Energy consumption of a cold storage was measured for different storage temperatures. Suction temperature and
pressure temperature of the compressor and working time of the compressor were determined to reach
evaporator setup temperatures. An axial fan located back of the evaporator was used to distribute the cooled air
into the cold store. An electrical heater was used to defrost. The compressor suction temperature of ammonia
vapour variedbetween273K–271Kand 305K–308K respectively. Compressor suction pressure(p1)=3.5 Kg/cm
2
and discharge pressure (p2)=10.5Kg/cm2
Fabrication of an experimental setup to analyse the thermodynamic propriety o...eSAT Journals
Abstract An experimental setup was made to analyse some of thermodynamic properties of water. In these setup two pressure cookers was used. They were connected with a brass pipe having a gateway i.e., throttling valve in it. There was a pressure gauge and a temperature gauge fixed on the cap of each pressure cooker. A flow meter connected to brass pipe by poly urethane pipe was used to measure the volume flow rate of water vapour. Steam was generated in one of the pressure cooker by boiling water and second had left empty. Now generated steam was passes through brass pipe having gateway towards second pressure cooker. In this way, all the required reading of each measuring instrument was taken by this experimental setup. Thus all the thermodynamic properties of water like Joule-Thomson curve, P-V, T-s and h-s diagrams were studying by this setup. Keywords- Pressure cookers, throttling device, free expansion, Joule-Kelvin effect, P-V, T-s and P-h diagrams
An Algorithm of a Convectional Factory Electric Tray Dryertheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Stirling engine performance prediction using schmidt analysis by considering ...eSAT Journals
Abstract A low temperature ratio Stirling engine analysis required for cost effective, less environment harmfulness and more efficient power generation compare to Rankine cycle and Brayton cycle for this temperature ratio. A new and complete model for a Stirling engine has been established. This computerized model predicts the behavior of existing engines reasonably accurately for cases where a quantitative comparison is available. In order to obtain a closed solution suitable for design optimization a simplified model for a Stirling engine has been derived considering different types of losses in this engine. This new model has sufficient accuracy for prediction of the behavior a real engine and its results are quite close to the complete model predictions. Index Terms: Stirling Engine, Schmidt Analysis, Low temperature ratio, Engine Losses, computerized model
CFD Analysis of Manipulator Cabin by Selecting Proper Air Conditioning SystemIJERA Editor
Manipulator is a machine which is used to transfer heavy objects, to reduce human efforts in many industrial applications. Some of them are fully automated while some are manually operated. It is difficult to work in cabin of manipulator for the operator under hot conditions. So it is essential to provide comfort to operator using air-conditioning system. For such applications standard air conditioners are not compatible, so we have to develop assembled system. In this paper we will be dealing with design, selection and fabrication of components like compressor, condenser, expansion device and evaporator. In order to do so, we have calculated heat load.
Water bath sonicator integrated with PID-based temperature controller for fla...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this research, water bath sonicator was fabricated to extract bioactive compound of plants material using sound energy (ultrasonic waves) and heater. The bioactive compound, flavonoid, has high sensitivity to temperature and extraction time and previous research stated best treatment with combination of 45˚C and 20 minutes. Therefore, fabricated water bath sonicator was equipped with proportional integral derivative (PID) based temperature controller and timer. Based on a calculation using the Ziegler-Nichols tuning method, Kp, Ki, Kd parameters are 16.59, 0.0279, and 2463.6, respectively. The experimental result shows that the PID controller can perform as design specification with overshoot 1.39%, error steady-state 0.688% and settling time 37.2 minutes. Furthermore, it was proven that the PID controller has contribution to extract more flavonoid.
Fabrication of an experimental setup to analyse the thermodynamic propriety o...eSAT Journals
Abstract An experimental setup was made to analyse some of thermodynamic properties of water. In these setup two pressure cookers was used. They were connected with a brass pipe having a gateway i.e., throttling valve in it. There was a pressure gauge and a temperature gauge fixed on the cap of each pressure cooker. A flow meter connected to brass pipe by poly urethane pipe was used to measure the volume flow rate of water vapour. Steam was generated in one of the pressure cooker by boiling water and second had left empty. Now generated steam was passes through brass pipe having gateway towards second pressure cooker. In this way, all the required reading of each measuring instrument was taken by this experimental setup. Thus all the thermodynamic properties of water like Joule-Thomson curve, P-V, T-s and h-s diagrams were studying by this setup. Keywords- Pressure cookers, throttling device, free expansion, Joule-Kelvin effect, P-V, T-s and P-h diagrams
An Algorithm of a Convectional Factory Electric Tray Dryertheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Stirling engine performance prediction using schmidt analysis by considering ...eSAT Journals
Abstract A low temperature ratio Stirling engine analysis required for cost effective, less environment harmfulness and more efficient power generation compare to Rankine cycle and Brayton cycle for this temperature ratio. A new and complete model for a Stirling engine has been established. This computerized model predicts the behavior of existing engines reasonably accurately for cases where a quantitative comparison is available. In order to obtain a closed solution suitable for design optimization a simplified model for a Stirling engine has been derived considering different types of losses in this engine. This new model has sufficient accuracy for prediction of the behavior a real engine and its results are quite close to the complete model predictions. Index Terms: Stirling Engine, Schmidt Analysis, Low temperature ratio, Engine Losses, computerized model
CFD Analysis of Manipulator Cabin by Selecting Proper Air Conditioning SystemIJERA Editor
Manipulator is a machine which is used to transfer heavy objects, to reduce human efforts in many industrial applications. Some of them are fully automated while some are manually operated. It is difficult to work in cabin of manipulator for the operator under hot conditions. So it is essential to provide comfort to operator using air-conditioning system. For such applications standard air conditioners are not compatible, so we have to develop assembled system. In this paper we will be dealing with design, selection and fabrication of components like compressor, condenser, expansion device and evaporator. In order to do so, we have calculated heat load.
