This document summarizes a study on monitoring microbial activity in oil and gas produced waters treated using microfiltration and nanofiltration. The study found that while filtration reduced bacterial levels, nutrients and electron donors/acceptors supporting microbial growth remained. A failure test showed bacteria levels increased during storage of treated water due to residual nutrients. The study concluded treated water intended for reuse should maintain biocide residuals to prevent microbial growth from contaminants introduced during use. Filtration pre-treatment was found to improve biocide effectiveness and reduce souring/corrosion risks compared to current practices.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Existing biological nitrogen removal processes and current scope of advancementSandip Magdum
In India, to achieve the stringent norms of total nitrogen less than 10 mg/l in sewage treatment plant is a big challenge for the public - private facilities and organizations. After successful implementation of this norm the pollutant burden from rivers and natural water bodies certainly reduces. The use of conventional biological nitrogen removal (BNR) processes for new treatment facility development or retrofitting is also an energy and cost intensive practice. The process technologies offered by current market such as MLE, MBBR, IFAS and SBR are still in with downside of higher footprint, multi tank reactors, heavy instrumentation for IR and RAS which ultimately incur higher capital and operating cost. The current market need and lack of sustainable nitrogen removal applications, trigger to review the of all available efficient biological nitrogen removal processes. This review will gives an overall scenario of past and current biological nitrogen removal process technologies with showing possible scope and way forward towards more energy neutral nitrogen removal technologies.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Existing biological nitrogen removal processes and current scope of advancementSandip Magdum
In India, to achieve the stringent norms of total nitrogen less than 10 mg/l in sewage treatment plant is a big challenge for the public - private facilities and organizations. After successful implementation of this norm the pollutant burden from rivers and natural water bodies certainly reduces. The use of conventional biological nitrogen removal (BNR) processes for new treatment facility development or retrofitting is also an energy and cost intensive practice. The process technologies offered by current market such as MLE, MBBR, IFAS and SBR are still in with downside of higher footprint, multi tank reactors, heavy instrumentation for IR and RAS which ultimately incur higher capital and operating cost. The current market need and lack of sustainable nitrogen removal applications, trigger to review the of all available efficient biological nitrogen removal processes. This review will gives an overall scenario of past and current biological nitrogen removal process technologies with showing possible scope and way forward towards more energy neutral nitrogen removal technologies.
his study investigated the microbial community in a full scale anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor system for oil-produced water treatment in summer and winter. The community structures of fungi and bacteria were analyzed through polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and Illumina high-throughput sequencing, respectively. Chemical oxygen demand effluent concentration achieved lower than 50 mg/L level after the system in both summer and winter, however, chemical oxygen demand removal rates after anaerobic baffled reactor treatment system were significant higher in summer than that in winter, which conformed to the microbial community diversity. Saccharomycotina, Fusarium, and Aspergillus were detected in both anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor during summer and winter. The fungal communities in anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor were shaped by seasons and treatment units, while there was no correlation between abundance of fungi and chemical oxygen demand removal rates. Compared to summer, the total amount of the dominant hydrocarbon degrading bacteria decreased by 10.2% in anaerobic baffled reactor, resulting in only around 23% of chemical oxygen demand was removed in winter. Although microbial community significantly varied in the three parallel sulfide reducing bacteria, the performance of these bioreactors had no significant difference between summer and winter.
The purpose of this article is to evaluate the possibilities of using denitrification
dephosphatation to enhance biogenic compounds removal in the wastewater treatment
plant using a separated nitrification process on a fixed-film. The analysis was based on
the multi-variant simulations of the combined system, fixed-film activated sludge
performance. Activated sludge ASIM 2D model which is linked to the model of
pollutions transformations in fixed-film was used. The analyses were performed based
on the input parameters (wastewater averaged daily rate, pH, COD values, total
suspended solids, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, and
alkalinity). The results indicated that there is a possibility of including fixed-film in the
activated sludge technology in order to improve nitrogen and phosphorus removal from
the wastewater. Nitrification process will be performed in fixed-film, whereas nitrogen
and phosphorus removal from the wastewater will be performed in anoxic chambers
which are operated by the activated sludge technology. Denitrifying dephosphatation
process guarantees a high level of total phosphorus reduction (81%) if the whole easily
decomposable substrate is consumed by microorganisms in the anoxic chamber in the
presence of enough nitrates.
