An array of half-width microstrip leaky-wave antennas (HW-MLWAs) of two uniform elements
was designed to obtain maximum boresight radiation. Achieve this, two uniform of HW-MLWAs are placed
at 180◦ and fed by a probe located at the center between the elements, two uniforms of HW-MLWAs,
loaded terminated by 50Ω lumped element. Two beams from two branches individual merge to form
the resultant directive beam. The simulation represents the susceptibility of the proposed array of uniform
HW-MLWAs to the radiation broadside direction effectively. The predict bandwidth matched of the array is
582 MHz (4.18–4.76 GHz). The direction of its main beam in boresight happens over a wide 13%,
relatively (4.18-4.76 GHz) band. The proposed peak gain at the boresight direction of the array
is 9.91 dBi.
Bi-directional Beams Waveguide Slotted Antenna at Millimeter WaveTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper focused on designing a bi-directional beams waveguide slotted antenna at millimetre
wave spectrum. Waveguide slotted antenna is known for its highly directional pattern. By having bidirectional
pattern, the capacity of system coverage can be expanded. The design is implemented by using
antenna slot theory on a waveguide structure. The slotted are made on two wall surfaces and the
performance is compared to the slotted on single wall. The two models designs are simulated using
Computer Simulation Technology (CST) microwave software. The simulation results show that both
models operate at 30 GHz with minimum reflection coefficient of -24.63 and -25.01 dB respectively. The
two models achieved a fair high gain at 15.5 dB and 13.3 dB with directional beamwidth of 8.9 degree.
The proposed bi-directional beams structure achieved a comparable gain in both directions when
compared to the single direction.
UWB THz plasmonic microstrip antenna based on grapheneTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper proposes design and investigates of graphene based plasmonic microstrip antenna for terahertz high speed communication and application systems 0.1-20 THz. The proposed antenna structure composed of graphene-based rectangular patch and transmission line mounted on a grounded silicone dioxide substrate. SPP (Surface Plasmon Polariton) waves that appear in graphene at THz band is analyzed. The proposed antenna simulation was done by using numerical method CST program. The simulation results show the scattering parameter S11 less than -10 dB at frequency band (0.1-20) THz. Also, the presented antenna system has a good gain along the frequency band.
Radiation beam scanning for leaky wave antenna by using slotsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper provides an insight of a new, microstrip leaky wave antenna. It holds the ability to continue steer its beam at a swapping frequency. This is done with acceptable impedance matching while scanning and very little gain variation. Investigation is carried out on LWAs’ control radiation pattern in steps at a band frequency via vertical and horizontal slots. The enhancement is realized by etching horizontal and vertical slots on the radiation element. This study also presents a novel half-width microstrip leaky wave antenna (LWA). The antenna is made up of the following basic structures group’s vertical and horizontal slots. The reactance profile at the microstrip’s free edge and thus the main beam direction is changed once the control-cell states are changed. The radiation pattern direction changes by sweeping the operating frequency between 4 GHz to 6 GHz.The main beam may be directed by the antenna between 15o and 55o. C band achieved the measured peak gain of the antenna of 10 dBi at 4.3 GHz beam scanning range.
Bi-directional Beams Waveguide Slotted Antenna at Millimeter WaveTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper focused on designing a bi-directional beams waveguide slotted antenna at millimetre
wave spectrum. Waveguide slotted antenna is known for its highly directional pattern. By having bidirectional
pattern, the capacity of system coverage can be expanded. The design is implemented by using
antenna slot theory on a waveguide structure. The slotted are made on two wall surfaces and the
performance is compared to the slotted on single wall. The two models designs are simulated using
Computer Simulation Technology (CST) microwave software. The simulation results show that both
models operate at 30 GHz with minimum reflection coefficient of -24.63 and -25.01 dB respectively. The
two models achieved a fair high gain at 15.5 dB and 13.3 dB with directional beamwidth of 8.9 degree.
The proposed bi-directional beams structure achieved a comparable gain in both directions when
compared to the single direction.
UWB THz plasmonic microstrip antenna based on grapheneTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper proposes design and investigates of graphene based plasmonic microstrip antenna for terahertz high speed communication and application systems 0.1-20 THz. The proposed antenna structure composed of graphene-based rectangular patch and transmission line mounted on a grounded silicone dioxide substrate. SPP (Surface Plasmon Polariton) waves that appear in graphene at THz band is analyzed. The proposed antenna simulation was done by using numerical method CST program. The simulation results show the scattering parameter S11 less than -10 dB at frequency band (0.1-20) THz. Also, the presented antenna system has a good gain along the frequency band.
Radiation beam scanning for leaky wave antenna by using slotsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper provides an insight of a new, microstrip leaky wave antenna. It holds the ability to continue steer its beam at a swapping frequency. This is done with acceptable impedance matching while scanning and very little gain variation. Investigation is carried out on LWAs’ control radiation pattern in steps at a band frequency via vertical and horizontal slots. The enhancement is realized by etching horizontal and vertical slots on the radiation element. This study also presents a novel half-width microstrip leaky wave antenna (LWA). The antenna is made up of the following basic structures group’s vertical and horizontal slots. The reactance profile at the microstrip’s free edge and thus the main beam direction is changed once the control-cell states are changed. The radiation pattern direction changes by sweeping the operating frequency between 4 GHz to 6 GHz.The main beam may be directed by the antenna between 15o and 55o. C band achieved the measured peak gain of the antenna of 10 dBi at 4.3 GHz beam scanning range.
