This document provides an overview of renewable energy resources and energy conversion techniques. It discusses:
- The link between energy, social development, environmental degradation and climate change. Energy accounts for over two thirds of greenhouse gas emissions.
- Common renewable energy resources like solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass. It describes techniques for converting these resources into useful energy like electricity.
- Factors that determine energy efficiency and comparisons of efficiency between different energy sources and conversion processes. Greater efficiency can reduce costs and environmental impacts.
Module Computer graphics and visualization.pptxRahulBadachi1
In the heart of the dense, ancient forest, sunlight filters through the towering canopies, creating a mosaic of dappled shadows on the lush undergrowth below. The air is tinged with the earthy aroma of moss-covered trees, and a symphony of bird songs and rustling leaves fills the tranquil ambiance. Babbling brooks wind their way through the verdant landscape, offering a refreshing melody to the vibrant ecosystem. A sense of timelessness pervades, as ancient trees stand sentinel, their gnarled branches reaching towards the sky, whispering tales of centuries gone by.
The environment exudes tranquility as the sun gently sets, casting a warm golden glow over the landscape. Lush greenery blankets the surroundings, with towering trees forming a natural canopy that rustles softly in the breeze. The air is filled with the sweet fragrance of blooming flowers, creating a harmonious symphony of scents. A babbling brook meanders through the scene, reflecting the fading sunlight on its crystal-clear surface. Birds chirp melodiously, adding to the serene ambiance as they flit between branches. Nature's palette is on full display, showcasing a spectrum of colors that range from vibrant blues and greens to soft pinks and oranges, painting an idyllic portrait of peace and beauty.
Amidst this natural haven, the environment also resonates with life. Squirrels scamper playfully, their tiny footprints leaving trails in the soft earth, while butterflies dance in the air, adding a whimsical touch to the landscape. The distant hum of insects contributes to the lively background soundtrack, emphasizing the intricate web of interconnected life that thrives in this serene environment. It is a sanctuary where the balance between flora and fauna, light and shadow, creates a captivating and harmonious ecosystem, inviting observers to appreciate the wonders of the natural world.
Nature paints a serene backdrop with lush greenery, towering trees, and a gentle stream under the warm embrace of the setting sun. The air is filled with the delicate scents of blooming flowers, creating a tranquil atmosphere. Birds add a musical touch, their chirps blending harmoniously with the rustling leaves and the soft babble of the brook.
Life thrives in this natural haven, as playful squirrels leave tiny footprints in the soft soil, and colorful butterflies gracefully flutter through the air. The environment resonates with the soothing sounds of insects, contributing to the lively symphony of nature. Each element, from the vibrant hues of the flora to the intricate movements of the fauna, collaborates to form a captivating ecosystem.
This idyllic setting invites observers to appreciate the delicate balance of life in nature. It serves as a sanctuary where the beauty of the environment lies in its simplicity, offering a peaceful retreat and a moment of connection with the wonders of the natural world.
This idyllic setting invites observers to appreciate the delicate balance of life.
About FANR
• The Federal Authority for Nuclear Regulation (FANR) is
the regulatory body for the nuclear energy sector in the
UAE and is working to protect the UAE’s public, its
workers and the environment.
• FANR was established in September 2009 by Decree
Number 6, which was issued by the UAE President, His
Highness Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan.
• Driven by a Culture of Safety and a commitment to
excellence, FANR’s overriding mission is to protect the
public and the environment from the harmful effects of
ionizing radiation and to ensure the exclusively
peaceful use of nuclear energy in an integrated
manner with the concerned authorities and according
to international best practices.
The move to electrification and decarbonisation
• Across the globe, an energy transition is underway as we
move to electrify and decarbonise our economies and
societies.
• The need for electrification has been championed by
climate and energy experts for many years. According to
the World Economic Forum (WEF), electrification is critical
for decarbonization.
• Electrification means replacing technologies that run on
combustion with alternatives that are powered by
electricity. This includes everything from home heating
and cooling, to cars, trucks, planes and industrial
equipment.
• Today, electricity constitutes only 19% of final energy
consumption; however, considering its growth from 15%
in 2000, this figure is forecast to significantly increase. In
the US alone, the Electric Power Research Institute
predicts that electrification will reach 47 per cent by 2050.
Free Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Unit-I
Part-1 Introduction
Power and energy, sources of energy, review of thermodynamic cycles related to power plants,
fuels and combustion, calculations.
Part-2 Variable Load Problem
Industrial production and power generation compared ideal and realized load curves, terms, and factors. Effect of variable load on power plan operation, methods of meeting the variable load problem.
Part-3 Power plant economics and selection Effect of plant type on costs, rates, fixed elements, energy elements, customer elements, and investor’s profit; depreciation and replacement, theory of rates. Economics of plant selection, other considerations in plant selection.
