The document discusses the design of an RF MEMS switch using COMSOL Multiphysics and Intellisuite simulation software. A cantilever beam switch structure is designed with dimensions and materials specified. Simulation results show the switch has a low actuation voltage of 4V, insertion loss of -8dB, and isolation of -40dB at 1.5GHz. To reduce the high resistance of a single switch, 10 switches are placed in parallel, lowering the effective resistance to 5.9 ohms. The switch performance is better at lower frequencies.
This presentation presents a review of novel technology which provides a promising solution for designing self-powered microsystems. Micro-Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) energy harvesting is an emerging alternative for scavenging energy from natural sources. It has extensive potential in wireless sensor applications to provide a natural energy source that is essentially inexhaustible. It is an increasingly attractive alternative to costly batteries. This essentially free energy source is available maintenance-free throughout the lifetime of the application. Many systems, such as wireless sensor networks, portable electronics and cell phones, can use this technology as a power source. Although some types of MEMS, such as electro-magnetic MEMS, electrostatic MEMS, and piezoelectric MEMS, are used to provide energy in various applications, they have several technical barriers that limit their applications, including low efficiency, issues of scaling, and high cost.Novel MEMS solar energy harvesting technology is scalable and also easily integrated in microsystems. The RF MEMS design not only has to provide functional efficiency, but also must work within the limits of maximum charge and discharge conversion efficiency. The energy harvesting technologies currently available which utilizes RF MEMS to convert solar energy into charge, can achieve better benefits than photovoltaic cells. In this presentation the design,fabrication, testing and evaluation of RF MEMS and its working limits in charging and discharging is illustrated.
RF MEMS switches were first invented and reduced to practice in 1993 as a means of achieving the low RF loss afforded by MEMS and micromachining technology. The use of a capacitive coupling mechanism entirely eliminates issues associated with dry contact, metal-metal ohmic switching. Over the years, investments by government and corporate IR&D have evolved these switches considerably. Presently, capacitive MEMS switches, and MEMS switches in general, provide the lowest loss means for switching and routing RF, microwave, and millimeter-wave signals. Over the past decade processing improvements, material refinements, and RF and mechanical design changes have allowed MEMS capacitive switches to demonstrate ultra-low loss (<0.1>+66 dBm
RF Energy Harvesting for Wireless DevicesIJERD Editor
Radio Frequency (RF) energy transfer and harvesting techniques have recently become alternative methods to empower the next generation wireless networks. As this emerging technology enables proactive energy replenishment of wireless devices, it is advantageous in supporting applications with quality of service requirements. In this paper, some wireless power transfer methods, RF energy harvesting networks, various receiver architectures and existing applications are presented. Finally, some open research directions are envisioned.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
DOWNLOAD
The main objective of this project is to develop a device for wireless power transfer. The concept of wireless power transfer was realized by Nikolas tesla. Wireless power transfer can make a remarkable change in the field of the electrical engineering which eliminates the use conventional copper cables and current carrying wires.
Based on this concept, the project is developed to transfer power within a small range. This project can be used for charging batteries those are physically not possible to be connected electrically such as pace makers (An electronic device that works in place of a defective heart valve) implanted in the body that runs on a battery.
The patient is required to be operated every year to replace the battery. This project is designed to charge a rechargeable battery wirelessly for the purpose. Since charging of the battery is not possible to be demonstrated, we are providing a DC fan that runs through wireless power.
This project is built upon using an electronic circuit which converts AC 230V 50Hz to AC 12V, High frequency. The output is fed to a tuned coil forming as primary of an air core transformer. The secondary coil develops a voltage of HF 12volt.
Thus the transfer of power is done by the primary(transmitter) to the secondary that is separated with a considerable distance(say 3cm). Therefore the transfer could be seen as the primary transmits and the secondary receives the power to run load.
Moreover this technique can be used in number of applications, like to charge a mobile phone, iPod, laptop battery, propeller clock wirelessly. And also this kind of charging provides a far lower risk of electrical shock as it would be galvanically isolated.