Water bath sonicator integrated with PID-based temperature controller for fla...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this research, water bath sonicator was fabricated to extract bioactive compound of plants material using sound energy (ultrasonic waves) and heater. The bioactive compound, flavonoid, has high sensitivity to temperature and extraction time and previous research stated best treatment with combination of 45˚C and 20 minutes. Therefore, fabricated water bath sonicator was equipped with proportional integral derivative (PID) based temperature controller and timer. Based on a calculation using the Ziegler-Nichols tuning method, Kp, Ki, Kd parameters are 16.59, 0.0279, and 2463.6, respectively. The experimental result shows that the PID controller can perform as design specification with overshoot 1.39%, error steady-state 0.688% and settling time 37.2 minutes. Furthermore, it was proven that the PID controller has contribution to extract more flavonoid.
Improving the Accuracy of Temperature Control inside Dry-Air Sterilizer Oven ...inventionjournals
The article is devote to the temperature control of objects with lumped or distributive parameters. The problems of keeping a predetermined temperature are discussed. The major attention is paid to the process of maintaining the temperature inside dry-air sterilizer oven. It is shown that the temperature in insulated sterilizer chamber depends not only on the power of the heater but also on the power of the fan. It is concluded that pulse-width modulation with prediction filter algorithm provides good quality control.
Automatic Temperature Controlled Air Cooler Design, Assembly and Testingijtsrd
Temperature control is defined as to maintain the temperature at desired set point. It is widely used process. In modern era temperature control is an important factor as it has many applications. Automatic temperature control is the best way to control the temperature automatically in any electrical appliance. This method has improved significantly in temperature control as it functions with least or minimal manual intervention. The result shows the temperature is controlled in an effective and precise manner. In addition, it was observed that Automatic Temperature Controlled Air Cooler was cost efficient as compared to the conventional air cooler. Vijay Kumar Gupta | Himanshu Singh | Kunwar Utkarsh | Ankit Kumar | Abhinav Kumar Vishwakarma | Mohak Gupta ""Automatic Temperature Controlled Air Cooler: Design, Assembly and Testing"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23327.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23327/automatic-temperature-controlled-air-cooler-design-assembly-and-testing/vijay-kumar-gupta
Use of Hydrogen in Fiat Lancia Petrol engine, Combustion Process and Determin...IOSR Journals
To our path towards green economy, Hydrogen is often regarded to have a potential growth in the
coming future. However, the high cost of operation of fuel cell has often been a setback. If we could make use of
hydrogen gas as a fuel directly, the scope of development broadens. Owing to these aspects, this work primarily
focuses on the simulation technique of an Internal Combustion Spark Ignition Engine powered by Hydrogen gas.
The simulations of various stages have been carried out using the discrete approach, thereby investigating the
pressures and temperatures at various instants in the cycle. For the relative performance discussion we have
simulated the different cycles as ideal cycle, air fuel cycle and actual cycle. The resultant cyclic graph indicates
various discrepancies between ideal, air fuel and actual cycle. This analysis serves as a tool for a better
understanding of the variables involved and helps in optimizing engine design and fixing of various parameters,
including the determination of valve timings. Besides this, backfire, is the commonly faced problem with the
hydrogen engines. To reduce this effect, a fuel injectoris used for adding the gaseous fuel to the combustion
chamber.
Engineering Project involving design,manufacturing, testing of Fins( Heat exchanger for 2 wheeler). An analysis of heat transfer on fins with various geometrical perforations.
Comparison of Cell formation techniques in Cellular manufacturing using three...IJERA Editor
In the present era of globalization and competitive market, cellular manufacturing has become a vital tool for
meeting the challenges of improving productivity, which is the way to sustain growth. Getting best results of
cellular manufacturing depends on the formation of the machine cells and part families. This paper examines
advantages of ART method of cell formation over array based clustering algorithms, namely ROC-2 and DCA.
The comparison and evaluation of the cell formation methods has been carried out in the study. The most
appropriate approach is selected and used to form the cellular manufacturing system. The comparison and
evaluation is done on the basis of performance measure as grouping efficiency and improvements over the
existing cellular manufacturing system is presented.
Finger Movement Based Wearable Communication & Navigation Aid for partially d...IJERA Editor
The FMBWCN Aid is a portable and wearable multi-purpose system for the partially disabled. The Aid is a
glove-based system in which different trained finger movements leads to different modes of operation of the
system such as APR Voice Module and Wheelchair Controller Module. The finger movements (bending
movement) leads to the flexion of the flex sensor attached to the glove. Flexion leads to change in resistance of
the flex sensors, which will be recorded via a microcontroller (Arduino Uno) and different sets of movement of
the fingers will lead to different modules of operation as specified in the default settings of the FMBWCN Aid.
Crystal Growth and Studies of Dihydrogen Phosphates of Potassium and Ammonium...IJERA Editor
A nonlinear optical (NLO) material Potassium dihydrogen phosphates (KDP) and Ammonium dihydrogen
phosphates (ADP) are grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The FTIR studies confirm the
presence of the functional group in the grown crystal. The optical transmittance studies show that the crystal has
transparence in the entire visible and IR region. The thermal stability of the materials was assessed by TG/DTA
analysis. The mechanical stability of the grown crystals was analyzed by Vicker’s microhardness test. The
dielectric behavior of the crystals was tested by dielectric analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of
KDP is confirmed by Kurtz and Perry powder technique using Nd: YAG laser.
Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Marine Sand as Partial Replacement of ...IJERA Editor
The process of depleting sources of natural aggregates challenges the production of technically and
environmentally adequate concrete. Alternative material from marine sources is good enough for the
replacement of fine aggregate in the concrete. The material was stockpiled in the open air and no washing,
drying or decontamination process was carried out. Physical and chemical properties of DMS material were
determined. All the materials used in the concrete were selected and tested as per the standard procedures of the
Indian standards. A unique design mix will be done based on the entire material test results. Different mixtures
were produced using DMS in different proportions from 15% to 100% as per the finalized trial of the design
mix. The concrete were submitted to compressive strength testsafter 7, 28 and 90 days of moist curing, as well
as flexure and splitting tensile strength tests for M-25 grade.
Improving the Accuracy of Temperature Control inside Dry-Air Sterilizer Oven ...inventionjournals
The article is devote to the temperature control of objects with lumped or distributive parameters. The problems of keeping a predetermined temperature are discussed. The major attention is paid to the process of maintaining the temperature inside dry-air sterilizer oven. It is shown that the temperature in insulated sterilizer chamber depends not only on the power of the heater but also on the power of the fan. It is concluded that pulse-width modulation with prediction filter algorithm provides good quality control.
