Enbe2

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Content:
1. Introduction 3
2. A Town 4-5
3. Investigationand Data Collection : Ancient city 6-11
4. Investigationand Data Collection: Present city 12-14
5. Investigationand Data Collection: Future city 15-17
6. The New ‘X’ Town 18-27
7. The Conclusion 28
8. References List 29

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Introduction
“A great city is not to be confounded with a populous one.”
-Aristotle
The idea of this project is to understand the elements and component of a city and what
makes a better future city. We are required to study ancient, present and future cities or
towns and plan a future town according to our studies.
The objective of this project is to expose the elements of the natural and built
environment in their basic unit form and function. Besides that, we can learn to show
symbiotic relationship of the elements of the natural and built environment. We can also
learn to question, analysis and articulate the impact between natural and built
environment.

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A Town
A town is a built-up area with a name, defined boundaries, and local government that is
larger than a village but smaller than a city.
The word town shares an origin with the German word Zaun, the Dutch word tuin, and
the Old Norse tun. The German word Zaun comes closest to the original meaning of the
word: a fence of any material.
History of Urban Planning
At America’s first urban planning conference which was held in New York in 1898, a
British planner wondered whether he and his colleagues were striving for beautiful
peoples or beautiful cities. He asked if urban planning about physical design or about
making things easier for the people who live in the urban spaces.
It was an essential question for the field which the answer really wasn’t born until the
early 20th century.
Before then, there were three types of people thought differently abouthow a city should
look and function:
1. Architects: focused on the city as a built environment.
2. Public health officials: were consumed with infrastructure, they knew there was a
connection with certain diseases and social conditions.
3. Social workers: wanted to use the city to improve the lives of the people living
there.
These thinkers were brought together by the pressure cooker that was the Industrial
Revolution. At that moment they began to look for technological ways to expand the
city. In1898, the question of the hour was horse manure. Horses were the main
transport at that time. At that initial meeting, the fledgling planners realized that
cities needed big plans to deal with growing populations.In the years follow after that
conference, any one of these early urban planning strains could have taken over as
the intellectual giant in the field. Although the social workers and the public health
officials continued to play a role, urban planning intellectual history ended up
grounded in architecture thanks to the creation of the country’s first urban planning
school in the Harvard.

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What makes a town?
The answer is population. Population of the town makes it different from a village and a
city. The number of people in a town can be ranging from a few hundred to several
thousands. Other important things are:
 Government administration
Government administration is the management and direction of a government.
 Basic needs of resources
The town should have basic needs of resources such as food, water and clothes.
 Proper infrastructures
Proper infrastructures such as roads and lightning should be provided.
 Management of segregation of the people
Segregation of the people to enable the better management of the people in the
town.
A GOOD town should have…
 good environment
The town should be free from pollution such as water, sound and air pollution. In this
way, the people that stay in the town can stay and live healthily.
 adequate facilities
Sufficient facilitiesshouldbe provide inthe town suchas hospital, school,
shopping mall, bus stop and post office. This is to provide a convenience
environment to the people living in the town.
 effective transportation system
The town should have good transportation system with public bus, monorail railway,
highwayandother transport. People living in the town can move easily from one place
to another with an effective transportation system.
 green area
A town should have green areas such as garden, park or forest to act as a lung for the
town. The green areas provide oxygen and help in improve the air quality of the town.
 well organized zoning
A good town should have a well-organized zoning. The town should have residential
area, agriculture area, hospitality and tourism area, commercial area, business area
and government area.