“Chemical and microbial treatment of toxic wastes from fertilizers industry”Omar Ali
Phosphate and fluoride are of commonly detected contaminants in the wastewater of fertilizer industries that produce nitro-phosphate. Chemical precipitation is the mainly responsible for remediation of TP and F-contaminated wastewater.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Phycoremediation of malachite green and reduction of physico chemical paramet...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Water is the elixir of life, a precious gift of nature to all the living species on earth. It is rapidly becoming a scare commodity in most parts of the world. Only 0.35% of the total availability of water found in lakes and wetlands and 0.01% in rivers and streams which are likely getting depleted due to the discharge of the effluents such as dyes simultaneously increases the water quality parameters. Malachite green is a common textile dye being discharged in lake water situated near textile industries. The phycoremediation method employs the use of algae, say, Chlorella pyrenoidosa which helps in decolorizing the water and due to its growth in the lake water, the physico-chemical parameters higher in the polluted water found to be reduced and water can be used for various purposes. The trails were made using Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Malachite green at different concentrations. The optimum concentration for the degradation of dye was completely done at the concentration 15 mg confirming the decolorization capacity by Chlorella pyrenoidosa. The same experiment was performed with adjusting the pH at 6, 7 and 8. Optimum pH for the dye degradation was found as pH 7 at which all the concentrations Chlorella pyrenoidosa was able to degrade the dye with the decolourization capacity of above 95%. The phyico-chemical parameters checked after the decolorization by Chlorella were found to be within the limits and thus Chlorella which is available in nature can be used in the decolorization of effluent water by eco-friendly method.
Keywords: Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Malachite Green, Phycoremediation, Physico-chemical parameters
Here's a sum of what are my learnings from the founding and sale of my first business, 20lines. It is also a brief history of 20lines: what we did, how we did it, and who were the people behind this project.
his study investigated the microbial community in a full scale anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor system for oil-produced water treatment in summer and winter. The community structures of fungi and bacteria were analyzed through polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and Illumina high-throughput sequencing, respectively. Chemical oxygen demand effluent concentration achieved lower than 50 mg/L level after the system in both summer and winter, however, chemical oxygen demand removal rates after anaerobic baffled reactor treatment system were significant higher in summer than that in winter, which conformed to the microbial community diversity. Saccharomycotina, Fusarium, and Aspergillus were detected in both anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor during summer and winter. The fungal communities in anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor were shaped by seasons and treatment units, while there was no correlation between abundance of fungi and chemical oxygen demand removal rates. Compared to summer, the total amount of the dominant hydrocarbon degrading bacteria decreased by 10.2% in anaerobic baffled reactor, resulting in only around 23% of chemical oxygen demand was removed in winter. Although microbial community significantly varied in the three parallel sulfide reducing bacteria, the performance of these bioreactors had no significant difference between summer and winter.
The purpose of this article is to evaluate the possibilities of using denitrification
dephosphatation to enhance biogenic compounds removal in the wastewater treatment
plant using a separated nitrification process on a fixed-film. The analysis was based on
the multi-variant simulations of the combined system, fixed-film activated sludge
performance. Activated sludge ASIM 2D model which is linked to the model of
pollutions transformations in fixed-film was used. The analyses were performed based
on the input parameters (wastewater averaged daily rate, pH, COD values, total
suspended solids, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, and
alkalinity). The results indicated that there is a possibility of including fixed-film in the
activated sludge technology in order to improve nitrogen and phosphorus removal from
the wastewater. Nitrification process will be performed in fixed-film, whereas nitrogen
and phosphorus removal from the wastewater will be performed in anoxic chambers
which are operated by the activated sludge technology. Denitrifying dephosphatation
process guarantees a high level of total phosphorus reduction (81%) if the whole easily
decomposable substrate is consumed by microorganisms in the anoxic chamber in the
presence of enough nitrates.
