International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The document discusses capacitance variation in MEMS capacitors based on plate area, distance between plates, and different dielectric materials. It outlines the research significance, methodology, experimental details, results and discussion, and conclusion. The results show that capacitance increases with larger plate area, smaller distance between plates, and dielectric materials with higher relative dielectric constants. The capacitance variation can be utilized in applications such as wireless communications, sensing, and electronics.
The document describes a project to design a reconfigurable RF MEMS bandpass filter. It discusses using cantilever switches to allow the filter to operate at different frequencies, such as kHz and MHz. It then provides details on the design of two filters - a comb-driven filter targeting 700 kHz, and a fixed-fixed beam filter at 9.98 MHz. Simulation results are presented to validate the filter response. The document also discusses switch designs and fabrication processes.
Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) are miniature systems that combine electrical and mechanical components. RF MEMS are MEMS devices that operate at radio frequencies and are used in applications like switches, inductors, capacitors, antennas, resonators, and filters. Some key challenges for RF MEMS include relatively low switching speeds, limited lifetime reliability, sensitivity to temperature changes, humidity effects, and vibrations/shocks during operation. Overcoming challenges in areas like packaging, modeling reliability, and further integration will be important for wider commercialization of RF MEMS technologies.
This document presents a design and analysis of a RF MEMS varactor for extended tuning range. It introduces MEMS and varactors, discusses types of varactors and motivations for using a MEMS varactor. It then outlines a proposed variable plate height structure with design parameters. Simulations show the structure achieves a tuning range of 6.53:1, with a maximum capacitance of 0.2417 pF and pull-in voltage of 17.8 Volts. The document concludes the MEMS varactor model provides an extended tuning range greater than 1.5 typically achieved.
Abstract
This paper deals with the RF (Radio Frequency)-MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System) switch design using the coventorware software and its superiority over the existing technologies like PIN Diodes and Field-Effect-Transistors regarding size, power, Isolation and Insertion loss, and graphically how Pull-in voltage affects on the deflection of the switch. Also this paper deals with the fabrication process of the cantilever switch.
Keywords: Etching, Sacrificial Layer, Actuation Voltage, Electrostatic Force, RF Switch, PIN Diodes, Stiction, Isolation and Insertion loss.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The document discusses capacitance variation in MEMS capacitors based on plate area, distance between plates, and different dielectric materials. It outlines the research significance, methodology, experimental details, results and discussion, and conclusion. The results show that capacitance increases with larger plate area, smaller distance between plates, and dielectric materials with higher relative dielectric constants. The capacitance variation can be utilized in applications such as wireless communications, sensing, and electronics.
The document describes a project to design a reconfigurable RF MEMS bandpass filter. It discusses using cantilever switches to allow the filter to operate at different frequencies, such as kHz and MHz. It then provides details on the design of two filters - a comb-driven filter targeting 700 kHz, and a fixed-fixed beam filter at 9.98 MHz. Simulation results are presented to validate the filter response. The document also discusses switch designs and fabrication processes.
Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) are miniature systems that combine electrical and mechanical components. RF MEMS are MEMS devices that operate at radio frequencies and are used in applications like switches, inductors, capacitors, antennas, resonators, and filters. Some key challenges for RF MEMS include relatively low switching speeds, limited lifetime reliability, sensitivity to temperature changes, humidity effects, and vibrations/shocks during operation. Overcoming challenges in areas like packaging, modeling reliability, and further integration will be important for wider commercialization of RF MEMS technologies.
This document presents a design and analysis of a RF MEMS varactor for extended tuning range. It introduces MEMS and varactors, discusses types of varactors and motivations for using a MEMS varactor. It then outlines a proposed variable plate height structure with design parameters. Simulations show the structure achieves a tuning range of 6.53:1, with a maximum capacitance of 0.2417 pF and pull-in voltage of 17.8 Volts. The document concludes the MEMS varactor model provides an extended tuning range greater than 1.5 typically achieved.
Abstract
This paper deals with the RF (Radio Frequency)-MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System) switch design using the coventorware software and its superiority over the existing technologies like PIN Diodes and Field-Effect-Transistors regarding size, power, Isolation and Insertion loss, and graphically how Pull-in voltage affects on the deflection of the switch. Also this paper deals with the fabrication process of the cantilever switch.
Keywords: Etching, Sacrificial Layer, Actuation Voltage, Electrostatic Force, RF Switch, PIN Diodes, Stiction, Isolation and Insertion loss.
Mechanical Characterization of Shape Memory Alloy Based RF MEMS switch using ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The document discusses the design of an RF MEMS switch using COMSOL Multiphysics and Intellisuite simulation software. A cantilever beam switch structure is designed with dimensions and materials specified. Simulation results show the switch has a low actuation voltage of 4V, insertion loss of -8dB, and isolation of -40dB at 1.5GHz. To reduce the high resistance of a single switch, 10 switches are placed in parallel, lowering the effective resistance to 5.9 ohms. The switch performance is better at lower frequencies.
RF MEMS have potential for energy harvesting by converting electromagnetic energy into electrical charge. The proposed RF MEMS design aims to be scalable and easily integrated in microsystems, unlike existing MEMS energy harvesters that have low efficiency, scaling issues, and high costs. RF MEMS can be fabricated using processes like co-planar waveguide deposition, lithography, aluminum deposition and patterning, and sacrificial layer removal. When activated, the RF MEMS structure can store up to 35 pC of charge per cycle that is generated from the membrane's overlap with the signal isolation layer. However, reliability issues from electrostatic discharge still need to be addressed for practical applications in wireless sensors.
This presentation presents a review of novel technology which provides a promising solution for designing self-powered microsystems. Micro-Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) energy harvesting is an emerging alternative for scavenging energy from natural sources. It has extensive potential in wireless sensor applications to provide a natural energy source that is essentially inexhaustible. It is an increasingly attractive alternative to costly batteries. This essentially free energy source is available maintenance-free throughout the lifetime of the application. Many systems, such as wireless sensor networks, portable electronics and cell phones, can use this technology as a power source. Although some types of MEMS, such as electro-magnetic MEMS, electrostatic MEMS, and piezoelectric MEMS, are used to provide energy in various applications, they have several technical barriers that limit their applications, including low efficiency, issues of scaling, and high cost.Novel MEMS solar energy harvesting technology is scalable and also easily integrated in microsystems. The RF MEMS design not only has to provide functional efficiency, but also must work within the limits of maximum charge and discharge conversion efficiency. The energy harvesting technologies currently available which utilizes RF MEMS to convert solar energy into charge, can achieve better benefits than photovoltaic cells. In this presentation the design,fabrication, testing and evaluation of RF MEMS and its working limits in charging and discharging is illustrated.
