Engineering Graphics Free hand sketching
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The document discusses the first angle projection method for creating orthographic views from a pictorial representation of an object. It provides instructions for sketching the front, top, and side views using freehand drawing. The key steps are to first sketch the outline of each view, then add visible lines and circles, followed by hidden lines and circles, and finally darkening all lines to create the finished orthographic projections from the pictorial presentation.
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Engineering Graphics-Points
The document discusses the basics of engineering graphics and orthographic projections of points. It provides:
1) The key information needed to draw projections of any object, including a description of the object, observer, and location of the object relative to reference planes.
2) How objects can be placed in one of four quadrants defined by the horizontal and vertical planes, and how the front and top views are affected.
3) Notations used to name different views in orthographic projections, using the example of point A.
4) Illustrations of the orthographic projections of point A placed in different quadrants, showing how its front and top views are drawn relative to the reference planes.
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The document discusses engineering graphics and freehand sketching. It covers plane curves like ellipses, parabolas, hyperbolas and their construction. It also discusses representation of 3D objects through multiple views and developing visualization skills through freehand sketching. The document then provides steps for sketching orthographic views from a pictorial view, including outlining views, sketching visible and hidden lines, darkening the views, and adding letters. An example is provided where the front, top and side views are sketched from a given pictorial view using the outlined procedure.
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This document provides lecture notes on orthographic projections of points and lines. It begins by outlining the key information needed to draw projections, including the object, observer, and object location. It then discusses the four quadrants formed by the horizontal and vertical planes and how an object's placement affects its front and top views. Various examples of point and line projections are shown, including the effects of an object's placement in different quadrants. Key concepts like true length, front, top, and side views are defined. The document concludes with example problems demonstrating how to draw orthographic projections of lines given information like lengths, angles and end point positions.
Projection of-point-and-lines-engineering
Projection of-point-and-lines-engineering with full description.
its use full for engineering students.
Projection of points
1. There are four possible positions of a straight line with respect to the two principal planes: parallel to both, perpendicular to one and parallel to the other, inclined to one and parallel to the other, and inclined to both.
2. If a line is parallel to a plane, its projection on that plane is its true length and its projection on the other plane is parallel to the reference line.
3. The document provides an example of a line parallel to the vertical plane, where the front view projection is the true length and the top view is parallel to the reference line.
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The document discusses orthographic projections and projections of solids. It defines orthographic projections as a method of representing the shape of a 3D object on a 2D surface using multiple views. It describes the principal planes used - horizontal plane, vertical frontal plane, and profile plane. It also discusses the first angle and third angle methods of projection. The document then defines different types of solids like polyhedra and solids of revolution. It describes various polyhedra like prisms, pyramids, and their types. It also defines solids of revolution like cylinders, cones, spheres. Important terms used in projections of solids like edges, generators, apex, and axis are also explained.
5. projection of lines
This is Mechnicial Engineering's subjrct technicial drawing slides
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Engineering Graphics-Points
The document discusses the basics of engineering graphics and orthographic projections of points. It provides:
1) The key information needed to draw projections of any object, including a description of the object, observer, and location of the object relative to reference planes.
2) How objects can be placed in one of four quadrants defined by the horizontal and vertical planes, and how the front and top views are affected.
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The document discusses engineering graphics and freehand sketching. It covers plane curves like ellipses, parabolas, hyperbolas and their construction. It also discusses representation of 3D objects through multiple views and developing visualization skills through freehand sketching. The document then provides steps for sketching orthographic views from a pictorial view, including outlining views, sketching visible and hidden lines, darkening the views, and adding letters. An example is provided where the front, top and side views are sketched from a given pictorial view using the outlined procedure.
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1. There are four possible positions of a straight line with respect to the two principal planes: parallel to both, perpendicular to one and parallel to the other, inclined to one and parallel to the other, and inclined to both.
2. If a line is parallel to a plane, its projection on that plane is its true length and its projection on the other plane is parallel to the reference line.
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The document discusses orthographic projections and projections of solids. It defines orthographic projections as a method of representing the shape of a 3D object on a 2D surface using multiple views. It describes the principal planes used - horizontal plane, vertical frontal plane, and profile plane. It also discusses the first angle and third angle methods of projection. The document then defines different types of solids like polyhedra and solids of revolution. It describes various polyhedra like prisms, pyramids, and their types. It also defines solids of revolution like cylinders, cones, spheres. Important terms used in projections of solids like edges, generators, apex, and axis are also explained.
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This is Mechnicial Engineering's subjrct technicial drawing slides
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This document discusses projections of points and lines when a line is inclined to both the horizontal and vertical planes by 45 degrees. Key points:
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1. The document discusses the projection of points and their views in different quadrants formed by the horizontal and vertical planes.
