit
Lane detection and tracking is one of the key features of advanced driver assistance system. Lane detection is finding the white markings on a dark road. Lane tracking use the previously detected lane markers and adjusts itself according to the motion model. In this paper, review of lane detection and tracking algorithms developed in the last decade is discussed. Several modalities are considered for lane detection which
include vision, LIDAR, vehicle odometry information,information from global positioning system and digital maps. The lane detection and tracking is one of the challenging problems in computer vision.Different vision based lane detection techniques are explained in the paper. The performance of different lane detection and tracking algorithms is also compared and studied.
Implementation of a lane-tracking system for autonomous driving using Kalman ...Francesco Corucci
This project was developed for a Digital Control class. It consists of a system that is able to identify and track lane marks in a video acquired by webcam. It's interesting how the Kalman filter is used in such a context in order to make the lane detection computationally feasible in the small amount of time between two subsequent video frames
Multispectral Satellite Color Image Segmentation Using Fuzzy Based Innovative...Dibya Jyoti Bora
Multispectral satellite color images need special treatment for object-based classification like segmentation.
Traditional algorithms are not efficient enough for performing segmentation of such high-resolution images as
they often result in a serious problem: over-segmentation. So, an innovative approach for segmentation of
multispectral color images is proposed in this paper to tackle the same. The proposed approach consists of two
phases. In the first phase, the pre-processing of the selected bands is conducted for noise removal and contrast
enhancement of the input multispectral satellite color image on the HSV color space. In the second phase, fuzzy
segmentation of the enhanced version of the image obtained in the first phase is carried out by FCM algorithm
through optimal parameter passing. Final shifting from HSV to RGB color space presents the segmentation
result by separating different regions of interest with proper and distinguished color labeling. The results found
are quite promising and comparatively better than the other state of the art algorithms.
Robotic navigation algorithm with machine vision IJECEIAES
In the field of robotics, it is essential to know the work area in which the agent is going to develop, for that reason, different methods of mapping and spatial location have been developed for different applications. In this article, a machine vision algorithm is proposed, which is responsible for identifying objects of interest within a work area and determining the polar coordinates to which they are related to the observer, applicable either with a fixed camera or in a mobile agent such as the one presented in this document. The developed algorithm was evaluated in two situations, determining the position of six objects in total around the mobile agent. These results were compared with the real position of each of the objects, reaching a high level of accuracy with an average error of 1.3271% in the distance and 2.8998% in the angle.
A Much Advanced and Efficient Lane Detection Algorithm for Intelligent Highwa...cscpconf
This paper presents a much advanced and efficient lane detection algorithm. The algorithm is based on (ROI) Region of Interest segmentation. In this algorithm images are pre-processed by top-hat transform for de-noising and enhancing contrast. ROI of a test image is then extracted. For detecting lines in the ROI, Hough transform is used. Estimation of the distance between Hough origin and lane-line midpoint is made. Lane departure decision is made based on the difference between these distances. As for the simulation part we have used Matlab software.Experiments show that the proposed algorithm can detect the lane markings accurately and quickly.
APPLYING R-SPATIOGRAM IN OBJECT TRACKING FOR OCCLUSION HANDLINGsipij
Object tracking is one of the most important problems in computer vision. The aim of video tracking is to extract the trajectories of a target or object of interest, i.e. accurately locate a moving target in a video sequence and discriminate target from non-targets in the feature space of the sequence. So, feature descriptors can have significant effects on such discrimination. In this paper, we use the basic idea of many trackers which consists of three main components of the reference model, i.e., object modeling, object detection and localization, and model updating. However, there are major improvements in our system. Our forth component, occlusion handling, utilizes the r-spatiogram to detect the best target candidate. While spatiogram contains some moments upon the coordinates of the pixels, r-spatiogram computes region-based compactness on the distribution of the given feature in the image that captures richer features to represent the objects. The proposed research develops an efficient and robust way to keep tracking the object throughout video sequences in the presence of significant appearance variations and severe occlusions. The proposed method is evaluated on the Princeton RGBD tracking dataset considering sequences with different challenges and the obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
SENSORLESS VECTOR CONTROL OF BLDC USING EXTENDED KALMAN FILTER sipij
This Paper mainly deals with the implementation of vector control technique using the brushless DC motor
(BLDC). Generally tachogenerators, resolvers or incremental encoders are used to detect the speed. These
sensors require careful mounting and alignment, and special attention is required with electrical noises. A
speed sensor need additional space for mounting and maintenance and hence increases the cost and size of
the drive system. These problems are eliminated by speed sensor less vector control by using Extended
Kalman Filter and Back EMF method for position sensing. By using the EKF method and Back EMFmethod, the sensor less vector control of BLDC is implemented and its simulation using MATLAB/SIMULINK and hardware kit is implemented.
“FIELD PROGRAMMABLE DSP ARRAYS” - A NOVEL RECONFIGURABLE ARCHITECTURE FOR EFF...sipij
Digital Signal Processing functions are widely used in real time high speed applications. Those functions
are generally implemented either on ASICs with inflexibility, or on FPGAs with bottlenecks of relatively
smaller utilization factor or lower speed compared to ASIC. The proposed reconfigurable DSP processor is
redolent to FPGA, but with basic fixed Common Modules (CMs) (like adders, subtractors, multipliers,
scaling units, shifters) instead of CLBs. This paper introduces the development of a reconfigurable DSP
processor that integrates different filter and transform functions. The switching between DSP functions is
occurred by reconfiguring the interconnection between CMs. Validation of the proposed reconfigurable
architecture has been achieved on Virtex5 FPGA. The architecture provides sufficient amount of flexibility,
parallelism and scalability.
Image processing based girth monitoring and recording system for rubber plant...sipij
Measuring the girth and continuous monitoring of the increase in girth is one of the most important processes in rubber plantations since identification of girth deficiencies would enable planters to take corrective actions to ensure a good yield from the plantation.
This research paper presents an image processing based girth measurement & recording system that can replace existing manual process in an efficient and economical manner.
The system uses a digital image of the tree which uses the current number drawn on the tree to identify the tree number & its width. The image is threshold first & then filtered out using several filtering criterion to identify possible candidates for numbers. Identified blobs are then fed to the Tesseract OCR for number recognition. Threshold image is then filtered again with different criterion to segment out the black strip drawn on the tree which is then used to calculate the width of the tree using calibration parameters. Once the tree number is identified & width is calculated the girth the measured girth of the tree is stored in the data base under the identified tree number.