Design and Implementation of Reconfigurable AntennaIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of a reconfigurable antenna that can switch between different frequency bands. It uses PIN diode switching to change the resonant frequency of the antenna. The antenna was designed using a microstrip patch structure on an FR-4 substrate. It was simulated in HFSS software and testing showed it could resonate at either 2.44 GHz or 2.62 GHz depending on the state of the PIN diode switch. This allows the single antenna structure to operate at multiple frequencies, improving performance over conventional fixed-frequency antennas.
MEMS-Application, Functionality, Fabrication process and limitations, MEMS as a switch, MEMS packaging and proposed mems switches for microwave circuit switch.
Design and analysis of a frequency and pattern reconfigurable microstrip patcIAEME Publication
This document describes the design and analysis of a frequency and pattern reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna using various electronic switching components. Three switching cases are considered using PIN diodes, RF-MEMS switches, and varactors. In the first case, the antenna operates at 5.2 GHz and 1.9 GHz. The second and third cases allow operation at 5.2 GHz and also at 1.9/2.76/2.4 GHz depending on the switching component. Pattern reconfiguration in the H-plane is achieved in some cases. The antenna can cover various wireless communication bands and is a candidate for multi-band applications.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This project involves the design of proposed divider to operate at dual band frequencies and the performance is analyzed. The paper "Modified Gysel Power Divider for Dual-Band Applications" was published in January 2011 by authors Zhengyu Sun, Lijun Zhang, Yuzhe Liu, Xiaodong Tong in IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses MEMS (Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems) and CZT (Cadmium Zinc Telluride) detectors. It describes MEMS as miniaturized mechanical and electro-mechanical devices made using microfabrication techniques. The components of MEMS include sensors, actuators, microelectronics. Common materials used are silicon, polymers and metals. Basic MEMS fabrication processes include deposition, lithography and etching. CZT detectors directly convert x-ray and gamma-ray photons into electrons at room temperature and are used in medical, security and industrial applications to detect radiation.
Demonstration of Electromagnetic Phenomenon for Point Object LaunchingIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a demonstration of electromagnetic phenomenon for point object launching using a small-scale electromagnetic rail gun (EMRG) system. Key aspects of the designed EMRG system are described, including the use of parallel copper rails, an iron projectile, four wound coils powered by batteries, and control via a microcontroller interfaced with a wireless module. The EMRG was able to successfully launch the 50g projectile up to 60 feet. Interfacing the EMRG with a microcontroller and wireless modules allows for remote controlled operation and potential integration into automated or networked systems. In conclusion, the prototype demonstrates the electromagnetic principles enabling projectile launching in a small-scale, low-powered system.
Simulation Tool: AWR Microwave Office
•This project is an implementation of an IEEE paper "Design of Dual Band Cross-Coupled Branch Line Coupler" by Myun-joo Park and Byungje Lee.
• Designed and simulated Dual Band Cross-Coupled Branch Line Coupler for the operating frequency of 1.5Ghz and 3Ghz.
•The cross coupling in the branches introduce more design freedom.
This paper presents a highly efficient power transfer system based on a co-design of a class-E power amplifier (PA) and a pair of inductively coupled Helical coils for through-metal-wall power transfer. Power is transferred wirelessly through a 3.1-mm thick aluminum barrier without any physical penetration and contact. Measurement results show that the class-E PA achieves a peak power gain of 25.2 dB and a maximum collector efficiency of 57.3%, all at 200 Hz. The proposed system obtains a maximum power transfer efficiency of 9% and it can deliver 5 W power to the receiver side through the aluminum barrier.
This document discusses reconfigurable antennas and their ability to dynamically modify their frequency and radiation properties in a controlled manner. It describes several types of reconfiguration including frequency, radiation pattern, polarization, and compound reconfiguration involving multiple parameters. The document outlines different methods for enabling reconfiguration, including mechanically movable parts, RF switches, tunable materials, and the use of semiconductor switches, MEMS switches, and tunable materials like liquid crystals and ferrites.
This document discusses the design and construction of a DC generator. It begins with introductions to power engineering and electric generators. It then discusses permanent magnet generators and their advantages over induction motors. The objectives are to build a DC generator capable of lighting 10 LEDs. Materials used include a neodymium permanent magnet and copper magnetic wire wound into a coil. The results and discussion section outlines factors that determine generator efficiency such as magnet type and strength, magnetic gap, winding resistance, heat, windage, and load characteristics. The goal is to determine if the design is on the right track to meet the objectives.
This study analyzed optimization of wireless power transfer using a half-bridge flyback converter. The researchers designed a protection circuit to maintain the resonant frequency as the load changed. Experiments showed wireless power transfer of over 3.4W and 61% efficiency to a variable LED load. Adding the protection circuit produced more stable output than without it by preventing changes in resonant frequency from load variations.
Passive Hybrid MEMS for High-Temperature Telemetric MeasurementsI'am Ajas
A hybrid MEMS sensor is described that uses inductive telemetry for contactless, high-temperature measurements in harsh environments. The passive sensor uses a bent beam structure connected to interdigitated combs to change capacitance with temperature. It communicates wirelessly with a readout unit through coupled inductors. Testing showed the sensor's capacitance and the measured temperatures agreed well with a reference sensor up to 350 degrees C, demonstrating its effectiveness for remote, high-temperature industrial monitoring.
This document provides an overview of optical switching technologies. It discusses how optical switching can help address limitations of electronic switching as network capacities increase. The document outlines three main approaches to gradually migrating switching functions from electronics to optics: optical packet switching, generalized multiprotocol label switching, and optical burst switching. It also discusses applications of optical switches such as cross-connects and protection switching.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses object detection techniques for images. It begins with an introduction to image processing and object detection. Object detection aims to find instances of real-world objects in images and is used in applications like surveillance and automotive safety. The document then reviews several papers on related topics, including object removal from videos, visual surveillance systems for tracking targets, and augmented reality object compositing. It proposes using skull detection and region growing techniques to detect particular objects while removing shadows and other background objects for improved detection. Region growing would detect the object, while skull detection removes it from the image to analyze the object separately. In summary, the document reviews object detection methods and proposes a hybrid approach using skull detection and region growing.