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Investigation & Data Collection
Ancient City
Architecture in Greece
Ancient Greek architecture is best
known for its temples that can be
found over the region but most are
ruined. The second important types
of building that survives all over the
Hellenic world is open air theatre.
Other architectural forms that are
still in evidence are the processional
gateway (propylon), the publicsquare
(agora) surrounded by storied
colonnade (stoa), the town council
building (bouleuterion), the public
monument, the monumental tomb (mausoleum) and the stadium.
The architecture of ancient Greek greatly
influenced the blossoming of their culture that
promoted a social lifestyle and honored their
gods. They promoted a social lifestyle by
designing their homes to face inwards, with
gardens and windows facing a central courtyard.
The central courtyard is where regular meals and
social gatherings of friends andfamily would take
place. Besides that, they honored their gods. Buildings such as temples and
monuments were built elaborately and precisely.
The Greek were the first to use solar
architecture. The ancient Greek houses
took advantage of the sun rays for
heating. They oriented their houses to
make use of the sun during winter,
while obscuring its rays during summer.

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Doric style Ionic design Corinthian style
(Most plain) (More elegant, (More fancy)
famous for its scrolls)
The Greek are wonderful architects. They invented three types of columns to
support their buildings. From a distance, each column looked straight, but, some
columns actually will tilt a bit, or lean left or right, to better support each building.
Nearly every publicbuildings in Greece used one or more of these three design. These
three designs are still used today. That’s mean these design can withstood the test
of time.
Other design of the columns in Greece was Caryatid
columns. This type of column uses female figures and
potrayals as pillars.
The Greek used different materials in their buildings.
They used wood or unbaked mud-bricks with ceramic tile
roofs to build homes and shops. However, these
materials will disintegrate and reform over time. They
used limestone, marble and ivory as building blocks and
materials. However, these materials were too expensive,
so, these materials were used for important jobs such as
temples, monuments and sculptural decorations only.
Bronze was used for extra detailing decorations, statues
and special design.

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Athens
Athens was one of the great ancient cities of the world. It is also one of the oldest
cities in the world with history of 3400 years. It was the center of power, art, science
and philosophy during the time of the Ancient Greeks. Because of this, Athenians
thought of themselves as the best city-state in all of ancient Greece. They recognized
other city-states got value and as Greek, but they were the best. Athens was the birth
place of democracy and the heart of the Ancient Greek civillization.
Athens was the largest Greek city-state.
However, Athens city was not planned. It
was grew from its focal point, the
acropolis, which became the
cerenional centre of the city-state,
decked with temples including the
Parthenon. The architectural style of
these temples, and other civic
buildings of the ancient Greek world was defined as ‘classical’. Below the acropolis
was the agora or central market and community space for the citizens of Athens.
Athens had ports of entry and exit which gave rise
to naval transportation, in addition to the ground
transportation methods employed at that time.

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Athens also well-known for the expert of its
manufactured goods, as well as olive oil, that
generated the drachmae to import needed grain.
Athens provided
the marketplace for
the surrounding
district of Attiki.
Interesting Buildings in Athens
The Parthenon
The most characteristic monument of
ancient Greek architecture is the Parthenon
which was also the temple of Athena Parthenos,
the goddess of wisdom. The inner chamber, also
known as cella, consisted of two rooms with
hexastyled porches. Before you reached the
colonnade, a long sequence of columns joined
by the
entablature, you would see the glorious statue of
Athena. The statue of Athena is seen with her
warrior outfit on along with a snake and holding a
statue of victory. The Parthenon which was situated
on the acropolis hill, also known as sacred rock was
one of the few temples that was entirely
constructed with marble andthe only one with Doric
order. The Parthenon still communicates the ideals of order and harmony which
Greece is famous for.