The results obtained from the system indicated significant improvement in efficiency & economy for main plantations. As future developments we are proposing a standard commercial system for girth measurement using standardized 2D Bar Codes as tree identifiers
A STUDY FOR THE EFFECT OF THE EMPHATICNESS AND LANGUAGE AND DIALECT FOR VOIC...sipij
The signal sound contains many different features, including Voice Onset Time (VOT), which is a very
important feature of stop sounds in many languages. The only application of VOT values is stopping
phoneme subsets. This subset of consonant sounds is stop phonemes exist in the Arabic language, and in
fact, all languages. Very important subsets of Semitic language’s consonants are the Emphatic sounds. The
pronunciation of these sounds is hard and unique especially for less-educated Arabs and non-native Arabic
speakers. In the Arabic language, all emphatic sounds have their own non-emphatic counterparts that
differ only in the “emphaticness” based on written letters. VOT can be utilized by the human auditory
system to distinguish between voiced and unvoiced stops such as /p/ and /b/ in English. Similarly, VOT can
be adopted by digital systems to classify and recognize stop sounds and their carried syllables for words of
any language. In addition, an analysis of any language’s phoneme set is very important in order to identify
the features of digital speech and language for automatic recognition, synthesis, processing, and
communication.
CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT AND BRIGHTNESS PRESERVATION USING MULTIDECOMPOSITION HIS...sipij
Histogram Equalization (HE) has been an essential addition to the Image Enhancement world.
Enhancement techniques like Classical Histogram Equalization(CHE),Adaptive Histogram Equalization
(AHE), Bi-Histogram Equalization (BHE) and Recursive Mean Separate Histogram Equalization (RMSHE)
methods enhance contrast, brightness is not well preserved, which gives an unpleasant look to the final
image obtained. Thus, we introduce a novel technique Multi-Decomposition Histogram Equalization
(MDHE) to eliminate the drawbacks of the earlier methods. In MDHE, we have decomposed the input
image using a unique logic, applied CHE in each of the sub-images and then finally interpolated them in
correct order. The final image after MDHE gives us the best results based on contrast enhancement and
brightness preservation aspect compared to all other techniques mentioned above. We have calculated the
various parameters like PSNR, SNR, RMSE, MSE, etc. for every technique. Our results are well supported
by bar graphs, histograms and the parameter calculations at the end.
Holistic privacy impact assessment framework for video privacy filtering tech...sipij
In this paper, we present a novel Holistic Framework for Privacy Protection Level Performance Evaluation
and Impact Assessment (H-PIA) to support the design and deployment of privacy-preserving filtering
techniques as may be co-evolved for video surveillance through user-centred participative engagement and
collectively negotiated solution seeking for privacy protection. The proposed framework is based on the
UI-REF normative ethno-methodological framework for Privacy-by-Co-Design which is based on
collective-interpretivist and socio-psycho-cognitively rooted Human Judgment and Decision Making (JDM)
theory including Pleasure-Pain-Recall (PPR)-theoretic opinion elicitation and analysis. This supports not
only the socio-ethically reflective conflicts resolution, prioritisation and traceability of privacy-preserving
requirements evolving through user-centred co-design but also the integration of Key Holistic
Performance Indicators (KPIs) comprising a number of objective and subjective evaluation metrics for the
design and operational deployment of surveillance data/-video-analytics from a system-of-system-scale
context-aware accountability engineering perspective. For the objective tests, we have proposed five
crucial criteria to be evaluated to assess the optimality of the balance of privacy protection and security
assurance as may be negotiated with end-users through co-design of a privacy filtering solution. This
evaluation is supported by a process of quantitative assessment of some of the KPIs through an automated
objective measurement of the functional performance of the given filter. Additionally, a subjective
qualitative user study has been conducted to correlate with, and cross-validate, the results obtained from
the objective assessment of the KPIs. The simulation results have confirmed the sufficiency, necessity and
efficacy of the UI-REF-based methodologically-guided framework for Privacy Protection evaluation to
enable optimally balanced Privacy Filtering of the video frame whilst retaining the minimum of the
information as negotiated per agreed process logic. Insights from this study have served the co-design and
deployment optimisation of privacy-preserving video filtering solutions. This UI-REF-based framework
has been successfully applied to the evaluation of MediaEval 2012-2013 Privacy Filtering and as such has
served to motivates further innovation in co-design and multi-level, multi-modal impact assessment of
multimedia privacy-security-balancing risk mitigation technologies.
A Comparative Study of DOA Estimation Algorithms with Application to Tracking...sipij
Tracking the Direction of Arrival (DOA) Estimation of a moving source is an important and challenging
task in the field of navigation, RADAR, SONAR, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) etc. Tracking is carried
out starting from the estimation of DOA, considering the estimated DOA as an initial value, the Kalman
Filter (KF) algorithm is used to track the moving source based on the motion model which governs the
motion of the source. This comparative study deals with analysis, significance of Non-coherent,
Narrowband DOA (Direction of Arrival) Estimation Algorithms in perception to tracking. The DOA
estimation algorithms Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC), Root-MUSIC& Estimation of Signal
Parameters via Rotational Invariance Technique (ESPRIT) are considered for the purpose of the study, a
comparison in terms of optimality with respect to Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), number of snapshots and
number of Antenna elements used and Computational complexity is drawn between the chosen algorithms
resulting in an optimum DOA estimate. The optimum DOA Estimate is taken as an initial value for the
Kalman filter tracking algorithm. The Kalman filter algorithm is used to track the optimum DOA Estimate.
Modified approach to transform arc from text to linear form text a preproces...sipij
Arc-form-text is an artistic-text which is quite common in several documents such as certificates,
advertisements and history documents. OCRs fail to read such arc-form-text and it is necessary to
transform the same to linear-form-text at preprocessing stage. In this paper, we present a modification to
an existing transformation model for better readability by OCRs. The method takes the segmented arcform-
text as input. Initially two concentric ellipses are approximated to enclose the arc-form-text and later
the modified transformation model transforms the text in arc-form to linear-form. The proposed method is
implemented on several upper semi-circular arc-form-text inputs and the readability of the transformed text
is analyzed with an OCR.
