1. Nutritional imbalance in critically ill infants can lead to growth faltering and have both short- and long-term negative consequences.
2. The goals of nutritional management are to provide optimal nutrition to support catch-up growth and prevent loss of lean body mass.
3. During critical illness, infants have increased energy and protein needs compared to healthy infants due to metabolic stress. Meeting these elevated nutritional requirements can help reduce complications and support recovery.
1. Nutritional imbalance in critically ill infants can lead to growth faltering and have both short-term and long-term negative consequences.
2. The goals of nutritional management are to provide optimal nutrition to support catch-up growth and prevent loss of lean body mass.
3. During critical illness, infants have increased energy and protein requirements compared to healthy infants to support the hypermetabolic stress response and tissue synthesis. Current guidelines recommend energy intakes of 120-200 kcal/kg/day and attentiveness to individualized needs.
Admission Criteria in PICU for Children having COVID 19 & general care of a ...Vivek Maheshwari
The document discusses criteria for admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) for children with COVID-19 and the general care of children in the PICU. Children may be admitted to the PICU if they require mechanical ventilation, have shock requiring vasopressors, worsening mental status, or multi-organ dysfunction. Once admitted, the focus is on supportive care including feeding, analgesia, sedation, glucose control, and pressure sore prevention to restore the child's health and provide family support.
A 5-month-old female infant presented with fever and vomiting and was diagnosed with failure to thrive and an acute febrile illness. Labs showed hypothyroidism and malnutrition. The patient was started on levothyroxine and a higher calorie formula. After one week of treatment, the patient's thyroid levels normalized and intake improved, though the family was counseled to further increase calorie intake to support adequate growth.
This document discusses the high rates of low birth weight (LBW) babies in South Asia and its link to increased risk of developing cardio-metabolic disorders later in life. It notes that over 30% of births in India are LBW, and cohort studies from hospitals in India have found that these LBW babies often develop elevated blood pressure, obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases as adults. The document advocates for early prevention strategies before conception to address this issue and its contribution to the "fetal origin of adult disease" hypothesis whereby adverse fetal environments can program future disease risk.
The journey of low birth weight infant Khaled Saad
Previously known as ‘failure to thrive’ (FTT), also known as weight faltering
Infant or children whose current weight or rate of weight gain is significantly below that expected of similar children of the same age, sex and ethnicity
Can occur in both infants (< 1 year of age) and in children (> 1 year of age)
The document discusses using a family approach model to treat diabetes in adolescents and improve clinical outcomes. It describes assessing two sisters ages 14 and 17 who have poorly managed type 1 diabetes, with HbA1c levels over 10% for the past 3 years. Treatment involved reframing non-compliance as misbehavior, getting both parents involved, and weekly family review sessions to improve communication and management. Positive results included improved HbA1c levels below 8%, better family relationships, and diabetes becoming integrated into daily life rather than the family focus.
Dr. Narendra Malhotra gave the POGS oration on fetal origins of adult diseases. He has had an illustrious career as an obstetrician and gynecologist in India, holding many leadership positions and publishing extensively. His research has shown that adverse conditions in the womb and early life can program the fetus's development and permanently increase risks for diseases like diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease later in adulthood. Maternal nutrition, infections, and other environmental factors during pregnancy can influence the fetus through hormonal and epigenetic changes leading to effects on organs like the pancreas, kidneys and blood vessels that manifest as disease in later life.
1. Nutritional imbalance in critically ill infants can lead to growth faltering and have both short-term and long-term negative consequences.
2. The goals of nutritional management are to provide optimal nutrition to support catch-up growth and prevent loss of lean body mass.
3. During critical illness, infants have increased energy and protein requirements compared to healthy infants to support the hypermetabolic stress response and tissue synthesis. Current guidelines recommend energy intakes of 120-200 kcal/kg/day and attentiveness to individualized needs.
Admission Criteria in PICU for Children having COVID 19 & general care of a ...Vivek Maheshwari
The document discusses criteria for admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) for children with COVID-19 and the general care of children in the PICU. Children may be admitted to the PICU if they require mechanical ventilation, have shock requiring vasopressors, worsening mental status, or multi-organ dysfunction. Once admitted, the focus is on supportive care including feeding, analgesia, sedation, glucose control, and pressure sore prevention to restore the child's health and provide family support.
A 5-month-old female infant presented with fever and vomiting and was diagnosed with failure to thrive and an acute febrile illness. Labs showed hypothyroidism and malnutrition. The patient was started on levothyroxine and a higher calorie formula. After one week of treatment, the patient's thyroid levels normalized and intake improved, though the family was counseled to further increase calorie intake to support adequate growth.
This document discusses the high rates of low birth weight (LBW) babies in South Asia and its link to increased risk of developing cardio-metabolic disorders later in life. It notes that over 30% of births in India are LBW, and cohort studies from hospitals in India have found that these LBW babies often develop elevated blood pressure, obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases as adults. The document advocates for early prevention strategies before conception to address this issue and its contribution to the "fetal origin of adult disease" hypothesis whereby adverse fetal environments can program future disease risk.
The journey of low birth weight infant Khaled Saad
Previously known as ‘failure to thrive’ (FTT), also known as weight faltering
Infant or children whose current weight or rate of weight gain is significantly below that expected of similar children of the same age, sex and ethnicity
Can occur in both infants (< 1 year of age) and in children (> 1 year of age)
The document discusses using a family approach model to treat diabetes in adolescents and improve clinical outcomes. It describes assessing two sisters ages 14 and 17 who have poorly managed type 1 diabetes, with HbA1c levels over 10% for the past 3 years. Treatment involved reframing non-compliance as misbehavior, getting both parents involved, and weekly family review sessions to improve communication and management. Positive results included improved HbA1c levels below 8%, better family relationships, and diabetes becoming integrated into daily life rather than the family focus.
Dr. Narendra Malhotra gave the POGS oration on fetal origins of adult diseases. He has had an illustrious career as an obstetrician and gynecologist in India, holding many leadership positions and publishing extensively. His research has shown that adverse conditions in the womb and early life can program the fetus's development and permanently increase risks for diseases like diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease later in adulthood. Maternal nutrition, infections, and other environmental factors during pregnancy can influence the fetus through hormonal and epigenetic changes leading to effects on organs like the pancreas, kidneys and blood vessels that manifest as disease in later life.
Feeding difficulties in young children Khaled Saad
This document discusses feeding difficulties in young children. It begins with definitions of feeding versus eating and what is considered a feeding difficulty. Feeding difficulties can include behaviors like picky eating, food fussiness, food refusal, and more. The prevalence of feeding difficulties is estimated to be as high as 20-50% in typical children and 80-90% in children with developmental delays or chronic illness. Feeding difficulties can impact a child's nutrition, growth, development, and family relationships if they are severe and prolonged. The document explores reasons why feeding difficulties may develop, including medical conditions, disrupted parent-child interactions, sensory issues, and more.
This document discusses failure to thrive (FTT) in infants and children. It defines FTT and describes the three main types - Type I, II, and III - based on patterns of weight, height, and head circumference growth. Type I is characterized by weight loss and normal height/head growth, usually due to inadequate calorie intake. Type II shows reduced weight and height growth, often involving endocrine issues. Type III exhibits reduced growth in all areas, commonly stemming from prenatal factors. Nutritional support options and potential complications are also outlined.
A case of a child with failure to thriveAtit Ghoda
This document describes the case of an 8-year-old boy referred for failure to thrive and chronic diarrhea since infancy. Examinations and investigations over several years were nondiagnostic until tandem mass spectrometry revealed elevated methylmalonic acid, suggestive of methylmalonic acidemia. Methylmalonic acidemia results from defects in intracellular vitamin B12 metabolism and causes accumulation of methylmalonic acid. The patient's chronic diarrhea, failure to thrive, and biochemical abnormalities are consistent with this diagnosis. Treatment involves dietary protein restriction, vitamin B12 supplementation, carnitine, and management of acute complications.
Inpatient case study on the Multifactorial Conditions of Failure to Thrive in adulthood. Outlines the literature review, hospital course, and nutrition care plan, including the nutritional assessments and educations conducted. This case study was presented at Johns Hopkins Bavyiew Medical Center.
Failure to thrive is a syndrome characterized by unintentional weight loss, decreased appetite, and functional decline. It is caused by a complex interaction of medical, physical, psychological, social, and nutritional factors. Evaluation involves assessing for underlying diseases, nutritional status, functional and cognitive abilities, and depression. Treatment focuses on addressing reversible causes, improving nutrition, managing depression, and increasing physical activity and strength through a multidisciplinary approach.