This presentation presents a review of novel technology which provides a promising solution for designing self-powered microsystems. Micro-Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) energy harvesting is an emerging alternative for scavenging energy from natural sources. It has extensive potential in wireless sensor applications to provide a natural energy source that is essentially inexhaustible. It is an increasingly attractive alternative to costly batteries. This essentially free energy source is available maintenance-free throughout the lifetime of the application. Many systems, such as wireless sensor networks, portable electronics and cell phones, can use this technology as a power source. Although some types of MEMS, such as electro-magnetic MEMS, electrostatic MEMS, and piezoelectric MEMS, are used to provide energy in various applications, they have several technical barriers that limit their applications, including low efficiency, issues of scaling, and high cost.Novel MEMS solar energy harvesting technology is scalable and also easily integrated in microsystems. The RF MEMS design not only has to provide functional efficiency, but also must work within the limits of maximum charge and discharge conversion efficiency. The energy harvesting technologies currently available which utilizes RF MEMS to convert solar energy into charge, can achieve better benefits than photovoltaic cells. In this presentation the design,fabrication, testing and evaluation of RF MEMS and its working limits in charging and discharging is illustrated.
RF MEMS switches were first invented and reduced to practice in 1993 as a means of achieving the low RF loss afforded by MEMS and micromachining technology. The use of a capacitive coupling mechanism entirely eliminates issues associated with dry contact, metal-metal ohmic switching. Over the years, investments by government and corporate IR&D have evolved these switches considerably. Presently, capacitive MEMS switches, and MEMS switches in general, provide the lowest loss means for switching and routing RF, microwave, and millimeter-wave signals. Over the past decade processing improvements, material refinements, and RF and mechanical design changes have allowed MEMS capacitive switches to demonstrate ultra-low loss (<0.1>+66 dBm
RF Energy Harvesting for Wireless DevicesIJERD Editor
Radio Frequency (RF) energy transfer and harvesting techniques have recently become alternative methods to empower the next generation wireless networks. As this emerging technology enables proactive energy replenishment of wireless devices, it is advantageous in supporting applications with quality of service requirements. In this paper, some wireless power transfer methods, RF energy harvesting networks, various receiver architectures and existing applications are presented. Finally, some open research directions are envisioned.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
DOWNLOAD
The main objective of this project is to develop a device for wireless power transfer. The concept of wireless power transfer was realized by Nikolas tesla. Wireless power transfer can make a remarkable change in the field of the electrical engineering which eliminates the use conventional copper cables and current carrying wires.
Based on this concept, the project is developed to transfer power within a small range. This project can be used for charging batteries those are physically not possible to be connected electrically such as pace makers (An electronic device that works in place of a defective heart valve) implanted in the body that runs on a battery.
The patient is required to be operated every year to replace the battery. This project is designed to charge a rechargeable battery wirelessly for the purpose. Since charging of the battery is not possible to be demonstrated, we are providing a DC fan that runs through wireless power.
This project is built upon using an electronic circuit which converts AC 230V 50Hz to AC 12V, High frequency. The output is fed to a tuned coil forming as primary of an air core transformer. The secondary coil develops a voltage of HF 12volt.
Thus the transfer of power is done by the primary(transmitter) to the secondary that is separated with a considerable distance(say 3cm). Therefore the transfer could be seen as the primary transmits and the secondary receives the power to run load.
Moreover this technique can be used in number of applications, like to charge a mobile phone, iPod, laptop battery, propeller clock wirelessly. And also this kind of charging provides a far lower risk of electrical shock as it would be galvanically isolated.
Analysis and optimization of wireless power transfer linkAjay Kumar Sah
In this paper, a high efficiency Gallium nitride (GaN), HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor) class-E power amplifier for the wireless power transfer link is designed and simulated on PSpice. A four-coil wireless power transfer link is modeled for maximum power transfer efficiency on ADS (Advanced Design System) and frequency splitting phenomenon is demonstrated, explained and analyzed. Two resonant coupling structures, series & mixed, are presented and compared. The efficiency performance of the link is studied using spiral and helical antennas of different wire make. In addition, techniques for improving efficiency of the wireless power transfer systems with changing coupling coefficient viz. frequency splitting phenomenon of the coils are proposed.
Wireless power transmission project is used to transfer the power from the power source to electrical loads using high frequency resonating air core transformers.
Today large number of new technologies depends on electrical supply system, so complexity of
wires is very high. In this project, as requirement of wireless electrical power system, project
team present an analysis the concept of cable less transmission i.e. Power without the usage of
any kind of the electrical conductor or wires. Transmission or distribution of 50 or 60 Hz
electrical energy from the generation point to the consumers end without any physical wire has
yet to mature as a familiar and viable technology.
