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1. ِِ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫ب‬
ِ
ِ ٰ‫ّللا‬
ِ
‫م‬ْ‫ح‬َّ‫الر‬
ِ
ِ‫ن‬
‫ْم‬‫ی‬ ِ‫ح‬َّ‫الر‬
ِ
ِ ِِ

2. Group Presentation
Group Members:
Junaid Burki (14-ARID-1414)
Moiz ur Rehman(21-ARID-1418)
Muhammad Haseeb (21-ARID-1421)
Muhammad Laraib(21-ARID-1424)

3. SITE INVESTIGATION AND
SOIL SURVEY

4. Site Investigation
⚫Definition.
A site investigation simply is the process of the
collection of information, the appraisal of data,
assessment, and reporting without which the hazards
in the ground beneath the site cannot be known.

5. Surface Exploration
⚫Surfaceexploration includes
⚫Geologic mapping, geophysical methodsand
photogrametry.
⚫Or itcan be as simpleas a geotechnical professional
walking around on the site to observe the physical
conditionsat the site.
⚫Toobtain information about the soil conditions below
the surface, some form of subsurfaceexploration is
required.

6. Objectives of site investigation
Characterize the physical and geological properties of
the site
Assess environmental conditions and potential
impacts
Gather data for structural design and foundation
assessment
Identify and evaluate potential risks associated with
the site
Estimate costs and plan for site development or
construction
Ensure compliance with local regulations and
standards

7. Stages of site investigation
The processof site investigation can be separated into
following stages.
 Objectivesof site investigation.
Desk study.
Site Reconnaissance.
Ground investigation
 Trial Pits
 Boreholes
 Sampling
 Reporting

8. Desk Study
⚫ Thedesk study iswork taken uppriortocommencing theworkon siteand
the Ground Investigation.
⚫ It should always be the first stage of the Site Investigationand is
used toplan the Ground Investigation.
⚫ Thework involvesresearching thesite togain as
much informationas possible, bothgeological and
historical.
⚫ Geological Maps and memoirs are probably the most
important source of information as these give an
excellent indication of the sort of ground.
⚫ Ariel Photography is another extremely useful source of information.
⚫ Records of Previous Site Investigation reports are also helpful in a desk
study.
⚫ Services records are also an essential part of the desk study.

9. Desk Study of Aerial Photographs

10. Site Reconnaissance
⚫ Site reconnaissance is a walk over survey of the site.
⚫ It collects information on site layout, topography, and basic geology.
⚫ Local conditions such as climate, stream flows, and groundwater
conditions are examined.
⚫ Site utilization related to weather and time of year is considered.
⚫ Photographic records are kept.
⚫ Important evidence to look for includes hydrogeology indicators like
wet marshy ground, springs/seepage, ponds/streams, and wells.
⚫ Signs of slope instability such as bent trees, hummocks, and displaced
fences/drains are noted.
⚫ Presence of mining indicates subsidence and disused mine shafts, with
open cast mining identified by diverted streams and replaced/removed
fence/hedge lines.
⚫ Easy access to the site is crucial, considering potential obstacles like
low overhead cables and watercourses.

11. Ground Investigation
⚫Ground investigation is taken to be thatother than the
information available from thewalk oversurveyas
discussed previously.
Trial Pits
• Trial pits are shallow
excavations going down
to a depth no greater
6m. The trial pit as such is used extensively at the
surface for block sampling and detection of
services priorto boreholeexcavation.

12. Types of Samples from Trial Pits
⚫Three typesof samplecan be taken from a trial pit:
⚫Disturbed Sample - Sampleswhere thesoils in-situ
propertiesare not retained.
⚫Block Sample - A sample that is not undisturbed but
retainssome in-situ properties.
⚫Push in tubesample - Tubesamplesof the soil in a
trial pit.

13. Boreholes
⚫ A borehole is used to determine the nature of the ground (usually
below 6m depth) inaqualitative mannerand then recoverundisturbed
samples forquantitativeexamination. Where this is not possible, for in
gravelly soils below the watertable, in-situ testing methodsare used.
Sampling
⚫ SPT test: This isa measureof thedensityof thesoil
⚫ Core Sample: Core samples must be sealed with paraffin to
maintain thewaterconditionsand then end sealed toprevent
physical interference.
⚫ Bulk Samples: Usually taken from trial pitsor in soils where there is
littleor nocohesion.

14. Reporting
⚫The Site Investigation report for a highway design
scheme should answerall thequestionssetout in the
planning phase of the Investigation. This should
includean assessmentof theviabilityof the proposed
routeand indication of any alternatives.
⚫Included in the report should be a location of all the
boreholes, trial pits, other excavations and their logs.
These logs should give as much information as
possibleon thesoil and rock structureas it is possible
toobtain.

15. Soil Sampling
⚫Boringscome in two mainvarieties, large-diameter
and small-diameter.
⚫Large-diameter borings
⚫Small-diameterborings
⚫ Soil Samples are often categorized as being either
‘Undisturbed Samples’ or ‘Disturbed Samples’.
⚫However ‘Undisturbed samples’ are not truly
undisturbed.

16. Soil Samplers
⚫Soil samples are taken using a variety of samplers;
some provideonlydisturbed samples, whileotherscan
providerelativelyundisturbed samples.
Shovel Trial Pits

17. Machine Driven Auger
Hand Driven Auger Shelby tubes Split spoon sampler

18. Dam Site Investigations
⚫The primary purpose of geological site investigations
foradam project is provide the information thatdam
designers require in order todesign a safe dam
structureand to be able toestimatewith reasonable
accuracy how much thedam is going tocost.
⚫ The aim of thedam designers is to build thedam for
the lowest cost consistent with currently accepted
standardsof safety.

19. Investigation at dam site
⚫The following investigation should bedoneat thedam
siteareas:
⚫Regional Geological Mapping
⚫Dam Axis Survey (Left/Right)
⚫Landslide Possibility Survey
⚫Environmental Impact

20. Dam Site Investigation Methods
⚫Geological mapping of surface rock outcrops.
⚫Geophysical surveys; Seismic refraction is often used
todeterminedepth of overburden.
⚫Excavationof trenchesand pits using bulldozers,
backhoesetc.
⚫Diamond core drilling; As usually carried out this
method recoversan undisturbed, cylindrical sample (a
coresample) about 50 mm in diameter from depthsof
a few meters to hundredsof meters, if necessary.
⚫Othertypes of drilling which recoverdisturbed
samples mayalso be used in somecircumstances.

21. Site Investigation For Bridges
 Introduction
⚫Site investigation is done toassist in the planning cost
investigation, conductand reporting of investigation
at bridge sites.
Objectives
⚫Describe stagesof work to be followed fora bridge site
investigation.
⚫Describe information required todesign bridge
foundations.