Prevalence of malnutrition_and_associated_factors_AmanualNuredin
This study assessed the prevalence of malnutrition and associated factors among children aged 6-59 months in Hidabu Abote district, North Shewa, Oromia, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 8-23, 2012 using a multistage sampling method to select 820 children. The analysis revealed that 47.6% of children were stunted, 30.9% were underweight, and 16.7% were wasted. Main factors associated with stunting included child age, family monthly income, receiving butter as a pre-lacteal feeding, and family planning practices. Underweight was associated with number of children in the household and receiving butter as a pre-lacteal feeding
Early onset diabetes in children can lead to serious health problems. Studies show that diabetic children under 15 have a higher risk of developing high protein levels in the urine, which can lead to kidney failure. Younger diabetic children also have a greater chance of developing retinal damage. Research indicates paternal transmission may play a role in susceptibility to diabetes, with epigenetic factors involved. Proper treatment is important to manage risks, though current insulin injection therapy causes stress for children.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Factors Associated with Growth in the First 1,000 Days CHECKLEYCORE Group
CORE Group GHPC15
October 8, 2015
Concurrent Session: Factors Associated with Growth in the First 1,000 Days: Translating Evidence into Programs for Stunting, Wasting, and the Double Burden of Malnutrition
This document discusses nutrition and hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), a severe form of morning sickness. It notes that patients with HG often have poor nutritional intake which can negatively impact both mother and baby. Specific vitamin deficiencies like thiamine and vitamin K are discussed which can cause complications if not addressed. The effects of decreased caloric intake are also summarized based on research from the Dutch Famine. The importance of optimizing nutritional intake for HG patients is emphasized through various treatment options like medications, enteral/parenteral nutrition.
Nutritional assessment in children is important to identify those at risk of malnutrition early, identify malnourished children, and develop healthcare plans. Malnutrition can be undernutrition or obesity and is caused by factors like illiteracy, poor diet, low income, and infections. Nutritional assessment uses the ABCD method: anthropometric measurements like height, weight, BMI; biochemical parameters; clinical examination; and dietary surveys like 24-hour recall. Anthropometric measurements are key indicators and World Health Organization classifications are used to grade malnutrition severity. Treatment follows 10 steps over initial stabilization and rehabilitation phases.
The document discusses the dual burden of malnutrition in India. It begins by defining nutrition and malnutrition. It then describes the forms of malnutrition, including undernutrition which results in stunting, wasting, and low birth weight. The two main forms of undernutrition are protein-energy malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. The document also discusses overnutrition. It provides data on the prevalence of malnutrition in India, including high rates of stunting, wasting, and anemia among children. It notes that malnutrition is a major contributor to child deaths in India and discusses some of the causes, including poverty, lack of sanitation, and cultural factors. The document concludes by calling for recognition of nutrition as a basic human right.
Although type 1 diabetes continues to remain the most common form of childhood diabetes in most of the
countries including India, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing worldwide. This increase is attributed to the modern sedentary lifestyle causing a phenotype of insulin resistance in genetically predisposed individuals. The differentiation between type 1 and type 2 diabetes can be done in most of the cases but may be difficult in obese adolescents with relatively acute presentation. The demonstration of various antibodies is helpful in such circumstances. The earlier age of onset puts patients at risk of earlier age of complications. The management is very challenging as lifestyle modification by the patient and the family is the mainstay of the management. Emphasis should be done on primary prevention with a focus on
healthier lifestyles among children.
The document describes a case of a 1-month-old girl brought for follow-up after being hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus. When her mother resumed the usual cow milk formula, the girl began having increased watery stools. On examination she appears well hydrated with normal abdomen. The best management is to change to a lactose-free formula for the next few days as she likely has secondary lactose intolerance from the rotavirus infection. Repeating stool studies is unnecessary and other options like diluting formula or only oral rehydration are inappropriate.
This document provides information on failure to thrive (FTT) in children. It defines FTT as falling below certain growth percentiles for height and weight. FTT can be classified as mild, moderate or severe based on height and weight percentiles. It can be organic, caused by medical issues, or non-organic, caused by psychological or environmental factors like neglect. Common causes of FTT include prematurity, low birth weight, genetic or medical issues, poor nutrition, and social factors like poverty. Diagnosis involves physical exams, anthropometric measurements, laboratory tests to check for issues like anemia, and nutritional evaluations. Treatment aims to achieve catch-up growth through nutritional intervention and addressing any underlying medical or social causes.
Global Health Crises Caused By The Collision Of Biological And Cultural Evolu...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
This document discusses global health crises caused by the collision of biological and cultural evolution. It notes that the human biological genome is becoming stressed by rapid changes in cultural evolution and modern diets. Currently, limited healthcare resources focus on "crisis medicine" to treat chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease that result from poor nutrition. However, the document proposes that preventing harmful prenatal exposures during the pregnancies of the 3 billion babies expected by 2100 could reduce risks of diseases later in life, based on the Barker Hypothesis that prenatal environments can influence later health. It advocates shifting resources from crisis to preventive medicine by educating parents on healthy diets during pregnancy and development.
Nutrease powder- A natural plant based nutritional shake helps to supports in...SriramNagarajan16
Supplementation of Nutrease powder is essential for proactive prevention and also for the best outcome therapy in Diabetes.
Supplementing essential and conditionally essential nutrients like Nutrease powder to support essential metabolic pathways
is required for immune defense and repair, neuro-hormone balance as well as digestive and detox competencies.
Impaired antioxidant status has been shown to have a definite role in the development of insulin resistance and type 2
diabetes. Overproduction of oxidants (reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species) in the human body is
responsible for the pathogenesis of some diseases. The scavenging of these oxidants is thought to be an effective measure to
depress the level of oxidative stress of organisms. It has been reported that intake of Nutrease powder is inversely associated
with the risk of many chronic diseases, and antioxidant phytochemicals in Nutrease powder are considered to be responsible
for these health benefits. Antioxidant phytochemicals found in Nutrease powder plays an important role in the prevention
and treatment of chronic diseases caused by oxidative stress. They often possess strong antioxidant and free radical
scavenging abilities, which are also the basis of other bioactivities and health benefits, such as diabetes mellitus.
Phytonutrients in Nutrease powder play a positive role by maintaining and modulating immune function to prevent specific
diseases. Being natural products, they hold a great promise in clinical therapy. Phytonutrients are the plant nutrients with
specific biological activities that support human health. Some of the important bioactive phytonutrients include polyphenols,
terpenoids, resveratrol, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, carotenoids, limonoids, glucosinolates, phytoestrogens, phytosterols,
anthocyanins, and probiotics. They play specific pharmacological effects in human health. This article reviews the current
available scientific literature regarding the effect of Nutrease powder as an effective supplementation for a daily energy
need in life style disorders like diabetes.
Lo status materno di vitamina d influisce sulla crescita delle ossa nella pri...Merqurio
This prospective study followed 87 children from birth to 14 months to examine the impact of maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy on the children's bone growth. The children were divided into two groups based on their mother's vitamin D status during pregnancy. While postnatal vitamin D supplementation improved status in both groups, it only partly eliminated differences in bone variables induced during fetal development. Children in the lower prenatal vitamin D group had lower bone mineral content at birth but greater gains, resulting in similar levels at 14 months. Those in the higher prenatal group had a larger bone area at birth, and this difference persisted. Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy thus influenced long-term bone development in offspring.
Lecture held at the 4th Evidence-Based Neonatology conference, Nov 12 2017, in Hyderabad, India.
The lecture gives a short overview of the "fetal programming" theory, also referred to as the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease (DOHaD).
Vitamin d in health and disease august 2020Khaled Saad
Vitamin D plays an important role in skeletal health and the immune system. The document discusses vitamin D deficiency as an underrecognized problem, and summarizes evidence that vitamin D supplementation can reduce infections in children and may help prevent autoimmune disorders and childhood asthma. Vitamin D is involved in calcium regulation, bone growth, cell growth, and immune function. Deficiency has been linked to increased risk of various diseases while supplementation may decrease risk of some chronic conditions.
This document discusses malnutrition in hospitalized patients. It provides background on malnutrition, its causes and symptoms. It then summarizes several studies that were conducted to better understand malnutrition in hospitals. The studies looked at factors like food intake, nutritional status, reasons for poor intake, and interventions to address malnutrition. They involved patients from a range of age groups, from infants to the elderly. The studies highlighted how common malnutrition is in hospitals and its negative impacts on patient outcomes like increased mortality. They stressed the importance of early identification and treatment of malnutrition.
The document discusses malnutrition in hospital patients. It describes how malnutrition can occur due to inadequate diet, digestion issues, or medical conditions. Left untreated, malnutrition can lead to complications and death. Studies show patients who eat less in the hospital have higher mortality rates. Reasons elderly patients eat inadequately in the hospital include illness, appetite loss, oral issues, and menu limitations. Dysphagia is another risk factor for malnutrition. Tube feedings and IV nutrition can help supplement intake for those unable to eat. Early nutrition intervention may help prevent malnutrition in hospitals.
