this presentation deals with various types of endourology, upper urinary tract endoscopy, rigid and flexible endoscopy, lower urinary tract endoscopy, ureteroscopy, care and sterilization of instruments and endoscops. use as therapeutic and diagnostic modalities.
What is New In Minimally Invasive Surgery for UrologySiewhong Ho
Dr Ho Siew Hong gave a series of Continous Medical Education lectures to doctors of Gleneagles, Mount Elizabeth and East Shore Hospitals on the latest in Urology surgery
What is New In Minimally Invasive Surgery for UrologySiewhong Ho
Dr Ho Siew Hong gave a series of Continous Medical Education lectures to doctors of Gleneagles, Mount Elizabeth and East Shore Hospitals on the latest in Urology surgery
HoLEP: the gold standard for the surgical management of BPH in the 21st CenturyDr. Manjul Maurya
HoLEP is at least as effective as other surgical therapies, including TURP, OP and other laser modalities, with fewer complications, shorter hospital stays, and decreased catheter time. These benefits make HoLEP the procedure of choice for men seeking surgical relief for BPH related LUTS and the gold standard for the 21st Century.
Laparoscopic Urologic surgery, is a part of the curriculum of Minimal Access Surgery, and requires lot of skills and patience. All new surgeons carrying out Basic Laparoscopic surgery should aim at also doing Lap. Urological surgeries, which has a steep learning curve, but with with excellent outcomes.
Every upcoming surgeon practising minimal access surgery should know the basics of urology , so that he or she can put his or her,s capabilities as a surgeon
HoLEP: the gold standard for the surgical management of BPH in the 21st CenturyDr. Manjul Maurya
HoLEP is at least as effective as other surgical therapies, including TURP, OP and other laser modalities, with fewer complications, shorter hospital stays, and decreased catheter time. These benefits make HoLEP the procedure of choice for men seeking surgical relief for BPH related LUTS and the gold standard for the 21st Century.
Laparoscopic Urologic surgery, is a part of the curriculum of Minimal Access Surgery, and requires lot of skills and patience. All new surgeons carrying out Basic Laparoscopic surgery should aim at also doing Lap. Urological surgeries, which has a steep learning curve, but with with excellent outcomes.
Every upcoming surgeon practising minimal access surgery should know the basics of urology , so that he or she can put his or her,s capabilities as a surgeon
Laparoscopy is an innovative diagnostic and surgical tool in veterinary field. Laparoscopic surgeries revolutionizes the minimally invasive surgical approaches with less surgical trauma and faster recovery.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
7. Rigid Cystoscope
• Optical lenses come with tip angles ranging from 0 to 120 degrees.
• Visualization of the urethra is best performed with a 0- or 12-degree
lens.
• A 25- or 30-degree lens is commonly used for therapeutic purposes.
• A 70- or 120-degree lens may be required to completely inspect the
anterior and inferolateral walls, dome, and neck of the bladder.
8.
9. Flexible Cystoscopes
• Contain fiberoptic bundles for illumination and visualization
• Has an irrigating channel and a working channel for passage of
instruments
• Can be deflected 180-220o
• Digital Flexible cystoscopes eliminate the need for fiber bundles
and the honeycomb pattern of the image
10.
11. Advantages of rigid endoscope:
• Better optics
• Larger working channel allows
greater versatility in passage of
instruments
• Larger lumen for water flow, thus
improving visualization
• Ease of manipulation and
maintaining orientation during
inspection within the bladder
• Better for evacuating clots
Advantages of flexible endoscope:
• Greater comfort for the patient
• Ability to perform the procedure with the
patient in the supine position
• Ease of passing the instrument
over an elevated bladder neck
• Ability to inspect at any angle with
deflection of the tip of the instrumen
12. Lens
• 0O – for urethroscopy
• 30O - visualization of the base and anterolateral aspect of the
Bladder
• 70-90O - to view the bladder dome
• Retrograde lenses with an angle of view > 90O - visualize the anterior
bladder neck
27. PatientPreparation
• Informed consent must be obtained
• A urinalysis and urine culture, if indicated,
should be completed before cystoscopy UTI
must be treated
• AUA : prophylaxis antibiotic is not recommended for
routine diagnostic procedure.
• For therapeutic Chlorhexidine gluconate and
alcohol-based solutions are not recommended for use
on the genitalia
29. • In women, rigid cystourethroscope insertion is safest
using the sheath obturator
• In men, the penis should be angled 45 - 90° relative to
the abdominal wall while the scope is passed through
the anterior urethra.
• Visualization of the lateral walls is accomplished by
rotating the cystoscope while keeping the camera
orientation fixed.
• If a Foley catheter is to be placed after the procedure, it is
best to leave the bladder at least partially full before
removing the cystoscope.
Ureteroscopy Technique
30. Ureteroscopy Technique
• Upper tract imaging IVP or helical CT scan
• UTI are treated preoperatively
• Routine preoperative antibiotic is give to all
patients fluoroquinolones or based on antibiotic
sensitivity test
• Patient in cystolithotomy position
31. Semirigid UreteroscopyTechnique
• Maneuvering the tip of the ureteroscope next to the
guidewire posterolaterally and elevate the wire
propping the ureteral orifice open to allow scope
passage.
• If the intramural ureter is too tight to allow safe
passage of the ureteroscope, a dilating balloon
catheter can be used.
32.
33.
34. • Normal saline should be used for
irrigation to prevent accumulation and
absorption of hypotonic solution and
resultant TUR syndrome.
• Do not activate the laser unless the tip of
the fiber is seen to be contact with the
stone
Flexible UreteroscopyTechnique
35. Care andSterilization
• Scraped inner working channel deflection of
flexible ureteroscope when the fiber is introduced
• Fired fiber within the working channel to prevent the
tip must be seen in the central portion of the field of
view
• Should be cleased with warm water and a non
abrasive detergent after each use