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The Erectheion
Erectheion was a temple to replace
Archaic Athena temple that had been
raised by the Persians and was the second
most important temple that was found in
Acropolis during Pericles’ building period. It
was situated on the sight of a mythical
contest that was said taken place between
Poseidon, the sea god and Athena.
Poseidon provided sea water well for the
location by stabbing his trident into a rock
while Athena provided olive tree and won in the contest. The rock that Poseidon
stabbed is now located in the North Porch of the Erectheion. The builder of the
Erectheion is still unknown but some say the designer is Mnesikles. The Erectheion
represent the most exceptional Ionic building and was situated on the Acropolis
alongside the Parthenon. The temple contained sanctuaries to Athena Polias,
Poseidon, Erechtheus and Hephaestus. The southern portico which showcased six
sculptured females was the Erechtheion's most striking feature.
Theatre of Dionysus
Theatre of Dionysus is one of
the surviving ancient Greek
theatres which located at the
foot of the Acropolis. It dates
back to 600 BC and is dedicated
to the god of Dionysus. The
theater can easily accommodate
up to 20,000 people and may
have been the first theatre of
Athens. Every theatres in Greek
must fulfill three requirements
that was the theatre must builton a hill,provide a breathtaking view to the audiences
and offer a flat performance area. The theatre has an orchestra or known as the
dancing place. The original orchestra floor was just smoothed dirt and was finally
polished with stone when the architecture of theatre evolved. There was an altar to
the god Dionysus where a flute player was stationed in the center of the orchestra.

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Conclusion
 The design of their homes promoted social lifestyle.
 They used solar architecture.
 They used different materials for their buildings.
 The city was not planned.
 Athens had port for exit and entry as well as marketplace.
 Athens also had many interesting buildings especially monuments and temples.
What can I learn from this city and use it for my new town?
 The design of the residential area in my new town should promote social lifestyle.
 Solar architecture should be used in designing the new town.
 Different materials will be used in the buildings of my new town.
 The new town will be planned carefully.
 The new town will have a port for entry and exit.

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Present City
Hong Kong
Because of lack of land, just a few
historical buildings remain in the urban
areas of Hong Kong. Most of the old
buildings are cleared away to make
space for newer larger building.
However, Hong Kong has become a
center of modern architecture, it has
more building above 35m and more
skyscrapers than any other cities. Hong
Kong’s skyline often is said as the best, with the surrounding mountains and Victoria
Harbour complementing the skyscrapers.
In this super- dense city, you can walk all day
without have to set foot on the ground. This
metropolis was built on an implausible terrain of
sheer-faced mountains and reclaimed land, you can
go from your house to the office, via shops, stations
andferry terminals without once touching terra firma.
It is a city built on a complex network of elevated
bridges and submerged tunnels, aerial walkways and suspended passages. The
network is so complex that u may never know how far from the street you have risen.
In such a city of artificial ground, the
activities that usuallyhappenin green area
such as park andgarden are displaced into
air-conditioned place lobbies of shopping
centers or shady undercrofts of office
blocks. On Sundays, domestic workers
sitting in endless rows on blankets,
chatting, eating and snoozing in this zone.
In other areas, groups of retired men
gather to show off their songbirds, while a
nearby gaggle of children practice musical instruments.
Hong Kong has impossibly elaborate web, with escalators, ramps and walkways
stretching for miles in every direction, spreading like the vigorous root systems of an
army of weeds. It is an unplanned, usually illogical matrix, which result in the
piecemeal development. Different links andstitches are built by different parties over
time according to their specific needs. It is a result of a combination of top-down
planning and bottom-up solutions, a unique collaboration between pragmatic
thinking and comprehensive master planning.
This phenomenon began in the 1960s, when a Hong Kong land company, one of
the main developers inthe region, built anelevated walkwayto connect a luxury hotel