Analog signal processing approach for coarse and fine depth estimationsipij
Imaging and Image sensors is a field that is continuously evolving. There are new products coming into the
market every day. Some of these have very severe Size, Weight and Power constraints whereas other
devices have to handle very high computational loads. Some require both these conditions to be met
simultaneously. Current imaging architectures and digital image processing solutions will not be able to
meet these ever increasing demands. There is a need to develop novel imaging architectures and image
processing solutions to address these requirements. In this work we propose analog signal processing as a
solution to this problem. The analog processor is not suggested as a replacement to a digital processor but
it will be used as an augmentation device which works in parallel with the digital processor, making the
system faster and more efficient. In order to show the merits of analog processing two stereo
correspondence algorithms are implemented. We propose novel modifications to the algorithms and new
imaging architectures which, significantly reduces the computation time
A ROBUST CHAOTIC AND FAST WALSH TRANSFORM ENCRYPTION FOR GRAY SCALE BIOMEDICA...sipij
In this work, a new scheme of image encryption based on chaos and Fast Walsh Transform (FWT) has been proposed.
We used two chaotic logistic maps and combined chaotic encryption methods to the two-dimensional FWT of images.
The encryption process involves two steps: firstly, chaotic sequences generated by the chaotic logistic maps are used to
permute and mask the intermediate results or array of FWT, the next step consist in changing the chaotic sequences or
the initial conditions of chaotic logistic maps among two intermediate results of the same row or column. Changing the
encryption key several times on the same row or column makes the cipher more robust against any attack. We tested
our algorithms on many biomedical images. We also used images from data bases to compare our algorithm to those
in literature. It comes out from statistical analysis and key sensitivity tests that our proposed image encryption schemeprovides an efficient and secure way for real-time encryption and transmission biomedical images.
Development and Hardware Implementation of an Efficient Algorithm for Cloud D...sipij
Detecting clouds in satellite imagery is becoming more important with increasing data availability which
are generated by earth observing satellites. Hence, intellectual processing of the enormous amount of data
received by hundreds of earth receiving stations, with specific satellite image oriented approaches,
presents itself as a pressing need. One of the most important steps in previous stages of satellite image
processing is cloud detection. While there are many approaches that compact with different semantic
meaning, there are rarely approaches that compact specifically with cloud and cloud cover detection. In
this paper, the technique presented is the scene based adaptive cloud, cloud cover detection and find the
position with assumption of sun reflection, background varying and scattering are constant. The capability
of the developed system was tested using dedicated satellite images and assessed in terms of cloud
percentage coverage. The system used for this process comprises of Intel(R) Xenon(R) CPU E31245 @
3.30GHz processor along with MATLAB 13 software and DSPC6713 processor along with Code Compose
Studio 3.1.
A NOVEL PROBABILISTIC BASED IMAGE SEGMENTATION MODEL FOR REALTIME HUMAN ACTIV...sipij
Automatic human activity detection is one of the difficult tasks in image segmentation application due to
variations in size, type, shape and location of objects. In the traditional probabilistic graphical
segmentation models, intra and inter region segments may affect the overall segmentation accuracy. Also,
both directed and undirected graphical models such as Markov model, conditional random field have
limitations towards the human activity prediction and heterogeneous relationships. In this paper, we have
studied and proposed a natural solution for automatic human activity segmentation using the enhanced
probabilistic chain graphical model. This system has three main phases, namely activity pre-processing,
iterative threshold based image enhancement and chain graph segmentation algorithm. Experimental
results show that proposed system efficiently detects the human activities at different levels of the action
datasets.
C OMPARISON OF M ODERN D ESCRIPTION M ETHODS F OR T HE R ECOGNITION OF ...sipij
Plants are one kingdom of living things. They are e
ssential to the balance of nature and people’s live
s.
Plants are not just important to human environment,
they form the basis for the sustainability and lon
g-
term health of environmental systems. Beside these
important facts, they have many useful applications
such as medical application and agricultural applic
ation. Also plants are the origin of coal and petro
leum.
In order to plant recognition, one part of it has u
nique characteristic for recognition process. This
desired
part is leaf. The present paper introduces bag of w
ords (BoW) and support vector machine (SVM)
procedure to recognize and identify plants through
leaves. Visual contents of images are applied and t
hree
usual phases in computer vision are done: (i) featu
re detection, (ii) feature description, (iii) image
description. Three different methods are used on Fl
avia dataset. The proposed approach is done by scal
e
invariant feature transform (SIFT) method and two c
ombined method, HARRIS-SIFT and features from
accelerated segment test-SIFT (FAST-SIFT). The accu
racy of SIFT method is higher than other methods
which is 89.3519 %. Vision comparison is investigat
ed for four different species. Some quantitative re
sults
are measured and compared.
E FFECTIVE P ROCESSING A ND A NALYSIS OF R ADIOTHERAPY I MAGESsipij
a-Si Electronic Portal Imaging Device (EPID) is an
important tool to verify the location of the radiat
ion
therapy beam with respect to the patient anatomy. B
ut, Electronic Portal Images (EPI) suffer from low
contrast. In order to have better in-treatment imag
es to extract relevant features of the anatomy, ima
ge
processing tools need to be integrated in the Radio
logy systems. The goal of this research work is to
inspect
several image processing techniques for contrast en
hancement of electronic portal images and gauge
parameters like mean, variance, standard deviation,
MSE, RMSE, entropy, PSNR, AMBE, normalised cross
correlation, average difference, structural content
(SC), maximum difference and normalised absolute
error (NAE) to study their visual quality improvem
ent. In addition, by adding salt and pepper noise,
Gaussian noise and motion blur, we calculate error
measurement parameters like Universal Image Quality
(UIQ) index, Enhancement Measurement Error (EME), P
earson Correlation Coefficient, SNR and Mean
Absolute error (MAE). The improved results point ou
t that image processing tools need to be incorporat
ed
into radiology for accurate delivery of dose
Implementation of features dynamic tracking filter to tracing pupilssipij
The objective of this paper is to show the implementation of an artificial vision filter capable of tracking the
pupils of a person in a video sequence. There are several algorithms that can achieve this objective, for this
case, features dynamic tracking selected, which is a method that traces patterns between each frame that
form a video scene, this type of processing offers the advantage of eliminating the problems of occlusion
patterns of interest. The implementation was tested on a base of videos of people with different physical
characteristics of the eyes. An additional goal is to obtain information of the eye movements that are
captured and pupil coordinates for each of these movements. These data could help some studies related to
eye health.