Mechanical Characterization of Shape Memory Alloy Based RF MEMS switch using ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The document discusses the design of an RF MEMS switch using COMSOL Multiphysics and Intellisuite simulation software. A cantilever beam switch structure is designed with dimensions and materials specified. Simulation results show the switch has a low actuation voltage of 4V, insertion loss of -8dB, and isolation of -40dB at 1.5GHz. To reduce the high resistance of a single switch, 10 switches are placed in parallel, lowering the effective resistance to 5.9 ohms. The switch performance is better at lower frequencies.
RF MEMS have potential for energy harvesting by converting electromagnetic energy into electrical charge. The proposed RF MEMS design aims to be scalable and easily integrated in microsystems, unlike existing MEMS energy harvesters that have low efficiency, scaling issues, and high costs. RF MEMS can be fabricated using processes like co-planar waveguide deposition, lithography, aluminum deposition and patterning, and sacrificial layer removal. When activated, the RF MEMS structure can store up to 35 pC of charge per cycle that is generated from the membrane's overlap with the signal isolation layer. However, reliability issues from electrostatic discharge still need to be addressed for practical applications in wireless sensors.
This presentation presents a review of novel technology which provides a promising solution for designing self-powered microsystems. Micro-Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) energy harvesting is an emerging alternative for scavenging energy from natural sources. It has extensive potential in wireless sensor applications to provide a natural energy source that is essentially inexhaustible. It is an increasingly attractive alternative to costly batteries. This essentially free energy source is available maintenance-free throughout the lifetime of the application. Many systems, such as wireless sensor networks, portable electronics and cell phones, can use this technology as a power source. Although some types of MEMS, such as electro-magnetic MEMS, electrostatic MEMS, and piezoelectric MEMS, are used to provide energy in various applications, they have several technical barriers that limit their applications, including low efficiency, issues of scaling, and high cost.Novel MEMS solar energy harvesting technology is scalable and also easily integrated in microsystems. The RF MEMS design not only has to provide functional efficiency, but also must work within the limits of maximum charge and discharge conversion efficiency. The energy harvesting technologies currently available which utilizes RF MEMS to convert solar energy into charge, can achieve better benefits than photovoltaic cells. In this presentation the design,fabrication, testing and evaluation of RF MEMS and its working limits in charging and discharging is illustrated.
Design and Implementation of Reconfigurable AntennaIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of a reconfigurable antenna that can switch between different frequency bands. It uses PIN diode switching to change the resonant frequency of the antenna. The antenna was designed using a microstrip patch structure on an FR-4 substrate. It was simulated in HFSS software and testing showed it could resonate at either 2.44 GHz or 2.62 GHz depending on the state of the PIN diode switch. This allows the single antenna structure to operate at multiple frequencies, improving performance over conventional fixed-frequency antennas.
MEMS-Application, Functionality, Fabrication process and limitations, MEMS as a switch, MEMS packaging and proposed mems switches for microwave circuit switch.
Design and analysis of a frequency and pattern reconfigurable microstrip patcIAEME Publication
This document describes the design and analysis of a frequency and pattern reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna using various electronic switching components. Three switching cases are considered using PIN diodes, RF-MEMS switches, and varactors. In the first case, the antenna operates at 5.2 GHz and 1.9 GHz. The second and third cases allow operation at 5.2 GHz and also at 1.9/2.76/2.4 GHz depending on the switching component. Pattern reconfiguration in the H-plane is achieved in some cases. The antenna can cover various wireless communication bands and is a candidate for multi-band applications.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This project involves the design of proposed divider to operate at dual band frequencies and the performance is analyzed. The paper "Modified Gysel Power Divider for Dual-Band Applications" was published in January 2011 by authors Zhengyu Sun, Lijun Zhang, Yuzhe Liu, Xiaodong Tong in IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses MEMS (Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems) and CZT (Cadmium Zinc Telluride) detectors. It describes MEMS as miniaturized mechanical and electro-mechanical devices made using microfabrication techniques. The components of MEMS include sensors, actuators, microelectronics. Common materials used are silicon, polymers and metals. Basic MEMS fabrication processes include deposition, lithography and etching. CZT detectors directly convert x-ray and gamma-ray photons into electrons at room temperature and are used in medical, security and industrial applications to detect radiation.
Demonstration of Electromagnetic Phenomenon for Point Object LaunchingIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a demonstration of electromagnetic phenomenon for point object launching using a small-scale electromagnetic rail gun (EMRG) system. Key aspects of the designed EMRG system are described, including the use of parallel copper rails, an iron projectile, four wound coils powered by batteries, and control via a microcontroller interfaced with a wireless module. The EMRG was able to successfully launch the 50g projectile up to 60 feet. Interfacing the EMRG with a microcontroller and wireless modules allows for remote controlled operation and potential integration into automated or networked systems. In conclusion, the prototype demonstrates the electromagnetic principles enabling projectile launching in a small-scale, low-powered system.
Simulation Tool: AWR Microwave Office
•This project is an implementation of an IEEE paper "Design of Dual Band Cross-Coupled Branch Line Coupler" by Myun-joo Park and Byungje Lee.
• Designed and simulated Dual Band Cross-Coupled Branch Line Coupler for the operating frequency of 1.5Ghz and 3Ghz.
•The cross coupling in the branches introduce more design freedom.
This paper presents a highly efficient power transfer system based on a co-design of a class-E power amplifier (PA) and a pair of inductively coupled Helical coils for through-metal-wall power transfer. Power is transferred wirelessly through a 3.1-mm thick aluminum barrier without any physical penetration and contact. Measurement results show that the class-E PA achieves a peak power gain of 25.2 dB and a maximum collector efficiency of 57.3%, all at 200 Hz. The proposed system obtains a maximum power transfer efficiency of 9% and it can deliver 5 W power to the receiver side through the aluminum barrier.