Feeding difficulties in young children Khaled Saad
This document discusses feeding difficulties in young children. It begins with definitions of feeding versus eating and what is considered a feeding difficulty. Feeding difficulties can include behaviors like picky eating, food fussiness, food refusal, and more. The prevalence of feeding difficulties is estimated to be as high as 20-50% in typical children and 80-90% in children with developmental delays or chronic illness. Feeding difficulties can impact a child's nutrition, growth, development, and family relationships if they are severe and prolonged. The document explores reasons why feeding difficulties may develop, including medical conditions, disrupted parent-child interactions, sensory issues, and more.
This document discusses failure to thrive (FTT) in infants and children. It defines FTT and describes the three main types - Type I, II, and III - based on patterns of weight, height, and head circumference growth. Type I is characterized by weight loss and normal height/head growth, usually due to inadequate calorie intake. Type II shows reduced weight and height growth, often involving endocrine issues. Type III exhibits reduced growth in all areas, commonly stemming from prenatal factors. Nutritional support options and potential complications are also outlined.
A case of a child with failure to thriveAtit Ghoda
This document describes the case of an 8-year-old boy referred for failure to thrive and chronic diarrhea since infancy. Examinations and investigations over several years were nondiagnostic until tandem mass spectrometry revealed elevated methylmalonic acid, suggestive of methylmalonic acidemia. Methylmalonic acidemia results from defects in intracellular vitamin B12 metabolism and causes accumulation of methylmalonic acid. The patient's chronic diarrhea, failure to thrive, and biochemical abnormalities are consistent with this diagnosis. Treatment involves dietary protein restriction, vitamin B12 supplementation, carnitine, and management of acute complications.
Inpatient case study on the Multifactorial Conditions of Failure to Thrive in adulthood. Outlines the literature review, hospital course, and nutrition care plan, including the nutritional assessments and educations conducted. This case study was presented at Johns Hopkins Bavyiew Medical Center.
Failure to thrive is a syndrome characterized by unintentional weight loss, decreased appetite, and functional decline. It is caused by a complex interaction of medical, physical, psychological, social, and nutritional factors. Evaluation involves assessing for underlying diseases, nutritional status, functional and cognitive abilities, and depression. Treatment focuses on addressing reversible causes, improving nutrition, managing depression, and increasing physical activity and strength through a multidisciplinary approach.
Prevalence of malnutrition_and_associated_factors_AmanualNuredin
This study assessed the prevalence of malnutrition and associated factors among children aged 6-59 months in Hidabu Abote district, North Shewa, Oromia, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 8-23, 2012 using a multistage sampling method to select 820 children. The analysis revealed that 47.6% of children were stunted, 30.9% were underweight, and 16.7% were wasted. Main factors associated with stunting included child age, family monthly income, receiving butter as a pre-lacteal feeding, and family planning practices. Underweight was associated with number of children in the household and receiving butter as a pre-lacteal feeding
Early onset diabetes in children can lead to serious health problems. Studies show that diabetic children under 15 have a higher risk of developing high protein levels in the urine, which can lead to kidney failure. Younger diabetic children also have a greater chance of developing retinal damage. Research indicates paternal transmission may play a role in susceptibility to diabetes, with epigenetic factors involved. Proper treatment is important to manage risks, though current insulin injection therapy causes stress for children.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Factors Associated with Growth in the First 1,000 Days CHECKLEYCORE Group
CORE Group GHPC15
October 8, 2015
Concurrent Session: Factors Associated with Growth in the First 1,000 Days: Translating Evidence into Programs for Stunting, Wasting, and the Double Burden of Malnutrition
This document discusses nutrition and hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), a severe form of morning sickness. It notes that patients with HG often have poor nutritional intake which can negatively impact both mother and baby. Specific vitamin deficiencies like thiamine and vitamin K are discussed which can cause complications if not addressed. The effects of decreased caloric intake are also summarized based on research from the Dutch Famine. The importance of optimizing nutritional intake for HG patients is emphasized through various treatment options like medications, enteral/parenteral nutrition.
Nutritional assessment in children is important to identify those at risk of malnutrition early, identify malnourished children, and develop healthcare plans. Malnutrition can be undernutrition or obesity and is caused by factors like illiteracy, poor diet, low income, and infections. Nutritional assessment uses the ABCD method: anthropometric measurements like height, weight, BMI; biochemical parameters; clinical examination; and dietary surveys like 24-hour recall. Anthropometric measurements are key indicators and World Health Organization classifications are used to grade malnutrition severity. Treatment follows 10 steps over initial stabilization and rehabilitation phases.
The document discusses the dual burden of malnutrition in India. It begins by defining nutrition and malnutrition. It then describes the forms of malnutrition, including undernutrition which results in stunting, wasting, and low birth weight. The two main forms of undernutrition are protein-energy malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. The document also discusses overnutrition. It provides data on the prevalence of malnutrition in India, including high rates of stunting, wasting, and anemia among children. It notes that malnutrition is a major contributor to child deaths in India and discusses some of the causes, including poverty, lack of sanitation, and cultural factors. The document concludes by calling for recognition of nutrition as a basic human right.
Although type 1 diabetes continues to remain the most common form of childhood diabetes in most of the
countries including India, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing worldwide. This increase is attributed to the modern sedentary lifestyle causing a phenotype of insulin resistance in genetically predisposed individuals. The differentiation between type 1 and type 2 diabetes can be done in most of the cases but may be difficult in obese adolescents with relatively acute presentation. The demonstration of various antibodies is helpful in such circumstances. The earlier age of onset puts patients at risk of earlier age of complications. The management is very challenging as lifestyle modification by the patient and the family is the mainstay of the management. Emphasis should be done on primary prevention with a focus on
healthier lifestyles among children.
The document describes a case of a 1-month-old girl brought for follow-up after being hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus. When her mother resumed the usual cow milk formula, the girl began having increased watery stools. On examination she appears well hydrated with normal abdomen. The best management is to change to a lactose-free formula for the next few days as she likely has secondary lactose intolerance from the rotavirus infection. Repeating stool studies is unnecessary and other options like diluting formula or only oral rehydration are inappropriate.
This document provides information on failure to thrive (FTT) in children. It defines FTT as falling below certain growth percentiles for height and weight. FTT can be classified as mild, moderate or severe based on height and weight percentiles. It can be organic, caused by medical issues, or non-organic, caused by psychological or environmental factors like neglect. Common causes of FTT include prematurity, low birth weight, genetic or medical issues, poor nutrition, and social factors like poverty. Diagnosis involves physical exams, anthropometric measurements, laboratory tests to check for issues like anemia, and nutritional evaluations. Treatment aims to achieve catch-up growth through nutritional intervention and addressing any underlying medical or social causes.
Global Health Crises Caused By The Collision Of Biological And Cultural Evolu...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
This document discusses global health crises caused by the collision of biological and cultural evolution. It notes that the human biological genome is becoming stressed by rapid changes in cultural evolution and modern diets. Currently, limited healthcare resources focus on "crisis medicine" to treat chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease that result from poor nutrition. However, the document proposes that preventing harmful prenatal exposures during the pregnancies of the 3 billion babies expected by 2100 could reduce risks of diseases later in life, based on the Barker Hypothesis that prenatal environments can influence later health. It advocates shifting resources from crisis to preventive medicine by educating parents on healthy diets during pregnancy and development.
Nutrease powder- A natural plant based nutritional shake helps to supports in...SriramNagarajan16
Supplementation of Nutrease powder is essential for proactive prevention and also for the best outcome therapy in Diabetes.
Supplementing essential and conditionally essential nutrients like Nutrease powder to support essential metabolic pathways
is required for immune defense and repair, neuro-hormone balance as well as digestive and detox competencies.
Impaired antioxidant status has been shown to have a definite role in the development of insulin resistance and type 2
diabetes. Overproduction of oxidants (reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species) in the human body is
responsible for the pathogenesis of some diseases. The scavenging of these oxidants is thought to be an effective measure to
depress the level of oxidative stress of organisms. It has been reported that intake of Nutrease powder is inversely associated
with the risk of many chronic diseases, and antioxidant phytochemicals in Nutrease powder are considered to be responsible
for these health benefits. Antioxidant phytochemicals found in Nutrease powder plays an important role in the prevention
and treatment of chronic diseases caused by oxidative stress. They often possess strong antioxidant and free radical
scavenging abilities, which are also the basis of other bioactivities and health benefits, such as diabetes mellitus.
Phytonutrients in Nutrease powder play a positive role by maintaining and modulating immune function to prevent specific
diseases. Being natural products, they hold a great promise in clinical therapy. Phytonutrients are the plant nutrients with
specific biological activities that support human health. Some of the important bioactive phytonutrients include polyphenols,
terpenoids, resveratrol, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, carotenoids, limonoids, glucosinolates, phytoestrogens, phytosterols,
anthocyanins, and probiotics. They play specific pharmacological effects in human health. This article reviews the current
available scientific literature regarding the effect of Nutrease powder as an effective supplementation for a daily energy
need in life style disorders like diabetes.