A study of a modified histogram based fast enhancement algorithm (mhbfe)sipij
Image enhancement is one of the most important issues in low-level image processing. The goal of image
enhancement is to improve the quality of an image such that enhanced image is better than the original
image. Conventional Histogram equalization (HE) is one of the most algorithms used in the contrast
enhancement of medical images, this due to its simplicity and effectiveness. However, it causes the
unnatural look and visual artefacts, where it tends to change the brightness of an images. The Histogram
Based Fast Enhancement Algorithm (HBFE) tries to enhance the CT head images, where it improves the
water-washed effect caused by conventional histogram equalization algorithms with less complexity. It
depends on using full gray levels to enhance the soft tissues ignoring other image details. We present a
modification of this algorithm to be valid for most CT image types with keeping the degree of simplicity.
Experimental results show that The Modified Histogram Based Fast Enhancement Algorithm (MHBFE)
enhances the results in term of PSNR, AMBE and entropy. We use also the Statistical analysis to ensure
the improvement of the proposed modification that can be generalized. ANalysis Of VAriance (ANOVA) is
used as first to test whether or not all the results have the same average. Then we find the significant
improvement of the modification.
License Plate Recognition using Morphological Operation. Amitava Choudhury
This paper describes an efficient technique of locating and
extracting license plate and recognizing each segmented
character. The proposed model can be subdivided into four
parts- Digitization of image, Edge Detection, Separation of
characters and Template Matching. In this work, we propose a
method which is based on morphological operations where
different Structuring Elements (SE) are used to maximally
eliminate non-plate region and enhance plate region.
Character segmentation is done using Connected Component
Analysis. Correlation based template matching technique is
used for recognition of characters. This system is
implemented using MATLAB7.4.0. The proposed system is
mainly applicable to Indian License Plates.
Design Approach for a Novel Traffic Sign Recognition System by Using LDA and ...IJERA Editor
This research paper highlights the problems that are encountered in a typical Traffic Sign Recognition System
like incorrect interpretation of a particular traffic sign which is observed by a driver while driving a vehicle
causing misunderstanding thereby resulting in road accidents. The visibility is affected by many environmental
factors such as smoke, rain, fog, humid weather, dust etc. and it is very difficult to understand the traffic signs in
this situations, causing misinterpretations of the particular traffic sign and resulting in road accidents. In order to
avoid this condition, a novel method of recognizing traffic signs is developed which take into consideration the
color and shape of the traffic sign. A algorithm called as Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is used for
classification of different groups of traffic signs which are predefined by a particular set of features after the
process of Image Segmentation. The images are segmented by using the color and shape features of an image
and the features are extracted by using the Haar Transform and then the classification of images is done by using
Linear Discriminant Analysis Algorithm. Finally the GUI of traffic sign images is prepared by using the
software tool called as MATLAB.Our main objective is to recognize partially occluded traffic signs in a cloudy
environment by using LDA and to make an efficient Traffic Sign Detection system which will be capable of
recognizing and classifying any kind of known traffic sign from the other traffic signs by considering the color
and shape of the traffic sign on the basis of supervised classification of the training data so that any error which
results in a faulty detection or incorrect detection of traffic sign can be eliminated.
Road crack detection using adaptive multi resolution thresholding techniquesTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Machine vision is very important for ensuring the success of intelligent transportation systems, particularly in the area of road maintenance. For this reason, many studies had been focusing on automatic image-based crack detection as a replacement for manual inspection that had depended on the specialist’s knowledge and expertise. In the image processing technique, the pre-processing and edge detection stages are important for filtering out noises and in enhancing the quality of the edges in the image. Since threshold is one of the powerful methods used in the edge detection of an image, we have therefore proposed a modified Otsu-Canny Edge Detection Algorithm in the selection of the two threshold values as well as implemented a multi-resolution level fixed partitioning method in the analysis of the global and local threshold values of the image. This is then followed by a statistical measure in selecting the edge image with the best global threshold. This study had utilized the road crack image dataset that were obtained from Crackforest. The results had revealed the proposed method to not only perform better than the conventional Canny edge detection method but had also shown the maximum value derived from the local threshold of 5x5 partitioned image outperforming the other partitioned scales.
Real Time Myanmar Traffic Sign Recognition System using HOG and SVMijtsrd
Traffic sign recognition is one of the most important research topics for enabling autonomous vehicle driving systems. In order to be deployed in driving environments, intelligent transport system must be able to recognize and respond to exceptional road conditions such as traffic signs, highway work zones and imminent road works automatically. In this paper, Real time Myanmar Traffic Sign Recognition System RMTSRS is proposed. The incoming video stream is fed into computer vision. Then each incoming frames are segmented using color threshold method for traffic sign detection. A Histogram of Oriented Gradients HOG technique is used to extract the features from the segmented traffic sign and then RMTSRS classifies traffic sign types using Support Vector Machine SVM . The system achieves classification accuracy up to 98 . Myint Tun | Thida Lwin "Real-Time Myanmar Traffic Sign Recognition System using HOG and SVM" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27929.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/real-time-computing/27929/real-time-myanmar-traffic-sign-recognition-system-using-hog-and-svm/myint-tun
A Method for Sudanese Vehicle License Plates Detection and ExtractionEditor IJCATR
License Plate Detection and Extraction is an important phase of Vehicle License Plate Recognition systems, which has been
an active research topic in the computer vision domain in order to identify vehicles by their license plates without direct human
intervention. This paper presents a simple, fast and automatic License Plate Detection method for the current shape of Sudanese license
plate. The proposed method involves several steps: green channel extraction, edge detection, regions of interest selection, dilation
operation with especial structural element and connected component analysis. In order to analyze the performance and efficiency of the
proposed method a data set for Sudanese vehicles has been created. Using this new data set, number of experiments has been carried
out. Comparing with other countries license plate detection the achieved results is satisfactory.