Automatic Temperature Controlled Air Cooler Design, Assembly and Testingijtsrd
Temperature control is defined as to maintain the temperature at desired set point. It is widely used process. In modern era temperature control is an important factor as it has many applications. Automatic temperature control is the best way to control the temperature automatically in any electrical appliance. This method has improved significantly in temperature control as it functions with least or minimal manual intervention. The result shows the temperature is controlled in an effective and precise manner. In addition, it was observed that Automatic Temperature Controlled Air Cooler was cost efficient as compared to the conventional air cooler. Vijay Kumar Gupta | Himanshu Singh | Kunwar Utkarsh | Ankit Kumar | Abhinav Kumar Vishwakarma | Mohak Gupta ""Automatic Temperature Controlled Air Cooler: Design, Assembly and Testing"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23327.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23327/automatic-temperature-controlled-air-cooler-design-assembly-and-testing/vijay-kumar-gupta
Use of Hydrogen in Fiat Lancia Petrol engine, Combustion Process and Determin...IOSR Journals
To our path towards green economy, Hydrogen is often regarded to have a potential growth in the
coming future. However, the high cost of operation of fuel cell has often been a setback. If we could make use of
hydrogen gas as a fuel directly, the scope of development broadens. Owing to these aspects, this work primarily
focuses on the simulation technique of an Internal Combustion Spark Ignition Engine powered by Hydrogen gas.
The simulations of various stages have been carried out using the discrete approach, thereby investigating the
pressures and temperatures at various instants in the cycle. For the relative performance discussion we have
simulated the different cycles as ideal cycle, air fuel cycle and actual cycle. The resultant cyclic graph indicates
various discrepancies between ideal, air fuel and actual cycle. This analysis serves as a tool for a better
understanding of the variables involved and helps in optimizing engine design and fixing of various parameters,
including the determination of valve timings. Besides this, backfire, is the commonly faced problem with the
hydrogen engines. To reduce this effect, a fuel injectoris used for adding the gaseous fuel to the combustion
chamber.
Engineering Project involving design,manufacturing, testing of Fins( Heat exchanger for 2 wheeler). An analysis of heat transfer on fins with various geometrical perforations.
Comparison of Cell formation techniques in Cellular manufacturing using three...IJERA Editor
In the present era of globalization and competitive market, cellular manufacturing has become a vital tool for
meeting the challenges of improving productivity, which is the way to sustain growth. Getting best results of
cellular manufacturing depends on the formation of the machine cells and part families. This paper examines
advantages of ART method of cell formation over array based clustering algorithms, namely ROC-2 and DCA.
The comparison and evaluation of the cell formation methods has been carried out in the study. The most
appropriate approach is selected and used to form the cellular manufacturing system. The comparison and
evaluation is done on the basis of performance measure as grouping efficiency and improvements over the
existing cellular manufacturing system is presented.
Finger Movement Based Wearable Communication & Navigation Aid for partially d...IJERA Editor
The FMBWCN Aid is a portable and wearable multi-purpose system for the partially disabled. The Aid is a
glove-based system in which different trained finger movements leads to different modes of operation of the
system such as APR Voice Module and Wheelchair Controller Module. The finger movements (bending
movement) leads to the flexion of the flex sensor attached to the glove. Flexion leads to change in resistance of
the flex sensors, which will be recorded via a microcontroller (Arduino Uno) and different sets of movement of
the fingers will lead to different modules of operation as specified in the default settings of the FMBWCN Aid.
Crystal Growth and Studies of Dihydrogen Phosphates of Potassium and Ammonium...IJERA Editor
A nonlinear optical (NLO) material Potassium dihydrogen phosphates (KDP) and Ammonium dihydrogen
phosphates (ADP) are grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The FTIR studies confirm the
presence of the functional group in the grown crystal. The optical transmittance studies show that the crystal has
transparence in the entire visible and IR region. The thermal stability of the materials was assessed by TG/DTA
analysis. The mechanical stability of the grown crystals was analyzed by Vicker’s microhardness test. The
dielectric behavior of the crystals was tested by dielectric analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of
KDP is confirmed by Kurtz and Perry powder technique using Nd: YAG laser.
Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Marine Sand as Partial Replacement of ...IJERA Editor
The process of depleting sources of natural aggregates challenges the production of technically and
environmentally adequate concrete. Alternative material from marine sources is good enough for the
replacement of fine aggregate in the concrete. The material was stockpiled in the open air and no washing,
drying or decontamination process was carried out. Physical and chemical properties of DMS material were
determined. All the materials used in the concrete were selected and tested as per the standard procedures of the
Indian standards. A unique design mix will be done based on the entire material test results. Different mixtures
were produced using DMS in different proportions from 15% to 100% as per the finalized trial of the design
mix. The concrete were submitted to compressive strength testsafter 7, 28 and 90 days of moist curing, as well
as flexure and splitting tensile strength tests for M-25 grade.
Maximum PowerPoint Tracking of PV System Based on a SEPIC Converter Using Fuz...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the MPPT (Maximum power point tracking) operation of PV (Photovoltaic) system based
on a SEPIC (Single Ended Primary Inverter Converter) converter using fuzzy logic controller. MPPT method
such as Incremental conductance base on FLC (Fuzzy Logic Controller) is used to extract maximum output
power of the PV system. PV energy is the most essential energy resources since it is pollution free, clean and
endless. The FLC proposed scheme is interface with the MPPT to generate the PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)
for the SEPIC controller for maximum power point tracking operation.FLChas used Mamdani’s method for
convergent and divergent of membership function. FLC is used for more efficient performance under the
variation in different atmosphere. The fuzzy logic controller with SEPIC for MPPT scheme extract the
maximum power point tracking without any change in the voltage at the inverter at different load condition. The
behavior of the converter and controller tested in simulation at different operating conditions. Proposed scheme
is used for accurately tracking maximum point and also send the smooth, error free signal to the inverter.