“Chemical and microbial treatment of toxic wastes from fertilizers industry”Omar Ali
Phosphate and fluoride are of commonly detected contaminants in the wastewater of fertilizer industries that produce nitro-phosphate. Chemical precipitation is the mainly responsible for remediation of TP and F-contaminated wastewater.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Phycoremediation of malachite green and reduction of physico chemical paramet...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Water is the elixir of life, a precious gift of nature to all the living species on earth. It is rapidly becoming a scare commodity in most parts of the world. Only 0.35% of the total availability of water found in lakes and wetlands and 0.01% in rivers and streams which are likely getting depleted due to the discharge of the effluents such as dyes simultaneously increases the water quality parameters. Malachite green is a common textile dye being discharged in lake water situated near textile industries. The phycoremediation method employs the use of algae, say, Chlorella pyrenoidosa which helps in decolorizing the water and due to its growth in the lake water, the physico-chemical parameters higher in the polluted water found to be reduced and water can be used for various purposes. The trails were made using Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Malachite green at different concentrations. The optimum concentration for the degradation of dye was completely done at the concentration 15 mg confirming the decolorization capacity by Chlorella pyrenoidosa. The same experiment was performed with adjusting the pH at 6, 7 and 8. Optimum pH for the dye degradation was found as pH 7 at which all the concentrations Chlorella pyrenoidosa was able to degrade the dye with the decolourization capacity of above 95%. The phyico-chemical parameters checked after the decolorization by Chlorella were found to be within the limits and thus Chlorella which is available in nature can be used in the decolorization of effluent water by eco-friendly method.
Keywords: Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Malachite Green, Phycoremediation, Physico-chemical parameters
Here's a sum of what are my learnings from the founding and sale of my first business, 20lines. It is also a brief history of 20lines: what we did, how we did it, and who were the people behind this project.
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, soy Médico General Alto, Rubio, de Piel Blanca, ojos claros , soy Atlético Simpático, me esmero a seguir Adelante solucionando los Problemas de las demás Personas para salvar su Vida en Salud y en Enfermedades. Internet, Networds….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, la VIDA es una VIRTUD que cada Humano, Persona tiene es Valeroso y Digno lograr SALVAR la VIDA de una Persona que está en Peligro, cada Persona es una sóla Unidad único no hay nadie como esa persona somos distintos. Internet, Networds….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, la NATURALEZA es Bella y Linda Vivirla al Aire Libre, con Agua, la Vegetación, los Bellos Animales en el Ecosistema la Biodiversidad hay que Valorar y Gozar lo que hay en el Mundo Vivirla y Disfrutarla. Internet, Networds….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, ME GUSTA LO QUE SOY MI FORMA DE SER ME ENCANTA LO QUE SOY YÓ MI FÍSICO, MENTE, PENSAMIENTOS, ALMA Y CUERPO, FÍSICO. Y VIVIR LA VIDA, NATURALEZA LA BELLEZA. Web, Redes Sociales….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, Me gusta la Naturaleza y la Vida. VIVIR LA VIDA RESPETANDO A LOS DEMÁS CHICAS Y CHICOS A TODAS LAS PERSONAS LES RESPETO Y ADMIRO PORQUE TIENEN SUS VALORES Y DONES. HACER EL BIEN NUNCA EL MAL A LA PERSONA TRATAR COMO A UNO LE GUSTARÍA QUE LE TRATEN. Web, Redes Sociales….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, "creo que las artes marciales mixtas sirven principalmente para desarrollar la energía. A veces es necesario darse cuenta de un peligro y conocer el medio para salvar la vida. Web, Redes Sociales….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, La Energía es Vital para lograr una Meta con Fuerza y Salud es lo más Importante en la Vida. ", Web, Internet….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, "es necesario realizar ejercicios determinados en la columna, para proporcionar oxígeno al cerebro y ayudarle a descansar totalmente", Web, Internet….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, "hay tres palabras que aprendemos a gritar que llevan consigo descanso y energía; fuerza, valor y convicción", Web, Internet….