This document discusses reconfigurable antennas and their ability to dynamically modify their frequency and radiation properties in a controlled manner. It describes several types of reconfiguration including frequency, radiation pattern, polarization, and compound reconfiguration involving multiple parameters. The document outlines different methods for enabling reconfiguration, including mechanically movable parts, RF switches, tunable materials, and the use of semiconductor switches, MEMS switches, and tunable materials like liquid crystals and ferrites.
This document discusses the design and construction of a DC generator. It begins with introductions to power engineering and electric generators. It then discusses permanent magnet generators and their advantages over induction motors. The objectives are to build a DC generator capable of lighting 10 LEDs. Materials used include a neodymium permanent magnet and copper magnetic wire wound into a coil. The results and discussion section outlines factors that determine generator efficiency such as magnet type and strength, magnetic gap, winding resistance, heat, windage, and load characteristics. The goal is to determine if the design is on the right track to meet the objectives.
This study analyzed optimization of wireless power transfer using a half-bridge flyback converter. The researchers designed a protection circuit to maintain the resonant frequency as the load changed. Experiments showed wireless power transfer of over 3.4W and 61% efficiency to a variable LED load. Adding the protection circuit produced more stable output than without it by preventing changes in resonant frequency from load variations.
Passive Hybrid MEMS for High-Temperature Telemetric MeasurementsI'am Ajas
A hybrid MEMS sensor is described that uses inductive telemetry for contactless, high-temperature measurements in harsh environments. The passive sensor uses a bent beam structure connected to interdigitated combs to change capacitance with temperature. It communicates wirelessly with a readout unit through coupled inductors. Testing showed the sensor's capacitance and the measured temperatures agreed well with a reference sensor up to 350 degrees C, demonstrating its effectiveness for remote, high-temperature industrial monitoring.
This document provides an overview of optical switching technologies. It discusses how optical switching can help address limitations of electronic switching as network capacities increase. The document outlines three main approaches to gradually migrating switching functions from electronics to optics: optical packet switching, generalized multiprotocol label switching, and optical burst switching. It also discusses applications of optical switches such as cross-connects and protection switching.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses object detection techniques for images. It begins with an introduction to image processing and object detection. Object detection aims to find instances of real-world objects in images and is used in applications like surveillance and automotive safety. The document then reviews several papers on related topics, including object removal from videos, visual surveillance systems for tracking targets, and augmented reality object compositing. It proposes using skull detection and region growing techniques to detect particular objects while removing shadows and other background objects for improved detection. Region growing would detect the object, while skull detection removes it from the image to analyze the object separately. In summary, the document reviews object detection methods and proposes a hybrid approach using skull detection and region growing.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document proposes a new low power technique called Variable Body Biasing to reduce leakage power in subthreshold dual mode logic circuits. It works by increasing the body-to-source voltage of the sleep transistor in sleep mode to increase its threshold voltage and reduce leakage current. Simulation results show the proposed logic switches between active and sleep modes and reduces average power and delay compared to traditional CMOS and Dual Mode Logic designs.
This document summarizes research on coverage problems in wireless sensor networks in the presence of obstacles. It begins with definitions of key concepts related to sensor network coverage, including different types of coverage problems (point, area, barrier), deployment strategies (deterministic, random), coverage degrees, sensing models, and obstacles. It then reviews several approaches that have been proposed to address coverage problems when obstacles are present in the sensor field, including using computational geometry concepts to handle obstacles. The document concludes by noting that more work is still needed to fully address coverage problems in realistic environments with obstacles.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1) O documento discute como o conhecimento científico é socialmente construído e como a ciência deve se tornar um novo senso comum mais esclarecido.
2) Aborda pensadores históricos como Adam Smith, Darwin e Einstein e como nosso conhecimento seria sem eles.
3) Reflete sobre como a ciência moderna desconfia da experiência imediata e visa dominar a natureza através de medições e quantificações.
O documento descreve as novas funcionalidades do MySQL Server 5.6, incluindo recursos NoSQL. Apresenta também o roadmap de lançamentos futuros do MySQL e serviços oferecidos pela Oracle para o MySQL, como suporte, monitoramento e backup.
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O documento descreve o funcionamento e história do Twitter, desde sua criação em 2006 até os dias atuais. Em três frases, o resumo é: O Twitter surgiu como uma rede social para troca rápida de mensagens curtas ("tweets") e hoje tem mais de 500 milhões de usuários ativos mensais que usam a plataforma para se comunicar e acompanhar assuntos do momento. Empresas também utilizam o Twitter para se aproximar de clientes e promover suas marcas através de conteúdos e promoções. O documento fornece detalhes sobre
Study and analysis of rf mems shunt switch for reconfigurable antennaeSAT Publishing House
The document discusses the design and analysis of a low actuation voltage RF MEMS shunt switch suitable for reconfigurable antennas. It presents the design of a capacitive shunt switch with a serpentine flexure that reduces the spring constant and allows for actuation at 0.35 volts. Simulation results showing the up state, down state, and pull-in characteristics of the designed switch are also presented.
This document summarizes a study on optimizing the pull-in voltage of cantilever MEMS switches through finite element analysis. It begins by introducing embedded MEMS and their importance. It then discusses the working principle of electrostatically actuated cantilever MEMS switches and defines pull-in voltage as the voltage at which the cantilever becomes unstable and snaps to the ground plate. The document proceeds to describe the COMSOL modeling of a cantilever MEMS switch and analyzes the impact of mechanical parameters like material choice and geometrical parameters on pull-in voltage. It is found that pull-in voltage can be reduced by choosing a material with lower Young's modulus and by adjusting beam parameters like length
Study of RF-MEMS Capacitive Shunt Switch for Microwave Backhaul Applications IOSRJECE
In this research paper, we have proposed a new type of capacitive shunt RF-MEMS switch. MicroElectro-Mechanical System (MEMS) is a combination of mechanical and electromagnetics properties at micro level unit. This MEMS switch can be used for switching purpose at RF and microwave frequencies, called RFMEMS switch. The RF-MEMS switch has a potential characteristics and superior performances at radio frequency. The MEMS switch has excellent advantages such as zero power consumption, high power handling capacity, high performance, and low inter-modulation distortion. In this proposed design, a new type of capacitive shunt switch is designed and analyzed for RF applications. The switch is designed both in UP and DOWN-states. The proposed switch design consists of substrate, co-planar waveguide (CPW), dielectric material and suspended metallic bridge. The proposed MEMS switch has dimension of 508 µm × 620 µm with a height of 500 µm and implemented on GaAs as a substrate material with relative permittivity of 12.9. The geometry and results of the proposed switch is designed using Ansoft HFSS electromagnetic simulator based on finite element method (FEM). The electrostatic and electromagnetic result showed better performances such as return loss, insertion loss and isolation. The switch has also excellent isolation property of -48 dB at 26 GHz.