Our team chose to project the feasibility of wireless power transmission through
inductive coupling. This consists of using a transmission and receiving coils as the coupling
antennas. Although the coils do not have to be solenoid they must be in the form of closed loops
to both transmit and receive power. To transmit power an alternating current must be passed
through a closed loop coil. The alternating current will create a time varying magnetic field. The
flux generated by the time varying magnetic field will then induce a voltage on a receiving coil
closed loop system. This seemingly simple system outlines the major principle that our research
investigated. The primary benefits to using inductive coupling are the simplicity of the
transmission and receiving antennas, additionally for small power transmission this is a much
safer means of conveyance. To demonstrate the success of our the teams we created a receiving
circuit to maximize the amount of received power and light an LED at a distance up to two feet.
We were able to create both transmission and receiving circuits capable of transmitting the
necessary power to light an LED in a pulsed mode. On average with transmitting one watt of
power the receiving circuit was able to receive 100 micro-watts of power. While the efficiency of
the system is extremely low, approximately 0.01% with some improvements we feel certain the
efficiency could be greatly improved. Furthermore, as the transmission distance is decreased the
efficiency of any system using inductive coupling improves exponentially.
IRJET-Sensitivity Analysis of Maximum Overvoltage on Cables with Considering ...IRJET Journal
Hamed Touhidi ,Mehdi Shafiee, Behrooz Vahidi,Seyed Hossein Hosseinian, "Sensitivity Analysis of Maximum Overvoltage on Cables with Considering Forward and Backward Waves ", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol2,issue-01 April 2015. e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
lightning is known to be one of the primary sources of most surges in high keraunic areas. It is well-known fact that surge overvoltage is a significant contribution in cable failures. The other source of surge voltage is due to switching and it is pronounce on extra high voltage power transmission systems. The effect of both lightning and switching surges is weakening the cable insulation. The progressive weakening of such insulation will lead to cable deterioration and eventually its failure. Each surge impulse on the cable will contribute with other factors towards cable insulation strength deterioration and ultimately cable can fail by an overvoltage level below the cable basic impulse level (BIL). The maximum lightning overvoltage for a given cable depends on a large number of parameters. This paper presents the effect of model parameters (e.g., rise time and amplitude of surge, length of cable, resistivity of the core and sheath, tower footing resistance, number of sub conductors in the phase conductor (bundle), effect of surge arrester, length of lead, relative permittivity of the insulator material outside the core, power frequency voltage, stroke location, cable joints, shunt reactors, sheath thickness) on maximum cable voltage. The simulations show that the maximum overvoltage.
Analysis and optimization of wireless power transfer linkAjay Kumar Sah
In this paper, a high efficiency Gallium nitride (GaN), HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor) class-E power amplifier for the wireless power transfer link is designed and simulated on PSpice. A four-coil wireless power transfer link is modeled for maximum power transfer efficiency on ADS (Advanced Design System) and frequency splitting phenomenon is demonstrated, explained and analyzed. Two resonant coupling structures, series & mixed, are presented and compared. The efficiency performance of the link is studied using spiral and helical antennas of different wire make. In addition, techniques for improving efficiency of the wireless power transfer systems with changing coupling coefficient viz. frequency splitting phenomenon of the coils are proposed.
Wireless power transmission project is used to transfer the power from the power source to electrical loads using high frequency resonating air core transformers.
Today large number of new technologies depends on electrical supply system, so complexity of
wires is very high. In this project, as requirement of wireless electrical power system, project
team present an analysis the concept of cable less transmission i.e. Power without the usage of
any kind of the electrical conductor or wires. Transmission or distribution of 50 or 60 Hz
electrical energy from the generation point to the consumers end without any physical wire has
yet to mature as a familiar and viable technology.
Our team chose to project the feasibility of wireless power transmission through
inductive coupling. This consists of using a transmission and receiving coils as the coupling
antennas. Although the coils do not have to be solenoid they must be in the form of closed loops
to both transmit and receive power. To transmit power an alternating current must be passed
through a closed loop coil. The alternating current will create a time varying magnetic field. The
flux generated by the time varying magnetic field will then induce a voltage on a receiving coil
closed loop system. This seemingly simple system outlines the major principle that our research
investigated. The primary benefits to using inductive coupling are the simplicity of the
transmission and receiving antennas, additionally for small power transmission this is a much
safer means of conveyance. To demonstrate the success of our the teams we created a receiving
circuit to maximize the amount of received power and light an LED at a distance up to two feet.
