The document discusses the major endocrine glands of the human body, including the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads. It describes the key hormones secreted by each gland and their functions in maintaining homeostasis, growth and development, metabolism, and reproduction.

2.  It helps you cope with changes in your environment.
 It works with the NS, RS and other organs such as
kidney, gut and pancreas to help maintain and
control body energy levels, reproduction, growth
and development, responses to stimuli and stress
and internal balance.
 Gland  is an
organ that
produces a
secretion for use
elsewhere in the
body, or in a

3.  Exocrine Gland  the
secretions pass through a
duct to the site where they
take effect. Ex: salivary,
sweat and mammary
glands.
 Endocrine Gland  ductless
because they secrete their
product directly into the
bloodstream.
 Hormones  a chemical
messenger that transports a
signal from one cell to
another. “Target cells”,

4. ENDOCRINE GLANDS
1.) Pituitary Gland  master of the ductless glands;
aka hypophysis, lies at the base of the brain.
a.) Oxytocin  responsible for contraction of the
uterine muscles during the final stage of pregnancy.
b.) Vasopressin
 increases
blood pressure
and decreases
urine flow; aka
antidiuretic
hormone (ADH).

5. c.) Growth Hormone  aka somatotropic hormone -
essential for normal growth.
d.) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)  controls
the adrenal glands that takes part during emergency
or stressful situation.
e.) Prolactin  initiates milk production.
f.) Luteinizing Hormone (LH)  stimulates the
formation of ovarian hormones and the subsequent
release of a mature egg.
g.) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)  responsible
for the formation of follicles around an egg in the
female ovary and the development of sperm in males.

6. 2.) Thyroid Gland  H-shaped organ; beneath the
larynx.
a.) Thyroxin(e)  controls the body’s metabolism;
aka tetraiodothyronine (T4).
 It increases the oxygen consumption, or speeds up
the metabolic rate of nearly all the cells in the body
except the brain, spleen and testes.
 Sometimes the
gland may be
hyperactive
(hyperthyroidine)
or underactive
(hypothyroidine).

7.  Cretinism  physically and mentally retardation
due to failed development of the thyroid gland.

8.  Without a sufficient supply of iodine, all body cells
will work harder; this eventually results in swelling
of the thyroid, a condition commonly known as
goiter.

9. b.) Calcitonin  aka triiodothyronine (T3); storage of
Ca and P balance in the blood plasma and bones.
 It takes Ca and P ions from bones so that they will
be available in the blood, the muscles and nerves.

10. 3.) Parathyroid Gland  4 small glandular bodies,
each about the size of a small pea, attached to the
back of the thyroid gland.
a.) Parathyroid hormone or Parathormone  controls
the Ca levels in your body and normalizes bone
growth.
 It takes Ca
and P ions
from bones so
that they will
be available in
the blood, the
muscles and

11. 4.) Thymus Gland  2 lobes located at the upper part
of the chest, below the neck.
 Quite prominent in early life, buy degenerates
when puberty sets in then it will be replaced by a
fatty or fibrous tissue.
a.) Thymosin – it
manufactures WBC and
antibodies that make it
possible to develop
immunity against
infection.
b.) Promine – promotes
growth
c.) Retine – retards growth

12. 5.) Adrenal Glands  small glands above each
kidneys.
a.) Adrenal Cortex – outer portion; secretes
corticoids.
 Regulate the metabolism – storage and use of
proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
 Control the amount of water, which the body
retains or excretes.
 Monitor the levels of important body salts.
 Influence growth and development
 Control the production of blood cells and also the
formation of the skin color.

13. b.) Adrenal Medulla – inner portion; secretes
adrenalin.
 Aka epinephrine, secreted during times of
excitement, anger, stress, pain or cold.
 It raises the blood pressure and increases the
heartbeat and the body temperature.
 Brings about the widening of the blood vessels in
the liver, heart and skeletal muscles.
 It promotes the conversion of sugar in the body,
making it more available for your energy needs.

14.  Noradrenalin or norepinephrine, which functions in
the same way that adrenalin does; it supplements the
action and complex functions of the nervous system.

15. 6.) Pancreas  between the kidneys; hormone-
secreting cells are found in the islet of Langerhans.
a.) Glucagon
– it converts
glycogen
(stored body
sugar in the
liver) to
glucose when
your blood
glucose
concentration

16. b.) Insulin – controls the storage of sugar in the liver
and the sugar breakdown in the tissues.
 Diabetes mellitus, a
disease in w/c the
pancreas produces
insufficient insulin or in
w/c the body’s cells fail
to respond correctly to
insulin.
 Diabetes insipidus,
there is an excretion of
large amounts of
diluted urine that
cannot be further

17. 7.) Male Gonads  lower abdomen
a.) Testes – secretes androgen and testosterone;
control maturation and male characteristics
 Prostate Gland –
produces a thin,
watery, alkaline
secretion that mixes
with the sperm and
other secretions to
form the semen.
 Cowper’s Gland
(Bulbourethral) – add fluids
and protection to semen
during the process of

18. 7.) Female Gonads  lower abdomen
b.) Ovaries – secretes estrogen and progesterone;
influence female traits and support reproductive
function