This document summarizes the analysis and design of a fixed-fixed beam RF MEMS capacitive switch to achieve low actuation voltage. It describes how RF MEMS switches using a fixed-fixed beam structure can exhibit lower actuation voltages than typical electrostatic RF MEMS switches. The paper analyzes various parameters that affect the actuation voltage of the proposed switch, such as the spring constant and beam gap. Simulation results show the designed fixed-fixed beam switch has a pull-in voltage range of 3.18V to 3.5V, indicating it can operate at lower voltages than many other RF MEMS switch designs. This switch structure has potential applications in reconfigurable antennas and circuits for satellite and mobile communications.
Reconfigurable Impedance Matching Network using RF MEMS Based Switch for 5G T...IJSRED
This document discusses the design of a reconfigurable impedance matching network using RF MEMS switches for 5G transceivers. Impedance matching networks are needed to maximize power transfer between antennas and transmitters by reducing mismatch losses, but traditional designs require redundant circuits for different frequencies. The proposed design uses MEMS switches to reconfigure a single matching network to operate at Bluetooth and Wi-Fi frequencies, avoiding redundant hardware. A cantilever beam ohmic switch in series and a fixed-fixed beam capacitive switch in shunt are modeled and selected. Simulation results showed the design achieves optimal impedance matching at the desired frequencies.
A Non-Contact Type Comb Drive for the Removal of Stiction Mechanism in MEMS S...idescitation
One of the barriers to full commercialization of
complicated MEMS devices is reliableness. Stiction may be a
major obstacle within the reliableness of MEMS electrical
phenomenon
switches.
Stiction
failures
in
microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) occur once
suspended elastic members are unexpectedly falls right down
to their substrates or once surface forces overcome the
mechanical restoring force of a micro-structure. This paper
presents the novel comb drive kind of switch. The planned
switch is free from microwelding and stiction problem;
successively it provides the high reliableness and long period
of time. Upon application of a bias voltage, the comb drive
maximizes their capacitance by increasing the overlap space
between them. The switch is on and off depends on comb drive
propulsion principal by the modification of capacitance
between the ground line and signal lines. The proposed
structure gives very low insertion loss and high isolation.
RF MEMS devices are microelectromechanical systems that operate at radio frequencies between 3 kHz and 300 GHz. They include oscillators, resonators, switches, and other components used in wireless communication systems. RF MEMS offer advantages over traditional semiconductor devices like lower insertion loss, higher isolation, better linearity, and lower power consumption. They are used widely in applications like wireless networks, GPS, WiFi, and more. While reliability and packaging costs present challenges, the RF MEMS market has grown substantially in recent years and includes many global manufacturers.
This document presents the design and simulation of three different SU-8 microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) switch configurations for radio frequency (RF) applications with low actuation voltages: cantilever, clamped-clamped beam, and meandered. The switches were simulated using Coventorware software. The cantilever and meandered switches had a pull-in voltage of 2.5V, while the clamped-clamped beam's pull-in voltage ranged from 4-7V depending on width. Material selection studies showed SU-8 provided the lowest pull-in voltages. Wider beams increased resonant frequency but also increased pull-in voltage. RF simulations in Agilent ADS showed
3_SK_MEMS based design and all basic sincldued.pptdeveshsoni26
The document discusses different types of switches used in RF applications including mechanical, PIN diode, and MMIC switches. It describes the Model RP-A82 mechanical waveguide switch that can handle high power levels. PIN diodes are also discussed as an electronic switching element that can be used to route RF signals by controlling the bias voltage to change the diode's impedance. Design considerations for RF MEMS switches include electromechanical factors like pull-in voltage and resonant frequency as well as RF parameters like insertion loss and isolation.
Design, Electrostatic and Eigen Frequency Analysis of Fixed– Fixed Beam MEMS ...IOSR Journals
The objective of this paper is to design of fixed–fixed MEMS Resonator. The beam of resonator is
made up of poly-silicon. This paper also presents the electrostatic and Eigen frequency analysis of MEMS
resonator. The resonator used in oscillator which can be fabricated on chip. It can also be used as Switch. The
size of crystal oscillator is in order of centimeter but the size of MEMS Resonator is in order of microns, so by
replace a crystal oscillator by MEMS Resonator, we can reduce the size of the system. The dc voltage is given to
the beam of resonator for electrostatic analysis & Eigen frequency analysis in different modes
Design, Electrostatic and Eigen Frequency Analysis of Fixed–Fixed Beam MEMS R...IOSR Journals
This document describes the design, electrostatic analysis, and eigenfrequency analysis of a fixed-fixed beam MEMS resonator using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The resonator is made of poly-silicon with dimensions of 50um length, 10um width, and 2um thickness. Electrostatic analysis shows the pull-down voltage is achieved at a displacement of 2/3 the initial gap. Eigenfrequency analysis reveals 6 vibration modes with fundamental frequency of 7.09MHz and higher frequencies up to 71.55MHz, following the expected relationship between frequency and beam dimensions. The resonator could enable miniaturized oscillators for various applications.
Copper Bulk General (Cu) was chosen for the pivot material on its merits of possessing good
electrical conductivity and optimised flexibility and stiffness for elastic recovery.
The simulation, using Intellisuite, attained a working switch design, with an ‘Air-Gap’ of
1µm between the contacts, thus providing isolation when the switch is open-circuited.
This document summarizes a research paper that explores the modeling and simulation of a novel double-pole double-throw (DPDT) radio frequency microelectromechanical systems (RF MEMS) switch using a seesaw design. The switch was designed and simulated using finite element modeling and analysis tools. A low actuation voltage of 14V was achieved. The switch has a length of 41 μm, height of 7.6 μm, and width of 9 μm, making it suitable for microscale fabrication. Copper was used for the pivot material due to its electrical conductivity and flexibility. The simulation achieved an isolation air gap of 1μm between contacts when open.