A Novel Multiple License Plate Extraction Technique for Complex Background in...CSCJournals
License plate recognition (LPR) is one of the most important applications of applying computer techniques towards intelligent transportation systems (ITS). In order to recognize a license plate efficiently, location and extraction of the license plate is the key step. Hence finding the position of a license plate in a vehicle image is considered to be the most crucial step of an LPR system, and this in turn greatly affects the recognition rate and overall speed of the whole system. This paper mainly deals with the detecting license plate location issues in Indian traffic conditions. The vehicles in India sometimes bare extra textual regions such as owner’s name, symbols, popular sayings and advertisement boards in addition to license plate. Situation insists for accurate discrimination of text class and fine aspect ratio analysis. In addition to this additional care taken up in this paper is to extract license plate of motorcycle (size of plate is small and double row plate), car (single as well as double row type), transport system such as bus, truck, (dirty plates) as well as multiple license plates present in an image frame under consideration. Disparity of aspect ratios is a typical feature of Indian traffic. Proposed method aims at identifying region of interest by performing a sequence of directional segmentation and morphological processing. Always the first step is of contrast enhancement, which is accomplished by using sigmoid function. In the subsequent steps, connected component analysis followed by different filtering techniques like aspect ratio analysis and plate compatible filter technique is used to find exact license plate. The proposed method is tested on large database consisting of 750 images taken in different conditions. The algorithm could detect the license plate in 742 images with success rate of 99.2%.
A computer vision-based lane detection approach for an autonomous vehicle usi...Md. Faishal Rahaman
Lane detection systems play a critical role in ensuring safe and secure driving by alerting the driver of lane departures. Lane detection may also save passengers' lives if they go off the road owing to driver distraction. The article presents a three-step approach for detecting lanes on high-speed video pictures in real-time and invariant lighting. The first phase involves doing appropriate prepossessing, such as noise reduction, RGB to grey-scale conversion, and binarizing the input picture. Then, a polygon area in front of the vehicle is picked as the zone of interest to accelerate processing. Finally, the edge detection technique is used to acquire the image's edges in the area of interest, and the Hough transform is used to identify lanes on both sides of the vehicle. The suggested approach was implemented using the IROADS database as a data source. The recommended method is effective in various daylight circumstances, including sunny, snowy, and rainy days, as well as inside tunnels. The proposed approach processes frame on average in 28 milliseconds and have a detection accuracy of 96.78 per cent, as shown by implementation results. This article aims to provide a simple technique for identifying road lines on high-speed video pictures utilizing the edge feature.
Automatic License Plate Recognition Using Optical Character Recognition Based...IJARIIE JOURNAL
A License plate is a rectangular plate which is alphanumeric. The license plate is fixed on the vehicle and used to
identify the vehicle along with honor of that vehicle. There is a huge number of vehicles on the road so that traffic
control and vehicle owner identification has become a major problem.
The automatic number plate reorganization (ANPR) is one of the solutions of such kind of problem. There are
different methodologies but it is challenging task as some of the factors like high speed of vehicles, languages of
number plate & mostly non-uniform letter on number plate effects a lot in recognition. The license plate recognition
system mainly has four stages: image acquisition, license plate detection, character segmentation and character
recognition. The license plate recognition (LPR) system have many applications like payment of parking fees; toll
fee on the highway; traffic monitoring system; border security system; signal system etc.
In this paper, template matching algorithm for character recognition is used. The system presented here mainly
focuses on recognition of ambiguous characters based on position of the character. It is observed that the developed
system successfully detects & recognizes the vehicle number plate on real images and the problem of recognizing
ambiguous character is solved.
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
The Metaverse and AI: how can decision-makers harness the Metaverse for their...Jen Stirrup
The Metaverse is popularized in science fiction, and now it is becoming closer to being a part of our daily lives through the use of social media and shopping companies. How can businesses survive in a world where Artificial Intelligence is becoming the present as well as the future of technology, and how does the Metaverse fit into business strategy when futurist ideas are developing into reality at accelerated rates? How do we do this when our data isn't up to scratch? How can we move towards success with our data so we are set up for the Metaverse when it arrives?
How can you help your company evolve, adapt, and succeed using Artificial Intelligence and the Metaverse to stay ahead of the competition? What are the potential issues, complications, and benefits that these technologies could bring to us and our organizations? In this session, Jen Stirrup will explain how to start thinking about these technologies as an organisation.
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Enhancement performance of road recognition system of autonomous robots in shadow scenario
1. Signal & Image Processing : An International Journal (SIPIJ) Vol.4, No.6, December 2013
ENHANCEMENT PERFORMANCE OF ROAD
RECOGNITION SYSTEM OF AUTONOMOUS ROBOTS
IN SHADOW SCENARIO
Olusanya Y. Agunbiade1, Tranos Zuva1, Awosejo O. Johnson2, Keneilwe Zuva3
1
Department of Computer System Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology,
Pretoria, South Africa
2
Department of Business Informatics, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South
Africa
3
Department of Computer Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
ABSTRACT
Road region recognition is a main feature that is gaining increasing attention from intellectuals because it
helps autonomous vehicle to achieve a successful navigation without accident. However, different
techniques based on camera sensor have been used by various researchers and outstanding results have
been achieved. Despite their success, environmental noise like shadow leads to inaccurate recognition of
road region which eventually leads to accident for autonomous vehicle. In this research, we conducted an
investigation on shadow and its effects, optimized the road region recognition system of autonomous
vehicle by introducing an algorithm capable of detecting and eliminating the effects of shadow. The
experimental performance of our system was tested and compared using the following schemes: Total
Positive Rate (TPR), False Negative Rate (FNR), Total Negative Rate (TNR), Error Rate (ERR) and False
Positive Rate (FPR). The performance result of the system improved on road recognition in shadow
scenario and this advancement has added tremendously to successful navigation approaches for
autonomous vehicle.
KEYWORDS
Autonomous vehicle, Navigation, Shadow, Road region recognition, Environmental noise & Filtering
algorithm
1. INTRODUCTION
Road region is an important feature that is necessary for an autonomous driving system to detect
for navigation. Various techniques have been used by previous researchers to detect road region
but recently vision based system is preferred to be used because of the ability to acquire data in a
non-intrusive way[1].
Based on these properties, some researchers used vision based technique to extract lane feature
for road region recognition because lane has characteristics that are used for collision prevention,
lane departure warning, vehicle navigation and lateral control [2]. Others used the vision based
technique for the extraction of colour, because colour has a distinctive characteristic that can be
used for classification. The assumption that road region has similar colour different from nonroad region can be used for the recognition of road area [3]. While some focus on using color
technique for the extraction of edges. Edges extraction has been used for boundary detection
which is used for classification of image into road region and non-road region [4].