Lo status materno di vitamina d influisce sulla crescita delle ossa nella pri...Merqurio
This prospective study followed 87 children from birth to 14 months to examine the impact of maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy on the children's bone growth. The children were divided into two groups based on their mother's vitamin D status during pregnancy. While postnatal vitamin D supplementation improved status in both groups, it only partly eliminated differences in bone variables induced during fetal development. Children in the lower prenatal vitamin D group had lower bone mineral content at birth but greater gains, resulting in similar levels at 14 months. Those in the higher prenatal group had a larger bone area at birth, and this difference persisted. Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy thus influenced long-term bone development in offspring.
Lecture held at the 4th Evidence-Based Neonatology conference, Nov 12 2017, in Hyderabad, India.
The lecture gives a short overview of the "fetal programming" theory, also referred to as the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease (DOHaD).
Vitamin d in health and disease august 2020Khaled Saad
Vitamin D plays an important role in skeletal health and the immune system. The document discusses vitamin D deficiency as an underrecognized problem, and summarizes evidence that vitamin D supplementation can reduce infections in children and may help prevent autoimmune disorders and childhood asthma. Vitamin D is involved in calcium regulation, bone growth, cell growth, and immune function. Deficiency has been linked to increased risk of various diseases while supplementation may decrease risk of some chronic conditions.
This document discusses malnutrition in hospitalized patients. It provides background on malnutrition, its causes and symptoms. It then summarizes several studies that were conducted to better understand malnutrition in hospitals. The studies looked at factors like food intake, nutritional status, reasons for poor intake, and interventions to address malnutrition. They involved patients from a range of age groups, from infants to the elderly. The studies highlighted how common malnutrition is in hospitals and its negative impacts on patient outcomes like increased mortality. They stressed the importance of early identification and treatment of malnutrition.
The document discusses malnutrition in hospital patients. It describes how malnutrition can occur due to inadequate diet, digestion issues, or medical conditions. Left untreated, malnutrition can lead to complications and death. Studies show patients who eat less in the hospital have higher mortality rates. Reasons elderly patients eat inadequately in the hospital include illness, appetite loss, oral issues, and menu limitations. Dysphagia is another risk factor for malnutrition. Tube feedings and IV nutrition can help supplement intake for those unable to eat. Early nutrition intervention may help prevent malnutrition in hospitals.
1) Enteral nutrition involves providing calories, protein, electrolytes, vitamins, and minerals through the gastrointestinal tract and is the preferred method of nutrition for critically ill patients who can tolerate it.
2) Early initiation of enteral nutrition within 48 hours for critically ill patients is recommended to provide clinical benefits over parenteral nutrition or no nutrition support.
3) Factors such as underlying disease state, severity of illness, nutritional status, and ability to be fed enterally must be considered when determining a patient's eligibility for and initiation of enteral nutrition.
This document contains a bibliography with references on various topics related to infant and child nutrition and feeding. It is divided into several sections covering issues such as the effects of breastfeeding, timing of introducing complementary foods, the impact of breastfeeding on acceptance of different foods and flavors later in life, problems with complementary feeding, the role of parents in children's diet, and more. The references provided include journal articles, books, and studies from around the world published between 2001 and 2011.
Nutritional status of Girls through Anthropometric and Dietary Assessmentiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This document summarizes research on breakfast consumption habits, especially among college students. It finds that while breakfast is considered an important meal, research findings on its health impacts are inconclusive due to various confounding variables. The purpose of the study described is to explore the relationship between body mass index and breakfast frequency among college dietetic students. It aims to help clarify inconsistent findings and better inform breakfast guidelines by considering potential psychological and environmental factors influencing eating habits.
The document discusses optimal nutrition for intensive care unit (ICU) patients, specifically the role of protein delivery. It summarizes recent studies showing:
1) Short-term high-level amino acid infusions can change protein balance in critically ill patients from negative to positive.
2) This positive effect on protein balance from supplemental amino acid infusions can last for at least 24 hours.
3) More research is still needed to determine if improving protein balance through nutrition can change patient outcomes and whether the same strategies apply to all heterogeneous ICU patients.
This document discusses the natural history of disease and fetal origins of adult disease. It provides background on how diseases progress over time without treatment and the importance of understanding this progression. It then discusses the theory that nutritional deprivation of the fetus during critical periods of development can force adaptations that become maladaptive when faced with different postnatal nutritional circumstances, potentially leading to adult health disorders. Factors like low birth weight, infant growth, and prenatal exposures are associated with increased risk of adult obesity, cardiovascular disease, and other issues. The document emphasizes that fetal development can permanently affect body structure and function in ways that manifest as disease later in life.
This document discusses feeding difficulties in young children. It begins with definitions of feeding versus eating and defines what is considered a feeding difficulty. It notes the prevalence of feeding difficulties can be as high as 20-50% in typical children and 80-90% in children with developmental delays or chronic illness. The consequences of feeding difficulties are outlined, including risks of nutritional deficiencies, poor growth, cognitive impairments, and in severe cases, death. A variety of reasons for why feeding difficulties may develop are then explored, including social/emotional, physical/sensory, oral motor, cognitive, and environmental factors.
NEW Dinner ANU 2023_Nutritional Interventions to Promote Brain Development an...Avianita3
The document discusses the importance of optimal nutrition for brain development in preterm and low birth weight infants. It notes that the brain grows most rapidly in the first 1000 days of life, making adequate nutrition critical during this period. For preterm infants in particular, nutrition must support both catch-up growth to match fetal growth trajectories as well as meet the high metabolic demands of the rapidly developing brain. The document reviews evidence that greater energy and nutrient intake during the initial weeks after birth is associated with larger brain volumes and better neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants. It discusses the use and various methods of fortifying human milk to ensure preterm infants receive sufficient nutrients.
According to the WHO, malnutrition is by far the biggest contributor to child mortality
Under-weight births and IUGR (intra-uterine growth restrictions) cause 3 million child deaths a year.
According to the Lancet, consequences of malnutrition in the first two years is irreversible.
Malnourished children grow up with worse health and lower educational achievements.
Malnutrition can exacerbate the problem of diseases such as measles, pneumonia and diarrhoea.
But malnutrition can actually cause diseases itself , and can be fatal in its own right
The term 'faltering growth' is widely used in relation to infants and young children whose weight gain occurs more slowly than expected for their age and sex.
In the past, this was often described as a ‘failure to thrive’ but this is no longer the preferred term :-
partly because ‘failure’ could be perceived as negative,
but also because lesser degrees of faltering growth may not necessarily indicate a significant problem but merely represent variation from the usual pattern when measured against the standardized growth charts (WHO Growth Charts
This essay is based on a patient who was admitted to Gondar university Hospital in the
paediatric ward with a diagnosis of sever acute malnutrition (SAM). The essay will discuss
the assessment and management of a patient by using the holistic care approach that
focuses the rehabilitation issues. After analysing the patient’s assessment and
rehabilitation aspects will be discuss with its rational supported by literature, guidelines
and standards. Finally recommendation will be given based on the evaluation of the care
to improve the quality of nursing practice to nurses in the Hospital based on its rule and
regulations
This document discusses the role of nutrition in nursing. It begins with definitions of key nutrition terms and explores how nutrition impacts health through growth, infection resistance, and disease. Specific nutritional problems in India like protein-energy malnutrition, anemia, and goiter are also examined. The document emphasizes the important role nurses play in nutritional assessment, education, and developing therapeutic diets to maintain and promote patient health.
Physical Activity during Pregnancy and the Effect on Mothers and Fet.docxmattjtoni51554
Physical Activity during Pregnancy and the Effect on Mothers and Fetal Health
Abstract
1.2 Introduction:
Physical activity is an essential role that all people should engaged, aerobic and muscle strength exercises are an easy to do where the benefits of it are great, prevention, treatment of disease and keeping fit in all stage of life even in pregnancy period and this exercises can be modify to suit physical condition of the pregnant womens
Pregnancy is a blessing from Allah that every woman wishes. Pregnancy it’s condition that many changes it happened on women bodies from the day of fertilization to the day after delivery of the baby and the popular effect in women bodies it’s the increment of body weight, as it's known that many women they didn’t control them weight and they become overweight or obese, in this condition the pregnant woman she will be in danger, many diseases start with increase of the body weight and it may lead to a serious health problems. Without controlling the body weight increment, woman with a normal weight it may become an overweight or even obese.
In general overweight and obesity one of prevalence public issue that affect many countries in the world where it’s observe in all ages, adults, adolescents, and children it maybe became a global epidemic , the impact of this issue has a strong relationship with mortality and morbidity also this relationship have been known for more than 2000 between health professionals[1-2]. body mass index (BMI) is the way that give a right measurement for the total body fat compare with body weight, the method for calculation by determining the body weight in kilogram and divide it by height in meter squared, this way determine the degree of overweight easy with a reliable number.