Trace Analysis of Driver Behavior on Traffic Violator by Using Big Data (Traf...IJERA Editor
This study aims to prove the effectiveness of traffic safety education program for traffic violators. Traffic
violators who finished the traffic safety education programs were tracked down. In order to analyze the
effectiveness of traffic safety education program, traffic violator’s data during ten-year period were used. This
study analyzed how traffic violators changed their attitudes about traffic law abidance. Also predicted social benefits from traffic
safety education program for traffic violators. Effectiveness of traffic accident prevention through traffic safety
education program is approximately 93%. In terms of social benefits, it shows more than $12 billion Even
though the effectiveness of traffic safety education program represents remarkable results, but this program is
made for traffic violators who have already committed traffic offenses in the past. So in order to prevent traffic
violations in advance, specific education program for potentially risky drivers is necessary.
Machining of Aircraft Bearing Rings using High Quality Bearing SteelIJERA Editor
Bearing rings for Aircraft application are machined using high quality M50 High Speed Steel conforming to
AMS 6491B. The raw material for the rings of Ball bearing is prepared from a single bar stock using trepanning.
Special collet type soft jaw and Mandrels were devised and used on CNC Lathes to reduce manufacturing
problems like ovality. Raceway forms are turned using single point copy turning insert. The problems faced
during rings manufacture were discussed in this study.
Developing an Environmentally Sustainable Hot Mix Asphalt Using Recycled Conc...IJERA Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc
FEA based Dissipation Energy and Temperature Distribution of Rubber BushingIJERA Editor
Rubber bushings used in the vehicle or aerospace can reduce the noise and vibration and absorb the shocks. The
heat accumulation in the rubber components is attributed to the nonlinear mechanical behavior of rubber and
leads to degeneration of mechanical properties. The viscoelastic damping is treated as the major mechanism of
dissipation energy, which is heat source of temperature rising in bushing. A finite element method is expanded
from elastic structure to viscoelastic structure and computes the dissipation energy distribution in the rubber
core. Based on that heat source, the temperature distribution of rubber bushing under radial harmonic excitation
has been calculated using finite volume method. The frequency and amplitude effect on dissipation energy and
temperature distribution are described. The radial dynamic testing is carried out and the temperature is recorded
using thermal imager to evaluate the simulation. As complement, the dynamic torsional testing is also carried
out explore the possible failure zone of rubber bushing under different types of loading.
Transient Stability Analysis of IEEE 9 Bus System in Power World SimulatorIJERA Editor
It is widely accepted that transient stability is an important aspect in designing and upgrading electric power
system.
The objective of this paper was to investigate and understand the stability of power system
In this paper, modelling and transient stability analysis of IEEE 9 bus system was performed using POWER
WORLD SIMULATOR. The load flow studies were performed to determine pre-fault conditions in the system
using Newton-Raphson method. With the help of three-phase balanced fault, the variations in power angle and
frequency of the system were studied. Frequency is a reliable indicator if deficiency condition in the power
systems exists or not. For three-phase balanced fault, fast fault clearing time was analysed to bring back the
system to the stability. Further, comparison between Runga method and Euler method for better results was
performed. Hence, impact of load switching on system was also computed so as to bring system to steady state.
Seismic Drift Control in soft storied RCC buildingsIJERA Editor
This paper studies Seismic drift demands in RCC Buildings with weak first stories which is very important
seeing the present damages all over the World due to earth quake like Kobe and Chi-Chi earth quakes in
1995and 1999 respectively . As we know that in India , Bhuj-Gujrat earth quake on 26th Jan 2001 and Nepal
earth quake -2015, were the most destructive events recorded in India and Nepal in terms of deaths and
damages to the infrastructure and devastation in the last fifty years., These earthquakes has provides lessons to
human society particularly engineers, architects, builders for improving design and planning, practices
,inadequate analysis, design deficiency and even poor quality of construction. It has been observed that the
principal reason of failure may be associated to soft stories, floating columns ,mass irregularities and pounding
of adjacent structures etc. In this paper focus has been to judge the damages factors which are responsible for
the collapse of structure and control measures to be provided for a safe and economic design as per current
Indian and foreign codes .An analysis has performed using STAAD-Pro for G+5 multistoried building in
different Zones IV and V and drifting results obtained has discussed with respect to safety and damages
consideration.
Studying nanotube-based oscillators and their application as memory cells via...IJERA Editor
A nanoscale continuum model of carbon nanotube-based oscillators is proposed in this paper. In the continuum
model, the nanotube is discretized via the meshfree particle method. The atomistic interlayer interaction between
the outer and inner tubes is approximated by the interlayer interaction between particles. The mechanical
behaviors of oscillators are studied and compared well with molecular dynamics simulation results. The
nanotube-based oscillator can be employed to design a nanoelectromechanical system. In this system, two
electrodes are attached on the top of the outer tube so that the induced electromagnetic force can overcome the
interlayer friction. The mechanisms of such nanoelectromechanical systems as memory cells are also considered.
Interference Minimization Protocol in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network f...IJERA Editor
High-quality data transmission is the primary objective of WSN for achieving quality of service.
Heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (HTWSN) can be used to deploy in sensitive and unmanned areas
to monitor the objects. HTWSN is high configured network used to capture high-quality images and videos
of targeted objects. During the data transmission in HTWSN, we identified that, the formation of
interference with in the network due to link capacity overhead. Due to that, the quality data transmission is
not possible through the network. In this research paper, we described the deployment of HTWSN network
and identifying the primary sources for interference and introducing the proposed Interference
Minimization Protocol (IMP). The IM protocol has achieved better quality of service by minimizing the
interference in HTWSN.
Investigation of Significant Process Parameter in Manganese Phosphating of Pi...IJERA Editor
The aim of this study is to determine the most significant parameter such as phosphating bath temperature,
phosphating time,accelerator level on the fatigue life of piston pin material such as 40NiCr4Mo3 by analysis of
variance (ANOVA).The selected three imput parameters were studied at three different level by conducting nine
experiments based on L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi’s methodology.Phosphating bath temperature has
significant effect on fatigue strength followed by phosphating time and accelerator level.