DOI : 10.5121/sipij.2013.4601
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2. Signal & Image Processing : An International Journal (SIPIJ) Vol.4, No.6, December 2013
Furthermore, for a more robust system based on vision based technique, some researchers
combined two extracted features together for the recognition process of road region. Colour and
texture was used in [5, 6] for the detection of road region. Irrespective of all these techniques,
shadow limits the performance of the system because of the capability of corrupting the feature
extraction and leads to misclassification of road region as non-road region and vice versa. In this
paper, we introduce into the road region recognition system an algorithm capable of addressing
the effect of shadow. As a result, this algorithm improves the road region recognition
performance of the autonomous vehicle.
The rest of is paper is structured as follows: Section II review the related work of past researcher,
in section III, analysis review of the methodology used for the road region recognition of the
system. Section IV demonstrates flows of pool of pseudo code used for the road recognition
system. Results and assessment scheme were revealed in section V and the research conclusion
was done in section VI.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Road region is a significant issue to consider for a successful movement of an autonomous
vehicle across a long range distance. Vision-based method has been a common technique used by
various researchers for developing an autonomous vehicle and has been productive towards road
region recognition.
In [7, 8], the intelligent vehicle region detection system uses colour extraction for road region
recognition. At first, one dimensional colour histogram feature is set up and thresholding is
applied for grouping similar pixels for the classification process. However, when shadow is
present, occupied shadow area of road region and non-road region have very comparable features
and at this point misclassification of road region as non-road region and vice versa can occur.
In [9], colour and edge are used for the detection of road region on a low resolution image. They
used a low resolution image because it makes road surface colour seem to be consistent making it
easier when using colour for extraction of road region. However, boundary wearing makes colour
not suitable for boundary extraction so Bezier spline edge detection algorithm with control point
optimization as expressed in equation (1) was introduced to the system to extract the edge that
best fit the road boundary. Based on this approach, remarkable result better than using colour
extraction is achieved but complain illuminative effect (shadow and light intensity) limiting the
system and will be addressed in their future work [9]
P(t ) = (1 − t ) P0 + 3t (1 − t ) P1 + 3t 2 (1 - t )P2 + 6t 3 P3
3
2
−1 3
3 - 6
3
2
1
= t , t , t ,1
-3 3
1 0
(
)
-3
3
0
0
1
0
0
0
(1)
P
P1
P2
P
3
Where P0 , P1 , P2 , P3 are the control point which requires the Bezier spline to pass through
t ∈ [0, 1]
In [10], colour information is used for extraction, but first RGB colour properties of the image are
converted into shadow-invariant feature space and also model-based classifier was introduced to
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3. Signal & Image Processing : An International Journal (SIPIJ) Vol.4, No.6, December 2013
the system for optimising the classification process on the other hand since there road detection
approach is colour based, there system can still fail under severe lighting variation [6]. In this
paper, since our approach is also coloured based, we optimized by introducing to the road region
recognition system an algorithm based on normalized differences index (NDI) and morphological
operation to enhance the system against the effect of shadow.
3. METHODOLOGY
The vision method for road region recognition is based on four stages, The feature extraction
which is based on colour is used for image analysis, filtering stage which was introduced to
enhance the system by addressing the effect of shadow for proper classification to happen at the
segmentation stage. Post processing was used to improve the classification result at the
segmentation operation for proper navigation of autonomous vehicle
.
Feature
Extraction
Filtering operation
Input RGB Image
Conversion to HSV color
space
Shadow removal and detection
Conversion Back to RGB
color space
Segmentation operation
(SVM algorithm)
Post Processing
(Morphological operation)
Figure 1 Stages of Road Recognition
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3.1. Feature Extraction Operation
Feature extraction is a vital stage in image processing and at this stage various techniques such as
texture and edge can be used for road region recognition. However, colour is also a common
technique used by previous researchers [3, 8, 11], as it holds important information for objection
identification in all images. Thus, the assumption that road region would be more-or-less
consistent in their mixture and road region in RGB space is brighter than others are colour based
extraction used in [3] for road region classification. In this paper, basis of colour similarity was
used for road region recognition and Mahalanobis distance d expressed in equation (2) was
employed for similarity extraction because of better approximation than Euclidean distance [12].
d=
(mt − x )t ∑t−1 mt - ∑t-1 x
Where x denote studied pixel, mt represent the mean matrix of the training set and
(2)
∑
t
signify
the covariance matrix of the training set.
3.2. Filtering Operation
Filtering Operation is used to optimize road region recognition system. It plays a significant
operation to sharpen and supress image noise since the environmental noise (shadow) has already
altered the RGB colour value used for road region recognition. Various road recognition system
designed by different researchers failed when encountering shadow and some of these systems are
studied in our literature review. However, some researchers tried to solve this problem using
invariant HSV colour space but failed under severe shadow effect [10].
In this research, Filtering algorithms introduced at this stage are capable of detecting and
eliminating the effect shadow to produce a corrupt free RGB colour value of the image. This
algorithm is based on Normalised Index Differences (NDI) and morphological operation. The
algorithm proposed, first converts RGB colour value of the image to HSV using equation (3)-(5),
because in HSV colour space, shadow holds spectral properties for easy identification [13].
V=
(R + G + B )
S =1−
H=
(3)
3
3
min( R, G , B )
R+G+ B
{
θ
if B≤ G
if B≤ G
3600
where θ = cos
−1
(4)
(5)
1
[(R − G ) + (R − B )]
2
,
2
(R − G ) + (R − B )(G − B )
R, G, B represent red, blue, green respectively
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The algorithm process for is based on using the saturation and value component of the image are
used for shadow region extraction as expressed in equation (6)
NDI = S - V S - V
(6)
where S and V represent respectively saturation and value
OTSU threshloding algorithm is used to find an optimal threshold (T) that will be used to label
pixels and for partitioning the NDI image as illustrated in equation (7) for easier analysis.