We were able to create both transmission and receiving circuits capable of transmitting the
necessary power to light an LED in a pulsed mode. On average with transmitting one watt of
power the receiving circuit was able to receive 100 micro-watts of power. While the efficiency of
the system is extremely low, approximately 0.01% with some improvements we feel certain the
efficiency could be greatly improved. Furthermore, as the transmission distance is decreased the
efficiency of any system using inductive coupling improves exponentially.
IRJET-Sensitivity Analysis of Maximum Overvoltage on Cables with Considering ...IRJET Journal
Hamed Touhidi ,Mehdi Shafiee, Behrooz Vahidi,Seyed Hossein Hosseinian, "Sensitivity Analysis of Maximum Overvoltage on Cables with Considering Forward and Backward Waves ", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol2,issue-01 April 2015. e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
lightning is known to be one of the primary sources of most surges in high keraunic areas. It is well-known fact that surge overvoltage is a significant contribution in cable failures. The other source of surge voltage is due to switching and it is pronounce on extra high voltage power transmission systems. The effect of both lightning and switching surges is weakening the cable insulation. The progressive weakening of such insulation will lead to cable deterioration and eventually its failure. Each surge impulse on the cable will contribute with other factors towards cable insulation strength deterioration and ultimately cable can fail by an overvoltage level below the cable basic impulse level (BIL). The maximum lightning overvoltage for a given cable depends on a large number of parameters. This paper presents the effect of model parameters (e.g., rise time and amplitude of surge, length of cable, resistivity of the core and sheath, tower footing resistance, number of sub conductors in the phase conductor (bundle), effect of surge arrester, length of lead, relative permittivity of the insulator material outside the core, power frequency voltage, stroke location, cable joints, shunt reactors, sheath thickness) on maximum cable voltage. The simulations show that the maximum overvoltage.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to show how energy harvesters are becoming more economically feasible for the Internet of Things (IoT). Small amounts of energy can be harvested from vibrations, temperature differences, and radio frequencies using various types of electronic devices such as piezoelectric, MEMS, thermo-electric power generators, and other devices. As improvements in them occur and as the energy requirements of accelerometers, pressure sensors, gas detectors, bio-sensors, and readout circuits fall from microwatts to hundreds of nano-watts, energy harvesters become cheaper and better than are batteries. Improvements in energy harvesting are occurring in the form of higher power per area or higher power per temperature difference and improvements of about five times are expected to occur in the next 5 to 10 years. The market for energy harvesters is expected to reach $2.5 Billion by 2024. In addition to their impact on buildings and the other usual applications for IoT, they will also impact on agriculture, aircraft, and medical implants.
Study and analysis of rf mems shunt switch for reconfigurable antennaeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The Performance of an Integrated Transformer in a DC/DC ConverterTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The separation between the low-voltage part and high-voltage part of the converter is formed by a
transformer that transfers power while jamming the DC ring. The resonant mode power oscillator is utilized
to allow elevated competence power transfer. The on-chip transformer is probable to have elevated value
inductance, elevated quality factors and elevated coupling coefficient to decrease the loss in the
oscillation. The performance of a transformer is extremely dependent on the structure, topology and other
essential structures that create it compatible with the integrated circuits IC process such as patterned
ground shield (PGS). Different types of transformers are modeled and simulated in MATLAB; the
performances are compared to select the optimum design. The on-chip transformer model is simulated
and the Results of MATLAB simulation are exposed, showing an excellent agreement in radio frequency
RF.
Study of RF-MEMS Capacitive Shunt Switch for Microwave Backhaul Applications IOSRJECE
In this research paper, we have proposed a new type of capacitive shunt RF-MEMS switch. MicroElectro-Mechanical System (MEMS) is a combination of mechanical and electromagnetics properties at micro level unit. This MEMS switch can be used for switching purpose at RF and microwave frequencies, called RFMEMS switch. The RF-MEMS switch has a potential characteristics and superior performances at radio frequency. The MEMS switch has excellent advantages such as zero power consumption, high power handling capacity, high performance, and low inter-modulation distortion. In this proposed design, a new type of capacitive shunt switch is designed and analyzed for RF applications. The switch is designed both in UP and DOWN-states. The proposed switch design consists of substrate, co-planar waveguide (CPW), dielectric material and suspended metallic bridge. The proposed MEMS switch has dimension of 508 µm × 620 µm with a height of 500 µm and implemented on GaAs as a substrate material with relative permittivity of 12.9. The geometry and results of the proposed switch is designed using Ansoft HFSS electromagnetic simulator based on finite element method (FEM). The electrostatic and electromagnetic result showed better performances such as return loss, insertion loss and isolation. The switch has also excellent isolation property of -48 dB at 26 GHz.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
DOWNLOAD
The main objective of this project is to develop a device for wireless power transfer. The concept of wireless power transfer was realized by Nikolas tesla. Wireless power transfer can make a remarkable change in the field of the electrical engineering which eliminates the use conventional copper cables and current carrying wires.