Strategies of detecting Profile-injection attacks in E-Commerce Recommender S...IJERA Editor
E-commerce recommender systems are vulnerable to different types of shilling attack where the attacker influences the
recommendation procedure in favor of him by inserting fake user-profiles into the system. From one point of view, the
attacks can be of type push or nuke-either to promote or to demote a product. On the other hand, attacks can be classified as
high-knowledge or low-knowledge attack depending on the amount of system knowledge required for making the attack
successful. Several research works have been done in the last two decades for defending attacks on recommender systems. In
this paper, we have surveyed the major works done in this area by different researchers. After a brief explanation of different
attack types and attack models, we discussed the attack detection strategies proposed by the researchers mainly under five
categories- Generic and model specific attribute based, rating distribution based, outlier analysis based, statistical approach
based and clustering based.
• Proporcionar al alumnado un conocimiento a nivel profesional de todas las herramientas del software de gestión contable:
• Contables Elite. Realizar los apuntes contables, gestión del IVA, inventarios, listados y cierres de ejercicio, amortizaciones contables, informes y estadísticas, etc.
Reduction in Size of Vars by using Different Materials in Generatorijtsrd
In present scenario to achieve refrigeration effect, we have to supply high grade energy which take from shaft which decreases the millage of automobile and increase in cost of fuel. It is not economical to produce refrigeration effect by VCRS .In VARS system we use wasteful energy from exhaust gases of automobile to produce refrigeration effect hence saving cost of fuel. Optimization of length of tubes of heat exchanger generator is done for different material like stainless steel, aluminium, copper to achieve 1TR Refrigeration effect. Inlet temperature of generator is 25°C and COP of refrigerator is 0.7. Prof. Animesh Kumar | Om Singh Patel | Nishi Yadav | Pooja Shakya | Muzzafar Ayub Khan ""Reduction in Size of Vars by using Different Materials in Generator"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23473.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23473/reduction-in-size-of-vars-by-using-different-materials-in-generator/prof-animesh-kumar
A Study on Energy Audit of a Cold StorageIJERA Editor
Energy consumption of a cold storage was measured for different storage temperatures. Suction temperature and pressure temperature of the compressor and working time of the compressor were determined to reach evaporator set up temperatures. An axial fan located back of the evaporator was used to distribute the cooled air into the cold store. An electrical heater was used to defrost. The compressor suction temperatures and discharge temperatures varied between 1.80 C - 070 C and 270 C - 350 C respectively. Condenser output temperature is varies 40 C - 100 C. Compressor suction pressure (p1) = 3.5 Kg/cm2 and discharge pressure (p2) = 10.5 Kg/cm2.
Experimental Analysis of Refrigeration system using Microchannel condenser & ...AM Publications
Micro channel condenser now days can be effectively used due to its compact size in automobile sector. For
its performance, refrigeration set up designed to detect experimental performance of microchannel condenser. In this
paper performance analysis of microchannel condenser compared with round tube and coil tube. In analysis of
microchannel condensers it can be found more effective at various loads and operating conditions. For review same size of
microchannel and round tube condenser are considered. From the previous experiments the micro-channel condenser was
made to have nearly an identical face area, depth and fin density as the round-tube condenser which was the baseline. Also
varying the refrigerants, C.O.P & Efficiency of micro channel the various reviews of reviewer micro channel condenser
can be efficient and also refrigerator system requires less power.
Experimental investigate to obtain the effectiveness of regenerator using Air.IJESFT
The regenerator is a kind of heat exchanger that provides a way to get the gas to the low temperature with as much potential work (cooling power) as possible without carrying a lot of heat with it. It doesn’t put heat in or out of the system but it absorbs heat from the gas on one part of the pressure cycle and returns heat to the gas on the other part.
More recent applications of regenerators in cryogenic systems can be found in small cryogenic refrigerators (cryocoolers). Systems such as the Stirling Gifford-McMahon, pulse tube, Solvay, Vuilleumier and magnetic cycle refrigerators all use either a static or rotary regenerator. In fact, the success these coolers have achieved is directly related to the characteristics of compact size and efficiency of the regenerator.
Regenerator effectiveness of 99% results in 21% loss of refrigeration effect, similarly regenerator effectiveness of 98% results in 42% loss of refrigeration effect, with refrigeration effectiveness of 95.238% the loss of refrigeration is 100%. i.e. no net cooling is produced.
In cryogenic applications the regenerator is typically made up of 100 to 500 meshes SS 304, Phosphorous bronze screens or small lead spheres (150 to 300 micro meters) are used, that are tightly packed together and held in place on either end in the same manner.
To develop experimental setup at our laboratory level by using air as working fluid and find out the effectiveness of various regenerative materials is basic goal of this work.
Design Calculation of Main Components for Lab Based Refrigeration Systemijtsrd
The purpose of this paper is for the students to know the basic function of main components of refrigeration system. Theoretical and experimental of design calculation of main components and their results are reported in this paper. During the performance of testing, the length of expansion device is varied and the result data are also described. In this system, R134a refrigerant is used as working substance. Because it is now being used for a replacement of R 12 CFC refrigerant. It can be handled safely because it is not toxic, corrosive and flammable. Moreover, it has no damage effect to ozone layer and greenhouse. Ko Ko | Aye Aye San | Khin Maung Than "Design Calculation of Main Components for Lab Based Refrigeration System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29212.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29212/design-calculation-of-main-components-for-lab-based-refrigeration-system/ko-ko
To study the behaviour of nanorefrigerant in vapour compression cycle a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract Nanofluid is an advanced kind of fluid, which contain nanometer sized (10-9 m) solid particles that are known as nanoparticles. Nanoparticles enhance the property of normal fluid. In past five years, nanorefrigerant has become the input for large number of experimental and vapour compression systems because of shortage of energy and environmental considerations. The conventional refrigerants have major role in global warming and depletion of the ozone layer. Therefore, there is need to improve the performance of vapour compression refrigeartion system with the help of using suitable refrigerant. Nearly all the works carried out in relation with nanofluids in vapour compression is regarding their applications in systems like domestic refrigerators and industrial purposes etc. The present paper investigate the performance of the nanorefrigerant in vapour compression cycle and the challenges of using nanorefrigerants in vapour compression cycle. Keywords: Nanofluids, nanoparticles, nanometer, nanorefrigerants, vapour compression, ecofriendly, domestic refrigerator
An Experimental Investigation on Application of Al2O3 Nanoparticles as Lubric...IJERA Editor
In this work, the Al2O3 nano-oil is proposed as a promising lubricant to enhance the performance of vapour compression refrigerator compressor. The stability of Al2O3 nanoparticles in the oil is investigated experimentally. It was confirmed that the nanoparticles steadily suspended in the mineral oil at a stationary condition for long period of time. The application of the nano-oil with specific concentrations of 1.5%, 1.7% and 1.9 %( by mass fraction) were added in the compressor oil. The VCRS performance with the nanoparticles was then investigated using energy consumption tests. The result shows the COP of system were improved by 19.14%, 21.6% & 11.22%, respectively, when the nano-oil was used instead of pure oil.