Renewable Energy for Sustainable Agriculture and Food SecurityShiva Gorjian
Identifiable change in the climate of Earth as a whole that lasts for an extended period of time. Worldwide, agriculture contributes between 14 and 30 percent of human-caused greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions because of its heavy land, water, and energy use. Activities like running fuel-powered farm equipment, pumping water for irrigation, raising dense populations of livestock in indoor facilities and applying nitrogen-rich fertilizers all contribute to agriculture’s high GHG footprint. The various renewable energy technologies and energy sources can be expected to be developed further and implemented at increasing scales in the future. The sustainable energy approach promotes renewable energy in the agriculture sector, especially in remote or rural areas all over the world where solar energy is available in abundance.
Module Computer graphics and visualization.pptxRahulBadachi1
In the heart of the dense, ancient forest, sunlight filters through the towering canopies, creating a mosaic of dappled shadows on the lush undergrowth below. The air is tinged with the earthy aroma of moss-covered trees, and a symphony of bird songs and rustling leaves fills the tranquil ambiance. Babbling brooks wind their way through the verdant landscape, offering a refreshing melody to the vibrant ecosystem. A sense of timelessness pervades, as ancient trees stand sentinel, their gnarled branches reaching towards the sky, whispering tales of centuries gone by.
The environment exudes tranquility as the sun gently sets, casting a warm golden glow over the landscape. Lush greenery blankets the surroundings, with towering trees forming a natural canopy that rustles softly in the breeze. The air is filled with the sweet fragrance of blooming flowers, creating a harmonious symphony of scents. A babbling brook meanders through the scene, reflecting the fading sunlight on its crystal-clear surface. Birds chirp melodiously, adding to the serene ambiance as they flit between branches. Nature's palette is on full display, showcasing a spectrum of colors that range from vibrant blues and greens to soft pinks and oranges, painting an idyllic portrait of peace and beauty.
Amidst this natural haven, the environment also resonates with life. Squirrels scamper playfully, their tiny footprints leaving trails in the soft earth, while butterflies dance in the air, adding a whimsical touch to the landscape. The distant hum of insects contributes to the lively background soundtrack, emphasizing the intricate web of interconnected life that thrives in this serene environment. It is a sanctuary where the balance between flora and fauna, light and shadow, creates a captivating and harmonious ecosystem, inviting observers to appreciate the wonders of the natural world.
Nature paints a serene backdrop with lush greenery, towering trees, and a gentle stream under the warm embrace of the setting sun. The air is filled with the delicate scents of blooming flowers, creating a tranquil atmosphere. Birds add a musical touch, their chirps blending harmoniously with the rustling leaves and the soft babble of the brook.
Life thrives in this natural haven, as playful squirrels leave tiny footprints in the soft soil, and colorful butterflies gracefully flutter through the air. The environment resonates with the soothing sounds of insects, contributing to the lively symphony of nature. Each element, from the vibrant hues of the flora to the intricate movements of the fauna, collaborates to form a captivating ecosystem.
This idyllic setting invites observers to appreciate the delicate balance of life in nature. It serves as a sanctuary where the beauty of the environment lies in its simplicity, offering a peaceful retreat and a moment of connection with the wonders of the natural world.
This idyllic setting invites observers to appreciate the delicate balance of life.
About FANR
• The Federal Authority for Nuclear Regulation (FANR) is
the regulatory body for the nuclear energy sector in the
UAE and is working to protect the UAE’s public, its
workers and the environment.
• FANR was established in September 2009 by Decree
Number 6, which was issued by the UAE President, His
Highness Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan.
• Driven by a Culture of Safety and a commitment to
excellence, FANR’s overriding mission is to protect the
public and the environment from the harmful effects of
ionizing radiation and to ensure the exclusively
peaceful use of nuclear energy in an integrated
manner with the concerned authorities and according
to international best practices.
The move to electrification and decarbonisation
• Across the globe, an energy transition is underway as we
move to electrify and decarbonise our economies and
societies.
• The need for electrification has been championed by
climate and energy experts for many years. According to
the World Economic Forum (WEF), electrification is critical
for decarbonization.
• Electrification means replacing technologies that run on
combustion with alternatives that are powered by
electricity. This includes everything from home heating
and cooling, to cars, trucks, planes and industrial
equipment.
• Today, electricity constitutes only 19% of final energy
consumption; however, considering its growth from 15%
in 2000, this figure is forecast to significantly increase. In
the US alone, the Electric Power Research Institute
predicts that electrification will reach 47 per cent by 2050.
Free Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Unit-I
Part-1 Introduction
Power and energy, sources of energy, review of thermodynamic cycles related to power plants,
fuels and combustion, calculations.