Based on this concept, the project is developed to transfer power within a small range. This project can be used for charging batteries those are physically not possible to be connected electrically such as pace makers (An electronic device that works in place of a defective heart valve) implanted in the body that runs on a battery.
The patient is required to be operated every year to replace the battery. This project is designed to charge a rechargeable battery wirelessly for the purpose. Since charging of the battery is not possible to be demonstrated, we are providing a DC fan that runs through wireless power.
This project is built upon using an electronic circuit which converts AC 230V 50Hz to AC 12V, High frequency. The output is fed to a tuned coil forming as primary of an air core transformer. The secondary coil develops a voltage of HF 12volt.
Thus the transfer of power is done by the primary(transmitter) to the secondary that is separated with a considerable distance(say 3cm). Therefore the transfer could be seen as the primary transmits and the secondary receives the power to run load.
Moreover this technique can be used in number of applications, like to charge a mobile phone, iPod, laptop battery, propeller clock wirelessly. And also this kind of charging provides a far lower risk of electrical shock as it would be galvanically isolated.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper presents a study on a new full bridge series resonant converter (SRC) with wide zero voltage switching (ZVS) range, and higher output voltage. The high frequency transformer is connected in series with the LC series resonant tank. The tank inductance is therefore increased; all switches having the ability to turn on at ZVS, with lower switching frequency than the LC tank resonant frequency. Moreover, the step-up high frequency (HF) transformer design steps are introduced in order to increase the output voltage to overcome the gain limitation of the conventional SRC. Compared to the conventional SRC, the proposed converter has higher energy conversion, able to increase the ZVS range by 36%, and provide much higher output power. Finally, the a laboratory prototypes of the both converters with the same resonant tank parameters and input voltage are examined based on 1 and 2.2 kW power respectively, for veryfing the reliability of the performance and the operation principles of both converters.
Investigations on Capacitor Compensation Topologies Effects of Different Indu...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents investigations on capacitor compensation topologies with
different inductive coupling links for loosely coupled inductive power
transfer (IPT) system. In general, the main constraint of the loosely coupled
IPT system is power losses due to the large leakage inductances. Therefore,
to overcome the aforementioned problem, in this work, capacitor
compensation is proposed to be used by adding an external capacitor to the
system. By using this approach, the resonant inductive coupling can be
achieved efficiently and hence the efficiency of the system is also increased
significantly. This paper analyzes the performance of two different
compensation topologies, which are primary series-secondary series (SS) and
primary series- secondary parallel (SP) topology. The performance of such
topologies is evaluated through the experimental results at 1MHz operating
frequency for different types of inductive coupling. From the results, SS
topology produces a high power transfer but SP topology gives better
efficiency.
A Non-Contact Type Comb Drive for the Removal of Stiction Mechanism in MEMS S...idescitation
One of the barriers to full commercialization of
complicated MEMS devices is reliableness. Stiction may be a
major obstacle within the reliableness of MEMS electrical
phenomenon
switches.