Experimental Investigation of Mini Cooler cum Freezerresearchinventy
In general cases the refrigerator could be converted into an air conditioner by attaching a fan. Thus a cooler as well as freezer is obtained in a single set up. The freezer can be converted to an air conditioner when the outside air is allowed to flow beside the cooling coil and is forced outside by an exhaust fan. In this case a mini scale cooler cum freezer using R134a as refrigerant was fabricated and tested In our mini project work we had designed, fabricated and experimentally analysed a mini cooler cum freezer. From the observations and calculations, the results of mini cooler cum freezer are obtained and are compared.
Experimental Investigation of Mini Cooler cum Freezerinventy
In general cases the refrigerator could be converted into an air conditioner by attaching a fan. Thus a cooler as well as freezer is obtained in a single set up. The freezer can be converted to an air conditioner when the outside air is allowed to flow beside the cooling coil and is forced outside by an exhaust fan. In this case a mini scale cooler cum freezer using R134a as refrigerant was fabricated and tested In our mini project work we had designed, fabricated and experimentally analysed a mini cooler cum freezer. From the observations and calculations, the results of mini cooler cum freezer are obtained and are compared.
ANALYSIS OF VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM WITH DIFFERENT CONFIGURATI...ijiert bestjournal
A capillary tube is widely used as throttling device in small sized refrigeration and air - conditioning applications having capacity less than 3 TR. This research paper provides a set of capillary tube performance data in a vapor compression refrigeration system using R - 134a as working fluid. Several capillary tubes with different length and inner diameter were selected as test sections. Mass flow rate and Pressure drop through capillary tube was measured for several inlet temperatures of each capillary tube. The sub cooling and superheating temperatures are maintained constant throughout the experimentation. Experimental condit ions for the condensing temperatures were selected from 38 to 54� C in the interval of 2� C. The effect of above given parameters on the Pressure difference,Power input,Evaporating capacity and Coefficient of performance for R - 134a through the helically coiled capillary tube has been analyzed.
THERMAL KINETICS OF THIN LAYER DRYING OF INDIAN GOOGEBERRY OR ANOLA FLAKS (PH...IAEME Publication
The aonla (Phyllanthus emblica), a fruit rich in vitamin-C, has high medicinal importance in human life. Drying of aonla in the form of flakes and powder is one of the widely used methods of its preservation. Thermal kinetics during drying a hygroscopic material in thin layer, the moisture ratio is calculated by the Half Life Time Method. The experiment was conducted at an average velocity of 0.48m/s, relative humidity 35% and temperature in the range from 40 to 750C.
Similar to Energy Wastage Estimation of a Cold Storage (20)
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
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An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
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It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
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AKS UNIVERSITY Satna Final Year Project By OM Hardaha.pdf
Energy Wastage Estimation of a Cold Storage
1. Dr. N. Mukhopadhyay et al.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 12, (Part - 3) December 2015, pp.166-173
www.ijera.com 166|P a g e
Energy Wastage Estimation of a Cold Storage
Dr. N. Mukhopadhyay 1
, Debasish Mazumdar ₂
, Subir Biswas₃
1
Assistant professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jalpaiguri Govt.Engg. College,
2
M.Tech. Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jalpaiguri Govt.Engg. College,
₃
B.Tech ,Final year student of Mechanical Engineering, Jalpaiguri Govt.Engg. College
ABSTRACT:
Energy consumption of a cold storage was measured for different storage temperatures. Suction temperature and
pressure temperature of the compressor and working time of the compressor were determined to reach
evaporator setup temperatures. An axial fan located back of the evaporator was used to distribute the cooled air
into the cold store. An electrical heater was used to defrost. The compressor suction temperature of ammonia
vapour variedbetween273K–271Kand 305K–308K respectively. Compressor suction pressure(p1)=3.5 Kg/cm2
and discharge pressure (p2)=10.5Kg/cm2
KEY WORDS: Cold storage, major components of a cold storage, energy consumption, energy wastage,
programming.
I. INTRODUCTION
Energy auditing in a integral part of energy conservation and energy management is also part and parallel of
conservation. Damage and supply gap is large energy to lead to similar natural defects, Energy disaster such as
Tsunami and earth quake. The next generation generating yet to come will be completely light blind. It is
because power never be available after this disaster and not ever rehabilitate the reconstruction of buildings. To
avoid the energy calamity proposed auditing report use the innovative energy utilization schemes through which
the ferocious of situation might blindness can be eradicated. Cold Storage is a special kind of room, the
temperature of, which is kept very low with the help of machines and precision instruments. India is having a
unique geographical position and a wide range of soil thus producing variety of fruits and vegetables like apples,
grapes, oranges, potatoes, chillies, ginger, etc. Marine products are also being produced in large quantities due
to large coastal areas. The present production level of fruits and vegetables is more than 100 million MT and
keeping in view the growth rate of population and demand, the production of perishable commodities is
increasing every year. The cold storage facilities are the prime infrastructural component for such perishable
commodities. Besides the role of stabilizing market prices and evenly distributing both on demand basis and
time basis, the cold storage industry renders other advantages and benefits to both the farmers and the
consumers. The farmers get opportunity of producing cash crops to get remunerative prices. The consumers get
the supply of perishable commodities with lower fluctuation of prices. Commercially apples, potatoes, oranges
are stored on large scale in the cold storages. Other important costly raw materials like dry fruits, chemicals,
essences and processed foods like fruit juice/pulp, concentrate dairy products, frozen meat, fish and eggs are
being stored in cold storages to regulate marketing channels of these products. Energy consumption of an
experimental cold storage was measured for different storage temperatures. Suction temperature and pressure
temperature of the compressor and working time of the compressor were determined to reach evaporator set up
temperatures.