Miniature design of T-Shaped frequency Reconfigurable antenna for S-Band Appl...IJECEIAES
The article presents a miniature antenna with a simple geometry and a simple approach for reconfiguration. In order to make the T-shaped antenna frequency reconfigurable, we integrated Switches in specific positions. The location of the switches is determined following a study of the distribution of the surface currents of the suggested antenna. Indeed, we found that the insertion of switches in places where the concentrations of surface currents are high is irrelevant. In fact, to redirect current flow, the PIN diodes or RF Switch must be placed in positions where the distribution of the surface currents is of low concentration. These locations facilitate the establishment of new trajectories of the flux of current. As a result, a miniature tunable antenna dimension 20mm*20mm*1.6mm printed on FR4 substrate with 4.4 permittivity and with 0.04 loss tangent, the antenna can be adopted in many communication devices in view of its small size, its low manufacturing cost and performance on frequency sweep, the antenna operates in S-Band with an acceptable band and gain. The antenna is simulated and optimized using CST Microwave Studio.
This document summarizes a research article about a capacitance-to-digital converter (CDC) designed for capacitive MEMS sensors. The CDC uses a two-step process: 1) A switched-capacitor preamplifier converts the capacitance to a voltage. 2) A self-oscillated noise-shaping integrating dual-slope converter digitizes the output into a multi-bit digital stream by using time resolution rather than amplitude resolution. Experimental results on a prototype show the CDC achieves 17-bit resolution while consuming 146 μA from a 1.5V power supply, allowing pressure sensing at 1 Pa resolution.
Analysis of generated harmonics due to transformer load on power system usingIAEME Publication
This document discusses the analysis of harmonics generated in a power system due to transformer loads using artificial neural networks. Transformers operate in a non-linear region which causes them to generate harmonics. These harmonics can impact transformer losses and power quality. Artificial neural networks provide a novel technique for analyzing these harmonics by learning the input-output relationships from training data. The key advantages of neural networks for this application are their ability to model complex non-linear systems and learn from examples without requiring an explicit mathematical model.
Analysis of generated harmonics due to transformer load on power system usingIAEME Publication
This document discusses the analysis of harmonics generated in a power system due to transformer loads using artificial neural networks. Transformers are a major nonlinear component in power systems and their operation can generate harmonics. These harmonics can impact transformer performance and quality of power delivered. The document introduces harmonics sources in power systems, describes how transformer nonlinearity generates harmonics, and presents an artificial neural network technique for analyzing harmonics levels from transformer loads.
Fea of pcb multilayer stack up high voltage planar transformer for aerospace...elelijjournal
High voltage planar transformer is a technology which can replace conventional transformer with its distinct advantages of saturation and cost efficiency. This paper includes, study and solution methods for PCB winding configuration in planar magnetic elements with multilayer
stack up of PCB Cu-tracks, producing High voltage power supply for aerospace application.With finite element analysis (FEA) simulations, different simulation outcomes are discussed for inspecting flux intensity and current density distribution with computing Electric field strength
and Magnetic fields. In principal conclusion of study, complete analysis and some practical design guidelines for
multilayer PCB stack up are discussed in this paper.
This document describes the design and analysis of a 5-bit RF MEMS switched line phase shifter. RF MEMS switches have advantages over other technologies like low loss and high isolation. The phase shifter consists of five different phase shift sections (11.25, 22.5, 45, 90, 180 degrees) using MEMS capacitive series switches on a coplanar waveguide. A novel cantilever beam switch is designed with low actuation voltage and switching time. Simulation results showed the switch achieved less than 0.1dB insertion loss and over 19dB isolation at 20GHz with a 5V actuation voltage and 0.1us switching time. The 5-bit phase shifter demonstrated the ability to achieve
Emc model for modern power electronic systems for harmonics, losses & emi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Electromagnetic compatibility of power electronic systems becomes an engineering discipline and it should be considered at the
beginning stage of a design. Thus, a power electronics design becomes more complex and challenging and it requires a good
communication between EMI and Power electronics experts. Three major issues in designing a power electronic system are Losses,
EMI and Harmonics. These issues affect system cost, size, efficiency and quality and it is a tradeoff between these factors when we
design a power converter, filter. In this paper the EMC model is discussed which should be considered while designing the power
electronics systems. The design considerations in this paper help us to remove losses, harmonics & EMI elimination and power
quality improvement of Power systems.
Index Terms: Converter, EMI, EMC, Filter, Harmonics
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
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Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
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How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
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Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
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1. Jaspreet M. Hora et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 5), March 2014, pp.23-27
www.ijera.com 23|P a g e
Methods For The Minimization Of Actuation Voltage In MEMS
Switch
Jaspreet M. Hora, Dr. Sanjay Dorle, Prof. Sanjay B. Tembhurne
M .Tech. VLSI, R TMNU, G.H.R.A.E.T Nagpur,India
ECE Dept, RTMNU,G.H.R.C.E.,Associate Professor & Research Associate, Nagpur, India
M.Tech.VLSI, Assistant Professor,RTMNU, G.H.R.A.E.T,Nagpur,India,
Abstract
MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) is the Combination of mechanical functions such as sensing,
moving, heating and electrical functions such as switching on the same chip using micro fabrication technology.
The term MEMS refers to a collection of microsensors and actuators which can sense its environment and have
the ability to react to changes in that environment with the use of a microcircuit control. These micros witches
have two major design groups: capacitive (Metal-Insulator-Metal) and resistive (Metal-To-Metal). In the
capacitive design of a microswitch it refers the RF signal is shorted to ground by a variable capacitor. In the
Resistive design switch operates by creating an open or short in the transmission line.
This paper reviews the progress in MEMS applications from a device perspective. It includes the designing of
cantilever switch and will tell about the important device parameters that are highlighted, as they have
significant contributions to the performance of the final products in which the devices are used. The challenges
and statuses of these MEMS devices are discussed.
In this paper, a cantilever type of switch is proposed that could reduce the stress sensitivity of the switch as well
as providing a low actuation voltage. The overall switch structure will be designed with size miniaturization.
Here in this paper the main objective is to Design the cantilever switch and to measure its actuation voltage.