Optimization of Complete Monopole Antennato Exhibit Wideband Capabilities.IOSR Journals
Antennas used for early portable wireless handheld devices were the so-called whip antennas. The
quarter-wavelength whip antenna was very popular, mostly because it is simple and convenient. It has an Omnidirectional
pattern in the plane of the earth when held upright and a gain satisfying the device’s specifications.
New antenna designs have appeared on radios with lower profile than the whip antenna and without
significantly reducing performance. These include the quarter-wavelength helical antenna and the “stubby”
helical antenna, which is the shortest antenna available. In recent years, the demand for compact handheld
communication devices has grown significantly. Devices smaller than palm size have appeared in the market.
Antenna size is a major factor that limits device miniaturization. In the past few years, new designs based on the
Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) and Microstrip Antennas (MSA) have been popular for handheld wireless
devices because these antennas have a low profile geometry instead of protruding as most antennas do on
handheld radios. Conventional PIFAs and MSAs are compact, with a length that is approximately a quarter to a
half of the wavelength. These antennas can be further optimized by adding new parameters in the design, such
as strategically shaping the conductive plate, or judiciously locating loads.
This paper provides an insight of a new, leaky-wave antenna (LWA) array. It holds the ability to digitally steer its beam at a fixed frequency by utilizing only two state of bias voltage. This is done with acceptable impedance matching while scanning and very little gain variation. Investigation is carried out on LWAs’ control radiation pattern in steps at a fixed frequency via PIN diodes switches. This study also presents a novel half-width microstrip LWA (HWMLWA) array. The antenna is made up of the following basic structures: two elements and reconfigurable control cell with each being comprised of two diodes and two triangle patches. A double gap capacitor in each unit cell is independently disconnected or connected via PIN diode switch to achieve fixed-frequency control radiation pattern. The reactance profile at the microstrip’s free edge and thus the main beam direction is changed once the control-cell states are changed. The main beam may be directed by the antenna between 61o and 19o at 4.2 GHz. C band achieved the measured peak gain of the antenna of 15 dBi at 4.2 GHz beam scanning range.
Electro Dynamic and Plasmonic Features of Nano-Plasmonic Bow Tie Antenna
Citation: Manu Mitra (2018) Electro Dynamic and Plasmonic Features of Nano-Plasmonic Bow Tie Antenna. SF J Telecommunic 2:3.
Fundamentals of microwave communication system and radar systemssabesh chaudhary
This presentation educates about the basics of microwave engineerinng and RADAR engineering which must be valuable for the students of Engineering (EEE, ECE Aeronautical Engg. etc) to get the insight of related subjects.
Impact of client antenna’s rotation angle and height of 5g wi fi access point...ijwmn
This paper investigates the impact of antenna rotation’s angle at the receiver side and antenna height at
transmitter side on radio channel’s amount of fading. Amount of fading is considered as a measure of
severity of fading conditions in radio channels. It indicates how severe the fading level relative to Rayleigh
fading channel. The results give an input to optimize height of 5G Wi-Fi access point for better link
performance for different antenna’s rotation angles at receiver side. The investigation covers three
different indoor environments with different multipath dispersion levels in delay and direction domains;
lecture hall, corridor, and banquet hall.
Wide to multiband elliptical monopole reconfigurable antenna for multimode sy...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Wideband-multiband reconfigurable elliptical monopole antenna is investigated in this paper.
By having conventional elliptical monopole antenna, wideband operating frequency is obtained.
With the combination of dual pairs of slotted arms and a band-pass filter on the ground plane of the elliptical
monopole, multiband is achieved. Dual-band operating frequencies at 1.6 GHz and 2.6 GHz while wideband
operates from 3.35 GHz to 9 GHz. Therefore, wide range of wireless communication systems is obtained
from the proposed antenna to support the multiband mode (i.e. GPS and LTE) and UWB systems. Frequency
reconfigurable is achieved by controlling the switches integrated on the antenna structure. Simulated results
of reflection coefficient, radiation patterns and gain performance are presented. The proposed antenna
design is suitable candidate for different wireless communication applications.
A Leaky Wave Antenna Design Based on Half-mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide...IJECEIAES
A new type of leaky-wave antenna (LWA) using half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) as the base structure is proposed in this paper. The structure consists of an array of slot, antenna designed to operate in X band applications from 8 to 12 GHz. HMSIW preserves nearly all the advantages of SIW whereas its size is nearly reduced by half. The antenna radiates one main beam that can be steered from the backward to the forward direction by changing frequency.
Investigation of Integrated Rectangular SIW Filter and Rectangular Microstrip...IJASCSE
This paper presents an investigation based on the resonant circuit approach to characterize an integrated microwave filter and antenna from a lumped element prototype. This approach is used to design an integrated filter and antenna to reduce the overall size of the physical dimensions of the RF/microwave front-end subsystem. This study focuses on the integration of a rectangular Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) filter with a rectangular microstrip patch antenna to produce a filtering and radiating element in a single device. The physical layouts of the SIW filter and rectangular microstrip patch antenna based on single- and dual-mode will be developed. To prove the concept, the integrated microwave filter and antenna at a center frequency of 2 GHz is demonstrated and validated through simulation and laboratory experiments. The experimental performance yielded promising results that were in good agreement with the simulated results. This study is beneficial for microwave systems, given that the reduction of the complexity of design and physical dimension as well as cost are important for applications such as base stations and multiplexers in wireless communication systems.