2. Key details include how the top view and front view of a point change depending on whether it is above or below the planes, and in front of or behind the vertical plane.
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The document discusses the concepts and methods of projecting lines in engineering graphics. It defines key terms used in line projections such as true length, front view length, top view length, end projector distance, and inclinations. It presents different categories of line positions with respect to reference planes and provides examples of each with their orthographic projections. The document also contains several example problems demonstrating how to draw the projections of lines given information about their lengths, positions of endpoints, and inclinations to the planes. It describes the process for locating the horizontal and vertical traces of a line when given its projections.
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This document provides instructions for an assignment in engineering graphics. It outlines 5 problems to complete for the assignment involving different types of projections of lines, including:
1. Finding the angle of inclination for problems involving a pentagon, square, and rectangle.
2. Problems from the university questions involving finding the angle of inclination for a circle and hexagon.
3. An overview of the different types of projections involving lines in various orientations to the horizontal and vertical planes. There are 7 different types described involving finding lengths, angles of inclination, loci of points, and distances of lines.
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This document discusses the projection of lines in engineering graphics. It explains that lines can be parallel, perpendicular, or inclined to the horizontal and vertical planes. The key rules are: 1) A line parallel to both planes will have equal length projections. 2) A line perpendicular to one plane will be a point in the view parallel to that plane. 3) A line contained in a plane will show its true length in that view. Examples are given showing how to project lines in different positions in relation to the planes.
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The problem provides the top view, front view and position of one end of a line AB. The top view measures 65mm, the front view measures 50mm, and end A is in the horizontal plane and 12mm in front of the vertical plane. To solve the problem:
1) Draw the top view parallel to the XY line since in that case the front view will show the true length.
2) Extend the top view to determine the true length of 75mm.
3) Use trapezoidal method to determine the inclinations of the line with the principal planes as 30 degrees with the horizontal plane and 48 degrees with the vertical plane.
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This document discusses the principles of engineering graphics related to projecting straight lines in orthographic projections. It begins by defining the different types of lines such as vertical, horizontal, and inclined lines. It then provides examples of how to determine the front view, top view, and true length of a line given information about its inclination to the planes and the positions of its ends. The document emphasizes that the front and top views of a line inclined to both planes will have reduced lengths. It concludes by discussing the special case of a line lying in a profile plane, where the front and top views will overlap on the same projector line.
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The document provides information on orthographic projections of points and lines. It defines front view (FV), top view (TV), and notations used to represent different views. It then demonstrates how to determine the projections of a point placed in different quadrants. Next, it discusses the projections of straight lines in different orientations and illustrates cases where the line is perpendicular, parallel, or inclined to the planes. The document also covers determining the true length, traces (intersections of a line with reference planes), and using the given views to find angles and unknown dimensions. Examples of different projection problems are provided along with step-by-step solutions.
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The document provides instructions to draw the projections of a regular hexagon with sides of 25mm that is oriented in the given position in space. The hexagon has one side in the horizontal plane and inclined at 60 degrees to the vertical plane, with its surface making an angle of 45 degrees to the horizontal plane. The steps include drawing the hexagon, front view, top view rotated to show the inclined side, and using projectors to obtain the inclined side view.
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This document discusses projections of points and lines when a line is inclined to both the horizontal and vertical planes by 45 degrees. Key points:
1. When a line is inclined to the HP and VP by 45 degrees, its top view and front view projections will lie on the same straight line.
2. If one end of the line is nearer the VP, the projections and line will have a specific positioning.
3. In this special case where the inclinations sum to 90 degrees, the horizontal and vertical traces are obtained using the trapezoidal method rather than the usual method.
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A line AB is given with information about the positions of ends A and B relative to the principal planes and their distances. The task is to draw the projections of the line and determine its true length and true inclinations to the two principal planes. Additional information may be given such as true length, inclinations, traces etc. Relevant projections are to be drawn and missing information like inclinations are to be calculated.
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2. Examples are provided to demonstrate solving problems involving rectangles, triangles, circles, and other shapes in different orientations. The procedure is explained through clear diagrams.
3. Determining the true shape of a plane figure from given projections can be done using an auxiliary plane method, which involves selecting a true length, drawing perpendicular planes, and projecting views to obtain the true shape.
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an useful presentation for all 1st year engineering students who are afraid of the subject : ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
learn, enjoy~
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This document provides information about orthographic projections of points and lines. It begins by defining common notations used, such as labeling different views in projections. It then discusses the placement of points and lines in different quadrants and how this affects their front, top, and side views. Various examples are given of projecting points and lines that are inclined at different angles to the horizontal and vertical planes. The document also discusses determining true lengths and angles from apparent views. Traces of lines, where they intersect the planes, are defined. In all, it presents the key concepts and problem-solving process for orthographic projections of basic geometric elements.