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to the second storey of an adjacent shopping mall. This move has a significant effect
of changing the rentable values within the buildings. The mall’s second floor units
could be rented out more than the first floor unit out of a sudden. The government
also caught out to this as a good way to move the public from one place to another
without getting in the way of the traffic, so, the elevated realm started to grow.
Beginning with the transport hubs and soon throughout the city.
Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
Vietnam is said may become the next
China as Vietnam has been among the
faster growing economies over the past 10
years. The economic heart of Vietnam is Ho
Chi Minh, the former Saigon, although the
politic power in Vietnam may lie in Hanoi.
Ho Chi Minh is the largest city which
located near the delta of the Mekong River,
60kms from the Sea. The area of Ho Chi
Minhis 2,095.01 sq km andis organized into
24 districts. 13 of the districts are old urban
inner districts, six are expanded urban districts and five are suburb districts. The
populationof Ho Chi Minh City in 2010, was 7,382,287 equivalent to about8 per cent
of the total population of Vietnam.
The main transport in Ho Chi Minh is
motorcycle. The congestion is reaching now
its limit because of explosive growth in
motorcycle owner-ship. Because of this, the
air quality of the city degrade. Traffic
accidents is also a severe problem.
The city is made up of an elaborate
network of canals and rivers that reach a
length of nearly 100km which make the city
resembles a patchwork. These navigable routes are now mainly used by residents to
dispose of garbage and wastewater.
Ho Chi Minh is facing many problems now:
 Uncontrolled urban sprawl
 Rapid population growth
 Overload city infrastructure
 Core urban and satellite development have not been implemented with
goals clearly displaced
 Economic and cultural infrastructures for residential areas in outer city are
not sufficient

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Conclusion
 Hong Kong
 Because of lack of land, tall and big buildings are built.
 Network of elevated bridges and submerged tunnels, aerial walkways andsuspended
passages are built to enable people to go from one place to another.
 Green area such as park are displacedinto air-conditioned buildingssuch as shopping
center to save places.
 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
 The urban planning of a city should consider about the population.
 The city should use more safe and efficient transport. Renewable energy or low-
carbon footprint transport should be used in the city.
 The residents should take good care of the river and make good use of it instead of
using it as disposal of garbage.
What can I learn from these cities and use it for my new town?
 Tall and big buildings can be built on the new town to save places.
 Sustainable transport network will be built on the new town.
 Green area such as park will be placed inside or on buildings in the new town.
 The new city should be planned effectively by considering about the population of the
city.
 Efficient transport that uses renewable energy or with low carbon-footprint energy will
be used in the new city.
 I can make good use of the river to do something interesting.

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Future City
Mickey Mouse idea (EPCOT)
The Experimental Prototype
Community of Tomorrow (EPCOT) was a
concept developed by Walt Disney near
the end of his lifetime. This planned city
was intended purpose for the property
near Orlando, Florida, that eventually
became the Walt Disney World Resort
which any review of futuristic cities will
make mention of. Its purpose was to
stimulate American corporations to
come up with new ideas for urban living.
Walt Disney said in describing his city, “EPCOT will take its cue from the new ideas
and new technologies that are emerging from the forefront of American industry. It
will be a community of tomorrow that will never be completed. It will always be
showcasing and testing and demonstrating new materials and new systems.”
After the death of Walt Disney in 1966, most of his ideas for this plannedcity were
abandoned. Not only that, the Walt Disney World Resort opened in 1971 with only
the Magic Kingdom and a few hotels. The concept eventually evolved into the EPCOT
theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort, which opened in 1982.
Crystal Island, Moscow on the
Awesome
Crystal Island was a highly anticipated
new project which was designed by the firm
of Foster + Partners who also designed the
Khan Shatyr Entertainment Centre in Astana,
Kazakhstan. Although the project had put on
hold in 2009, it looks like the construction
on Moscow’s future icon has begun.
Situated
on the Nagatino Peninsula, edged by the Moscow
River, it is located only 7.5km from the Kremlin. Crystal
Island will be 450m high and cover an area of almost
half a million square meters. It contains a total floor
area of 2.5 million square meters which is four times
that of the Pentagon in Washington DC. Moscow will
finally have its permanent New Year’s tree.