The main advantages of using the MEMS is to achieve the small size, lower power consumption, lower cost,
increased reliability improved reproducibility and higher precision, Low insertion losses.
IndexTerms— RF MEMS switch, Low actuation voltage, RF parameters.
1.Introduction
MEMS are small integrated devices or system
that Combine electrical and mechanical components.
They range in size from the submicrometer level to the
millimeter level. MEMS replace traditional mechanical
and electronic devices such as actuators, transducers and
gears with micrometer-scale equivalents that can
transform whole industries. MEMS devices are currently
used in telecommunications, wireless networking, global
positioning systems, cellular, auto, and even toy industry.
MEMS can help in the miniaturization of
various types of electronic systems. For example, a
MEMS sensor can be 1 mm3
in volume, including
interface electronics. Sizereduction tends to result in
decreased power consumption. Since there are essentially
no moving parts the electronic system can be made very
reliable. As a result, MEMS is revolutionizing the
electronics. The most significant advantage of MEMS is
their ability to communicate easily with electrical
elements in semiconductor chips. There are also certain
Advantages Of MEMS Switches such as
(1) Small size: Semiconductor manufacturing
techniques used in the batch fabrication of micro
systems, these systems process sizes ranging from
micro meters to a few milli meters.
(2) Low Cost: MEMS technology allows complex
electromechanical systems to be manufactured
using batch fabrication techniques, allowing
cost of switches to be put in party with that of
integrated circuits. Much of labour involved in
packing and assembly of such a system would
simply disappear.
(3) Low power consumption: The MEMS switches
are power efficient. The power losses in data
transmission and also the time lag are
eliminated because the switches are made next
to controlMEMS circuitry in the same
chip.
(4) High isolation: Isolation of MEMS switches in
the range 1-40 GHz is very high than the other
switches.
(5) Ability to be integrated with other electronic
devices with excellent linearity.
The main Disadvantages in MEMS design are
Complex design, Complex fabrication
procedures, and it requires high actuation
voltage, high switching time.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Jaspreet M. Hora et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 5), March 2014, pp.23-27
www.ijera.com 24|P a g e
2.Internal Equivalent Circuit of MEMS Switch
(SPST)
The internal equivalent circuit of this MEMS
switch is the combination of the variable capacitor that is
made between the movable electrode and fixed electrode
and the internal resistance that the silicon actuator has.
Those variable capacitor and internal resistance elements
are series-connected. The capacitance value of the
electrodes changes from several pF to 20pF according to
the electrode gap at the time of operation. The internal
resistance value of actuator is about 10K ohm.
The internal equivalent circuit after packaging is
a SPDT structure which has a common terminal on input
side and output side. Each GND terminal on input side
and one half of the RF ports on output side are connected,
as shown in the figure1.
Fig 1: internal equivalent circuit
2.1 Basic Structure of MEMS Switch & Working
Principle
The basic structure of MEMS switch consists of
following three layers which are Glass-Silicon- Glass, as
shown Figure2. It has a SPST i.e. Single Pole Single
Throw contact configuration. The top Layer i.e. glass part
is used for protecting the actuator . The middle silicon
section contains the actuator and movable electrode. Here
a capacitor is built up between the fixed electrode and
movable electrode. The signal line and fixed electrode are
made on a glass base. When voltage is applied between
the Fixed Electrode and the Movable Electrode, an
electrostatic force is generated and it pulls in the Movable
Electrode (actuator). When the driving voltage becomes
OFF that is in OFF condition , the electrostatic force will
disappear, and then the actuator will go back to its
original position because of self-restoring force.
Fig 2 : Basic structure of MEMS switch
2.2 Operating Principle And Structure of
Electrostatic Actuator
The electrostatic actuator’s is the basic
structure like a parallel plate type capacitor shown
in figure3. The electrostatic force generated between
the two electrodes is represented by the following
equation.
F=
………….(1)
Where F is the electrostatic force, ε0 and εr
are the dielectric coefficients , S is the area of the
electrode, V is the applied voltage, and d is the
average gap between the two electrodes. The
MEMS switch can be operated by using this
electrostatic force.
Fig 3: Structure of Electrostatic Actuator
3.Types of Switches
Basically RF MEMS switches are of two
configurations-:
1. RF series contact switch
2. RF shunt capacitive switch
3.1 RF Series Contact Switch
An RF series switch operates by creating
an open or short in the transmission line, as shown
in Figure 4(a), 4(b) The basic structure of a MEMS
contact series switch consists of a conductive beam
suspended over a break in the transmission line.
Application of dc bias induces an electrostatic force
on the beam, which lowers the beam across the gap,
shorting together the open ends of the transmission
line1. Upon removal of the dc bias, the mechanical
spring restoring force in the beam returns it to its
suspended (up) position. Closed circuit losses are
low and the open-circuit isolation is very high.
Because there is direct contact of the switch, it can
be used in low frequency applications without
affecting the performance.
3. Jaspreet M. Hora et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 5), March 2014, pp.23-27
www.ijera.com 25|P a g e
Fig 4(a) Unbiased - off
Fig 4(b) Biased-on
3.2 RF Shunt Capacitive Switch
A circuit representation of a capacitive shunt
switch is shown in fig 5.
In this case, the RF signal is shorted to ground
by a variable capacitor. Shunt switches is usually based
on a fixed-fixed beam design. Specifically, for RF
MEMS capacitive shunt switches, a grounded beam is
suspended over a dielectric pad on the transmission line.
When the beam is in the up position, the capacitance of
the line-dielectric-air-beam configuration is on the order
of ~50 fF, which actually translates to a high impedance
path to ground through the beam. Here the anchors are
connected to the CPW ground plane, and the membrane
is grounded. The center electrode provides both the
electrostatic actuation and the RF capacitance between
the transmissionline and the ground. When the switch is
in the up-state it provides the low capacitance to the
ground, and it does not affect signal on the transmission
line. When the switch is actuated in the down-state, the
capacitance to the ground becomes higher and this results
in short circuit and high isolation.
Fig 5: Schematic of shunt capacitive type RF MEMS
switch
4.MEMS model
Analysing the RF MEMS switches requires
extracting the mechanical as well as electrical models of
the switches.
