This document defines key volcanic terms and provides an overview of different types of volcanoes. It begins by defining terms like viscosity, magma, lava and ash. It then describes the basic structure of volcanoes and explains that volcanoes are openings in the Earth's crust that allow hot material to escape. The document classifies volcanoes as active, dormant or extinct and describes common types of volcanoes like shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes and supervolcanoes. It provides examples like Mt. St. Helens and highlights some benefits and hazards of volcanoes.

1. Volcanoes By: Jessica Goolsby

2. Definitions Viscosity - the property of a fluid that resists the force tending to cause the fluid to flow Magma - molten material beneath or within the earth's crust, from which igneous rock is formed Lava - the molten, fluid rock that issues from a volcano or volcanic vent Ash - the powdery residue of matter that remains after burning Caldera - A large crater formed by volcanic explosion or by collapse of a volcanic cone.

3. What is a volcano? A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s crust, which allows hot magma, ash and gases to escape from below the surface.

4. Structure of a Volcano

5. What Greeks Believed Volcano is from the Latin word vulcan Thought it was an entrance to the fiery underworld. Thought the god of Fire, Hephaestus, lived beneath Mt. Etna

6. Ring of Fire!! 90% of volcanoes are in the Ring of Fire which is band of volcanoes circling the Pacific Ocean

7. Largest Volcano in the World Mauna Loa, on Hawaii’s Big Island Shield Volcano Made by several lava flows Top to bottom 56,000 ft Last eruption in 1984

8. Classify Active - has erupted since the last ice age Dormant – hasn’t erupted in the last 10,000 years, but is expected to erupt again Extinct – no one ever expects it to erupt again

9. Types of Volcanoes Shield volcano Stratovolcano Supervolcano Submarine volcano Subglacial volcano Mud volcano

10. Shield Volcano Broad, shield like profile Formed by the eruption of low-viscosity lava that can flow a great distance from a vent Since low-viscosity magma is typically low in silica, shield volcanoes are more common in oceanic than continental settings. Found in Hawaii and Iceland

11. Stratovolcano Tall conical mountains composed of lava flows in alternate layers Also known as composite volcanoes, created from several structures during different kinds of eruptions Made of cinders, ash and lava. Cinders and ash pile on top of each other, lava flows on top of the ash, where it cools and hardens, and then the process begins again. Mt. Fuji, Mt. Vesuvius, and Mt. Mayon are examples Explosive eruptions have posed the greatest hazard to civilizations

12. Supervolcano Large volcano that usually has a large caldera and can potentially produce devastation on an enormous, sometimes continental, scale Such eruptions would be able to cause severe cooling of global temperatures for many years afterwards because of the huge volumes of sulfur and ash erupted They are the most dangerous type Examples include Yellowstone Caldera in Yellowstone National Park and Valles Caldera in New Mexico Hard to identify centuries later, given the enormous areas they cover.

13. Submarine Volcano Common features on the ocean floor. Some are active and, in shallow water, blast steam and rocky debris high above the surface of the sea. Many others lie at such great depths that the tremendous weight of the water above them prevents the explosive release of steam and gases, although they can be detected by hydrophones and discoloration of water because of volcanic gases . Pumice rafts may also appear. Even large submarine eruptions may not disturb the ocean surface. Because of the rapid cooling effect of water as compared to air, and increased buoyancy, submarine volcanoes often form rather steep pillars over their volcanic vents as compared to above-surface volcanoes. They may become so large that they break the ocean surface as new islands.

14. Subglacial Volcano Develop underneath icecaps . Made up of flat lava which flows at the top of extensive pillow lavas When the icecap melts, the lavas on the top collapse leaving a flat-topped mountain. Also called table mountains Examples are in Iceland and British Columbia

15. Mud Volcano Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases, although there are several different processes which may cause such activity. The largest structures are 10 kilometers in diameter and reach 700 meters high.

16. Mt. St. Helens Located in Washington Stratovolcano Most famous for eruption on May 18, 1980 Most active volcano in United States

17. May 18, 1980 Most catastrophic eruption 57 people killed, 250 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles of railway, and 185 miles of highway were destroyed Caused a mass debris avalanche bringing the elevation from 9,667ft to 8,365ft Made a horseshoe shaped crater

18. Volcano Benefits Provide valuable mineral deposits Fertile soils Geothermal energy Lava can build new land, like in Hawaii

19. Movie Starring Tommy Lee Jones, Anne Heche and Don Cheadle Released on April 25, 1997 About an earthquake hitting L. A. and that causes a volcano

20. Books

21. Resources www.wikipedia.com http://blogs.oregonstate.edu/volcanofaq/ http://www.nationalgeographic.com/forcesofnature/interactive/index.html http://dictionary.reference.com/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano_(film) http://facts.randomhistory.com/2009/01/30_volcanoes.html www.amazon.com