(
)
NDI (T ) = µ .w(T ) − µ (T )
where w(T ) =
∑
T
i =0
2
w(T ).µ (T )
(7)
p j , µ (T ) = ∑ j = T +1 p j , µ = ∑i = 0 j. p j ,
255
255
p j represent the probability of pixel with grey level j in the image.
The pixels of an image having higher NDI than the threshold (T) are labelled shadow pixel
otherwise non-shadow as shown in equation (8).
1
I shadow (i, j ) =
0
NDI (i, j ) ≥ T
NDI (i, j ) 〈 T
(8)
I shadow (i, j ) represent the binary image obtained after thresholding (T) with the set of
shadow pixel set to 1and non-shadow pixel set to 0.
In the process of shadow elimination, connecting algorithm used for shadow classification is a
morphological operation used to connect region label has 1. Equation (9) shows the illustration of
the connected component.
I m = (I m −1 ⊕ B) I I shadow
m = 1, 2, 3, .......
(9)
where B represents the structuring element that terminate when I m = I m −1 . I m denote
connected component of I shadow
The expression in equation (9) generates many sets of ‘n’ connected component of different
shadow that exists in an image. In the elimination process, the next operation is the buffer area
estimation which is the non-shadow area around that shadow area [13]. Equation (10) shows the
illustration of buffer area estimated using the morphological dilation process and image
I buff , k = (I dilated , k - I k )
(10)
thus,
I dilated , k = (I k ⊕ B square )
where I buff , k shows the location of the non-shadow points around the shadow area,
I dilated , k represent the morphological dilation operation that will expand the shadow
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boundaries, I k denote the each shadow area of the image, B square denote 3x3 square
structure element used for the dilation process and k = 1, 2, 3, 4….n
In the eliminating process of shadow area, the mean and the variance of the non-shadow area
(buffer area) are used to compensate the shadow area. Equation (11) shows the illustration
I (i, j ) − µ k
I k' (i, j ) = µ buff , k + k
σ buff , k . σ k
(11)
where µ buff ,k and σ buff ,k respectively signify mean and variance of the pixels of image I
at location I buff , k ; µ k and σ k are the mean and variance of the shadow pixel of image I
at location I K
3.3. Segmentation Stage
This stage is essential because the segmentation algorithm performs a vital task, since the road
classification at the feature extraction stage is in-proper due to corrupted RGB colour value
caused by shadow [11]. However, better classification and detection of road recognition is
achieved at the segmentation stage than feature extraction stage, because the RGB colour value at
this stage has been processed by the filtering algorithm.
Various segmentation algorithms exist, but Support Vector Machine (SVM) has been a common
technique used by various researchers [14, 15] and it can be used for both regression and pattern
recognition [15]. The idea for classification used by SVM is to find the hyperplane expressed in
equation (12) that will be used for class separation
H = w..x + b
(12)
where x represents points on the hyper plane, w signifies a n -dimensional vector
perpendicular to the hyper plane, b denote the distance of the closet point on the hyper
plane.
The hyperplane is defined as the distance that exists between neighbouring vectors for two classes
[14].
Equation (13) shows the formulation of the problem.
Minimize
where
1
2
w , subjected to constraint y i (wxi + b ) - 1 ≥ 0 ∀i
2
1
w
2
2
(13)
is the objective function, i denote image pixel.
Applying the Lagrange multiplier, the optimization problem can be converted into quadratic
programming problem expressed in equation (14)
l
Maximize
λ1.............λl
∑λ
i
-
i =1
1 l l
∑∑ λi λ j y i y j xi ..x j
2 i =1 i =1
(14)
subjected to constraint
l
∑λ y
i
i
= 0, λi ≥ 0
i = 1...........l
i =1
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The SVM solution is illustrated in equation (15)
l
w = ∑ λi y i xi , b = yi − w.x j
(15)
i=1
The decision function used for classification and pattern recognition in SVMs is expressed in
equation (16)
l
f (x) = sign(w.x + b) = sign ∑ y i λi ( x . xi ) + b
i =1
(16)
where λ1 ........λl is the vector of non-negative Lagrange multiplier corresponding to constraint in
(13); the vector x i , y i for which λi 〉 0 are called support vector and other training vectors have
λi = 0 [14].
3.4. Post Processing
Post processing is an important and common technique used in image processing. Several post
processing exist. However in our post processing, morphological operation was employed
because of impressive result in image analysis [16]. Morphological operation is based on the
assumption that images consists of structures which may be handled by set theory [17]. However,
based on the execution of set theory assumption, images largest and connected areas are extracted
and labelled as road part and other parts different from road part are labelled as non-road. In the
drivable part recognition system, the morphological operation was introduced to improve and
achieve an enhanced classification result for more perfect autonomous vehicle navigation than
previous stages. In morphology, operation based on the following are involved:
Image dilation as illustrated in equation (17) is executed by laying structure element B on image
set M. These allow Road expansion because it fills existing small holes and connect disjoint
object.
(17)
M ⊕ B = Mb
U
b∈B
Image erosion as illustrated in equation (18) is a related operation to dilation but it tries to shrink
by eroding away their boundary.
MΘB = {p p + b ∈ M ∀b ∈ B}
(18)
Image dilation and erosion are the main operations in morphology, but filters illustrated in
equation (19) and (20) are also important operations to consider as they helps to smoothing
previous operations of dilating and eroding [17].
Morphological opening: M o B = (MΘB ) ⊕ B
Morphology closing: M • B = (M ⊕ B ) Θ B
(20)
(21)
The road edge of set image M represented by β ( M ) is extracted by performing the set
differences between M and erosion of M by B as expressed in (22)
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8. Signal & Image Processing : An International Journal (SIPIJ) Vol.4, No.6, December 2013
β ( M ) =M- ( MΘB )
(22)
We proposed a simple algorithm for road recognition using region filling based on image dilation,
complement and intersection as illustrated in equation (23). Starting with point J inside the
boundary. The procedure then fills respectively the color allocated to road region for better
classification [18].
N k = (N k −1 ⊕ B ) I M c
k = 1, 2, 3, .......
(23)
Where N0= J (starting point), B is symmetric structure element, Mc is the complement of set
image M, at iteration step k when Nk = Nk-1 the algorithm terminates [18].