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Crystal Island will have a range of cultural,
exhibition and performance facilities,
approximately 3000 hotel rooms and 900
serviced apartments, as well as offices and
shops designed to maintain a dynamic and
animated public realm throughout the day.
The structure will also house theaters,
several cinemas as well as retail and
catering business. Residents are able to work and live within a densely planned area
where every amenity is within short walking distance, including an international
school for 500 students. Crystal Island also offers panoramic views over Moscow from
a viewing platform at apex.
The structure spiraling form
emerges majestically from a newly
landscaped park, rising in
converse directions to form a
diagonal grid. This distinctive
geometry extends throughout the
project into the park. As a result,
the scheme is seamlessly
integrated into a new park
landscape, which provides a range
of activities throughout the year,
including cross country skiing and
ice skating in the winter.
The internal built volumes of
over one million square meters assume a staggered formation within the triangulated
steel mega frame, extending flushagainst the sloping facetted glazed outer skin. This
terracing creates a series of winter gardens, which form a breathable second layer
andthermal buffer for the mainbuilding,shielding the interior spaces from Moscow’s
extreme summer and winter climates. A vertical Louvre system covers the internal
facades to ensure privacy for the individual apartments.
Enclosure panels on a dynamic
geometry are slotted into the structural
framing to allow daylight to penetrate
deep into the heart of the scheme and
can be controlled to modify the internal
environment. The enclosure panels will
be closed in winter for extra warmth and
opened in summer to allow natural
ventilation. Energy management is at
the heart of the design, with additional
strategies to include on such as site
renewable and low-carbon energy generation.

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Conclusion
Mickey Mouse idea (EPCOT)
 EPCOT stimulate people to have new ideas for urban living.
Crystal Island, Moscow on the Awesome
 The Crystal Island in Moscow provides different types of facilities and different range
of activities.
 Crystal Island has a distinctive geometry.
 A second skin is provided to protect the internal of the Crystal Island from extreme
weather.
 The design of the Crystal Island allow daylight to penetrate into it.
 Crystal Island uses renewable and low-carbon energy.
What can I learn from this city and use it for my new town?
 My new town will have sustainable facilities and will provide different range of
activities.
 My new town will have buildings of distinctive geometry.
 Renewable and low-carbon energy will be used in my new town.

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The ‘X’ town: Verdant Octagon
My idea:
Mankind has caused too much pollution and disaster. As a result, their own home
are no longer suitable for them to live because of the severe pollution and natural
disaster. They eventually have to find a new home. I, as a mayor of the town, have
decided to build a new town.
Location of the town:
The location of the new town is beside the river (downstream). The people living in
the town can get their water resources from the river. Besides that, they can get food
resources from the river and the forest near the river. The land beside the river is also
suitable for agricultural purposes.
Therefore, as a mayor of the town, I decided to build the new town beside the river.
The name of the town:
The name of the town is Verdant Octagon. The meaning of verdant is green with
grass or other vegetation. I want my new town to have more green spaces. The main
building of my town is octagon in shape. Therefore, I named my new town Verdant
Octagon.
People and population in the town:
The people in the new town consists of Malaysian. They consists of people with
different races and religions. For example, the people living there consist of Malays,
Chinese, Indians as well as foreigners and they have different religions such as
Muslim, Buddhist, Christian and Hindu. The population of the town range from
150,000-300,000.
Infrastructure available in the town:
Sustainable and modern infrastructure will be provided in the new town.
Infrastructure such as bicycle treks, roads, public toilet, traffic light and bus stop will
be planned effectively on the town.
Bus stop
Traffic light that
uses solar energy
Solar energy
roads
Cycling track