С 2 0 по 2 1 апреля 2 0 1 6 года в Иркутске состоялся отборочный этап всероссийского межвузовского чемпионата по решению металлургических кейсов Metall Cup. Площадкой проведения Чемпионата стал Иркутский национальный технический университет.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
CULTIVATION OF OSCILLATORIA SP IN DAIRY WASTE WATER IN TWO STAGE PHOTO BIOREA...civej
This paper presents an integrated approach to cultivate microalgae in dairy wastewater and to
investigate the capability of the organism for biodiesel production. The present study was carried out
using tolerant strains of microalgae collected from dairy effluent treatment plant, Kochi. Selected blue
green algal strains were mass cultured in the laboratory and acclimatized using different concentrations
of synthetic effluent. Blue green algal filaments were immobilized inside the primary and secondary
photobioreactors. The experiment was conducted in two stages including batch and continuous
treatment. The stage 1 of the experiment was designed for the reduction of physical impurities and the
nutrients. Stage 2 was designed mainly for the cultivation of blue green algae in dairy waste water by
utilizing the extra nutrients . Reduction of 94 -99.5% in phosphate was observed after 48 h of treatment
in the primary and secondary photobioreactors. The level of phosphate, total hardness, ammoniacal
nitrogen in the MSE was reduced by 97%,93 %, 81% respectively. BOD was reduced to 370mg L-1 from
1500 mg L-1 after 48 hrs of treatment in the primary reactor. COD was reduced to 85 mg L -1 from an
initial value of 1500 mg L -1 from medium strength effluent (MSE) and 90-95 % removal of COD was
also obtained from high strength effluent(HSE) during the study period. Biomass developed within the
reactor was harvested at every 15 days intervals from the secondary reactor and analyzed for lipids and
fattyacids. Presence of C14:0, C16:0,C18:0, C18:1 and C18:2 fatty acids strongly supports its abilility for
biodiesel production.
Application and scope of atom economy green chemistryAhmadUmair14
these are slides are made to explain the scope and applications about green chemistry and atom economy and where they both can be utilized. hope you love it
1. 1
Survey of Microbial Activity in Oil and Gas Produced Waters
I. Introduction
A. Purpose of project
1. Why chemical and biological monitoring is essential for water treatment systems
2. What can be done to make filtration more efficient and less costly
II. Survey of methods used during microbial study
A. Trial organization
1. Equipment failure
2. Continuous Filtration using both low energy microfiltration and nanofiltration
i. What happens to bacterial levels during treatment
ii. What happens to the water chemistry
III. Conclusions
I. Introduction
A. Purpose of project
The removal of hydrocarbons, total dissolved solids (TDS), and total suspended
solids (TSS) using current pretreatment procedures is well documented in many
studies1
. Monitoring bacterial activity however, has not been identified as an
important water component to monitor. The purpose of this study therefore,is to
evaluate the efficiency of membrane treatment in removing or reducing biological
activity in oil field waters. Chemical components related to microbial growth and
biological activity will be monitored to determine if membrane treated water could
still exhibit bacterial growth during storage or use. Results of the study will be used
to plan future field trials of produced water treatment by A&M researchers.