Part-2 Variable Load Problem
Industrial production and power generation compared ideal and realized load curves, terms, and factors. Effect of variable load on power plan operation, methods of meeting the variable load problem.
Part-3 Power plant economics and selection Effect of plant type on costs, rates, fixed elements, energy elements, customer elements, and investor’s profit; depreciation and replacement, theory of rates. Economics of plant selection, other considerations in plant selection.
Renewable Energy for Sustainable Agriculture and Food SecurityShiva Gorjian
Identifiable change in the climate of Earth as a whole that lasts for an extended period of time. Worldwide, agriculture contributes between 14 and 30 percent of human-caused greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions because of its heavy land, water, and energy use. Activities like running fuel-powered farm equipment, pumping water for irrigation, raising dense populations of livestock in indoor facilities and applying nitrogen-rich fertilizers all contribute to agriculture’s high GHG footprint. The various renewable energy technologies and energy sources can be expected to be developed further and implemented at increasing scales in the future. The sustainable energy approach promotes renewable energy in the agriculture sector, especially in remote or rural areas all over the world where solar energy is available in abundance.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
1. ECEg-4242
Renewable Energy Systems
Lecture 2
Renewable Energy Resources and
Energy Conversion Techniques
department of Electrical &
Computer Engineering
Collage of Technology
Bonga University
Akililu Getahun
1 1
2. Introduction
• Energy is closely link with key contemporary global challenges the world
faces:
i. social development and poverty alleviation
ii. environmental degradation and climate change and food security
and is therefore a defining issue of our time.
• Climate change engages the energy sector particularly closely because
energy is central both to the problem and to its resolution.
• Energy-related emissions (including energy used in transportation) account
for over two thirds of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (ghg) emissions and
contribute well over 80% of worldwide emissions of CO2.
• Also one third of the global emissions of methane, the second largest
source of ghgs, mainly from natural gas production; transportation; and coal
production.
• Energy contributes a small share of global emissions of N2O, the third
largest source, principally from biomass burning.
1 2
3. Introduction …
• But energy is also a key driver of social and economic development. A
world without energy would be incapable of development, sustainable.
• Energy systems are therefore a necessity, and to be compatible with
sustainable development
• Therefore, Energy system should be designed to meet the WEC criteria,
encapsulated in the three “3A’s” accessibility (to affordable energy);
acceptability (of the energy sources used, particularly in environmental
terms); and availability (how secure and reliable are those sources?)
How to reduce climate change?
➢To reduce climate change we have to look at ;
✓ what drives greenhouse emissions from the energy sector;
✓what policies have been introduced to restrain those emissions;
and
✓how effective those policies have been.
➢Unbalanced energy policies undermine sustainable development
➢Measures that have to be taken to reduce climate change
1 3
4. Energy Resources
• Energy resources – or rather occurrences – are the stocks (e.g., oil,
coal, uranium) and flows (e.g., wind, sunshine, falling water) of energy
offered by nature. Stocks, by definition, are exhaustible, and any
resource consumption will reduce the size of the concerned stock.
• Flows, in turn, are indefinitely available as long as their utilization does
not exceed the rate at which nature provides them
• Conventional and non conventional or renewable and non renewable
resources
Useful Energy
The application of useful energy provides energy services such as a
moving vehicle (mobility), a warm room (thermal comfort), process heat
(for materials manufacturing), or light (illumination).
1 4
5. Energy resource: Reserves and Resources
• In order to avoid misunderstandings, the terms “reserves” and
“resources” are defined here:
• Reserves: that part of the total resources, which are documented in
detail and can be recovered economically by using current technology.
• Resources: that part of the total resources, which are proved but at
present not economically recoverable, geologically indicated, or which
for some other reasons cannot be assigned to the reserves.
• Total resources: reserves plus resources. It is to be noted that the
reserves are not included in the resources
1 5
6. World energy consumption
• The world demand for oil and gas is increasing significantly each year –
China and India
• The present global energy consumption is 16TW
• IEA forecast that by 2030 demand for energy will be some 60% more
than it is now
• The last 50 year increment is stimulated due to cheap of fossil fuel and
industrialization in USA, Europe and Japan
1 6
7. What is the problem? Finite resource
• Difficult to determine precise figure on ultimate availability
of fossil fuel
• Fossil fuel reserve only lasts from 100-160 years
• Future exploration will be expensive
• Only limited number of today technology will survive the
21 st century due to limited reserve of conventional energy
carrier . This fact is sufficient reason to switch our present
energy supply to non fossil and non nuclear energy source
Renewable energy source
1 7
8. Kyoto Protocol
• Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or
FCCC) that set binding obligations on the industrialized
countries to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases
• Kyoto protocol signed 1997 aims at reducing green house
gas emission in the period of 2008- 2012 to 5.2 % below
those of 1990
• Assignment ( review Kyoto protocol )
1 8
9. Conversion technique
➢ Solar, Wind, Hydro, Bio ...