Stiction
failures
in
microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) occur once
suspended elastic members are unexpectedly falls right down
to their substrates or once surface forces overcome the
mechanical restoring force of a micro-structure. This paper
presents the novel comb drive kind of switch. The planned
switch is free from microwelding and stiction problem;
successively it provides the high reliableness and long period
of time. Upon application of a bias voltage, the comb drive
maximizes their capacitance by increasing the overlap space
between them. The switch is on and off depends on comb drive
propulsion principal by the modification of capacitance
between the ground line and signal lines. The proposed
structure gives very low insertion loss and high isolation.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdf
energy harvesting using rf mems
1. Energy harvesting using RF MEMS
Seminar Report
Master of Technology
In
VLSIVLSI & EMBEDDED SYSTEM ENGINEERING
By
Smarak Tripathy
(M.tech 2nd Semester and Roll no.1459020)
School of Electronics Engineering
KIIT University
April 2015
2. ABSTRACT
The design process of MEMSswitch and analysis of the MEMS switch structures for finding certain switch
parameters to develop a highperformance RF MEMS switch with low voltage, low insertion loss and high
isolation.The RF MEMS switchis designed using physical level approach by using 3DMEMS commercial
software packages COMSOLMultiphysicsand Intellisuite. Theoptimization analysis is also simulated to
obtain the low voltageby adjusting the air gap distance and top electrode designstructure. The RF performance
is then simulated using theelectromagnetic analyzer, Emagto calculate the insertion loss andisolation value
during the ON and OFF state conditions respectively. Severaldesigns are proposed and the best performance
switch gives a lowvoltage actuation of 4V with low loss of8 dB and highisolation of -40 dB at 1.5GHz. The
switch resistance of single switch is high. In order to reduce the effective switch resistance, 10 miniature RF
MEMS switches have been placed in paralleland result in switchresistance of 5.9Ω. The exponential growth
of wireless communications requires more sophisticated system design to achieve higher integration, power
saving and robustness. System design concentrates in developing high frequency, low scale configurations to
follow the trends of the market for smaller, technologically more advanced applications. In the same manner,
technological advances in radio-frequency (RF) front-ends, such as reconfigurable antennas, tunable filters,
phase sifters, switching networks etc require state of the art switches to allow operation in cognitive wireless
networks.MicroelectromechanicalSystem integration of miniature mechanical elements such as sensors,
actuators and associated electronics on a single substrate. RF MEMS switches are of interest because of the
potential for low-loss, wide bandwidth operation, as they have demonstrated superior RF characteristics
compared to FET and diode-based switches. RF-MEMS switches are the one which replaces the conventional
GaAs FET and PIN diode switches in Radio-Frequency communication due to their low power consumption,
low insertion loss, high isolation and due to its linear behaviors. Reducing the actuation voltage of RFMEMS
switches enhances their performance significantly and broadens the range of their applications including
portable devices which require low actuation voltage.
Smarak Tripathy
Roll no: 1459020
VLSI & ES
3. TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction
Parameters theory
Switch operation
Mathematical relation
Design of mems switch
Calculated parameters
Conclusion
References
4. INTRODUCTION
Haslina Jaafar et AL developed a high performance RFMEMS switch with low voltage; low loss and high
isolation switches have a better performance at lower frequency .T. Kuenzig et al discussed the working
principle of the active restoring mechanism based on micro-heaters, integrated beneath each anchoring area,
that when activated by an electric current, enable the recovery of the switch from stiction. Romain Stefanini,
et al discussed about new way to design MEMS switches for RF application using miniature MEMS
cantilevers. Furthermore, 10–20 element back-to-back switch arrays are developed and result in a marked
improvement in the reliability of the overall switching device. A series-shunt design is also demonstrated with
greatly improved isolation. Richard Chan et al discussed about a cold switching test method is developed to
identify the root cause of sticking as a failure mechanism. The switch structure includes “separation posts”
that eliminate sticking failure and has demonstrated lifetimes as high as 7x10^9 cold switching cycles. Seong-
Dae Lee et al report a novel RF MEMS switch with low actuation voltage and long life time by adopting a
freely moving contact pad structure.
PARAMETERS THEORY
Basically, there are two distinct parts for an RF MEMS switch: the actuation (mechanical) section and the
electrical section. Mechanical part of RF MEMS switch can be operated using four mechanisms, which is
electrostatic, thermal, magnetic, and piezoelectric. However, this paper will describe the RF MEMS design
using electrostatic mechanism and piezoelectric mechanism. RF MEMS switch can move in two directions,
which is vertically or laterally, depends on the requirement and it can also be designed in series or shunt
configurations which use metal-to-metal or capacitive contact. This paper will describe the shunt
configuration.
Electrical energy is easily transported by means of conductors such as wires or bus bars, which can be
controlled by relays or switches. In a simple electric circuit, the principal parts are a source of electrical energy,
a load or an output device and a complete path for the flow of current. If any one of the above requirements is
not fulfilled current cannot flow in the circuit and the energy from the source cannot be delivered to the output
device. Various parameters to be considered in the design of RF switches are (a) transition time; (b) spring
constant; (c) switching transients; (d) RF power handling;(e) matching with circuit; (f) bandwidth; (g)
insertion loss; (h) isolation; (I) switch resistance; (j) actuation voltage; (k) lifetime; (l) resonant frequency;
(m) interception and level of distortion; (n) phase and amplitude tracking. However this paper describes the
parameters such as actuation voltage of both electrostatic and piezoelectric switch, Insertion loss, Isolation
and switch resistance of electrostatic switch.