II. MODEL DEVELOPMENT:
The salient components of vapour compression refrigeration system used in Indian cold storage
system are: evaporator, compressor, condenser and manually operated expansion valve. The type of the cold
storage are
1) Vapour campression refrigeration cycle is used
2)Ammonia refrigerent is used in the cycle
For the analysis of the various parameter of the Jalpaiguri cold storage we make some assumption
1. The compression and expansion process are an isentropic process ie. Entropy of those process are
remains same
2. The ammonia vapour behaves as an ideal gas
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Dr. N. Mukhopadhyay et al.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 12, (Part - 3) December 2015, pp.166-173
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3. Specific heat, specific heat ratio and local gas constant does not change in different temperature and
pressure.
4. The specific heat capacities at constant pressure and constant volume processes, and the ratio of
specific heat and the individual gas constant - R – for ammonia vapour at 20 °c and 1a.t.p are given
below
C(p)= 2.19; C(v)= 1.66 ; ɣ= 1.31 ; R= 0.53
A typical schematic diagram of the refrigeration stem is shown below
Cold storage
From the above assumption we can calculate following parameters
Compression work Wc=n/𝑛 − 1(P₂V₂-P₁V₁)
=n/n – 1(RT₂ - RT₁)
= 78.38 KJ/ Kg of ammonia
Expansion Work Wₑ= n/n- 1(RT₃ - RT₄)
= 76 KJ / Kg of ammonia
net work done W = W(c) – W(e)
= (78.38 – 76) KJ / Kg of ammonia
= 2.38 KJ / Kg of ammonia
Heat absorbed from the evaporator per kg of ammonia
Qₑ = mCp(T₁ - T₄)
=4.38 KJ / Kg of ammonia
C.O.P = Heat absorbed / Work done
= 4.38 / 2.38
= 1.84
Volume of ammonia per cycle of compression per cylinder
V₁=
π
4
𝐷²L [from the observation table we can find bore and stroke]
= 0.002796 m³ ≈ 0.0028m³
So work of compression per cycle per cylinder
W̕c =
𝑛
𝑛−1
(P₂V₂ - P₁V₁)
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ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 12, (Part - 3) December 2015, pp.166-173
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=
𝑛
𝑛−1
P₁V₁{(
𝑃₂
𝑃₁
)
𝑛
𝑛−1 − 1}
= 4.226×320×0.0028×(1.3846 - 1)
= 1.456KJ / cycle per cylinder
≈1.5 KJ / cycle per cylinder
There are two cylinder of a KC 4 type compressor and average R.P.M = 1400
SoWork of compressor per second
W̕c = (1.5 × 2 × 1400)/ 60 KJ / sec
= 70 KJ/ sec
Mass flow rate of ammonia per second
=
𝐖̕ 𝐜
Wc
=
70
78.38
= 0.893 Kg / sec
Ton of refrigeration
= mCp(T₁ - T₂)/3.5
= 1.178TR
≈ 1.2 TR
Heat dissipated from the condenser
Qc = mCp(T₂- T₃)
= 5.867 KJ / sec
≈ 6 KW
OBSERVATION:
Suction pressure of the compressor P₁= 319.9 KPa≈320KPa
Suction temperature of compressor T₁=273K
Discharge pressure of the compressor P₂=1226.25KPa
Discharge temperature of compressor T₂=308K
Discharge pressure of the condenser P₃=P₂=1226.25KPa
Discharge temperature of the condenser T₃=305K
DATA COLLECTION
Major equipments considered to calculate the energy waste estimation
Equipment name Number Stand by
Compressor motor 4p 2
Condenser motor 3p 1
Pump 3p 1
Minor equipments considered to calculate the energy waste estimation
No of fans Place Power
320p Inside the chamber 72w
36p On the office 85w
50p Outside of chamber 72w
No of light Power Place
430p 60w Inside the chamber
50p 40w In office
10p 280w Hallozen
MOTOR SPECIFICATION
Motor specification= 3 phase induction motor
Company name= crompton graves
m/c no= NADJ54-2RS
RPM- 1460
V=415 +(-) 10% A=27A
BPE=90% HZ=50+(-) 5%
FRAME ND160L
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9 10.10AM 3.30PM 5H20M 12-3 6.10AM 11.50AM 5H30M
11.10PM 3.50AM 4H40M 4.10PM 9PM 4H50M
10 10AM 2.30PM 4H30M 13-3 6AM 10.40AM 4H40M
11PM 3.40AM 4H40M 11PM 3.20AM 4H20M
11 10.10AM 2.50PM 4H40M 14-3 6.10AM 10.20AM 4H10M
11.10PM 4.50AM 5H40M 4.20PM 9.40PM 5H20M
12 10AM 2.30PM 4H30M 15-3 6AM 10.20AM 4H20M
11PM 3.40AM 4H40M 4PM 8.20PM 4H20M
13 10.10AM 2.20PM 4H10M 16-3 6.20AM 10.50AM 4H30M
11PM 3.30AM 4H30M 11.10PM 3.30AM 4H20M
14 10AM 2.30PM 4H30M 17-3 6.10AM 10.20AM 4H10M
11.10PM 3.50AM 4H40M 11.10PM 3.30AM 4H20M
15 10.30AM 4.10PM 5H40M 18-3 6AM 11.30AM 5H30M
11.20AM 3.30AM 4H10M 4PM 8.20PM 4H20M
16 10AM 2.20PM 4H20M 19-3 6.10AM 10.40PM 4H30M
11PM 3.30AM 4H30M 11.10PM 3.50AM 4H40M
17 10.20AM 2.40PM 4H20M 20-3 6.30AM 11.10AM 4H40M
11.10PM 3.40AM 4H30M 4.10PM 8.20PM 4H10M
18 10AM 2.30PM 4H30M 21-3 6.10AM 10.30AM 4H20M
11.10PM 4.50AM 5H40M 4.20PM 8.50PM 4H30M
19 10.20AM 2.40PM 4H20M 22-3 6AM 10.20AM 4H20M
11.20PM 3.50AM 4H30M 4.10PM 8.50PM 4H30M
20 10AM 2.20PM 4H20M 23-3 6.20AM 10.50AM 4H30M
11.10PM 3.20AM 4H10M 11.10PM 3.50AM 4H40M
21 6.10AM 11.50AM 5H40M
11.10PM 4.30AM 5H20M
22 6.05AM 12.30PM 6H25M
11.10PM 5.30AM 6H20M
23 10.20AM 2.40PM 4H20M
11.10PM 420AM 5H10M
TOTAL RUNNING TIME - 603.6H; APPROXIMATLY WE CAN TAKE 604 H
CALCULATION
Power consumed by the light and fan can be calculated by the given formula
KWh =