Realization of Dual-Dipole-Antenna System for Concurrent Dual-Radio Operation...Saou-Wen Su
The study of the mutual coupling between the two simple strip dipole antennas is first carried out and investigated. The results show that the coupling or the antenna port isolation is almost separation distance independent when the two dipole antennas are arranged to be of orthogonal polarization. Following this characteristic, a novel dual-dipole-antenna system aimed for concurrent 2.4 and 5 GHz band operation and at the same time, to achieve very compact integration of two individual antennas with separate feeds is proposed. The two dipole antennas are etched on a two-layered dielectric substrate with dimensions 30 mm × 30 mm. On the front layer is put the 2.4 GHz dipole, which is perpendicular to the 5 GHz dipole located on the bottom layer. Though the two dipoles are stacked up with a distance of 0.8 mm only, port isolation can still be below –15 dB. The proposed dual-dipole-antenna system is a promising candidate for the antenna solution that enables simultaneous dual-radio operation.
Reconfigurable ultra wideband to narrowband antenna for cognitive radio appli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Frequency reconfigurable antennas are very attractive for many wireless applications.They offer many advantages such as simplicity and compactness. In this electronicpaper, we propose a reconfigurable antenna operating in the S and C bands. Theproposed antenna uses a BAP65-02 RF diode to switch between the ultra widebandfrom 2.92 to 6.19 GHz to the narrowband from 2.92 to 3.93 GHz. The ultra widebandis obtained by a partial rectangular ground plane with a symmetrical rectangular slotand the narrowband is obtained by adding a parasitic element electrically connectedto the ground plane by the PIN diode when it is positively biased. This patch antennaoperates in the Federal Communications Commission band (FCC) and can be used forbiomedical applications such as radiometry imaging. The numerical simulation resultsbased on the finite element method and the finite integral method show a very goodagreement between them.
Compact highly efficient(MPA) design using an AMC/EBG/RIS/HIS利 金
An overview on the current state of the art of an Artificial Magnetic Conductor(AMC) bandwidth reconfigurability and widening is discussed herein. Further, traditional an modern antenna efficient enhancement and reconfigurability methods are compared, while different applications of AMC in printed antennas are discussed. Perfect electric conductor ground plane (PEC) along with its effect on antenna's performance is detailed.
Optimization of Complete Monopole Antennato Exhibit Wideband Capabilities.IOSR Journals
Antennas used for early portable wireless handheld devices were the so-called whip antennas. The
quarter-wavelength whip antenna was very popular, mostly because it is simple and convenient. It has an Omnidirectional
pattern in the plane of the earth when held upright and a gain satisfying the device’s specifications.
New antenna designs have appeared on radios with lower profile than the whip antenna and without
significantly reducing performance. These include the quarter-wavelength helical antenna and the “stubby”
helical antenna, which is the shortest antenna available. In recent years, the demand for compact handheld
communication devices has grown significantly. Devices smaller than palm size have appeared in the market.
Antenna size is a major factor that limits device miniaturization. In the past few years, new designs based on the
Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) and Microstrip Antennas (MSA) have been popular for handheld wireless
devices because these antennas have a low profile geometry instead of protruding as most antennas do on
handheld radios. Conventional PIFAs and MSAs are compact, with a length that is approximately a quarter to a
half of the wavelength. These antennas can be further optimized by adding new parameters in the design, such
as strategically shaping the conductive plate, or judiciously locating loads.
This paper provides an insight of a new, leaky-wave antenna (LWA) array. It holds the ability to digitally steer its beam at a fixed frequency by utilizing only two state of bias voltage. This is done with acceptable impedance matching while scanning and very little gain variation. Investigation is carried out on LWAs’ control radiation pattern in steps at a fixed frequency via PIN diodes switches. This study also presents a novel half-width microstrip LWA (HWMLWA) array. The antenna is made up of the following basic structures: two elements and reconfigurable control cell with each being comprised of two diodes and two triangle patches. A double gap capacitor in each unit cell is independently disconnected or connected via PIN diode switch to achieve fixed-frequency control radiation pattern. The reactance profile at the microstrip’s free edge and thus the main beam direction is changed once the control-cell states are changed. The main beam may be directed by the antenna between 61o and 19o at 4.2 GHz. C band achieved the measured peak gain of the antenna of 15 dBi at 4.2 GHz beam scanning range.
Electro Dynamic and Plasmonic Features of Nano-Plasmonic Bow Tie Antenna
Citation: Manu Mitra (2018) Electro Dynamic and Plasmonic Features of Nano-Plasmonic Bow Tie Antenna. SF J Telecommunic 2:3.
Fundamentals of microwave communication system and radar systemssabesh chaudhary
This presentation educates about the basics of microwave engineerinng and RADAR engineering which must be valuable for the students of Engineering (EEE, ECE Aeronautical Engg. etc) to get the insight of related subjects.