1. Why chemical and biological monitoring is essential for water treatment systems
Current practice does not account for biological activity in operating procedures,
and considers only water volume when administering biocides. Treatment of
water with biocide and corrosion inhibitors for completion activities is estimated
to cost approximately $25,600 per well depending on the quality2
. Even after
treatment, high levels of equipment failures are still encountered in the field.
These failures are attributed to the ineffective dosage of biocides and anti-scaling
chemicals3
. With these efforts,it is hoped that industry will be made aware of the
importance of bacterial concentrations in water and its relation to treatment
efficiency.
2. What can be done to make filtration more efficient and less costly
Filtration technology has been tested in past studies as a treatment option to re-
use raw produced water. Unfortunately, early filtration technologies were
i
designed around municipal and pharmaceutical wastewaters. High levels of
dissolved organics, salts, solids, and biological components make treating this
type of water a challenge. Addressing this problem, technology developers are
2. 2
evaluating the application of a more aggressive pretreatment,which will make
chemical biocide and anti-scaling treatments more efficient and cost effective.
Pre-treatment procedures are generally focused on removing hydrocarbons, total
dissolved solids, and total suspended solids1
Bag and cartridge filters connected
in sequence with oil coalescing filters are generally used in most pre-treatment
procedures to accomplish removal.
II. Survey of methods used during microbial study
A. Trial organization
Trials were broken into three separate experimental filtration runs. Equipment failure
trial was used to demonstrate the changes that may occur in water quality during an
extended period of stagnancy. All information provided in the report for this run will
be identified as “Failure Test”. Trials one and two were designed to demonstrate
water quality during nonstop filtration treatment. All information provided in the
report for these two runs will be identified as “Trial 1 and Trial 2”.
1. Equipment Failure
Water treatment was started during the morning hours around 9:00AM, and
stopped for approximately 1 hour to simulate a minor failure. Treatment was
continued after 1 hour downtime and again stopped at 5PM. Microfiltration
permeate water was collected,sealed, and stored in a cold room (4ºC) for 4 days.
Cold storage was used in an effort to slow bacterial growth to a level that would
still allow accurate quantification after storage. The 4 day downtime was
intended to simulate a major equipment failure. Microfiltration water permeate
water was removed from the cold room and run through the nanofiltration system
to determine if nanofiltration was worth pursuing.
2. Continuous Filtration using both low energy microfiltration and nanofiltration
Water treatment was started during the morning hours around 9:00AM, and was
run continuously until 4:30PM. Again, the purpose of trial 1 and trial 2 was to
determine the efficiency of microbial substrate removal in microfiltration and
nanofiltration processes.
i. What happens to bacterial levels during treatment
Bacterial levels were quantified using the Bactiquant Meter sold by
Mycometer, Inc. Bacterial measurements are based on the metabolism of a
substrate molecule linked to a fluorophore. Fluorescence levels measured as
the Bactiquant number represent a linear correlation to the amount of
metabolically active cells present in solution. Efforts are being made by the
company to develop a cell forming unit (CFU) conversion to make reporting
bacterial numbers easier for their customers. However,all data collected for
this study will be analyzed and described on a biomass basis. Figure 1 below
3. 3
shows bacterial activity during the failure test,and both nonstop filtration
trials.
Figure 1. Biomass levels after treatment with microfiltration and nanofiltration technologies.
Trials 1 and 2 demonstrate good removal of bacterial biomass however, the
failure test does not appear have a large effect on the level of biomass. It was
determined that during the 4 days of storage, bacteria present in the permeate
due to contamination from environmental factors during the treatment
process were able to utilize the nutrients still present in the permeate water.
Treatment of the stored permeate water was only able reduce the biomass to
a level equivalent to the level present before storage. Overall, the failure test
was concluded to be less efficient in removing biomass than trials 1 and 2.
ii. What happens to the water chemistry
Each successive step in the treatment scheme was observed to improve the
water quality of the produced water. However,100% substrate removal was
never achieved due to the heavy biological and chemical loads each raw
produced water started with. Environmental engineers use pH, dissolved
oxygen, conductivity, alkalinity, total hardness,and carbon levels to
determine a system’s ability to support life. Figures 2-4 provided below are
the figures that displayed the most important findings from the study.