There are interventions that can control the body weight before pregnancy period, during pregnancy period and after it, but the most important intervention that we will cover it’s the physical activity or exercise and the advantages for this intervention on the mother health and the outcome also the disadvantages that it can happen if available.
Physical activity and exercise has a great impact on health status, where there are many study done to prove this relation. where health outcome in people with physical inactivity is a major problem in the world and specially in developed countries. In worldwide physical inactivity appear in a huge number where one out of every five adults is physically inactive and the long period of sitting independent show that is a risk factor for mortality[3]
The healthy body weight in pregnancy it depends on the body mass index (BMI) so the WHO classify the BMI into four categories underweight: <18.5 kg/m2, normal weight: 18.5-24.99 kg/m2, overweight: 25-29.9 kg/m2, and obese ≥30 kg/m2 [4-5]. With this category, recognizing every case will be easy and right grouping will be more accurate.
all pregnant women are included in all age and different country.
Presentation covers the different types of nutritional status in individuals; undernutrition, malnutrition, and over nutrition. Also discusses different causes of those types.
Fortified complementary foods - Dr.M.SucindarSucindar M
Fortified complementary foods can help address hidden hunger and nutrient deficiencies in children under 2 years of age. Iron deficiency is a particular problem, with prevalence of anemia estimated to affect over 50% of Indian children. While breastmilk is important, it does not provide all nutrients needed during complementary feeding. Common local foods are also low in critical nutrients like iron. Fortifying complementary foods with micronutrients is a promising strategy, as it has been shown in multiple studies to improve iron and hemoglobin status in young children. Fortification may help bridge the nutrient gaps more effectively than oral supplements alone. Widespread use of fortified complementary foods has the potential to reduce anemia and its cognitive impacts on young, developing children.
This article discusses the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes in adolescents and the role of sleep. It notes that while genetics play a role, lifestyle changes like decreased sleep have contributed to rising obesity and diabetes rates. Sleep is influenced by biological and social factors in adolescents. Short sleep duration is linked to increased insulin resistance and BMI. The article reviews studies showing that sleep education and advice programs can improve sleep habits and duration in teens, with some evidence they may also positively impact metabolic health and weight. Larger and longer trials are still needed.
Nutritional status of boarding and non boarding children in selected schools ...Alexander Decker
This study assessed and compared the nutritional status of boarding and non-boarding children aged 8-10 years in selected private schools in Accra, Ghana. A total of 124 children participated, with 94 being non-boarders and 30 boarders. Anthropometric measurements and 24-hour dietary recalls were collected. The prevalence of stunting and underweight was low at 0.8% each, while overweight and obesity were higher at 12.1% and 11.3%, respectively. Nutrient intakes of calcium and energy were inadequate for many children. No significant differences were found in nutritional status or nutrient intakes between boarding and non-boarding children.
Nutrition in icu closed system nutrition benefitsSubha Deep
This document discusses the importance of ready-to-hang enteral feeding systems for critically ill patients. It notes that gastrointestinal dysfunction is common in ICU patients and can lead to malnutrition if adequate nutrition is not provided. Ready-to-hang systems have advantages over open systems like less risk of contamination, better maintenance of nutritional adequacy, and reduced nursing time. Guidelines recommend ready-to-hang formulations for critically ill patients. Clinical evidence shows benefits of ready-to-hang systems like lower rates of infection, better nutritional outcomes, and more cost-effective care.
The document discusses the importance of optimal nutrition for growth and brain development in preterm and low birth weight infants. It notes that the goal of nutrition should be to meet the growth rate of healthy fetuses of the same gestational age. This is critical as brain development is most rapid in the first 1000 days of life. For preterm infants, the brain requires high amounts of nutrients for growth and maturation. Inadequate nutrition can permanently impact brain development and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Human milk is recommended but often requires fortification to provide sufficient nutrients. Different fortification methods aim to optimize growth rates while avoiding risks like necrotizing enterocolitis. New fortifiers containing partially hydrolyzed proteins have shown improved growth outcomes over
Similar to Energy nutrient-dense formula in critically ill (20)
This document discusses antiviral drugs for treating pediatric respiratory infections. It provides information on common upper respiratory infections like the common cold caused by viruses. It describes influenza virus in detail including its structure, nomenclature, pathogenesis and clinical features. It discusses etiologic agents involved in community acquired pneumonia in different age groups. The document lists FDA approved antiviral drugs for treating influenza in children and their side effects. It provides guidelines for managing viral respiratory infections in children.
The document discusses differential diagnosis of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, defining URTI as infections above the larynx including common cold, tonsillitis, and sinusitis, while LRTI refers to infections below the larynx such as bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. It provides details on symptoms, risk factors, clinical assessment, and differential diagnosis for various respiratory conditions commonly seen in primary care. The document emphasizes tachypnea as an important clinical sign for diagnosing pneumonia and differentiating it from other potential causes of respiratory distress in children.
Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) is a common condition affecting 10-15% of school-aged children. While the exact cause cannot be identified in most cases, about 10% may have an underlying organic condition. The document discusses diagnostic criteria for RAP and provides classifications for etiology, age, and location of pain. Functional causes are responsible for about 90% of cases. Evaluation involves history, physical exam, and stool tests to identify potential organic causes. Treatment focuses on reassurance, education, and symptomatic relief rather than cure of pain. Further investigation is only recommended if alarming signs are present.
The document discusses the advantages of breastfeeding for both mother and baby. Breastmilk provides perfect nutrition for babies and protects them against infection while aiding in development. It notes breastfeeding leads to higher intelligence for babies and reduces health risks for mothers such as cancer. The document emphasizes exclusive breastfeeding for six months as recommended by highlighting the dangers of artificial feeding and increased mortality risks when breastfeeding is not practiced.
The document discusses the approach to diagnosing and managing fluid in the abdomen (ascites). It defines ascites as pathological fluid buildup in the peritoneal cavity. Causes can be with or without peritoneal disease and include hepatic, cardiac, renal, abdominal, infectious and autoimmune conditions. Diagnostic paracentesis is important for determining cause. Management involves bed rest, sodium restriction, diuretics and cause-specific therapies. Refractory ascites may require large volume paracentesis or procedures like peritoneovenous shunting or TIPS.
- The document outlines a plan to prevent asymptomatic COVID-19 positive patients from entering a non-COVID hospital and causing an outbreak.
- It proposes having separate physically distanced buildings for COVID and non-COVID patients with single entry points.
- All patients would go through two screening areas, including screening questionnaires, temperature checks, and potential testing. Those with suspected COVID-19 would be sent to the COVID hospital while others could enter the non-COVID hospital holding area.
- Strict infection control protocols like PPE use and regular sanitization are recommended in both hospitals to prevent cross-contamination between COVID and non-COVID patients.
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We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
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1. Nutritional management in
critically ill infants with
growth faltering
• Dr. Vivek Maheshwari
• Ex senior resident AIIMS ,New Delhi
• Assistant professor , Rama medical college Kanpur
• (MBBS ,MD Pedia)
2. .
• Nutritional imbalance in critically ill infants
.
• Consequences of nutritional imbalance during critical illness
.
• Nutrition management goal
.
• Nutritional requirements during critical illness
.
• Current nutritional management approaches and their challenges
.
• Energy and nutrient dense formula (ENDF)
.
• Summary
Contents
3. • Nutrition during first years of life1
• Crucial for lifelong health and well-being
• Growth failure2
• More common during infancy
• Because of programmed growth rates
• Higher nutritional requirements
Figure 1: Velocity curves for weight in boys and girls
Growth velocity is high during first 2 years of life3
1. WHO. Infant and young child feeding. 2009. [online] available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK148965/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK148965.pdf accessed 24th May 2018.
2. Cooke RJ. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010 May;64 Suppl 1:S8-S10.
3. Tanner JM et al. Arch Dis Child. 1966 Oct; 41(219): 454–471.
4. 1. WHO. Infant and young child feeding. 2009. [online] available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK148965/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK148965.pdf accessed 24th May 2018.