Impact of client antenna’s rotation angle and height of 5g wi fi access point...ijwmn
This paper investigates the impact of antenna rotation’s angle at the receiver side and antenna height at
transmitter side on radio channel’s amount of fading. Amount of fading is considered as a measure of
severity of fading conditions in radio channels. It indicates how severe the fading level relative to Rayleigh
fading channel. The results give an input to optimize height of 5G Wi-Fi access point for better link
performance for different antenna’s rotation angles at receiver side. The investigation covers three
different indoor environments with different multipath dispersion levels in delay and direction domains;
lecture hall, corridor, and banquet hall.
Wide to multiband elliptical monopole reconfigurable antenna for multimode sy...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Wideband-multiband reconfigurable elliptical monopole antenna is investigated in this paper.
By having conventional elliptical monopole antenna, wideband operating frequency is obtained.
With the combination of dual pairs of slotted arms and a band-pass filter on the ground plane of the elliptical
monopole, multiband is achieved. Dual-band operating frequencies at 1.6 GHz and 2.6 GHz while wideband
operates from 3.35 GHz to 9 GHz. Therefore, wide range of wireless communication systems is obtained
from the proposed antenna to support the multiband mode (i.e. GPS and LTE) and UWB systems. Frequency
reconfigurable is achieved by controlling the switches integrated on the antenna structure. Simulated results
of reflection coefficient, radiation patterns and gain performance are presented. The proposed antenna
design is suitable candidate for different wireless communication applications.
A Leaky Wave Antenna Design Based on Half-mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide...IJECEIAES
A new type of leaky-wave antenna (LWA) using half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) as the base structure is proposed in this paper. The structure consists of an array of slot, antenna designed to operate in X band applications from 8 to 12 GHz. HMSIW preserves nearly all the advantages of SIW whereas its size is nearly reduced by half. The antenna radiates one main beam that can be steered from the backward to the forward direction by changing frequency.
Investigation of Integrated Rectangular SIW Filter and Rectangular Microstrip...IJASCSE
This paper presents an investigation based on the resonant circuit approach to characterize an integrated microwave filter and antenna from a lumped element prototype. This approach is used to design an integrated filter and antenna to reduce the overall size of the physical dimensions of the RF/microwave front-end subsystem. This study focuses on the integration of a rectangular Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) filter with a rectangular microstrip patch antenna to produce a filtering and radiating element in a single device. The physical layouts of the SIW filter and rectangular microstrip patch antenna based on single- and dual-mode will be developed. To prove the concept, the integrated microwave filter and antenna at a center frequency of 2 GHz is demonstrated and validated through simulation and laboratory experiments. The experimental performance yielded promising results that were in good agreement with the simulated results. This study is beneficial for microwave systems, given that the reduction of the complexity of design and physical dimension as well as cost are important for applications such as base stations and multiplexers in wireless communication systems.
Realization of Dual-Dipole-Antenna System for Concurrent Dual-Radio Operation...Saou-Wen Su
The study of the mutual coupling between the two simple strip dipole antennas is first carried out and investigated. The results show that the coupling or the antenna port isolation is almost separation distance independent when the two dipole antennas are arranged to be of orthogonal polarization. Following this characteristic, a novel dual-dipole-antenna system aimed for concurrent 2.4 and 5 GHz band operation and at the same time, to achieve very compact integration of two individual antennas with separate feeds is proposed. The two dipole antennas are etched on a two-layered dielectric substrate with dimensions 30 mm × 30 mm. On the front layer is put the 2.4 GHz dipole, which is perpendicular to the 5 GHz dipole located on the bottom layer. Though the two dipoles are stacked up with a distance of 0.8 mm only, port isolation can still be below –15 dB. The proposed dual-dipole-antenna system is a promising candidate for the antenna solution that enables simultaneous dual-radio operation.
Reconfigurable ultra wideband to narrowband antenna for cognitive radio appli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Frequency reconfigurable antennas are very attractive for many wireless applications.They offer many advantages such as simplicity and compactness. In this electronicpaper, we propose a reconfigurable antenna operating in the S and C bands. Theproposed antenna uses a BAP65-02 RF diode to switch between the ultra widebandfrom 2.92 to 6.19 GHz to the narrowband from 2.92 to 3.93 GHz. The ultra widebandis obtained by a partial rectangular ground plane with a symmetrical rectangular slotand the narrowband is obtained by adding a parasitic element electrically connectedto the ground plane by the PIN diode when it is positively biased. This patch antennaoperates in the Federal Communications Commission band (FCC) and can be used forbiomedical applications such as radiometry imaging. The numerical simulation resultsbased on the finite element method and the finite integral method show a very goodagreement between them.