5. SWITCH OPERATION
Figure 1 shows the side view of a standard RF MEMS switch. When a certain amount of voltage is
appliedbetween bottom electrode and the pull down electrode,electrostatic force is created and will pull the
cantilever downfrom the arm of anchor and complete the RF signal path atdown-state. Short circuit occurred
between two terminals ofRF transmission line has made the RF signal can pass through and transmitted as
shown in figure 2. The cantilever is then back to the originalposition once the voltage supply is removed and
hencedisconnects the transmission of RF signals.
Figure.1. Schematic view of RF MEMS switch in open condition
Figure.2. Schematic view of RF MEMS switch in closed condition
In RF MEMS switch, there are several parameters need to beconsidered in mechanical modeling such as
actuation voltage, Insertion loss, Isolation, spring constant and Switch resistance.
MATHEMATICAL RELATIONS
The total RF MEMS switch acts like a mass- spring-damper system as shown in figure 3.
Figure 3.Equivalent mechanical model
.
Where g -gap between electrodes
K -spring constant
V - Voltage applied
6. 1. ACTUATION VOLTAGE
An electrostatic force is induced on the beam when a voltage is applied between a fixed-fixed or
cantilever beam and the pull down electrode. The voltage need to be pulled down the top electrode is called
as actuation voltage or pull-in voltage. The electrostatic force exists in the plates of a capacitor under applied
voltage. The beam over the pull down electrode is modelled as a parallel-plate capacitor in order to
approximate the electrostatic force. When the width of beam is w and the width of pull down electrode is W,
the parallel capacitance is
Where g is the height of the beam over electrode is the permittivity of space and A is the area of contact.
The electrostatic force applied to the beam is
Where V is the voltage applied between the beam and electrode
By equating the applied electrostatic force with the mechanical restoring force due to the stiffness of the
beam,
Where go is the zero bias bridge height or the air gap of the top electrode to the bottom electrode.
And solved the equation, the voltage is
The beam position become unstable at (2/3) go, thus the pull down voltage is
Cantilevers beam has lower spring constant than fixed-fixed beam in same t/l ratio, and thus has lower pull-
down voltage.
2.SPRING CONSTANT
Mechanical operation of RF MEMS switch starts with the spring constant derivation of the fixed-fixed or
cantilever beam. Linear spring constant, k (N/m), is used in the most RF MEMS devices. Common use of
fixed-fixed beam is due to its relatively high spring constant and easy in manufacturing. Spring constant for
fixed-fixed beam, k’, is the stiffness of the bridge which accounts for the material characteristics such as
Young’s modulus, E (Pa), and the moment of Inertia, I(m^4).
7. The general expression for this spring constant is
Where w is width of the beam, t is the thickness of the beam, l is the length of the beam and v is the Poisson’s
ratio.
3. INSERTION LOSS
The insertion loss of an RF device is a measure of its efficiency for signal transmission.In the case of a switch,
the insertion loss is specified only when its state is such thatsignal is transmitting or when the switch is in the
ON state. This is specified in termsof the transmission coefficient, S21, in decibels, between the input and
output terminalsof the switched circuit. Usually specified in decibels, one of the design goals for mostof the
RF switches is to minimize the insertion loss. The insertion loss tends to degradewith increase in frequency
for most of the solid-state switching systems. Compared withthese, RF MEMS switches can be designed to
operate with a small insertion loss atseveral gigahertz. Resistive losses at lower frequencies and skin-depth
effects at higherfrequencies are the major causes for losses.
The transmission coefficient between two points in a circuit is often expressed in decibelsas the insertion
IL = −20 log |T | dB(7)
4. ISOLATION
The isolation of a switching system is specified when there is no signal transmission. This is also measured as
S21 between the input and output terminals of the switched circuit, under the no-transmission state or when
the switch is in the off condition. A large value (in decibels) indicates very small coupling between input and
output terminals. Thus the design goal is to maximize the isolation. In RF MEMS switches isolation may
degrade as a result of proximity coupling between the moving part and the stationary transmission line as a
result of leakage currents.