2. Cooke RJ. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010 May;64 Suppl 1:S8-S10.
• Even short periods of nutritional deprivation1
• Have lasting effects on health
• Critical periods of growth that, if missed, may not be recoverable
10 months old patient with severe PEM on
admission showing mild brain atrophy in the form
of dilated ventricles and prominent cortical sulci2
Follow-up MRI of the same patient at day 90
after nutritional treatment showing resolution
of the signs of cerebral atrophy2
6. Organic causes of growth faltering in critically ill children2,3,4
1. Prieto MB, Cid JL. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8, 4353-4366
2. Mehta NM et al JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2013 Jul;37(4):460-81.
3. Clarke SE, Evans S, et al. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2007 Aug;20(4):329-39.
4. Krugman SD, Dubowitz H. Am Fam Physician. 2003 Sep 1;68(5):879-84
ILLNESS RELATED
MALNUTRITION
Malnutrition affects 50% of hospitalized children
and 25-70% of the critically ill children1
• Cardiac lesions
• Celiac disease
• Chronic lung disease
• Intestinal disorders requiring
surgery
• Cystic fibrosis
• Chronic lung disease
• Neurological syndromes
Nutritional imbalance in critically ill infants
7. 1. Prieto MB, Cid JL. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8, 4353-4366
2. Mehta NM et al JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2013 Jul;37(4):460-81.
3. Sullivan PB, Goulet O. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010 May;64 Suppl 1:S1.
Malnutrition affects 50% of hospitalized children
and 25-70% of the critically ill children1
ILLNESS RELATED
MALNUTRITION
multifactorial2
Nutritional imbalance in critically ill infants
8. Causes of nutritional imbalance during critical illness
Increased nutrient
requirements1 E.g. Infants with burn injuries
Catecholamine release, pain
and anxiety, tissue metabolic
demands
Prolonged hypermetabolic
stress response
Increased nutrient
losses and
malabsorption2,3
E.g. Infants with congestive
heart failure
Decreased blood flow to the
digestive organs for nutrient
absorption
Protein energy malnutrition
(PEM)
1. Sharma RK, Parashar A. Indian J Plast Surg. 2010 Sep;43(Suppl):S43-50.
2. Hubschman LE. Infant Child Adolesc Nutr. 2013 Jun;5(3):170-6.
3. Mehta NM, Corkins MR, et al. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2013 Jul;37(4):460-81.
4. Mehta NM, Bechard LJ, et al. Crit Care Med. 2012 Jul;40(7):2204-11.
Decreased intake4 Fluid restriction in the acute phase of
pediatric critical illness
Energy and protein deprivation
10. Imbalance
between nutrient
requirement and
intake
Cumulative
deficits of energy,
protein, or
micronutrients
Negatively affect:
Functional
outcomes
Clinical
outcomes
Growth faltering
Mehta NM et al JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2013 Jul;37(4):460-81.
Consequences of nutritional imbalance
11. Growth faltering – Definition #1
Early studies on growth faltering used
criteria based on attained low weight
or, sometimes, height with a cut-off
around the 3rd or 5th centile.
For example:
Infant’s weight at 1 year is 7 kg which
is < 3rd percentile weight on WHO
growth charts for boys
Growth Faltering
Growth faltering (weight less than 3rd percentile value at year 1)
Olsen EM, Petersen J, et al. Arch Dis Child. 2007 Feb;92(2):109-14
12. Dynamic measures of weight gain: Fall
from a normal birth weight below a
given cut-off, dropping through major
centile spaces1
1. Olsen EM, Petersen J, et al. Arch Dis Child. 2007 Feb;92(2):109-14.
Example #1:
Weight dropping across two centile lines
on WHO growth chart over 4 months
period
Growth Faltering
Growth faltering – Definition #2
Growth faltering (weight dropping across two centile lines over 4 months period)
13. Growth Faltering
Example #2:
Rapid weight loss over 20 days
period of an acute illness
1. Department of Health, Govt. of Australia. Growth. Community health manual. Guideline. Birth to School entry. Jan 2017. [online] available from:
https://www.pmh.health.wa.gov.au/general/CACH/docs/manual/3%20Birth%20to%20School%20Entry/3.4/3.4.2%20Growth%20faltering.pdf accessed 25th May 2018.
14. 1. Mehta NM et al. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017 Jul;18(7):675-715.
2. Bechard LJ, Duggan C, et al. Crit Care Med. 2016 Aug;44(8):1530-7.
3. Mehta NM et. al., JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2013 Jul;37(4):460-81.
4. Hulst JM, van Goudoever JB, et al. Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;23(6):1381-9.
5. González-Cortés R, López-Herce-Cid J, et al. Med Intensiva. 2011 Oct;35(7):417-23.
6. Rytter MJ, Kolte L, et al. PLoS One. 2014 Aug 25;9(8):e105017.
Consequences of growth faltering
Short term effects
Longer period of ventilation1
Underweight was significantly associated with 1.3
fewer ventilator free days than normal weight
(95% CI −2.1 to −0.6, P =0.001)2
High risk of hospital-acquired infection1
The odds of hospital-acquired infections
were higher in underweight infants (odds ratio, 1.88;
p = 0.008) compared to normal weight infants2
Loss of lean body mass3
In critically ill infants, cumulative energy and
protein deficits were associated with declines in
SD-scores for weight and arm circumference4
Immune dysfunction3
In malnourished infants, lymphatic tissue undergoes
atrophy, and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses
are reduced6
Increased mortality1
Mortality was higher in critically ill infants (22.9%)
with longer PICU stay than in the rest of the patients
(2%) (p < 0.001)5
Longer PICU and hospital stay1
Underweight subjects had a 29% (Hazard ratio
0.71, 95% CI 0.60- 0.84, P<0.001) lower chance of
being discharged than normal weight subjects2
15. Consequences of growth faltering
Long term effects
1. Krugman SD, Dubowitz H. Am Fam Physician. 2003 Sep 1;68(5):879-84.
2. Black MM, Dubowitz H, et al. Pediatrics. 2007 Jul;120(1):59-69.
3. Corbett SS, Drewett RF. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2004 Mar;45(3):641-54.
4. Galler JR, Ramsey F. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1987 Jan;26(1):23-7.
Lower cognitive ability1
Infants with faltering growth achieved IQ scores
approximately 4.2 points lower than children with a
history of adequate growth3
Behavior problems1
School children (≤ 13 yrs) with protein energy malnutriton
in the first year of life showed delays in performing Piaget
conservation tasks compared to matched companions4
Short stature1
At age 8 years, infants with early faltering growth were
on average 6 cm shorter than those with adequate
growth in infancy (p<0.001)2
17. 1. To provide optimal nutrition intervention for catch up growth1
• Two principles that hold true irrespective of the etiology
• All children with growth faltering need a high-calorie diet for catch-up growth &
• All children with growth faltering need close follow-up
2. One of the most important targets of nutritional support in critically ill children2
• To prevent increased protein breakdown and loss of lean body mass
• To promote tissue synthesis
1. Krugman SD, Dubowitz H. Am Fam Physician. 2003 Sep 1;68(5):879-84.
2. van Waardenburg DA, de Betue CT, et al. Clin Nutr. 2009 Jun;28(3):249-55.
Goals for treatment of growth faltering
19. Critical illness
• Promotes an acute inflammatory response1
• Associated with increased energy demands related to stress2
1. Mehta NM et al JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2013 Jul;37(4):460-81.
2. Raju U, Choudhary S, et al. Med J Armed Forces India. 2005 Jan;61(1):45-50.
3. Poindexter B. World Rev Nutr Diet. 2014;110:228-38.
4. Carpenter A, Pencharz P, et al. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2015 Jan;60(1):4-10.
Nutritional requirement during critical illness
Energy requirements
Energy recommendations for infants with illness3,4
Age Healthy infants Infants with illness
0-3 months 100- 115 kcal/kg/day 120- 200 kcal/kg/day
4-6 months 95 kcal/kg/day 120- 200 kcal/kg/day
7- 12 months 95 kcal/kg/day 120- 200 kcal/kg/day
20. 1. Joosten K, Meyer R. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010 May;64 Suppl 1:S22-4.
2. Mehta NM, Skillman HE, et al. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017 Jul;18(7):675-715.
Nutritional requirement during critical illness
Energy requirements
ASPEN guideline suggests2
• Attentiveness to individualized energy requirements, timely initiation and attainment of energy
targets, and energy balance to prevent unintended cumulative caloric deficit or excesses.
WHO: World Health Organization; ASPEN: American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
WHO recommendation based on target rate of weight gain1
Rate of gain (g/kg/day) Energy (kcal/kg/day)
10 126
20 167
21. Nutritional requirement during critical illness
Protein requirements
• Catabolism of body protein during critical illness1
• Due to starvation, immobility, stress, and inflammation
• Amount of protein required to optimally enhance protein accretion is higher in critically ill
infants than in healthy infants2
1. Coss-Bu JA, Hamilton-Reeves J. Nutr Clin Pract. 2017 Apr;32(1_suppl):128S-141S.
2. Mehta NM, Compher C; A.S.P.E.N. Board of Directors. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2009 May-Jun;33(3):260-76.