Compact highly efficient(MPA) design using an AMC/EBG/RIS/HIS利 金
An overview on the current state of the art of an Artificial Magnetic Conductor(AMC) bandwidth reconfigurability and widening is discussed herein. Further, traditional an modern antenna efficient enhancement and reconfigurability methods are compared, while different applications of AMC in printed antennas are discussed. Perfect electric conductor ground plane (PEC) along with its effect on antenna's performance is detailed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
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Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
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Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
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Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Simple broadband circularly polarized monopole antenna with two asymmetricall...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple compact broadband circularly polarized monopole antenna, which comprises a simple monopole, a modified ground plane with an implementing triangular stub and two asymmetrically connected U-shaped parasitic strips, is proposed. Simulation results show that the proposed compact antenna (0.62λo×0.68λo) achieves a 10-dB impedance bandwidth (IBW) of 111% (1.7 to 5.95 GHz) and a 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) of 61% (3.3–6.2 GHz) with a peak gain between 2.9–4 dBi for the entire ARBW. With its broad IBW and ARBW, compact size and simple structure, the proposed antenna is suitable for different wireless communications.
Circularly polarized microstrip antenna with reactive load design for wireles...BASIM AL-SHAMMARI
This paper presents a design of microstrip antenna for IEEE 802.11b and for IEEE 802.11g using a nearly square patch antenna, excited by a standard miniature adapter probe feed line. The patch and ground plain are separated by a substrate; the radiating patch is loaded by a central shorting pin and feeding probe loaded by a series capacitor. This antenna has wide bandwidth in the frequency band of (WLAN) and with a return loss ≤ −10 dB from 2.4 GHz to 2.48 GHz exhibits circularly polarized far field radiation pattern.
The proposed antennas have been simulated and analyzed using method of moments (MoM) based software package Microwave Office 2008 v8.0. The results show that the bandwidth of the antenna increases by using reactive load. The simulated gain of the antenna is over 6 dB.
Circularly polarized microstrip antenna with reactive load design for wireles...BASIM AL-SHAMMARI
Abstract
This paper presents a design of microstrip antenna for IEEE 802.11b and for IEEE 802.11g using a nearly square patch antenna, excited by a standard miniature adapter probe feed line. The patch and ground plain are separated by a substrate; the radiating patch is loaded by a central shorting pin and feeding probe loaded by a series capacitor. This antenna has wide bandwidth in the frequency band of (WLAN) and with a return loss ≤ −10 dB from 2.4 GHz to 2.48 GHz exhibits circularly polarized far field radiation pattern.
The proposed antennas have been simulated and analyzed using method of moments (MoM) based software package Microwave Office 2008 v8.0. The results show that the bandwidth of the antenna increases by using reactive load. The simulated gain of the antenna is over 6 dB.
In this research paper, substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) was proposed as a technique by
realizing bilateral edge walls to produce a compact 5G beam-steering antenna at 24 GHz. The beam
forming network is produced using SIW directional coupler perform as 2×2 Butler Matrix (BM) fed with SIW
slotted waveguide antenna array. The output signal is steered from -29 degrees and +29 degrees when
the signal is fed to the respective input ports. If one of the input ports is fed, the signal is evenly distributed
between the adjacent output ports with 90 degree constant phase shift. The compact size of directional
coupler was designed by longitude slots on the surface of SIW substrate with bandwith of 16.85% at the
operating frequency. The proposed antenna produce gain of 6.34 dB at operating frequency and the
promising outcome of the beam steering make proposed design suitable for 5G communications especially
with tracking capabilities.
Microstrip patch antenna for pcs and wlaneSAT Journals
Abstract Due to development in wireless devices, it poses a new challenge for the design of an antenna in wireless communication. Patch antennas are well suited for various wireless application systems due to their low weight, low profile, versatility, conformability, low cost and low sensitivity to manufacturing tolerances. This paper present design, simulation of a rectangular micro strip antenna for WLAN and PCS. The aim of the work is to design reliable broadband, compact patch antenna for wireless devices. Antenna is proposed which is providing circular polarization, dual band, resonant frequencies at 1.9 GHz, 2.4 GHz. Key Words: Patch antenna, co-axial feeding, polarization, dual band, HFSS …
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IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Control Radiation Pattern for Half Width Microstrip Leaky Wave Antenna by Usi...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a novel design for single-layer half width microstrip leakywave antenna (HW-MLWA) is demonstrated. This model can be digitally control its radiation pattern at operation frequency and uses only two values of the bias voltage, with better impedance matching and insignificant gain variation. The scanning and controlling the radiation pattern of leaky-wave antennas (LWA) in steps at an operation frequency, by using switches PIN diodes, is investigated and a novel HW-MLWA is introduced. A control cell reconfigurable, that can be switched between two states, is the basic element of the antenna. The periodic LWA is molded by identical control cells where as a control radiation pattern is developed by combining numerous reconfigurable control cells. A gap capacitor is independently connected or disconnected in every unit cell by using a PIN diode switch to achieve fixedfrequency control radiation pattern scanning. The profile reactance at the free edge of (HWMLWA) and thus the main lobe direction is altered by changing the states of the control cell. The antenna presented in this paper, can scan main beam between 18o to 44o at fixed frequency of 4.2 GHz with measured peak gain of 12.29 dBi.