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angle of projections
1) Drawings provide a better understanding of the shape, size, and appearance of objects compared to verbal or written descriptions, and have become an important communication tool across many fields.
2) There are different types of drawings including nature drawings, maps, botanical drawings, portraits, and engineering drawings.
3) Orthographic projections are a type of technical drawing that projects different views of an object onto planes perpendicular to the view, with the views including a front, top, and side view.
orthographic view.pptx
The document discusses two methods for technical drawing projections: first angle and third angle projection. In first angle projection, the object is situated in the first quadrant above the horizontal plane and in front of the vertical plane. In third angle projection, the object is situated in the third quadrant below the horizontal plane and behind the vertical plane. The document provides examples of drawing three views of objects using first angle projection.
Engineering Graphics-Free Hand sketch
This document provides an overview of engineering graphics and free hand sketching. It discusses plane curves that are commonly used in engineering like conics, cycloids and involutes. It emphasizes the importance of developing visualization skills through free hand sketching of multiple views from pictorial representations of objects. Step-by-step procedures for sketching orthographic views from pictorial views using first angle projection are demonstrated through examples. The general procedure involves sketching outlines, visible and hidden lines with a light pencil and then darkening and labeling for the final views.
6 orthographic proj
The document discusses multi-view orthographic projections used in technical drawing. It defines key terms like projection, view, and orthographic projections. It explains the different reference planes used - horizontal plane, vertical frontal plane, and profile plane. It also discusses the different views - front view, top view, and side view. It describes the first angle and third angle projection systems and methods. It explains how to project views of points, lines, planes and solids by using the different reference planes and projection lines.
Projection of points Lect 5.ppt
This document provides an introduction to projections in technical drawing. It explains that 3D objects can be represented in 2D through various projection methods. It defines principal planes (horizontal and vertical planes), auxiliary planes, and different views (front, top, side). It discusses first angle projection method and provides examples of projecting points located in different positions relative to the planes. Key terms are defined for drawing point projections, such as notation for different views and how the front and top views of a point are drawn based on its position above, below, or in the principal planes. Sample exercises are given to practice projecting points in different locations.
graphics.pdf
This document provides an overview of engineering graphics. It begins by explaining the relationships between society, engineers, scientists, and technology. It then defines engineering graphics as the art and science of technical drawing, which uses mathematical rules of projection to represent three-dimensional objects in two dimensions. The rest of the document details various drawing tools, line types, dimensioning, projection systems including orthographic and isometric views, and how to project points and different geometric shapes. It also provides guidelines for solving problems involving the projection of solid objects.
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Engineering Graphics Free hand sketching
- 2. FOR T.V. FOR S.V. FOR F.V. FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION IN THIS METHOD, THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT MEANS ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP. OBJECT IS INBETWEEN OBSERVER & PLANE. ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS IN FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS X Y VP HP PP FV LSV TV
- 4. x y FRONT VIEW TOP VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW FOR F.V. FOR S.V. FOR T.V. PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
- 5. FOR F.V. FOR S.V. FOR T.V. X Y FRONT VIEW TOP VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
- 6. FOR T.V. FOR S.V. FOR F.V. PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FRONT VIEW TOP VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW X Y
- 7. FOR F.V. FOR S.V. FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS X Y FRONT VIEW TOP VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
- 8. FOR T.V. FOR S.V. FOR F.V. PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FRONT VIEW TOP VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW X Y
- 9. FOR T.V. FOR S.V. FOR F.V. PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FRONT VIEW TOP VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW X Y
- 10. FOR T.V. FOR F.V. FOR S.V. PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FRONT VIEW TOP VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW X Y
- 11. FOR T.V. FOR F.V. FOR S.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FRONT VIEW TOP VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW X Y PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
- 12. General procedure for sketching orthographic views from pictorial view (isometric view): Step 1 : Sketch with free hand, the outline of all the required views with thin line (2H pencil). Step 2 : Sketch with free hand, all the visible lines and visible circles in all the required views with thin line (2H pencil). Step 3 : Sketch with free hand, all the hidden lines and hidden circles in all the required views with thin line (2H pencil). Step 4 : After checking for technical mistakes if any, darken (with free hand) all the visible lines, hidden lines, visible circles/arcs and hidden circles/arcs forming the required views with HB pencil. Step 5 : Lettering (both alphabets and numbers) should be done with free hand.
- 13. An example : Make free-hand sketches of front, top and right side views of the pictorial view shown below.
- 14. Step 1 :
- 15. Step 2
- 16. Step 3 :
- 17. Step 4 :
- 18. Step 5 :