V. DESIGN OF MEMS SWITCH
The MEMS switch is designed using commercial software packages CMOSOL Multiphysics and
Intellisuite.
TABLE1. Design parameters of MEMS switch
Parameter
Dimension
s Materials used Colour
(µm)
Substrate 210x60 Silicon Green
Bottom
electrode 60x60 Aluminium
Blue
Cantilever
beam 210x20 Silicon nitride Yellow
8. Upper
electrode
60x60
Aluminium Red
Anchor
30x20 Aluminium Rose
Transmission
line 20x20
Gold
Purple
connected to
the
substrate
Transmission
line
20x40 Gold Light
green
connected to
the
cantilever
beam
Fig.4.Resultant structure when switch is off state.
Fig.5.Resultant deformed structure when switch is on state and Displacement of upper beam in Z-axis.
First the switch is designed with the help of Intellimask using the parameters and dimensions given in
Table1.The holes present in the upper electrode is to reduce the weight of the electrode. Further it reduces the
9. actuation voltage. This is the optimization method proposed in this paper. The switch is designed with air gap
of 0.5µm.Further the designed switch is exported to 3D Builder for obtaining the 3D view as shown in
Figure 4. For obtaining 3D view the height is given for substrate, beam, upper and lower electrodes, anchor
and transmission lines. Further fig.4.Shows the switch in OFF state.
The upper electrode is supplied with 5V.The lower electrode is grounded. The substrate and the anchor are
fixed. Due to fixed substrate and anchor, during TEM analysis the displacement occurs in the beam in Z-
direction. The switch is designed with air gap of 0.5µm. At 4V the displacement is about 0.5µm.So the
actuation voltage is 4V. Fig.5. shows the switch in ON STATE. Fig.6. shows the graph between applied
voltage and displacement of switch in Z- direction. From the graph it is clear that after actuation voltage of
4V the switch is in closed condition so there is no displacement in Z- direction. This actuation voltage is
obtained under the fixed condition of the anchor and the substrate.
Fig.6. Actuation voltage and displacement.
To find the isolation of the designed switch it is exported to the emag analyser. In emag analyser the switch
is simulated with the frequency range of 1 MHz to 30 GHZ in OFF condition. The magnitude of S21 parameter
is obtained from the analysis. From the Fig.7.Various isolation is found for various frequencies. From table 2
it is clear that high frequencies give high isolation
Fig.7. Isolation of switch from 1MHz to 30 GHz.
10. Fig.8.Insertion loss for the frequency 1MHz to 10Ghz
To find the Insertion loss of the designed switch it is exported to the emag analyser. In emag analyser the
switch is simulated with the frequency range of 1 MHz to 10 GHZ in ON condition. The magnitude of
S21parameteris obtained from the analysis. From the Fig.8 various Insertion loss is found for various
frequencies. From table 2 it is clear that high frequencies gives high Insertion loss.
TABLE2. Design parameters of MEMS switch
Isolation (dB) Insertion
Loss
(dB)
1.5 GHz 1.8 GHz 1.5 GHz 1.8 GHz
-40 dB -48 dB -8 dB -8.4dB
The RF performance of the rest switches designs are shown in Table 2. From the Table 2, both isolation
and insertion loss is decrease when the operating frequency is increased from 1.5GHz to 1.8GHz. Thus, the
switches have a better performance at lower frequency and performance is dropping when the frequency is
increasing.
Fig.9. Switch resistance from 1 MHz to 30 GHz
From the Fig.9.it is found that the resistance of single Switch is very high. So the 10 switches are arranged
in parallel to get low resistance as shown in fig. 10. The low switch resistance provides high signal to pass
11. through the switch. It also reduces the insertion loss and increase the Isolation.
To reduce the switch resistance 10 switches are arranged in parallel.
Fig.10. Switches in Parallel.
CALCULATED PARAMETERS
Spring constant= 4.5
Insertion loss= -8dB
Isolation= -40dB
Switch resistance=5.9Ω
Operating frequency=1.5GHz
Actuation voltage= 4V
CONCLUSION
The switch parameters like actuation voltage, Insertion loss, Isolation, switch resistance, Operating frequency,
and spring constant are found. The optimization method for designing the MEMS switch is also proposed in
this paper. The switch resistance for single switch is high. So in order to reduce the effective switch resistance
10 switches are arranged in parallel. By reducing the switch resistance we can reduce the loss of the signal.
The switch performance is high when operating frequency is kept at low.
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