3. Poindexter B. World Rev Nutr Diet. 2014;110:228-38.
4. Carpenter A, Pencharz P, et al. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2015 Jan;60(1):4-10.
ASPEN: American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
ASPEN guideline suggests2
• Estimated protein requirements for critically ill children 0–2 years: 2–3 g/kg/day
Protein recommendations for infants with illness3,4
Age Healthy infants Infants with illness
0-3 months 2.1 g/kg/day 3-4.5 g/kg/day
4-6 months 1.6 g/kg/day 3-4.5 g/kg/day
7- 12 months 1.5 g/kg/day 3-4 g/kg/day
(to max 10 g/kg/day to 1 year)
22. Estimating nutritional requirement during critical illness: Case #1
Hypothetical case 1:
• 9 months old baby boy with cystic fibrosis
• On admission blood pressure was 104/49 mmHg, heart rate 90 beats/min
• Weight at admission: 6 kg [Weight for age < that for 3rd centile weight (7.2 kg)]
• Energy recommendation: 150 kcal/kg/day
• Protein recommendation: 3.5 g/kg/day
• For 9 months old boy with weight 6 kg
• Energy recommended for day = 6 * 150 = 900 kcal /day
• Protein recommended for day = 6 * 3.5 = 21 g/day
1. Poindexter B. World Rev Nutr Diet. 2014;110:228-38.
2. Carpenter A, Pencharz P, et al. JPGN.2015 Jan; 60(1): 4-10.
1,2
23. Nutritional requirement during critical illness
WHO guideline suggests1
• 8.9–11.5% of energy should be supplied as protein to provide optimal catch-up
growth of lean and fat mass
Rate of gain
(g/kg/day)
Protein
(g/kg/day)
Energy
(kcal/kg/day)
Protein energy ratio
(PE %)
10 2.82 126 8.9
20 4.82 167 11.5
Table: WHO guidelines for energy and protein intake for optimal catch-up growth
WHO: World Health Organization
1. Joosten K, Meyer R. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010 May;64 Suppl 1:S22-4.
% Energy from Protein
24. • Decreased level of micronutrients during critical illness1
• Due to acute inflammation and the body’s response to physiologic stress
• Critically ill infants are at a risk of developing micronutrient deficiency1
• Adequate Supply of electrolytes and minerals2
• To meet maintenance requirements and ongoing losses particularly from GIT
• Adequate Supply of vitamins2
• To meet maintenance requirements as well as cater to losses and supervening stress
Nutritional requirement during critical illness
Micronutrient requirements
1. Dao DT. Nutrients. 2017 Oct 28;9(11).
2. Raju U, Choudhary S, et al. Med J Armed Forces India. 2005 Jan;61(1):45-50.
26. • By addition of glucose polymer/ MCT Oil/ Coconut oil/ Ghee (clarified butter)/ Jaggery/ Sugar
Increasing energy density of infant formula1
• E.g.: Infant formulas are reconstituted by adding 15 g of powder (instead of 13 g) to 100 ml of water
Concentrating regular infant formula to increase concentration of nutrients1
Using commercial formulations which are meant for older children (> 2 years)
1. Clarke SE, Evans S, et al. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2007 Aug;20(4):329-39
Current nutritional management approaches
27. 1. Clarke SE, Evans S, et al. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2007 Aug;20(4):329-39
2. Joosten K, Meyer R. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010 May;64 Suppl 1:S22-4.
3. Steel JR et al. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2013 Feb;26(1):32-7.
Challenges with current nutritional management practices
Approaches Practical challenges
Adding an extra energy to infant
formula or kitchen feeds
• Doesn’t increase all nutrients1
• Especially protein for catch up growth
• Can reduce % energy derived from protein (from 8% to 5.5%) 1
• 8.9 to 11.5% Energy from Protein is required for catch up growth2
• Risk of preparation errors1
• Increased risk of microbial contamination1
Concentrating regular infant formula • Although increases nutrient density, not sufficient for some infants with faltering
growth1
• Increases osmolality of feed3
• Can induce osmotic diarrhea
• Risk of preparation errors1
• Increased risk of microbial contamination1
Using commercial formulations which
are meant for older children (> 2 years)
• Nutrient profile not suitable for infants <2 years of age
• High osmolality
• High potential renal solute load (pRSL)
Use of kitchen diets/ blenderized foods • Nutrient delivery is not adequate as that of standard feed
• Increased risk of microbial contamination
28. Need for appropriate measure / formula
• Provides not only high calorie but also high protein and micronutrients1
• Do not disturb protein: energy ratio1
• Has optimum osmolality (< 400 mOsm/L or 450mOsm/kg)2,3
1. Clarke SE, Evans S, et al. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2007 Aug;20(4):329-39.
2. AAP. Pediatrics. 1976 Feb;57(2):278-85.
3. Balmer MA, Smith RD. JADA.1995 Sep:95(9 Suppl):A23.
30. 1. Clarke SE, Evans S, et al. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2007 Aug;20(4):329-39.
2. van Waardenburg DA, de Betue CT, et al. Clin Nutr. 2009 Jun;28(3):249-55.
3. de Betue CT et al. Arch Dis Child. 2011 Sep;96(9):817-22.
4. Evans S, Twaissi H, et al. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2006 Jun;19(3):191-7; quiz 199-201
ENDF: Energy and nutrient dense formula
Role of ENDF in infants with growth failure
ENDF
Improves energy
balance2
Promotes weight
gain and linear
growth1
Improves nitrogen
balance and protein
anabolism2,3
Provides optimal %
energy from protein1
Promotes greater
intakes of all
nutrients1,2
31. ENDF promotes higher intakes of all nutrients
• 18 mechanically ventilated infants with respiratory failure due to RSV-bronchiolitis received
PE-formula or S-formula
• Significantly higher intakes of energy and protein on days 3, 4 and 5 in PE formula
group compared to the S-formula group (p<0.01)1*
PE formula: Protein and energy-enriched formula; S- formula: Standard formula; PE formula is same as ENDF
1. van Waardenburg DA, de Betue CT, et al. Clin Nutr. 2009 Jun;28(3):249-55
*A double-blind randomized controlled trial. 18 mechanically ventilated infants (aged 4 weeks- 12 months) admitted to the PICU with respiratory failure due to RSV bronchiolitis were randomized to continuous enteral feeding with PE-formula (n=8) or S-formula (n=10).
32. ENDF promotes higher intake of all nutrients
• 49 infants with faltering growth randomized to receive ENDF or ESF
• Significantly greater intakes of all nutrients in ENDF group compared to ESF group1^
• 27–42% higher intakes for protein, sodium, potassium, calcium, zinc, iron, vitamin D & C
(p<0.0001) and 14% higher intake for vitamin A ; (p=0.001)
• Median protein intakes were 3.7 g/kg/day for the ENDF group and 2.0 g/kg/day in the ESF group
ENDF: Energy and nutrient dense formula; ESF: Energy supplemented formula
1. Clarke SE, Evans S, et al. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2007 Aug;20(4):329-39
^ Open parallel randomized study. 49 infants [median age of 5 weeks (range 2-31)] with growth faltering due to cardiac lesions, cystic fibrosis, or other organic causes randomized receive ENDF (n=26) or ESF (n=23) for 6 weeks.
Nutrient intake as a percentage of dietary reference values (DH 1991)
for Energy and nutrient dense formula (ENDF) and Energy Supplemented Formula
(ESF) group1
33. ENDF provides optimal % energy from protein
• 49 infants with faltering growth randomized to receive ENDF or ESF
• ENDF provided 10.4% energy from protein compared to only 5.5% from the
ESF1^
• WHO recommendation for % energy from protein: 8.9-11.5%
ENDF: Energy and nutrient dense formula; ESF: Energy supplemented formula
1. Clarke SE, Evans S, et al. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2007 Aug;20(4):329-39.
2. Joosten K, Meyer R. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010 May;64 Suppl 1:S22-4
^ Open parallel randomized study. 49 infants [median age of 5 weeks (range 2-31)] with growth faltering due to cardiac lesions, cystic fibrosis, or other organic causes randomized receive ENDF (n=26) or ESF (n=23) for 6 weeks.
34. PE formula: Protein and energy-enriched formula; S- formula: Standard formula; PE formula is same as ENDF
1. van Waardenburg DA, de Betue CT, et al. Clin Nutr. 2009 Jun;28(3):249-55
ENDF improves energy balance
• 18 mechanically ventilated infants with respiratory failure due to RSV-bronchiolitis
received PE-formula or S-formula
• Significantly higher energy balances on day 3-5 in PE formula group
compared to S- formula group1*
Days Daily energy balances
PE- formula group S- formula group
Day 3 40±12* 15±3*
Day 4 44±9* 27±5*
Day 5 52±9* 30.9±6*
Daily energy balances
*All p<0.05
*A double-blind randomized controlled trial. 18 mechanically ventilated infants (aged 4 weeks- 12 months) admitted to the PICU with respiratory failure due to RSV bronchiolitis were randomized to continuous enteral feeding with PE-formula (n=8) or S-formula (n=10).
35. ENDF improves nitrogen balance
• 18 mechanically ventilated infants with respiratory failure due to RSV-bronchiolitis received
PE-formula or S-formula
• Significantly higher cumulative nitrogen balance calculated over days 2–5 in PE-
formula group compared to S-formula group [(866±113) vs (297±71) (p<0.01)]1^
• Positive nitrogen balance in all PE formula infants (reflecting anabolism) by day 21^
• Negative nitrogen balance in some S formula infants (reflecting catabolism) until day 41^
PE formula: Protein and energy-enriched formula; S- formula: Standard formula; PE formula is same as ENDF
1. van Waardenburg DA, de Betue CT, et al. Clin Nutr. 2009 Jun;28(3):249-55.