➢ Depending upon the type of RES, the conversion technique
to electrical energy differs.
➢ Some conversion takes easy step and other conversion takes
series of steps.
Solar energy to electrical energy conversion can take place the
technical term for solar electric.
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) :- Photo means “light” and Voltaic means
“electric”
1 9
10. solar …
➢ PV cells are usually made of silicon, an element that
naturally releases electrons when exposed to light.
➢ A silicon cell has a characteristics of a battery with a power
ranging between 1.5 – 3 watts, typically at 0.58 V and 3.1 A
➢ The cells are connected in series to build up voltage and
constitute a module.
➢ The cells are connected in parallel to build up current and
constitute a module.
➢ The modules are connected in series and parallel to
constitute an array.
1 10
12. Wind
➢ The wind is a free, clean, and inexhaustible energy source.
➢ The energy is contained in the flow of wind, where strong
wind is associated with its speed.
➢ One of the most critical features of wind generation is the
variability of wind. Wind speeds vary with time of day, time
of year, height above ground, and location on the earth’s
surface.
➢ The kinetic energy of the wind is converted to electrical
energy.
1 12
13. Turbines axis
1. Horizontal-axis turbines, in
which the axis of rotation is
horizontal with respect to the
ground (and roughly parallel to
the wind stream.)
2. Vertical-axis wind turbines, in
which the axis of rotation is
vertical with respect to the
ground (and roughly
perpendicular to the wind
stream),
• Wind energy harvesting
magnitudes relative to the blade
diameter.
1 13
14. Hydro
➢ Hydropower is another renewable energy source.
➢ The energy is contained in the elevated/falling of water.
1 14
17. Geothermal Energy
➢ Utilizes the Earth’s inner heated rocks to heat water. This water is turned
to steam then captured to operate steam-powered generators.
➢ The construction cost is by far expensive compared to other forms of
renewable energies.
➢ Steam at high pressure and temperature is used to drive a steam turbine
generator set. Ideal for continuous use once set up.
1 17
18. Biomass Energy
➢ Biomass energy means the use of
organic matter as source of sustainable
energy.
➢ Biomass is widely used form of renewable energy in
Ethiopia.
➢ If the use of it is properly balanced, it is environment
friendly energy source.
➢ Electrical energy can be generated using steam turbines run
by the biomass energy.
➢ Direct use of heat energy is possible.
1 18
21. Comparison of Energy sources
• The chief sources of energy used for the generation of
electrical energy are hydro power, fuels and nuclear energy.
Below is given their comparison in a tabular form :
S. No particular Hydro power Fuels Nuclear
energy
1 Initial cost High Low Highest
2 Running cost Less High Least
3 Reserves Permanent Exhaustible Inexhaustible
4 Cleanliness Cleanest Dirtiest Clean
5 Simplicity Simplest Complex More complex
6 Reliability More
reliable
Less
reliable
More reliable
1 21
22. Efficiency of Energy Conversion
• It is the ratio of useful energy output to energy input
• Efficiency = Useful Energy Out/Total Energy In
• Greater energy efficiency can reduce energy costs to consumers,
enhance environmental quality, maintain and enhance our standard
of living, increase our freedom and energy security, and promote a
strong economy.
• In all energy conversions, some energy is wasted. However, some
energy conversion processes require a large amount of energy in to
obtain a small amount of energy out. Such conversion processes are
inefficient.
• Since every energy conversion process wastes some energy, the
efficiency ratio for any energy conversion process is less than one
1 22
23. • Energy efficiency is the amount of useful energy you get from a
system. A perfect, energy-efficient machine would change all the
energy put in it into useful work—an impossible dream.
• In fact, most energy transformations are not very efficient. The
human body is a good example.
• Your body is like a machine, and the fuel for your machine is food.
Food gives you the energy to move, breathe, and think. But your
body isn’t very efficient at converting food into useful work. Your
body is less than five percent efficient most of the time. The rest of
the energy is lost as heat. You can really feel that heat when you
exercise!
1 23
24. Assignment one
1. What are the main renewable energy sources present in
Ethiopia?
2. Discuss in detail how to cope with our current and future
world energy supply and demand problems.
3. Describe Environmental problems, which appear due to
the energy conversion
4. In your opinion what is the level of energy efficiency in
Ethiopia? What kind of programmes/policies/regulations
could promote greater efficiency in Ethiopia
5. What are some of the barriers to investment in energy
efficiency Ethiopia’s industrial sector?
1 24