HFSS ANTENNA FOR KU BAND WITH DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURESAKSHAT GANGWAR
A wide band Microstrip antenna is proposed for Ku band applications with defected groundd structure. A circular shape defect is integrated in the ground plane. A novel equivalent circuit model is proposed for Microstrip patch antenna with defected ground structure. Accurate design equations are presented for the wideband Microstrip antenna and theoretical analysis is done for the proposed structure. The proposed antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 56.67% ranging from 9.8 GHz to 17.55 GHz, which covers Ku-band and partially X-band. The antenna shows good radiation characteristics within the entire band, and has a gain ranging from 5 dBi to 12.08 dBi. Minimum isolation between co-polar and cross-polarization level of 20 dB and 15 dB is achieved in H-plane and E-plane respectively. The simulation of the proposed antenna is done on HFSS v.13, and measured results of fabricated antenna are in good agreement with the theoretical and simulated results
A simple feed orthogonal excitation X-band dual circular polarized microstrip...IJECEIAES
This work represents a microstrip patch array antenna which is designed and analyzed for the application of circular polarization in X band frequency range. The proposed antenna array has a very simple microstrip line feeding mechanism and each patch is energized orthogonally to acquire circular polarization without the need for any phase shifters. The array antenna has a slot line in the ground to electrically couple the signals from the microstrip feed line to feed each patch. The outcome demonstrates that the antenna is capable of radiating both left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) and right-hand circular polarization (RHCP). The designed work has a return loss of -41.88 dB, that is the antenna is perfectly matched. The outcome also demonstrates the antenna’s strong gain and directivity capabilities, which are 12.87 dBi and 13.30 dBi, respectively. The antenna resonates circularly at a frequency of 10 GHz.
Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with zig-zag feeder for wireless co...journalBEEI
This paper is presented a microstrip antenna with a zig-zag feeder for wireless communication, it has a wideband frequency spectrum (2-14) GHz. The proposed antenna is designed with a zig zag feed line which gave a wideband frequency and acceptable gain (7.448-5.928) dB, this antenna has zig zag slots printed in the ground plane on a lower side of the dielectric substrate, a certain form tuning stub is used to increase the matching between the feeder in the top layer of the substrate and ground plane in the bottom, this stub has an elliptical slot to performance matching input impedance with the feed line. The feeding technique used to feed this antenna is a strip feed line of 50 Ω. Different types of techniques are used to enhance the bandwidth of this antenna to get a wideband suitable for the requirements of the UWB antenna such as adjust the feed point position of the feed line with a tuning stub. All the radiation properties of the presented antenna are tested such as bandwidth, radiation pattern, and, gain.
In this paper , an overview of various feed design techniques of Magneto- Electric dipole antenna has been analyzed and stated. Also it has been observed that with change in feeding design , the impedance bandwidth also varies. Different feeding pattern can change the impedance bandwidth from 25.5% to 114%, with stable gain and radiation pattern.
Similar to Enhancement of boresight radiation for leaky wave antenna array (20)
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, snake optimization algorithm (SOA) is used to find the optimal gains of an enhanced controller for controlling congestion problem in computer networks. M-file and Simulink platform is adopted to evaluate the response of the active queue management (AQM) system, a comparison with two classical controllers is done, all tuned gains of controllers are obtained using SOA method and the fitness function chose to monitor the system performance is the integral time absolute error (ITAE). Transient analysis and robust analysis is used to show the proposed controller performance, two robustness tests are applied to the AQM system, one is done by varying the size of queue value in different period and the other test is done by changing the number of transmission control protocol (TCP) sessions with a value of ± 20% from its original value. The simulation results reflect a stable and robust behavior and best performance is appeared clearly to achieve the desired queue size without any noise or any transmission problems.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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the substrate plane. The direction of main beam dependent on the phase constant β and
the formal beam width dependent on the attenuation constant [15]. The main beam of uniform
LWAs has been the steering between near endfire direction at higher frequencies and steered
near boresight direction at lower frequencies where boresight, in this case, is the perpendicular
direction to the array plane. Be that as it may, it has been discovered amazingly hard to
accomplish a boresight main beam from a uniform LWAs Consequently this constraint of
uniform LWAs to radiation towards boresight has pulled in enthusiasm from the exploration
group [16].
An assortment of research has been led to influence the leaky wave to radiate at
the boresight direction. The antenna has dual beam made out of a solitary microstrip line with
the coplanar waveguide (CPW) nourish at the focal point of the microstrip antenna was
proposed in the late 1990s [17]. This type of antenna can deliver boresight the main beam at
the low frequency with a narrow beamwidth in the plane of the elevation and wide beamwidth in
the azimuth plane. At high frequencies, it gets a double beam antenna one at the forward
direction and another beam is backward direction. Two straightly enraptured full-width LWAs,
each feed at the two closures, are put orthogonal to each other in the middle, to create a
circularly captivated boresight polarized [18]. A spiral array exhibit made out of eight substrate
integrated waveguides (SIWs) on a solitary substrate was shown to deliver radiation
boresight [19]. Operational at direction broadside heading is gotten by the so-known part
condition, happening when the leaky mode stage and spillage constants are equivalent
(β/ko=α/ko) and the MLWA is symmetrically encouraged [20]. a circuit model of LWA that is
related to the model of the Menzel HW-MLWA in Figure 1 (a). Dielectric-filled parallel plate
waveguide can be modelled as a of admission Y01 ended at one end by a short circuit and the
other end by admission Yt, see Figure 1 (b). The E null produced in the EH1 mode by vias is
represented by a inductance or short circuit. The transverse resonance relative [21].