2. de Betue CT et al. Arch Dis Child. 2011 Sep;96(9):817-22.
*A double-blind randomized controlled trial. 18 mechanically ventilated infants (aged 4 weeks to 12 months) admitted to the PICU with respiratory failure due to RSV bronchiolitis were randomized to continuous enteral feeding with PE-formula (n=8) or S-formula (n=10).
# A double-blind randomized controlled trial. 18 infants (aged 4 weeks to 12 months) admitted to the PICU with respiratory failure due to viral bronchiolitis were randomized to continuous enteral feeding with PE-formula (n=8) or S-formula (n=10).
• 18 infants admitted to PICU with respiratory failure due to viral bronchiolitis received PE-
formula or S-formula
• Significantly higher 24 h nitrogen balance on day 5 in PE formula group compared
to S- formula group (274±127 vs 137±53 mg/kg/24 h, p<0.05)2#
36. ENDF improves nitrogen balance
• 18 mechanically ventilated infants with respiratory failure due to RSV-bronchiolitis received
PE-formula or S-formula
• Higher sum of BCAA and all essential amino acids in PE formula group compared
to S formula group on day 5 (p<0.05, p<0.01 respectively)1*
PE formula: Protein and energy-enriched formula; S- formula: Standard formula; PE formula is same as ENDF
BCAA: branched chain amino acids (isoleucine, leucine and valine); EAA: essential amino acids (methionine, histidine, phenylalanine, tryptophane, lysine, threonine and BCAA)
1. van Waardenburg DA, de Betue CT, et al. Clin Nutr. 2009 Jun;28(3):249-55.
Parameter PE-Group S-Group P value
Sum of all EAA 1047 (±80) 817 (±42) p<0.05
Sum of BCAA 305 (±17) 251 (±9) p<0.01
*A double-blind randomized controlled trial. 18 mechanically ventilated infants (aged 4 weeks- 12 months) admitted to the PICU with respiratory failure due to RSV bronchiolitis were randomized to continuous enteral feeding with PE-formula (n=8) or S-formula (n=10).
37. ENDF improves nitrogen balance
• 18 mechanically ventilated infants with respiratory failure due to RSV-bronchiolitis
received PE-formula or S-formula
• Plasma levels of essential amino acids were within reference limits in PE-
formula group, whereas below these limits in S-formula group on day 5 (p<0.05) 1*
Plasma Amino Acids
(µmol/l)
PE-formula Group
S-formula
Group
Reference values
Methionine 36 (±2) 28 (±2) 30-59
Histidine 72 (±5) 58 (±4) 59-110
Valine 142 (±9) 104 (±3) 108-214
Phenylalanine 77 (±4) 64(±3) 43-87
PE formula: Protein and energy-enriched formula; S- formula: Standard formula; PE formula is same as ENDF
1. van Waardenburg DA, de Betue CT, et al. Clin Nutr. 2009 Jun;28(3):249-55.
*A double-blind randomized controlled trial. 18 mechanically ventilated infants (aged 4 weeks- 12 months) admitted to the PICU with respiratory failure due to RSV bronchiolitis were randomized to continuous enteral feeding with PE-formula (n=8) or S-formula (n=10).
38. ENDF improves protein anabolism
• 18 infants admitted to PICU with respiratory failure due to viral bronchiolitis received PE-
formula or S-formula
• Significantly higher whole body protein balance in the PE formula group compared to
S- formula group on day 5 resulting from significantly increased whole body protein synthesis1#
PE formula: Protein and energy-enriched formula; S- formula: Standard formula; PE formula is same as ENDF
1. de Betue CT et al. Arch Dis Child. 2011 Sep;96(9):817-22.
PE formula S-formula
Whole body protein
balance
0.73±0.5
g/kg/24 h
0.02±0.6
g/kg/24 h
Whole body protein
synthesis
9.6±4.4
g/kg/24 h
5.2±2.3
g/kg/24 h
• Higher whole body protein turnover in the PE formula group than in the S formula group
(10.7±4.3 vs 5.8±2.6 g/kg/24 h, p=0.012)1#
# A double-blind randomized controlled trial. 18 infants (aged 4 weeks to 12 months) admitted to the PICU with respiratory failure due to viral bronchiolitis were randomized to continuous enteral feeding with PE-formula (n=8) or S-formula (n=10).
39. ENDF promotes linear growth
• 49 infants with faltering growth randomized to receive ENDF or ESF
• Median linear growth:1^
• ENDF group: 0.67 cm/week
• ESF group: 0.60 cm/week
• Significantly better age appropriate length maintenance in ENDF group
compared to ESF group (p<0.01)1^
• Significant decline in length z-score in the ESF group (p=0.01)1^
ENDF: Energy and nutrient dense formula; ESF: Energy supplemented formula
1. Clarke SE, Evans S, et al. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2007 Aug;20(4):329-39
^ Open parallel randomized study. 49 infants [median age of 5 weeks (range 2-31)] with growth faltering due to cardiac lesions, cystic fibrosis, or other organic causes randomized receive ENDF (n=26) or ESF (n=23) for 6 weeks.
40. ENDF promotes weight gain
• 49 infants with faltering growth randomized to receive ENDF or ESF
• Significant gain in weight from the baseline in the ENDF group (p<0.007) over 6 weeks1^
• ENDF group retained blood urea levels in the normal range while it had fallen
significantly in the ESF group (p=0.001)1^
Biochemical
parameters
ENDF ESF
P Value
Start
Median
change
Start
Median
change
Blood Urea
(mmol/L)
3.4 0.2 3 -1.4 0.001
ENDF: Energy and nutrient dense formula; ESF: Energy supplemented formula
1. Clarke SE, Evans S, et al. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2007 Aug;20(4):329-39
^ Open parallel randomized study. 49 infants [median age of 5 weeks (range 2-31)] with growth faltering due to cardiac lesions, cystic fibrosis, or other organic causes randomized receive ENDF (n=26) or ESF (n=23) for 6 weeks.
41. Early administration of ENDF in critically ill infants
• Promotes a more adequate nutrient intake
• Improves energy and nitrogen balance
• Improves protein anabolism
• Promotes catch up growth
Key findings of the clinical evidence
42. Estimation of Nutritional requirement during critical illness:
Case #2
Hypothetical case #1:
• 4 months old baby girl with Sepsis
• Child had a fever (39 °C) for approximately six days
• Heart rate:160 beats/min
• Weight at admission: 5 kg [below 3rd centile (5.2 kg)]
• Energy recommendation: 160 kcal/kg/day
• Protein recommendation: 4 g/kg/day
• For 4 months old baby with weight 5 kg
• Energy recommended per day = 5 * 160 =800 kcal /day
• Protein recommended per day = 5 * 4 = 20 g/day
1. Poindexter B. World Rev Nutr Diet. 2014;110:228-38.
2. Carpenter A, Pencharz P, et al. JPGN.2015 Jan; 60(1): 4-10.
1,2
43. Estimating nutritional requirement during critical illness: Case #2
ENDF composition:
• Energy: 100 kcal/100 ml
• Protein: 2.6 g/100 ml
• As ENDF provides 100 kcal/100 ml,
therefore 800 kcal will be provided by 800
ml, therefore 800 ml/ day of ENDF need to
be prescribed
• 800 ml of ENDF will contain 20.56 g of
protein
Aim is to provide 800 kcal/day of energy and 20g/day of protein
Standard formula composition:
• Energy: 68 kcal/100 ml
• Protein: 1.4 g/100 ml
• As standard formula provides 68 kcal/100 ml,
therefore 800 kcal will be provided by 1176 ml,
therefore 1176 ml/ day of standard formula need to
be prescribed
• 1176 ml of standard formula will contain only17.52 g
of protein
Energy and nutrient dense formula (ENDF) V/S Standard Formula
• Thus, to meet energy requirements (800 kcal/day) in 4 months old baby with sepsis, 800 ml/day of ENDF vs 1176 ml/day
of standard formula will be needed
• For standard formula, despite providing higher quantity (1176 ml), meets energy requirement and not protein
requirement (17.52 g)
44.
45. After Discharge now question ? How to manage
severe malnourished childs / neonate
46. Summary
• Malnutrition is prevalent amongst children during critical illness
• Common mechanisms for malnutrition include decreased intake, increased requirement,
excessive losses, and failure to assimilate the delivered nutrients
• Nutritional imbalance may lead to development of growth faltering and may affect in
short as well as long term
• There is increased energy, protein, and micronutrient requirements during critical illness
• ENDF may improve energy and nutrient intake, weight gain, linear growth, and protein
anabolism in these infants