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Important characteristic and elements
A tiny car that can be parked anywhere
 The town will have manytiny cars such as Hiriko in Japan which originally was CityCar
to save spaces. This tiny two-person vehicle not only spins and runs off a rapid-
charging battery, it also physically folds in order to minimize its parking footprint.
Three of this vehicles can fit into one traditional parkingspace. This car uses powered
lithium-ion batteries which enable the car to have an estimated road range of
upwardsof 120km andcan be recharged in 15 minutes. Hiriko can rotate 360 degree
with electric motors mounted on each wheel, thereby avoiding any tricky reverse.
Well-organized waste management
 The town will have well-organized waste management. Many recycle bin will be
provided in everywhere of the town to encourage the people living there recycle waste.
A factory will be built to recycle waste such as tins, glasses, plastics and papers. The
waste that cannot be recycled will be sent to a place where it will be burnt. The
burning of this waste will help to generate energy for part of the town. The smoke
produced from the burning of the waste will be sent to air scrubber where water and
cleaning agent are used to remove the smoke from the air. Therefore, the air will not
be polluted.
Well-organizedwastewatermanagement
 The wastewater will undergo treatment before flowing to the river. The major aim of
the wastewater treatment is to remove as much as the suspended solids as possible
before the remaining water called effluent, is discharged back to the environment.
The suspended solids in the water will use up the oxygen that is needed by the fishes
and plants in the water when it decays if it is not removed. Primary treatment will
remove 60 percent of the suspended solids and this treatment involves a process
called aerating or stirring up the waste water to put oxygen back in. Secondary
treatment removes more than 90 percent of the suspended solids from the water.
Wastewater that is not treated will pollutes the water in the river and endangered the
lives of the living things in the surrounding. Hence, all the wastewater must undergo
treatment before flow into the river in the new town.

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Underground transport
 The new town will have underground transport such as metro-style trains and stations.
Transport will be placed underground because this way we can save space. This
transport can go anywhere underground of the new town. The entrance of the new
town will be spread all over the new town such as inside the big building or beside
the street. In this way, the people in the new town can move freely from one place to
another place.
Low carbon footprint
 Carbon dioxide causes greenhouse effect and eventually global warming. Therefore,
dense public transportation system will be used to reduce the carbon dioxide
emission. Only renewable energy andlow carbon footprint cars are allowed to be used
on the roads. Bicycle is an alternative transport which will be encouraged among the
youngsters.
Solar energy as the source of energy of the new city
 Solar energy is a natural source of energy and it is possible to generate electricity.
We will never out of energy because solar energy is sustainable and renewable. Solar
energy requires maintenance to unsure they are in working order, but only little
maintenance is required. The solar station will be located away from the residential
and commercial areas.
Edible garden on the rooftop of the residential buildings
 Edible garden will be built on top of the roof to save places. The residents will be able
to supply their own food by planting their own vegetables. They not only can save the
money for buying vegetables, but also can eat more healthily.

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Plan view of the new town
Golf field is provided for tourists and the people living there.
You can enjoy
the breathtakingview
of the river from this
big hotel.
Jetty is built so that tourists can
come here and play or ride boats that are
rent here to see around the river.
Educational
area
Commercia
l area
Residential
area
Residential
area
Services
area
Recreationa
l area
Recreationa
l area
Hospitality
& tourism
Port &
shippin
g area
Government
building
Forest
&
green
areas
Solar
station
Indoor golf
field

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Residential building which included small parks or
edible garden on the rooftop and buildings such as
mosque, church and temples.
The main building in this town. There are hotel, offices, condominium, shopping mall,
gym, theatres, cinema, indoor swimming pool and linear parks. This building provides
retail and catering business. There is also a restaurant provided which offers panoramic
views of the town. Besides the restaurant, you can also enjoy the view from the viewing
platform at its apex.
There is forest in this town where people can collect
goods such as herbs, fruits and wild vegetables from here.
Linear parks at
the outside.
viewing platform
Interior of
the
building

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Port is provided in the town so that goods can be import to the town through shipping.
A beautiful park where tourists and people
living there can go. Activities such as
picnic, jogging and cycling can be done at here.
This park is near the river, so, people can enjoy
the view of the river while havinga picnic. People
can go to the jetty next to the park to ride the
boats if they want.
Hospital is built for the health of the residents.
Educational area where primary school, secondary school and university are placed.
Government area where police station, fire station and post office are placed.
Solar station is built away from the town. Solar energy is the main source of energy in
the town.