𝛤𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡(𝑦). 𝛤𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡(𝑦) = 1 (2)
The reflection coefficient Г due to the admission of the edge of the microstrip patch
antenna Yt is unity with a phase shift P. Referring to Figure 1 (b), at a point y = ya just to
the right of Yt
𝛤𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡(𝑦𝑎) = 𝑒 𝑗𝑝
(3)
𝛤𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡(𝑦𝑎) = −𝑒−𝑗2𝑘𝑤/2
(4)
where k=β-jα is the complex wave number in the substrate and w is the width of the structure.
In (4) becomes:
−𝑒 𝑗(𝑝−𝑘𝑤)
= 1 (5)
𝑝 − 𝑘𝑤 = ±𝑧𝜋 z=1,2,3…… (6)
z=1 for EH1 mode:
(a) (b)
Figure 1. Menzel circuit model:
(a) Cross-sections of Menzel of HW-MLWA (b) equivalent circuit
3. TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930 ◼
Enhancement of boresight radiation for leaky wave… (Mowafak K Mohsen)
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This paper presents a novel design of an uniform HW-MLWAs array cluster made
uncommonly to acquire boresight radiation over a wide bandwidth. Two HW-MLWAs elements
are set at 180° displacements angular used to create the array and it is fed by a solitary probe
at the center between two components.
2. Antenna Configuration
The proposed uniform array HW-MLWAs is shown in Figures 2 (a) and (b) represents
the top view, and fed point with a matching load, respectively. Two HW-MLWAs elements are
designed with 180° angular. The entire structure is on a solitary layer substrate Rogers RT5880
the and tanδ=0.0009, dielectric constant εr=2.2, with a height of substrate (h) of 1.575 mm.
The width (W) and length (L) of the substrate are (3.234λ0) 231 mm, (0.658 λ0) 47 mm
respectively where λ0 is the free space wavelength calculating at 4.2 GHz. The width (wp) and
length (lp) of the radiating element is (1.54 λ0) 110 mm and (0.157λ0) 11.2 mm, respectively.
The width (wf) and length (lf) of the radiating element end are (0.0.077 λ0) 5.5 mm and
(0.075 λ0) 5.4 mm, respectively as shown in Figure 3 (a). The same dimension’s feeder is used
for the output ports of the antenna. The other output ports of the LWAs are terminated by using
50Ω lumped element loads as represented in Figure 3 (b). A gap (S = 0.6 mm) is the end of
the feed line and the center of first via. The number of total vias is 70 vias in each element to
connect between the ground and radiation elements. The metalized via holes diameter and
distance between two vias adjacent can be calculated using the design rules from (7)
𝐷 > 0.2𝜆0 , 𝐷/𝑃 ≤ 0.5 (7)
where D via hole diameter, λo free space wavelength and P is the distance between two
adjacent vias. Referring to (7), the diameter of all vias is 0.8 mm and the distance between two
adjacent vias, P is 1.5 mm, the radius of probe feed, Rf is 0.64 mm is used to feed the array at
the center. This lumped element loading at output ports in order to prevent the reflected
waves [22, 23].
(a)
(b)
Figure 2. Proposed HW-MLWA array: (a) top view (b) feed point and matching load
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3. Antenna Optimization
For planning of the design for the array half HW-MLWA exhibit the optimum estimation
of every parameter for matching array antenna with all elements at the range frequency,
parametric examinations were done utilizing CST Microwave Studio. The variation of substrate
material with the reflection coefficient that shows in Figure 3 The dielectric constant steady at
higher frequency laminates of Rogers RT5880 is the lowest of all items of substrates, and low
dielectric misfortune influences them to appropriate for high frequency/wide band applications
where scattering and misfortunes should be limited. A characteristic feature of these antennas is
that the electromagnetically field is exciting by a wave which is incident on the interior or on
the exterior of the guiding structure which produces currents that propagate along its
longitudinal direction. leaky wave modes propagation energy along the longitudinal bearing in
the dielectric substrate, with just the misfortunes and to be identified with the materials.
the radiation pattern when used FR4 substrate is very small value and have two beam width
because the mismatching between patch leaky wave antenna and FR-4 substrate.
The variation length of the substrate with the reflection coefficient that shows in
Figure 4. The optimum value of the length of the substrate is λo/4 at operation frequency
4.2 GHz, because the substrate edge is effected of the antenna performance by unwanted
result of cross polarization when choose the length quarter of a wavelength from the lowest
frequency that is lead to not interfere the intrinsic pattern of the array antenna. The antenna is
feeding on one end and the other side of end of the proposed antenna is terminated by a
lumped element matching load 50Ω load to suppress any reflected wave and improvement
matching impedance, see Figure 5. As shows in the figure, the reflection coefficient with
matching load and without matching load, this variation of reflection coefficient with the
impedance matching load dependent of (8) [24, 25]
𝛤 =
𝑍 𝐿−𝑍 𝑆
𝑍 𝐿+𝑍 𝑆
(8)
where Г is the reflection coefficient, ZS is the impedance source, and ZL is the impedance load.