4.1 Mechanical model
Figure 6shows the basic mechanical model
of MEMS switch. There are basically three types of
forces involved in MEMS switches. First is the the
Vander Waals force, which plays very important
role when the gap between the two electrodes is in
the range of a few nano meters. The second force is
the electrostatic force, which relies on a voltage
source and a capacitor between the transmission line
and the membrane. The third force is due to the
elastic force, which is modeled as a spring and
depends on the
Fig 6: Mechanical Model of MEMS Switch
shape, material and size of the beam or the
membrane. Another important mechanical
parameter of the MEMS switch is the switching
time. The switching time of MEMS switches is
limited by the mechanical structure. The pull in
actuation voltage (Vpull-in) and switching time (ts)
for vertical types of MEMS is as follows
Vpull-in= ……..(2)
tS =0.46f--
1 ………(3)
f= ……...(4)
where k is the spring constant, g0 is the gap
between electrodes without actuation voltage, A is
the overlap area between the bridge and the
transmission line or the electrode, f, m is the mass
of beam and f is the first resonant frequency of the
beam.
4.2 Electrical model
The switch has two states: On and Off.
Figure7shows the RF MEMS shunt and series
switches, which are modelled by electrical circuits.
The switch is modeled by R, L, and C components.
Where L represents the inductance of the switch, R
shows the insertion loss, and C represents the
capacitance between the bridge and the transmission
line. This capacitance has two extreme values at the
up state and the down state and varies between
them.
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This capacitance has two extreme values at the
up state and the down state and varies between them.
Thevalues of S11 and S21 strongly depend on the
capacitance of the bridge. For example, the amount of
S11 and S21 for the shunt switches are given by
According to equations. For example, reducing the gap
between the signal line and the bridge (g) reduces the
actuation voltage. However, this increases the up state
capacitance (Cup) and diminishes the isolation (S21).
Therefore, it reduces the bandwidth at up state(S21)
|S11|
2
+ |S21|
2
= 1 .. (5)
S11(upstate) = . .(6)
S21(downstate) = ..(7)
Moreover, although reduction of spring constant (K)
reduces the actuation voltage but it reduces the resonant
frequency or increases the switchingtime.
Figure 7: Series and shunt electrical model ofMEMSswitches
5.Different Actuation Schemes
RF MEMS switches can be categorized into four
groups according to their types of actuation forces i.e.
Piezoelectric, Electromagnetic, Electro- thermal &
Electrostatic. The first type is the Piezoelectric RF
MEMS switches. This type of switch uses piezoelectric
materials such as AlN or PZT on top of the membrane or
beam. These Piezoelectric materials deform under the
application of an electric field, or conversely, develop an
electric field under the action of an applied strain and
make the beam deflect by applying the voltage. The
amount of force depends on the piezoelectric coefficient.
Therefore, the low actuation voltage can be achieved by
chosen a high piezoelectric .The second type of MEMS
switch is the electromagnetic RF MEMS switch. This
type of switch uses coil on top of the membrane. Here the
electromagnetic force is created when a DC current is
applied to the coil and actuates the membrane . The third
type is the electro-thermal RF MEMS switch. In this the
bending of the structure depends on the thermal
expansion coefficient of materials. Thermal actuators
utilizes the property of thermal expansion to produce
motion. When a current is applied across the actuator, it
heats up and thermal expansions occur. Parameters
such as member geometry, size, and overall
configuration may be tuned to achieve optimal
deflection. Itcould provide the desirable large force
and large displacement when considered an
appropriate design.
The last and more applicable type is the
electrostatic RF MEMS switch. This type of switch
operates only based on the amount of actuation
voltage and the capacitance between the
transmission line and the membrane. When an
electric field is excited between two parallel plates,
there will be an attractive force acting on both
plates to bring them closer and minimize the
electrical potential energy of the system.
Electromagnetic actuation is based on the Lorentz
force. By applying current through a long wire,
which has been wound many times into a tightly
packed coil, a magnetic field is established .
Table 1 compares the all types of the RF
MEMS switch. It can be seen from the Table 1,
electrostaticforce performs better in all parameters
except for the actuation voltage, which is very high.
Although the switching time and reliability of the
electrostatic MEMS switches are better than those
of other types, they not compare well with other RF
switches, such as semiconductor and mechanical
switches.
Piezoelectric
Electrothe
rmal
Electroma
gnetic
Electrost
atic
Size Medium Medium Large Small
Actuation Medium Low Low High
Voltage
Power Medium High High Low
consumption
Switching Fast Slow Medium Fast
speed
Reliability Medium Low Medium High
Table 1 : Comparison of different types of MEMS
switch actuation
6.Various Approaches for low-actuation-
voltage switches
The high-voltage actuation of MEMS
switches makes them far beyond the compatibilityof
standard IC technology . The pull-in voltage can be
reduced by three different methods:
(a)Increasing the area of actuation: Here in this
Increasing the area is not a practical solution
because the compactness is the prevailing issue
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 5), March 2014, pp.23-27
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and adoption of MEMS technology is to achieve the
miniaturization.
(b) Decreasing the gap between the switch and the
bottom electrode: Here the return loss associated
with the RF signal restricts the size of the gap.
Matching circuit: The amount of parasitic capacitance
affects negatively on the insertion loss of the
MEMS switches at up state position. One effective
method for compensating this capacitance is by
using a matching circuit accompaniedby a switch. In
this way, the amount of gap can be reduced at any
range.
(c) By designing the structure with a low spring
constant: In this design the spring does not
considerably impact the size, weight or RF
performance.spring constant plays an important role
on the actuation voltage of RF MEMS switches.The
spring constant of MEMS switch is given by the
following equation
K = Kspring + Kσ .(8)
Therefore, reduction of the spring constant can
be categorized into reduction of spring constant of beam
or membrane and the residual stress (Kσ).
7.CONCLUSION
Here in this paper, different methods for the
reduction of the actuation voltage of RF MEMS
electrostatic switches have been studied. Reduction of
gap and spring constant are mostly used for reducing the
actuation voltage of RF MEMS switches based on metals.
The fabrication of this type of switches is based on
surface micromachining. They are a new generation of
electro-mechanical switches, and the researchers are
trying to improve their RF parameters. Thus the actuation
voltage required to induce the switching action is lower
than that required for membrane type RF MEMS
switches, all other things being equal. For the same
actuation voltage the down-state transition time must be
reduced.
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