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
MF_Raw_Feed Pretreated MF_Permeate NF_Permeate
BactiquantValue(ml^-1)
Failure Test
Trial 1
Trial 2
4. 4
Figure 2. Percent removal of total organic carbon after treatment with microfiltration and nanofiltration technologies.
Figure 2 shows that carbon removal was achieved using both microfiltration
and nanofiltration technologies. The increase in the carbon content observed
from the failure test is evidence of microbial activity during storage.
Filtration removes larger humic acid compounds leaving smaller fulvic acids
for microbial metabolism. Filtration activity can also aid in carbon compound
degradation due to the physical separation mechanism that is occurring.
Figure 3. Potential electron donor species present after treatment with microfiltration and nanofiltration technologies.
Figure 3 shows that even after treatment using micro and nanofiltration
technologies, potential electron donor species important for microbial growth
were still present in permeate waters. Figure 4 below shows that potential
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
120.00%
140.00%
MF_Raw_Feed Pretreated MF_Permeate NF_Permeate
%TotalOrganicCarbon
Failure Test Total Organic
Carbon
Trial 1 Total Organic Carbon
Trial 2 Total Organic Carbon
18.91
0.01
10.0225
1.925.70
10.05
1.37 0.04
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
MF_Raw_Feed Pretreated MF_Permeate NF_Permeate
Species(mg/l)
Trial 1 Total Soluble Iron
Trial 2 Total Soluble Iron
Trial 1 Ammonium, Ammonia,
Nitrite
Trial 2 Ammonium, Ammonia,
Nitrite
5. 5
electron acceptor species important for microbial growth were also still
present in treated permeate waters.
Figure 4. Potential electron acceptor species present after treatment with microfiltration and nanofiltration
technologies.
III. Conclusions
According to the above findings, it was determined that water intended for re-use in oil and
gas operations should be physically and chemically treated in preparation for storage.
Neglecting to do this could results in abnormally high souring and corrosion rates. Treatment
using a low energy filtration system would reduce microbial biomass and increase the
effectiveness of initial biocide treatments.
As mentioned before,microbial substrates were found to still be present at a level that could
support opportunistic microbes that may contaminate treated waters during operational use.
In order to deter microbial growth, a residual biocide level should be maintained in all stored
oil and gas waters intended for re-use in hydraulic fracturing activities.
1
. David B. Burnett, F. M. P., and Carl J. Vavra, Achieving Water Quality Required for Fracturing Gas Shales: Cost
Effective Analytic and Treatment Technologies. In SPE International Symposiumon Oilfield Chemistry Society of
Petroleum Engineers: The Woodlands,TX, USA, 2015; p 17.
2. 2015 Well Cost Study Canada, 04/30/2015, 2015; p 70.
3. S. Sherman, D. B., and S. Kakadjian, Microbial Influenced Corrosion of Coil Tubing Milling Strings in the Eagle
Ford Shale. In International PetroleumTechnology Conference SponsorSociety Committees of International
Petroleum Technology Conference: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2014; pp 2-4.
0.73 0.73 0.7375
0.55
0.31 0.33 0.32 0.20
0.04
3.37
2.33
2.61
0.04
0.04 0.04 0.04
2.07
2.72
5.4625
5.72
0.79
2.97
5.37
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
MF_Raw_Feed Pretreated MF_Permeate NF_Permeate
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Species(mg/l)
Trial 1 Manganese
Trial 2 Manganese
Trial 1 Nitrate
Trial 2 Nitrate
Trial 1 Dissolved Oxygen
Trial 2 Dissolved Oxygen
Trial 1 Sulfate
Trial 2 Sulfate