4. POOLS OF PSEUDO CODE
4.1. Pseudo Code for Road Region Recognition Feature Extraction
Input: select frame M from stream 1……P images
Output: extracted RGB value of M from stream 1….P images
Step 1: selected M from 1…….P images
Step 2: extracting color value M based on RGB color space
Step 3: apply (2) on M from stream 1…..P images for similarity extraction
Step 4: extract road region of M from 1…..P images
In Phase one, Mahalanobis distance proposed for road pattern recognition is based on the
assumption that road area has similar color different from non-road [3]. However system based on
this assumption failed when facing shadow.
4.2. Pseudo Code for Shadow Operation
Input: RGB extraction of stream 1……P images
Output: uncorrupted RGB extraction of stream 1…..P images
Step 1: select M (corrupted or uncorrupted depending on shadow presence) from 1….P images.
Step 2: apply equation (3) - (5) on M from stream 1…..P images.
Step 3: apply equation (6) – (10) on M from stream 1……P images for shadow detection.
Step 4: apply equation (11) on M from stream 1…….P images for shadow removal.
Step 5: conversion of HSV color space of M from stream 1…..P images to RGB.
Step 6: extracted uncorrupted RGB value of M from 1…..P images.
In phase 2, since the first phase of system is affected by shadow, filtering algorithm proposed
here is just to address the effect of shadow for proper road recognition to be achieved at the next
phase.
4.3. Pseudo Code for Segmentation Algorithm.
Input: stream 1…..P images with uncorrupted RGB value
Output: road pattern recognition of stream 1…… P images
Step 1: select M (uncorrupted RGB value) from stream 1…..P images
Step 2: apply equation (13) on M from stream 1…….P images for linear separable.
Step 3: apply equation (14) on M from stream 1……..P images to obtain quadratic programming
problem.
Step 4: road pattern recognition on M from stream 1…..P images: apply equation (16)
Step 5: extracted road and non-road of M from 1…P images.
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9. Signal & Image Processing : An International Journal (SIPIJ) Vol.4, No.6, December 2013
In phase 3, SVM achieved better result than feature extraction because the shadow effect at this
stage has been eliminated. SVM classification is done by trying to find a hyperplane and it was
proposed because of good generalization capability.
4.4. Pseudo Code for Morphological Operation
Input: road pattern recognition
Output: enhanced road pattern recognition of stream 1…...P images
Step 1: select M (road pattern based on SVM) from i……. P images
Step 2: binary dilation of M from 1…..P images apply equation (17)
Step 3: binary erosion of M from 1……P images apply equation (18)
Step 4: apply morphological filters on M from stream 1…..p images to smoothing previous
operation of equation (17) and (18)
Step 5: boundary detection of M from stream 1….P images apply equation (22)
Step 6: enhanced road recognition of M from 1…..P images is extracted using equation (23).
In phase 4, morphological operation based on the assumption that road area are connected [15]
was used to accomplish better classification result than support vector machine and this
enhancement has also improved the navigation of autonomous vehicle.
5. RESULT AND ASSESSMENTS
In this research, the optimized road recognition system performance evaluation was examined
first qualitatively by visual comparison between the real world image captured by the camera and
vision output image of the autonomous robot
Figure 2a input image captured by camera
Figure 2b output image of the autonomous vehicle
The evaluation schemes used to test the output image of the system with filtering algorithm are
expressed in equation (24)–(29). These evaluation schemes illustrate the measureable rate of how
successful the optimized road recognition system has improved the navigation of the autonomous
vehicles.
The ACC signified as accuracy rate (24), the section of total numbers of roads and non-road that
are predicted properly. ERR symbolize error rate (25), the section of total numbers of roads and
non-road that are predicted erroneously. TPR is the total positive rate (26), the section of roads
case that are properly classified. FNR denoted as the false negative rate (27), the section of roads
case that are erroneously categorized as non-road. TNR represent total negative rate (28), the
section of non-roads case that are categorized correctly. FPR is characterized as false positive rate
(29), the section of non-roads cases that are categorized as road.
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10. Signal & Image Processing : An International Journal (SIPIJ) Vol.4, No.6, December 2013
ACC =
TPi + TN i
Ni
(24)
ERR =
FN i + FPi
Ni
(25)
TRP =
TPi
TPi + FN i
(26)
FNR =
FN i
TPi + FN i
(27)
TNR =
TN i
TN i + FPi
(28)
FPR =
FPi
TN i + FPi
(29)
th
where TPi symbolize true positive: number of road pixel properly categorized in the i of A;
TN i is represented as true negative: non-road pixel that are properly classified in the i th of A;
FPi denote false positive: numbers of non-road pixel categorized as road in the i th of A; FN i
Signifies false negative: numbers of road pixel categorized as non-road in the i th of A; N i
indicate number of non-road pixel and road pixel in ith ground truth classification.
Based on 100 frames of road image, the assessment illustrated above was used to test on an
average based on 10 frames for error rate and accuracy detection. Comparison result of the
system with filtering algorithm and vice versa was done. This result proves better performance of
the system proposed. Illustration of the comparison result is expressed in figure (3).
Fig 3a shows error rate illustration
Fig 3b shows FP/FN error rate illustration
Figure 3: Result of the Experiment
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The comparison representation based on ERR, FRP, and FNR was done to check the system
performance when filtering algorithm is not introduced to the system and vice versa.
6. CONCLUSION
In this research, a road recognition method was proposed for out-door autonomous vehicle for
proper navigation in the presence of shadow. The shadow algorithm based on NDI and
morphological operation was used for proper segmentation and classification of image pixel. This
helped in the application process of shadow removal algorithm because distinctive area affected
by shadow effect is well classified. The algorithm is efficient because it has improved the
performance of road recognition system by removing the effect of shadow for proper
classification to be achieved at the segmentation stage. Improving the segmentation stage is the
involvement of morphological operation to achieve better classification result for road
recognition. The system was tested and proven with various roads with shadow and results show
autonomous robot achieving proper navigation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to appreciate the effort made by Tshwane University of Technology
towards this work by providing funds and required resources. It would have been impossible to
complete this research without their support.
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AUTHOR
Agunbiade Olusanya Yinka is a B-TECH graduate of Ladoke Akintola University of
Technology in Computer Science and presently, a master student in the Department
of Computer System Engineering at Tshwane University of technology. His focus
area lies in Image Processing, Computer Vision, Data Mining, Ubiquitous
Intelligence, Artificial Intelligence Numerical Computation and Knowledge
Management.
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