The document discusses various energy sources including coal, oil and natural gas, nuclear energy, wood fuel, hydroelectric power, geothermal energy, wind, solar energy, waves, tidal, biogas, biofuel, and biomass. For each energy source, it outlines key advantages and disadvantages in terms of things like cost, environmental impact, supply, and safety.

1. Coal
Coal was the major fuel of the Industrial
revolution
But now no, the reasons for decline included
the exhaustion of supplies, increased cost of
production , and competition from cleaner, safer....
• Advantages:
• 1-World reserves are likely to
last over 300 years
• 2-Modern methods have
increased outputs
• Disadvantages:
• 1-Production costs have risen
• 2-Burning coal causes air
pollution and global warming
• 3-Deep mining is dangerous
• 4-Opencast mining harms the
environment

2. Oil and natural gas
Many countreis have come to reply
upon eithers oil or natural gas their
main source of energy. Spain hasn´t
enough fuel and it has to import the
energy. Uk has sufficient reserves
thanks to North Sea oil.
• Adavantages;
• 1-Oil and gas are cheaper and cleaner
than coal.
• 2-Both are easy to transport by
pipeline or tanker
• 3-They are safer than nuclear energy
• 3-Oil is the basis of the petrochemical
industry
• Disadvantages:
• 1-reserves may only 60 years
• 2-New fields are difficult to discover
and exploit
• 3-Burning oil and gas causes acid rain
• 4-Terminals and refineries take up
much space

3. Nuclear energy
Many countries that are short of fosil fiels , such as
France , Belgium, Japan... Are turning increasingly to
nuclear power, despite fears about its safety.
Uranio and plutonio are some of the radiactibve
minerals.
• Advantages:
• 1-Only limited raw materials are
needed
• 2-many safeguards make the
accident risk minimal
• 3-Underground
• 4-It isn´t produce acid rain
• Disadvantages:
• 1- It is still not clear how safe
nuclear power is
• 2- Worries over health risks for
those living near.
• 3-High cost of decommissioning
old station

4. Wood fuel
Wood fuel is the most important
source of energy for people living
in the rural areas of the poorer
countries .It is collected and after
it is used for burning at home
• Advantages:
• 1-Cheap and readily available
fuel source
• 2-Easy to use and store
• 3-It can be renewable if
managed carefully
• Disadvantages:
• 1-Collecting fuelwood is very
time- consuming for women and
children
• 2-Result in loss or forested
areas
• 3-deforstation causes soil
erosion

5. Hydro-electric power
It is the most important of the
renewable energy resources. A
reliable supply of fast-flowing water is
needed to produce hydro-electricity.
• Advantages:
• 1-Cheap to produce
• 2-Creates very little pollution
• 3-HEP dams help reduce the risk of
flooding
• 4-reservoirs help reduce the risk of
water shortages
• 4-Reservoirs may be used for
recreation
• Disadvantages
• 1-Dams are expensive to build
• 2-limited choice of suitable sites
• 3-Large areas of farmland are flooded
• 4Wild life habitats are lost

6. Geothermal energy
Geothermal means “heat from the Earth” . In
geothermal power stations, high-temperature
geothermal steam is produced when water
comes into contact with heated rocks below
the ground . This steam can be used for
heating or the power turbines and generate
electricity
• Advantages
• 1-It is renewable and causes little
pollution
• 2-It is reliable and provides a
constant energy supply
• 3- It may be used for heating and
electricity
• Disadvantages
• 1-Limited choice of suitable sites
• 2-High cost of construction and
maintenance
• 3-Possible danger from eruptions
and earthquakes
• 4-Emission of sulphuric gases

7. Wind
The wind has been used for thousands of years as a
source of energy for sailing ships and windmills.
The turbines need to be in areas with strong winds
that blow on a regular basis. Such places are usually
found on exposed coasts or in upland parts of windy
lands
• Advantages:
• 1-Wind turbines do not cause air
pollution . Winds are stronger in
winter when demand for electricity is
greatest
• 2-Running costs are very low
• 3-Wind farms can produce income
for farmers
• Disadvantages:
• 1-Wind doesn´t blow all the time
• 2-Wind farms spoil the look of the
countryside
• 3-Large numbers of turbines are
needed.
• 4-Wind turbines are noisy

8. Solar energy
Solar energy uses silicon cells to convert the
sun´s energy into electricity
Small solar power units are quite common and
are used to power watches ,calculators
It´s very expensive
• Advantages:
• 1-Unlimited supply and
causes no pollution
• 2-Ideal for small scale-energy
needs
• Disadvantages
• 1-Needs sunshine , so limited
choice of suitable sites
• 2-Very expensive and still
requires new technology

9. • Waves: Waves are very
powerful and may be used
to produce electricity.
• Unfortunately, building
machinery that can survive
the full force of waves
without being damaged has
proved difficult.
• Tidal: Like the Rance in
Brittany , many British rivers
have a large tidal range
which could generate
electricity. However , schemes
such as proposed Severn
Barrage would be expensive
to build

10. Biogas: Rotting animal dung
gives off methane gas
which in developing
countries can be burned
and used instead of wood
fuel. This is cheap source
energy, but it means that
the dung can no longer be
used as a fertilizer
Bio-fuel: Crops like sugar
cane maize contain starch.
If fermented this can
produce a type of alcohol
which can be used to
power cars.
Biomass: Pellet