𝑃 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 ×𝑜𝑢𝑟 ×𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑡
1000
POWER CONSUMED BY THE FAN
NO
OF
FANS
POWER
FAN TYPE RUNNING TIME IN
24H
RUNNING
TIME IN ONE
MONTH
KWH IN
24H
KWH IN
ONE
MONTH
320 72 INDUSTRIAL 604 13916.16
50 72 INDUSTRIAL 12 43.2 1339.2
35 85 USHA 7 20.825 645.57
TOTAL POWER CONSUMED BY THE FAN IN ONE MONTH =15900.93
POWER CONSUMED BY THE LIGHT
NO OF LIGHT POWER RUNNING TIME IN 24H KWH IN 24 H KWH IN ONE MONTH
500P 60W 2H 60 1860
50P 40W 4H 8 248
5P 250W 7H 8.75 271.25
TOTAL POWER CONSUMED IN 24 HOURS=76.75
TOTAL POWER CONSUMED IN ONE MONTH =2379.25
Power consumed by the 3 phase induction motor can be calculated by the given formula
P(watt)= V × I× 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅
6. Dr. N. Mukhopadhyay et al.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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V= voltage of the motor
I = current flow through the motor
cos ∅ = power factor = 0.85
We can find V & I from the volt meter and ammeter
Power factor of W.B.S.E.D.C.L is 0.85 (we found these from google)
POWER CONSUMED BY THE CONDENSER MOTOR
MOTOR
NAME
VOLTAGE(V) CURRENT
FLOW(AMP)
POWER
FACTOR
watt KWh
C.G 415 12 0.85 4233 4.233
So power consumed by the condenser motor in one hour = 4.233 KWh
POWER CONSUMED BY THE MOTOR IN ONE MONTH = 2556.732 KWh
POWER CONSUMED BY THE COMPRESSOR MOTOR
MOTOR
NAME
VOLTAGE(V) CURRENT
FLOW(AMP)
POWER
FACTOR
watt KWH
1 415 125 0.85 44093.75 44.09
Power consumed by the compressor motor in one hour = 44.09 KWh
POWER CONSUMED BY THE COMPRESSOR MOTOR IN ONE MONTH = 26630.36KWh
We make a program of P(watt)= V × I× cos ∅ from where we can make a graph of I Vs P
PROGRAMMING:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
Void main()
{
Float P,I;
Int V=415, n=10 , i;
Float cos ∅ =0.85;
For(i =0; i<n; i++)
{
Printf{“n Enter the the value of I”};
Scanf(“%f”, &I);
P = v*I* cos ∅;
Printf(“I=%f, P=%”, I, P);
}
Getch();
}
RESULT & DISCUSSION:
In the above program we give the input value of I =12 to I= 7
And take the output P and make a graph P Vs I
I(amp) 12 11.5 11 10.5 10 9.5 9 8 7
P(KWh) 4.23 4.05 3.88 3.7 3.52 3.35 3.17 2.8 2.45
7. Dr. N. Mukhopadhyay et al.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 12, (Part - 3) December 2015, pp.166-173
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Form
data we
can say
that
OCTOBER 23 to NOVEMBER 23 unit runs more over 24 hours.
Total running time of the plant = 604 hours
From the electricity bill 23rd
October to 23rd
November unit consumed by the plant
= 21515.5KWh(normal) + 2484.25KWh(peak) + 24442.25KWh(off peak)
= 48442KWH
Theoretical energy consumed by the plant in one month
Device Condenser motor Compressor motor Light Fan
Unit consumed in
one month
2556.73 26630.36 2379.25 15900.93
Unit consumed in
one day
82.47 859.04 76.75 512.93
So total theoretical energy consumed by the plant in one month =47467.27 KWH
Energy wastage in one month = (48442-47467.27)KWH
=974.73 KWH
There is a big difference in actual energy consumed and theoretical energy consumed obviously there is a
energy wastage. We must pay extra cost for these energy wastage. Average industrial bill = 7.5 Rs
ENERGY WASTAG AND EXTRA COST REQUIRED HAS BEEN CALCULATED IN THE GIVEN BOX
Energy wastage In one hour In one day In one month In one year
KWh 1.31KWh 31.44KWh 974.73KWh 11696.76KWh
Extra cost required ₨=9.825 ₨= 235.8 ₨=7310.47 ₨=87725.7
III. CONCLUSION
It has been observed that the actual energy consumption of a cold storage 48442 KWh per month and theoretical
energy consumption is 47467.27 KW per month. So, a gap of 974.73 KWh per month is found between the
theoretical and actual energy consumption by a cold storage plant. If this gap is fulfilled then a savings of Rs
7311 /- per month will be obtained which will amount to Rs 87726 /- per year.
To save energy the following practices must be implemented
1. Reducing Heat Loads
2. Uses of latest energy saving equipments
3. Proper Insulation
8. Dr. N. Mukhopadhyay et al.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 12, (Part - 3) December 2015, pp.166-173
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4. Efficient maintenance practices
5. Automation & Integration
6.Repless all lights and Uses of LED
There are other factor which contributes to the total energy consumption, which are (i) lights (total 556 pcs) , (ii)
fans (total 405 pcs). To increase the efficiency, conventional lights will replaced by energy efficient devices that
is LED, CFL etc.
If we replace three compressors for three chambers with a single equivalent compressor which will deliver the
same amount of load, then maximumenergy will be saved
REFERENCE :
[1]. Condenser and Evaporator-Version I ME IIT Kharagpur Lesson 22.
[2]. Dr. N.Mukhopadhyay-Theoretical Convective Heat Transfer Model Development of Cold Storage
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