Figure 3. Variation of |S11| with
the substrate material
Figure 4. Variation of |S11| with length (L)
of substrate
Figure 6 representing the variety of length (lp) of the radiation component with reflection
coefficient parameter 𝑆11. It is clearly show that the array of HW-MLWAs shift to the lower
frequency when the length of the radiation component is increase, the optimum length of
radiation element is (lp = 11.2 mm) at resonance frequency 4.2 GHz. Figure 7 represents
the variation of reflection coefficient with (lf) length of feed point, the optimum length of feed
point is (lf = 5.5 mm).
Figure 8 show that the reflection coefficient (S11) with gap S, and chose three values of
S, S1 and S2, S1 = 2.1 mm when remove the first via and S2 = 3.1 mm when remove 2 vias an
appropriate S is required between the end of the feed line and the center of first via to force
the wave toward the microstrip edges, as well as to improve impedance matching at
S = 0.6 mm.
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Enhancement of boresight radiation for leaky wave… (Mowafak K Mohsen)
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Figure 5. Variation of |S11| with
matching load
Figure 6. Variation of |S11| with (lp) length of
radiation element
Frequency (GHz)
3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8
S11(dB)
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
68 Vias
69 Vias
70 Vias
Figure 7. Variation of |S11| with (lf) length of
feed point
Figure 8. Variation of |S11| with the gap (S)
between the end of feed line and
the center of first via
4. Results & Discussion
Figure 9 shows the scattering parameters 𝑆11 of the array. It has a 10 dB return-loss
with the bandwidth from 4.18 GHz to 4.76 GHz. Since the array is fed its center each element of
LWAs, the two beams of two elements combine to produce one beam toward the boresight
direction. The main beam of the leaky wave antenna in this approach radiated towards
the boresight, which is given by (1). The array is contain three port left and right port is loaded
by matching load 50Ω and prob fed at its center of proposed design. When the two identical
beams are added together the result is a boresight beam. All the antennas radiate waves that
are linearly polarized and the resultant beam is also linearly polarized. The array radiates
toward the boresight from 4.18 GHz to 4.56 GHz with a gain greater than 9 dBi. Beyond 4.56
GHz the beam shifts away from the boresight. That is happened because the absolute value of
propagation constant (β/ko) variation with frequency and consequently so does the main beam
direction. When an increase of frequency, the main beams shifting away from the boresight
direction. When the value of θ is high, the beams do not form a single beam on boresight.
The peak gain within the boresight beam radiation band is 9.91 dBi and the bandwidth of
the array is 482 MHz (4.18 GHz to 4.76 GHz). Although the return loss of the array is less than
-10 dB below 4.25 GHz the array still radiates towards the boresight with a gain greater than
9 dBi. Figure 10 represents the 3D radiation pattern of the antenna at 4.2 GHz. The radiation
efficiency of the HW-MLWA array is greater than 86% over the 3dB gain bandwidth. Above
4.2 GHz total efficiency is more than 85%. However, the total efficiency is lower at lower
6. ◼ ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 17, No. 5, October 2019: 2179-2185
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frequencies; for example, at 4.1 GHz and 4.18 GHz it is 63% and 52%, respectively, due to the
poor impedance match at these frequencies.
Figure 11 demonstrates the deliberate E-plane standardized radiation pattern
at 4.2 GHz. The main beam deliberately indicates towards boresight from 4.18 GHz to 4.3 GHz.
In this HW-MLWA array, radiation waves are spellbound in the y-direction. Henceforth, the
resultant radiating in the boresight course is a polarization in ϕ=0◦ direction, where ϕ is
measured from the x-axis. It can be seen that the radiation pattern is symmetrical. This is
because of the asymmetry rotational geometric of the structure, the value of deliberate sidelobe
level is equal to -13.9 dB, yet as the increase in frequency, the side lobe level also increasing.
It is pertinent to take note of that regardless of the debasement of side lobe level, the radiation
pattern of the main beam still boresight towards at 4.56 GHz. With the increasing of frequency,
the main lobe from each branch controls facilitates far from boresight. This is the purpose
behind the corruption of side lobe level at higher frequency.
Frequency (GHz)
3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8
S11(dB)
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
Figure 9. Predicted reflection
coefficient | S11| of the half-width microstrip
leaky wave antenna array
Figure 10. 3D Radiation pattern of
the Half-Width microstrip leaky
wave antenna array
Theta (degree)
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
RealizedGain(dB)
-20
-10
0
10
Figure 11. Radiation pattern of proposed antenna at 4.2 GHz (phi=0)
4. Conclusion
The two uniform HW-MLWAs array has been designed to achieve towards the boresight
radiation for the main beam with good impedance matching. Uniform HW-MLWAs array usually
radiate at a particular angle from the boresight, i.e. they do not radiate exactly at boresight.
The configuration and designing of the proposed array is simple and requires only two uniform
HW-MLWAs on a single feed with a single substrate. The maximum gain of the array is 9.91 dBi
and the gain is >9 dBi over the band 4.18 to 4.56 GHz.
7. TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930 ◼
Enhancement of boresight radiation for leaky wave… (Mowafak K Mohsen)
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Acknowledgements
This work is fully sponsored by Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM)
Postgraduate Zamalah Scheme. The authors would also like to thank Center for Research and
Innovation Management (CRIM), Centre of Excellence, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
(UTeM) for their encouragement and help in sponsoring this study.
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