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Section view of the town
Ground floor
 Consists of the buildings of the town.
Ground
floor
Lower
ground
floor 1
Lower
ground
floor 2
Residential
area
Government
building
Educational
area
Golf field
Small
shops
Hospital
Edible
garden on
the
rooftop of
the
residentia
l building

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Lower ground floor 1
 Consists of underground transport such as metro-style trains and stations.
Lower ground floor 2
 Consists wastewater treatment factory and waste treatment factory. Also consists of
waste recycling factory.
Has many seats.
Has many
green elements.
Wastewater Treatment

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Transportation
Cars
Roads are
provided for
the cars to
drive through.
Rechargeable
cars are used
in the town to
reduce the
pollution.
Metro trains
Metro trains at the underground are provided.
Boats and ships
Boats and ships are available in the town for tourism
and shipping purposes. Hence, jetty and port are built
on the town.
Road
s

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Source of energy
Solar station
 Since the climate in Malaysia is hot and wet in the whole
year, solar energy is very suitable for the town. A solar field
will be built awayfrom the residential andcommercial area.
Waste to energy plant
 Waste that cannot be recycled will be burnt to generate energy. This energy can be
used to supply energy for the rechargeable cars and underground metro trains. A
recharge stations will be built on several places in the town for the residents to
recharge their cars just similar to petrol stations now. The waste to energy plant will
supply energy for these recharge stations as well as the metro stations.

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Conclusion
I believe that people can live comfortably in the new town in the future.
The new town willprovide more green spaces for the residents and create less pollution.
Renewable energy will be used more on this town. The residents will be encouraged to
protect their own living places from the pollution.
Although Verdant Octagon may not have a stunning design, in my opinion, it has a
potential to be a eco-friendly and sustainable town.

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Conclusion
From this project, I learn that urban or town planning is not an easy task. Town planning
needs a lot of consideration, not only considering about the buildings structure but also the
climate, transport and also the energy generation.
I learned a lot from the research of the ancient, present and future cities. I learned from
the diagram, images, articles and maps that I found. I manage to plan my own new town
from the things that I learned.

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References List
A Town
 http://www.citylab.com/work/2012/08/brief-history-birth-urban-planning/2365/
Investigation and Data Collection
 Ancient city
 https://sites.google.com/site/chvarchitectureofancientgreece/
 http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/architecture/classical.htm
 http://greece.mrdonn.org/columns.html
 http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/architecture/greekarch.htm
 http://www.idealcity.org.au/town_planning-2-early_planning.html
 http://greece.mrdonn.org/athens.html
 http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/2/eh251.jsp?obj_id=912
 http://sasgreekart.pbworks.com/w/page/10150001/Erechtheion
 Present city
 http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/architecture-design-
blog/2013/feb/22/cities-without-ground-hong-kong-walkways
 http://www.ftconferences.com/userfiles/file/HCM%20city%20presentation_2.pdf?PHPS
ESSID=b8f27fa7e53ec740f9c7d4a7255df5ac
 http://www.newgeography.com/content/002738-the-evolving-urban-form-ho-chi-
minh-city-saigon
 Future city
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_Prototype_Community_of_Tomorrow_(conc
ept)
 http://www.e-architect.co.uk/moscow/crystal-island-tower
The new ‘X’ town
 http://evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=29405
 http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/human-footprint/trash-talk.html
 http://water.usgs.gov/edu/wuww.html
 http://www.siemens.com/press/en/events/2013/infrastructure-cities/2013-10-
goingunderground.php?content[]=CC&content[]=IC&content[]=ICMOL&content[]=ICRL
&content[]=ICSG&stop_mobi=true
 http://www.greenoughsolarfarm.com.au/solar-energy/benefits-solar-energy

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